Colonial history of the United States

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addition to the desire for expansion, Europeans also had the resources for external growth. They had ships, maps, and knowledge—a complex of politics, economy, and military tactics that they believed were superior for ruling. These helped to possess and rule the people and lands they came in contact with. One large element of this was their strong belief in private property. Land was a commodity, and as such, anyone who did not use it to turn a profit, could have it taken from them. John Locke was one responsible for these ideals. Yet the commodities didn't end with the acquisition of land. Profit became the main driver for all resources that would follow (including slavery). The cultural divide that existed between Europeans and the native groups they colonized allowed the Europeans to capitalize on both the local and global trade. So whether the ruling of these other lands and peoples was direct or indirect, the diffusion of European ideals and practices spread to nearly every country on the globe. Imperialism and globalization were also at play in creating a ruling dominion for the European nation, but it did not come without challenges. Aside from the cultural difference in relationships with land, language was a common barrier. One example being that tribal groups did not have a definition for colonization or civilization.

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intrusive than corresponding national governments in Europe. They experimented with new methods to raise revenue, build infrastructure, and solve urban problems. They were more democratic than European cities, in that a large fraction of the men could vote, and class lines were more fluid. Contrasted to Europe, printers (especially as newspaper editors) had a much larger role in shaping public opinion, and lawyers moved easily back and forth between politics and their profession. Bridenbaugh argues that by the mid-18th century, the middle-class businessmen, professionals, and skilled artisans dominated the cities. He characterizes them as "sensible, shrewd, frugal, ostentatiously moral, generally honest," public spirited, and upwardly mobile, and argues their economic strivings led to democratic yearnings for political autonomy and self-governance.

5918:, and many other specialized crafts made up the middle class of seaport society. Wives and husbands often worked as a team and taught their children their skills to pass it on through the family. Many of these artisans and traders made enough money to create a modest life. Laborers stood at the bottom of seaport society. These poor people worked on the docks unloading inbound vessels and loading outbound vessels with wheat, corn, and flax seed. Many of these were African American; some were free, while others were enslaved. In 1750, blacks made up about 10 percent of the population of New York and Philadelphia. Hundreds of seamen worked as sailors on merchant ships, some of whom were African American. 3290: 5874:

wealth, but many poor German and Irish immigrants were forced to work as agricultural wage laborers. Merchants and artisans also hired these homeless workers for a domestic system for the manufacture of cloth and other goods. Merchants often bought wool and flax from farmers and employed newly arrived immigrants, who had been textile workers in Ireland and Germany, to work in their homes spinning the materials into yarn and cloth. Large farmers and merchants became wealthy, while farmers with smaller farms and artisans only made enough for subsistence. The Mid-Atlantic region, by 1750, was divided by both ethnic background and wealth.

2175: 183: 5398:-story houses designed in the new Georgian style, imitating the lifestyle of the upper class of England. These Georgian houses had symmetrical façades with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door. The interior consisted of a passageway down the middle of the house with specialized rooms off the sides, such as a library, dining room, formal parlor, and master bedroom. Unlike the multi-purpose space of the yeoman houses, each of these rooms served a separate purpose. These houses contained bedrooms on the second floor that provided privacy to parents and children. 5417: 1962: 4496:. The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at the pleasure of the king. A governor and (in some provinces) his council were appointed by the crown. The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly. The governor's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session, in addition to its role in advising the governor. Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters (landowners) of the province. The governor had the power of absolute veto and could 5153:, and their families. High-level politicians gave out plots of land to settlers, or proprietors, who then divided the land amongst themselves. Large portions were usually given to men of higher social standing, but every man who wasn't indentured or criminally bonded had enough land to support a family. Every male citizen had a voice in the town meeting. The town meeting levied taxes, built roads, and elected officials who managed town affairs. The towns did not have courts; that was a function of the county, whose officials were appointed by the state government. 1895:. This included activities that had been ordinary business dealings previously, such as direct trade with the French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on the Royal Navy, which protected the British colonies and also threatened the colonies of the other empires, sometimes even seizing them. Thus, the British Navy captured 60: 5273:

middle of the house that provided cooking facilities and warmth during the winter. One side of the ground floor contained a hall, a general-purpose room where the family worked and ate meals. Adjacent to the hall was the parlor, a room used to entertain guests that contained the family's best furnishings and the parents' bed. Children slept in a loft above, while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the back of the house. Colonial families were large, and these small dwellings had much activity and there was little privacy.

4631:. Most sick people turned to local healers and used folk remedies. Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain or an apprenticeship in the colonies. There was little government control, regulation of medical care, or attention to public health. Colonial physicians introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, following the models in England and Scotland, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy, and pharmacology. 2605:. The majority of the population in Puerto Rico was illiterate (83.7%) and lived in poverty, and the agricultural industry—at the time, the main source of income—was hampered by lack of road infrastructure, adequate tools and equipment, and natural disasters, including hurricanes and droughts. The economy also suffered from increasing tariffs and taxes imposed by the Spanish Crown. Furthermore, Spain had begun to exile or jail any person who called for liberal reforms. The Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, in the aftermath of the explosion of 2590:

control of Puerto Rico from Spain. The Caribs, a raiding tribe of the Caribbean, attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were easily repelled by the superior Spanish firepower. However, these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico. The European powers quickly realized the potential of the lands not yet colonized by Europeans and attempted to gain control of them. Nonetheless, Puerto Rico remained a Spanish possession until the 19th century.

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the gentry. The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding, training, boasting, and gambling, and especially winning the races themselves. Historian Timothy Breen explains that horse racing and high-stakes gambling were essential to maintaining the status of the gentry. When they publicly bet a large sum on their favorite horse, it told the world that competitiveness, individualism, and materialism were the core elements of gentry values.

3153:, young unmarried men and women seeking a new life in a much richer environment. The consensus view among economic historians and economists is that the indentured servitude occurred largely as "an institutional response to a capital market imperfection," but that it "enabled prospective migrants to borrow against their future earnings in order to pay the high cost of passage to America." Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to its American colonies. 4067: 2970: 3940: 2412: 5249:, which provided more feed for livestock, and potatoes, which provided a high production rate that was an advantage for small farms. Families increased their productivity by exchanging goods and labor with each other. They lent livestock and grazing land to one another and worked together to spin yarn, sew quilts, and shuck corn. Migration, agricultural innovation, and economic cooperation were creative measures that preserved New England's yeoman society until the 19th century. 2643: 5061:, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. Life expectancy was much greater in the American colonies because of better food, less disease, lighter workloads, and better medical care, so the population grew rapidly, reaching 4 million by the 1860 census. From 1770 until 1860, the birth rate of American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England. 5752: 2190: 13571: 13535: 11235: 1591: 1552: 5974:

marriage as an avenue to upward mobility. The high death rates meant that Chesapeake wives generally became widows who inherited property; many widows increased their property by remarrying as soon as possible. The population began to stabilize around 1700, with a 1704 census listing 30,437 white people present with 7,163 of those being women. Women married younger, remained wed longer, bore more children, and lost influence within the family polity.

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European property systems. Colonists from Europe saw the American landscape as wild, savage, dark, a waste, and thus needed to be tamed in order for it to be safe and habitable. Once cleared and settled, these areas were depicted as "Eden itself." Yet the native peoples of those lands saw "wilderness" as that when the connection between humans and nature is broken. For native communities, human intervention was a part of their ecological practices.

4091: 13581: 1601: 4500:(i.e., delay) and dissolve the assembly. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England. In practice, this did not always occur, since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. 5258: 2770: 5102:) (population 8000). He argues they grew from small villages to take major leadership roles in promoting trade, land speculation, immigration, and prosperity, and in disseminating the ideas of the Enlightenment, and new methods in medicine and technology. Furthermore, they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people in need. 3852: 2907: 2075: 5194: 4052: 148: 5552:

schools in larger towns. Most boys learned skills from their fathers on the farm or as apprentices to artisans. Few girls attended formal schools, but most were able to get some education at home or at so-called "Dame schools" where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses. By 1750, nearly 90% of New England's women and almost all of its men could read and write.

5185:, the English government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous. However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract as mintmaster expired, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster. The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684. 129: 3635:' ancestry were the places where, historically, many Scottish, Scotch-Irish and English Borderer Protestants settled in America: the interior as well as some of the coastal areas of the South, and especially the Appalachian region. The population with some Scots and Scots-Irish ancestry may number 47 million, as most people have multiple heritages, some of which they may not know. 4551:, Yankees, Yorkers, and many other identifiable groups taking part. Elected representatives learned to listen to these interests because 90% of the men in the lower houses lived in their districts, unlike England where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament. All of this was very unlike Europe, where aristocratic families and the established church were in control. 4137:, which benefitted the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively, for the first time, in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. 5209:

18th century, couples usually married between the ages of 20–24, and 6–8 children were typical of a family, with three on average surviving to adulthood. Farm women provided most of the materials needed by the rest of the family by spinning yarn from wool and knitting sweaters and stockings, making candles and soap from ashes, and churning milk into butter.

4957:'s life "shows how crucial a role these women played while their husbands fought the battles and formed the laws of the new nation. It was not just that they were making it all work at home, they were also passionate patriots themselves, engaged in the government and the war just as their husbands, sons, brothers, fathers, and friends were", according to 3417:, and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements, and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule "in civil things" and "liberty of conscience" in religious matters. In 1637, a second group including 5938:. They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves. Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750, about 250,000 or 40 percent, were slaves. The plantations grew tobacco, indigo and rice for export, and raised most of their own food supplies. In addition, many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated by 5778:, a majority of the buildings were Dutch style with brick exteriors and high gables at each end, while many Dutch churches were octagonal. German and Welsh settlers in Pennsylvania used cut stone to build their houses, following the way of their homeland and completely ignoring the plethora of timber in the area. An example of this would be 2710:, though France briefly re-acquired a portion of Louisiana in 1800. The United States would gain much of New France in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, and the U.S. would acquire another portion of French territory with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The remainder of New France became part of Canada, with the exception of the French islands of 4114:. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley. 4176:

the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution.

5489:, which was not published until a century later. Instead, the newspaper was the principal form of reading material in the colonies. Printing was expensive, and most publications focused on purely practical matters, such as major news, advertisements, and business reports. Almanacs were very popular, also, Benjamin Franklin's 3124: 4563:

opposed to the governor's agenda and those in favor of it, respectively. Massachusetts had particularly low requirements for voting eligibility and strong rural representation in its assembly from its 1691 charter; consequently, it also had a strong populist faction that represented the province's lower classes.

3240:(1693–1781) was a Scottish baron who came to America permanently to oversee his family's vast land holdings. Historian Arthur Schlesinger says that he "was unique among the permanent comers in bearing so high a rank as baron." He was a patron of George Washington and was not disturbed during the war. 5603:

in 1693; it was primarily Anglican. The colleges were designed for aspiring ministers, lawyers, or doctors. There were no departments or majors, as every student shared the same curriculum, which focused on Latin and Greek, mathematics, and history, philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, oratory, and a

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to the West Indies and Europe. Some merchants exploited the vast amounts of timber along the coasts and rivers of northern New England. They funded sawmills that supplied cheap wood for houses and shipbuilding. Hundreds of New England shipwrights built oceangoing ships, which they sold to British and

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Within European culture, land was an inherited right for each family's firstborn and every other child would need to find another way to claim land. European expansion would be motivated by this desire to claim land, but other factors were for religion (e.g. Crusades) and discovery (e.g. voyages). In

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During the 17th century, "wampum," a purple shell possessing monetary value for settlers and cultural significance for natives, emerged as a form of currency. It served as a means of recording spoken knowledge and held considerable value among community members. Economic transactions between settlers

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In the colonial era, Americans insisted on their rights as Englishmen to have their own legislature raise all taxes. The British Parliament, however, asserted in 1765 that it held supreme authority to lay taxes, and a series of American protests began that led directly to the American Revolution. The

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Women played a role in the emergence of the capitalist economy in the Atlantic world. The types of local commercial exchange in which they participated independently were well integrated with the trade networks between colonial merchants throughout the Atlantic region, especially markets in dairy and

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Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles. Slavery was officially forbidden, as were alcohol and other forms of immorality. However, the reality of the colony was far different. The colonists rejected a moralistic lifestyle and complained that their colony could not compete economically

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North Carolina had the smallest upper-class. The richest 10 percent owned about 40 percent of all land, compared to 50 to 60 percent in neighboring Virginia and South Carolina. There were no cities of any size and very few towns, so there was scarcely an urban middle class at all. Heavily rural North

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as an alternative to class conflict. "Racism made it possible for white Virginians to develop a devotion to the equality that English republicans had declared to be the soul of liberty." That is, white men became politically much more equal than was possible without a population of low-status slaves.

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The colonial assembly shared power with a royally appointed governor. On a more local level, governmental power was invested in county courts, which were self-perpetuating (the incumbents filled any vacancies and there never were popular elections). As cash crop producers, Chesapeake plantations were

2951:. However the Dutch landholdings remained, and the Hudson River Valley maintained a traditional Dutch character until the 1820s. Traces of Dutch influence remain in present-day northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State, such as homes, family surnames, and the names of roads and whole towns. 5551:

Elementary education was widespread in New England. Early Puritan settlers believed that it was necessary to study the Bible, so children were taught to read at an early age. It was also required that each town pay for a primary school. About 10 percent enjoyed secondary schooling and funded grammar

5548:, yet all three men spent much of their lives in London. Theater was more developed in the Southern colonies, especially South Carolina, but nowhere did stage works attain the level of Europe. Puritans in New England and Quakers in Pennsylvania opposed theatrical performances as immoral and ungodly. 5064:

The conditions the Caribbean and Brazilian enslaved populations endured in the early colonial years prompted many attempts at fleeing plantation work. Successfully escaped slaves often fled to "maroon communities'' which were populated with former slaves along with local Native Americans that helped

4893:. People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual discourse in a detached manner. Ministers who used this new style of preaching were generally called "new lights", while the traditional-styled preachers were called "old lights". 4700:

in port cities. The English and the Germans brought along multiple Protestant denominations. Several colonies had an established church, which meant that local tax money went to the denomination. Freedom of religion became a basic American principle, and numerous new movements emerged, many of which

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None of the colonies had stable political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s, but each had shifting factions that vied for power, especially in the perennial battles between the appointed governor and the elected assembly. There were often "country" and "court" factions, representing those

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in 1733 as a solution to two problems. At that time, tension was high between Spain and Great Britain, and the British feared that Spanish Florida was threatening the British Carolinas. Oglethorpe decided to establish a colony in the contested border region of Georgia and to populate it with debtors

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The bottom third owned no land and verged on poverty. Many were recent arrivals, recently released from indentured servitude. In some districts near present-day Washington DC, 70 percent of the land was owned by a handful of families, and three-fourths of the whites had no land at all. Large numbers

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The top five percent or so of the white population of Virginia and Maryland in the mid-18th century were planters who possessed growing wealth and increasing political power and social prestige. They controlled the local Anglican church, choosing ministers and handling church property and disbursing

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Rice cultivation in South Carolina became another major commodity crop. Some historians have argued that slaves from the lowlands of western Africa, where rice was a basic crop, provided key skills, knowledge and technology for irrigation and construction of earthworks to support rice cultivation.

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In 1763, Louisiana was ceded to Spain around New Orleans and west of the Mississippi River. In the 1780s, the western border of the newly independent United States stretched to the Mississippi River. The United States reached an agreement with Spain for navigation rights on the river and was content

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followed with a larger expedition in 1539, throughout modern New Mexico and Arizona, arriving in New Mexico in 1540. The Spanish moved north from Mexico, settling villages in the upper valley of the Rio Grande, including much of the western half of the present-day state of New Mexico. The capital of

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The British attacked Spanish Florida during numerous wars. As early as 1687, the Spanish government had begun to offer asylum to slaves from British colonies, and the Spanish Crown officially proclaimed in 1693 that runaway slaves would find freedom in Florida in return for converting to Catholicism

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By the mid-18th century in New England, shipbuilding was a staple, particularly as the North American wilderness offered a seemingly endless supply of timber. (By comparison, Europe's forests had been depleted, and most timber had to be purchased from Scandinavia). The British crown often turned to

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had no established churches. Local taxes paid the salary of the clergy in the established churches, and the parish had civic responsibilities such as poor relief and promoting education. The local gentry controlled the budget, rather than the clergy. Anglicans in America were under the authority of

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William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy but, after the war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other. The British elite,

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Horse racing was the main event. The typical farmer did not own a horse in the first place, and racing was a matter for gentlemen only, but ordinary farmers were spectators and gamblers. Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers. Horse racing was especially important for knitting together

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England, France, and the Netherlands had also started colonies in the West Indies and North America. They had the ability to build ocean-worthy ships but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Portugal and Spain. However, English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a

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being the most famous. Literary magazines appeared at mid-century, but few were profitable and most went out of business after only a few years. American publications never approached the intellectual quality of European writers, but they were much more widespread and achieved a greater readership

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were expensive which lead to their rarity, so most people slept on mats, which were rolled up when not in use. People kept items in simple-made chests made up with six boards being nailed together. The wealthy had larger bound chests including locks and cabinets, cupboards and dressers. The latter

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residents were small farmers. A man had complete power over the property within these small farm families. When married, an English woman gave up her maiden name. The role of wives was to raise and nurture healthy children and support their husbands. Most women carried out these duties. During the

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The Great Awakening emphasized the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep awareness of personal sin and redemption by Christ Jesus, spurred on by powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners. Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening

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Europeans' introduction of the mortgage marked a significant shift, allowing items to be purchased on credit and transforming colonial possessions from material objects to land. Exploiting conceptual differences in property between colonists and indigenous communities, land became private property

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Sports occupied a great deal of attention at every social level, starting at the top. In England, hunting was sharply restricted to landowners and enforced by armed gamekeepers. In America, game was more than plentiful. Everyone could and did hunt, including servants and slaves. Poor men with good

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the relatively primitive social milieu of the New World. He faced unfamiliar and challenging social institutions: the labor system that relied on black slaves, extraordinarily fluid social statuses, distasteful business methods, unpleasant conversational quirks, as well as variant habits of dress,

2761:, and Detroit in 1701. During the French and Indian War (1754–1763) many of these settlements became occupied by the British. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. At the end of the War for Independence in 1783, the region south of the Great Lakes formally became part of the United States. 2116:

Several European countries attempted to found colonies in the Americas after 1500. Most of those attempts ended in failure. The colonists themselves faced high rates of death from disease, starvation, inefficient resupply, conflict with Native Americans, attacks by rival European powers, and other

1887:

was the basic policy imposed by Britain on its colonies from the 1660s, which meant that the government became a partner with merchants based in England to increase political power and private wealth. This was done to the exclusion of other empires and even other merchants in its own colonies. The

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focused on mixed farming. Using this technique, they grew corn for human consumption and as feed for hogs and other livestock. Many improvement-minded farmers of all different backgrounds began using new agricultural practices to raise their output. During the 1750s, these agricultural innovators

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The colonists were not remarkable by European standards, but they did display certain distinctly American characteristics, according to Bridenbaugh. There was no aristocracy or established church, there was no long tradition of powerful guilds. The colonial governments were much less powerful and

4308:

In 2008, Francois Furstenberg offered a different perspective on the historical period. He suggested that warfare was critical among the major imperial players: Britain, the American colonies, Spain, France, and the First Nations (Indians). They fought a series of conflicts from 1754 to 1815 that

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Education was primarily the responsibility of families, but numerous religious groups established tax-supported elementary schools, especially the Puritans in New England, so that their children could read the Bible. Nearly all the religious denominations set up their own schools and colleges to

5272:

New England farming families generally lived in wooden houses because of the abundance of trees. A typical New England farmhouse was one-and-a-half stories tall and had a strong frame (usually made of large square timbers) that was covered by wooden clapboard siding. A large chimney stood in the

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By the middle of the 18th century, New England's population had grown dramatically, going from about 100,000 people in 1700 to 250,000 in 1725 and 375,000 in 1750 thanks to high birth rates and relatively high overall life expectancy. (A 15-year-old boy in 1700 could expect to live to about 63.)

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suggest that these communities were a burden on South American and Caribbean plantations. While the inhumane working conditions coupled with slave revolts in the Caribbean Islands and Brazilian plantations called for the increased imports of African slaves, in the colonies many plantation owners

4578:, commercial, and political culture, which included several local variations. They tended to vote in blocs, and politicians negotiated with group leaders for votes. They generally retained their historic languages and cultural traditions, even as they merged into the developing American culture. 4542:

Second, a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies in the colonies, especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony. They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well as oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools.

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As Bonomi shows, the most distinctive feature of colonial society was the vibrant political culture, which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics. First, suffrage was the most generous in the world, with every man allowed to vote who owned a certain amount of property.

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In the 1760s, indigenous communities actively pursued independence from colonial capitalism, reflecting a broader resistance to economic subjugation. The colonists propagated a myth of a precontact barter society, discrediting wampum as a legitimate currency used by natives. However, recognizing

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Foreclosure on unpaid debts, encompassing both land and material objects, became a potent colonial tool of dispossession, amplifying indigenous debt and fortifying the colonial military force. Seeking legal remedies, indigenous communities occasionally made decisions collectively, introducing an

4429:

The idea that nature and humans are separate entities can be traced back to European colonial views. To European settlers, land was an inherited right and was to be used to profit. While native groups saw their relationship with the land in a more holistic view, they were eventually subjected to

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Another point on which the colonies found themselves more similar than different was the booming import of British goods. The British economy had begun to grow rapidly at the end of the 17th century and, by the mid-18th century, small factories in Britain were producing much more than the nation

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that dominated export agriculture. Many were involved in the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco, the first cash crop of Virginia. With a decrease in the number of British willing to go to the colonies in the eighteenth century, planters began importing more enslaved Africans, who became the

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were brought to the island in 1513. Following the decline of the Taíno population, more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico; however, the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands. Also, early in the colonization of Puerto Rico, attempts were made to wrest

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and who later became the first governor of the island. Ponce de Leon was actively involved in the Higuey massacre of 1503 in Puerto Rico. In 1508, Sir Ponce de Leon was chosen by the Spanish Crown to lead the conquest and enslavement of the Taíno Indians for gold mining operations. The following

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industry and a demand for corn existed in the West Indies. Thus, by mid-century, most colonial farming was a commercial venture, although subsistence agriculture continued to exist in New England and the middle colonies. Some immigrants who just arrived purchased farms and shared in this export

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and other itinerant preachers continued the movement, traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style. Followers of Edwards and other preachers called themselves the "New Lights", as contrasted with the so-called Old Lights who disapproved of their movement. To

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The practical sciences were of great interest to colonial Americans, who were engaged in the process of taming and settling a wild frontier country. The mainstream of intellectual activity in the colonies was on technological and engineering developments rather than more abstract topics such as

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The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways. It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony, fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still "American". Throughout the course of the war,

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to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. Eventually, however, the Lords combined their remaining

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Women were often vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, especially teenage girls who were indentured servants and lacking male protectors. On the other hand, young women had much more freedom in choosing spouses, without parental oversight, and the shortage of eligible women enabled them to use

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Before 1720, most colonists in the mid-Atlantic region worked with small-scale farming and paid for imported manufactures by supplying the West Indies with corn and flour. In New York, a fur-pelt export trade to Europe flourished adding additional wealth to the region. After 1720, mid-Atlantic

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was the nation's first major religious revival, occurring in the middle of the 18th century, and it injected new vigor into Christian faith. It was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion.

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Third, the American colonies were exceptional in the world because of the representation of many different interest groups in political decision-making. The American political culture was open to economic, social, religious, ethnic, and geographical interests, with merchants, landlords, petty

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that traded only for goods which they could not produce themselves, unlike the cash crop-oriented plantations of the Chesapeake region. There was a generally higher economic standing and standard of living in New England than in the Chesapeake. New England became an important mercantile and

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Americans sued each other at a very high rate, with binding decisions made not by a great lord but by local judges and juries. This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession, so that the intense involvement of lawyers in politics became an American characteristic by the 1770s.

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little basic science. There were no sports or fraternities and few extracurricular activities apart from literary societies. There were no separate seminaries, law schools, or divinity schools. The first medical schools were founded late in the colonial era in Philadelphia and New York.

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against James II and led to the arrest of Andros, Boston Anglicans, and senior dominion officials by the Massachusetts militia. Andros was jailed for several months, then returned to England. The Dominion of New England was dissolved and governments resumed under their earlier charters.

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In the 17th century, high mortality rates for newcomers and a very high ratio of men to women made family life either impossible or unstable for most colonists. These factors made families and communities fundamentally different from their counterparts in Europe and New England in the

4277:

could consume. Britain found a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America, increasing her exports to that region by 360% between 1740 and 1770. British merchants offered credit to their customers; this allowed Americans to buy a large amount of British goods. From

3882:

with the Carolina rice plantations. Georgia initially failed to prosper, but the restrictions were eventually lifted, slavery was allowed, and it became as prosperous as the Carolinas. The colony of Georgia never had an established religion; it consisted of people of various faiths.

3140:

England made its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English proto-nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and the energy of Queen

3171:

is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America." His diary has been widely used by scholars, and covers his travels from Maryland to Maine. Biographer Elaine Breslaw says that he encountered:

5831:

used to harvest hay, wheat, and barley with the cradle scythe, a tool with wooden fingers that arranged the stalks of grain for easy collection. This tool was able to triple the amount of work done by farmers in one day. Farmers also began fertilizing their fields with dung and

3753:

By 1700, the Virginia population reached 70,000 and continued to grow rapidly from a high birth rate, low death rate, importation of slaves from the Caribbean, and immigration from Britain, Germany, and Pennsylvania. The climate was mild; the farm lands were cheap and fertile.

5180:

in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony. To that point, the colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, and counterfeit coins. In 1661 after the

5742:

churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery, although few were rich enough to own a slave.

4823:

sentiments, such as Jefferson, Franklin, and Washington. Catholics were few outside of Maryland; however, they joined the Patriot cause during the Revolution. Leaders such as George Washington strongly endorsed tolerance for them and indeed for all denominations.

2442:, about 300 miles (480 km) north of San Francisco or farther south. Then they sailed south along the California coast to Acapulco, Mexico. Often they did not land, because of the rugged, foggy coast. Spain wanted a safe harbor for galleons. They did not find 3599:. The Spanish colonized Florida in the 16th century, with their communities reaching a peak in the late 17th century. In the British and French colonies, most colonists arrived after 1700. They cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and worked on the large 5003:

became established and weakened the view that husbands were natural "rulers" over their wives. There was a new sense of shared marriage. Legally, husbands took control of wives' property when marrying. Divorce was almost impossible until the late 18th century.

10297: 5164:

residents because of Puritan beliefs that God singled out specific people for salvation. Instead, membership was limited to those who could convincingly "test" before members of the church that they had been saved. They were known as "the elect" or "Saints."

3436:. These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820. 5364:, where they were traded for molasses, sugar, gold coins, and bills of exchange, also known as credit slips. They carried the West Indian products to New England factories, where the raw sugar was turned into granulated sugar and the molasses distilled into 4558:

which stressed equal rights, the need for virtuous citizens, and the evils of corruption, luxury, and aristocracy. Republicanism provided the framework for colonial resistance to British schemes of taxation after 1763, which escalated into the Revolution.

3726:

of Irish and German Protestants had settled in the frontier districts, often moving down from Pennsylvania. Tobacco was not important here; farmers focused on hemp, grain, cattle, and horses. Entrepreneurs had begun to mine and melt the local iron ores.

5970:

Virginia-Maryland region before 1700, along with dispersed settlements and a reluctance to live in villages, together with a growing immigration of white indentured servants and black slaves. These extreme conditions both demeaned and empowered women.

5860:

came to be almost totally dependent on tobacco, which would ultimately prove fatal at the end of the 18th century thanks to exhausted soil and collapsing prices, but for most of the century, the soil remained good and a single-crop economy profitable.

5789:

Ethnic cultures also affected styles of furniture. Rural Quakers preferred simple designs in furnishings such as tables, chairs, and chests, and shunned elaborate decorations. However, some urban Quakers had much more elaborate furniture. The city of

4522:, giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government. The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative, executive, and judicial functions, with those powers being vested in officials. 5222:

Colonists in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island continued to subdivide their land between farmers; the farms became too small to support single families, and this threatened the New England ideal of a society of independent yeoman farmers.

3233:

heavily dependent on trade with England. With easy navigation by river, there were few towns and no cities; planters shipped directly to Britain. High death rates and a very young population profile characterized the colony during its first years.

3217:, a joint-stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Amerindians, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a 3145:. At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. Rather the motivation behind the founding of colonies was piecemeal and variable. Practical considerations played their parts, such as 3878:

who would otherwise have been imprisoned according to standard British practice. This plan would both rid Great Britain of its undesirable elements and provide her with a base from which to attack Florida. The first colonists arrived in 1733.

3721:

About 60 percent of white Virginians were part of a broad middle class that owned substantial farms. By the second generation, death rates from malaria and other local diseases had declined so much that a stable family structure was possible.

2258:, but Spain gave the United States all claims to the Pacific Northwest in the Adams–Onís Treaty. There were several thousand families in New Mexico and California who became American citizens in 1848, plus small numbers in the other colonies. 1820:. A significant percentage of the Native Americans living in the eastern region had been ravaged by disease before 1620, possibly introduced to them decades before by explorers and sailors (although no conclusive cause has been established). 6830: 5798:. German artisans created intricately carved designs on their chests and other furniture, with painted scenes of flowers and birds. German potters also crafted a large array of jugs, pots, and plates of both elegant and traditional design. 3604:

predominant labor force on the plantations. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring new fields to be cleared on a regular basis. Old fields were used as pasture and for crops such as corn and wheat, or allowed to grow into woodlots.

2867:

Napoleon needed funds to wage another war with Great Britain, and he doubted that France could defend such a huge and distant territory. He therefore offered to sell all of Louisiana for $ 15 million. The United States completed the

3708:

The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, and, by some classifications, Delaware) and the lower South (Carolina, which eventually split into North and South Carolina; and Georgia).

10459: 4347:

The idea of independence steadily became more widespread, after being first proposed and advocated by a number of public figures and commentators throughout the colonies. One of the most prominent voices on behalf of independence was

10382: 5865:

farming stimulated with the international demand for wheat. A massive population explosion in Europe brought wheat prices up. By 1770, a bushel of wheat cost twice as much as it did in 1720. Farmers also expanded their production of

5801:

By the time of the Revolutionary War, approximately 85 percent of white Americans were of English, Irish, Welsh, or Scottish descent. Approximately 8.8 percent of whites were of German ancestry, and 3.5 percent were of Dutch origin.

5070:

recognized their ability to maintain a generation of slaves for the economic benefit of allowing natural reproduction to increase the population. This led to the following generations of the enslaved population to be American born.

4433:

The advent of European colonization resulted in the disruption of existing social structures in indigenous lands. Settlers integrated themselves into the indigenous economy by exchanging resources, including corn and beaver pelts.

3221:. By the late 17th century, Virginia's export economy was largely based on tobacco, and new, richer settlers came in to take up large portions of land, build large plantations and import indentured servants and slaves. In 1676, 3608:

The early methods and tools used in South Carolina were congruent with those in Africa. British colonists would have had little or no familiarity with the complex process of growing rice in fields flooded by irrigation works.

3551:, a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between. Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000. 5217:

were very unusual; normally, children chose their own spouses from within a circle of suitable acquaintances who shared their race, religion, and social standing. Parents retained veto power over their children's marriages.

5212:

Most New England parents tried to help their sons establish farms of their own. When sons married, fathers gave them gifts of land, livestock, or farming equipment; daughters received household goods, farm animals, or cash.

4297:. Of special interest are such themes as international migration, trade, colonization, comparative military and governmental institutions, the transmission of religions and missionary work, and the slave trade. It was the 1828:

Colonists came from European kingdoms that had highly developed military, naval, governmental, and entrepreneurial capabilities. The Spanish and Portuguese centuries-old experience of conquest and colonization during the

4539:

Fewer than one-percent of British men could vote, whereas a majority of American freemen were eligible. The roots of democracy were present, although deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections.

5894:

reached 6,000. Merchants dominated seaport society, and about 40 merchants controlled half of Philadelphia's trade. Wealthy merchants in Philadelphia and New York, like their counterparts in New England, built elegant

5525:. Because of New England's deep religious beliefs, artistic works that were insufficiently religious or too "worldly" were banned, especially the theater. The leading theologian and philosopher of the colonial era was 3131:

to the London and Plymouth companies; the overlapping area (in yellow) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of each other; the location of the

3051:, was constructed in the late 1630s during the time of the New Sweden colony. It remains the oldest European-built house in New Jersey and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States. 2855:

in 1718. Settlement proceeded very slowly; New Orleans became an important port as the gateway to the Mississippi River, but there was little other economic development because the city lacked a prosperous hinterland.

4888:

that began around 1800 and reached out to the unchurched. It changed their rituals, their piety, and their self-awareness. The new style of sermons and the way that people practiced their faith breathed new life into

2327:

colonies. Spain regained control of Florida in 1783 by the Peace of Paris which ended the Revolutionary War. Spain sent no more settlers or missionaries to Florida during the Second Spanish Period. The inhabitants of

5961:

colonies. In 1650, estimates put Maryland's total population near 600 with fewer than 200 women present. Much of the population consisted of young, single, white indentured servants and, as such, the colonies lacked

4615:

was deadly to many new arrivals in the Southern colonies. For an example of newly arrived able-bodied young men, over one-fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas.

4942:, however, many women worked in fields and stables. German and Dutch immigrants granted women more control over property, which was not permitted in the local English law. Unlike English colonial wives, German and 4930:

settlers brought their strong religious values with them to the New World, which dictated that a woman be submissive to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God-fearing children to the best of her ability.

2296:

and four years of military service to the Spanish Crown. In effect, Spaniards created a maroon settlement in Florida as a front-line defense against English attacks from the north. This settlement was centered at

3809:

plantation island, one of the early English colonies to use large numbers of Africans in plantation-style agriculture. The cultivation of rice was introduced during the 1690s and became an important export crop.

4876:

that challenged established authority. It incited rancor and division between the new revivalists and the old traditionalists who insisted on ritual and liturgy. The Awakening had little impact on Anglicans and

4534:

of the United States had their origins in the colonial period. Most theories of political culture identify New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the South as having formed separate and distinct political cultures.

3355:; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the 2300:. Spain also intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a free black community to attract slaves. Notable British raids on St. Augustine were James Moore's 1702 raid and 10431: 5383:

Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population, and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants lived in elegant

4197:

saw their identity as British. Many had never lived in Britain in over a few generations, yet they imitated British styles of dress, dance, and etiquette. This social upper echelon built its mansions in the

5469:, founder of the American Philosophical Society who contributed important discoveries to physics such as electricity, but was more successful in his practical inventions, including stoves and lightning rods 8703:

Anglican clergy in the southern colonies were commonly referred to as "ministers" to distinguish them from Roman Catholic priests, although they were actually ordained as priests, unlike other Protestants.

6172:

For the most part, however, the diseases that decimated the Natives were caused by natural contact. These Native peoples were greatly weakened, and as a result, they were less able to resist the Europeans.

5782:, Pennsylvania where 80 percent of the buildings in the town were made entirely of stone. On the other hand, settlers from Ireland took advantage of America's ample supply of timber and constructed sturdy 4188:

in more than just name. Demographically, the majority of the colonists traced their roots to the British Isles and many of them still had family ties with Great Britain. Socially, the colonial elite of

3562:

The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort, and at present pretty much upon a Level. They are chiefly industrious Farmers, Artificers or Men in Trade; they enjoy in Freedom, and the

2597:. A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308. Of these, 300,406 (51.5%) were white and 282,775 (48.5%) were persons of color, the latter including people of primarily African heritage, 5818:

established a farming economy based on hogs and corn. Eventually, cows were brought with the horses. They were more useful than horses for many reasons. Almost all the farms had cows on their land. In

4121:

decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a "

6827: 3956:

Efforts began as early as the 1640s toward a common defense of the colonies, principally against shared threats from Indians, the French, and the Dutch. The Puritan colonies of New England formed

3580:. In the seventeenth century, most voluntary colonists were of English origins who settled chiefly along the coastal regions of the Eastern seaboard. The majority of early British settlers were 3146: 1891:

The government also fought smuggling, and this became a direct source of controversy with North American merchants when their normal business activities became reclassified as "smuggling" by the

1888:

government protected its London-based merchants and kept out others by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries to maximize exports from the realm and minimize imports.

13822: 4450:

native sovereignty, colonists eventually acknowledged wampum as a legitimate form of "money," underscoring the complexity and evolution of economic relationships during this historical period.

3370:

The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit, and politically innovative culture that still influences the modern United States. They hoped that this new land would serve as a "

2462:

charted the coast from Lower California to Mendocino and some inland areas and recommended Monterey for settlement. The King agreed, but the settlement project was diverted to areas off Japan.

1686:

European settlers came from a variety of social and religious groups, including adventurers, farmers, indentured servants, tradesmen, and a very few from the aristocracy. Settlers included the

18213: 3734:

organized competitions for the "better sort of Virginians onely who are Batchelors," and he offered prizes "to be shot for, wrestled, played at backswords, & Run for by Horse and foott."

1762:

were also incorporated into the United States at later times. The diverse colonists from these various regions built colonies of distinctive social, religious, political, and economic style.

14542: 5309:

villages. There they built and repaired goods needed by farm families. Stores were set up by traders selling English manufactures such as cloth, iron utensils, and window glass, as well as

15034: 5473:

The arts in colonial America were not as successful as the sciences. Literature in the European sense was nearly nonexistent, with histories being far more noteworthy. These included

5368:. The gold and credit slips were sent to England where they were exchanged for manufactures, which were shipped back to the colonies and sold along with the sugar and rum to farmers. 4033:

proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense, expansion, and Indian affairs. The plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King

17041: 4171:

The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. The colonists' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before. However, disunity was beginning to form.

3813:

At first, South Carolina was politically divided. Its ethnic makeup included the original settlers (a group of rich, slave-owning English settlers from the island of Barbados) and

4156:

watershed. Following the war, Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River valley. Britain also gained

3960:

to coordinate military and judicial matters. From the 1670s, several royal governors attempted to find means of coordinating defensive and offensive military matters, notably Sir

1679:

launched major colonization expeditions in North America. The death rate was very high among early immigrants, and some early attempts disappeared altogether, such as the English

3513:

The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the English and renamed New York. However, large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between

4336:

of 1773 dumped British tea into Boston Harbor because it contained a hidden tax that Americans refused to pay. The British responded by trying to crush traditional liberties in

2375:

was settled in 1610 and remains one of the oldest continually European-inhabited settlements in the United States. Local Indians expelled the Spanish for 12 years following the

10075:

3.2 (2006): 131–157; argues need to study regional tobacco cultures, trade with Caribbean, trade with the Indians, internal markets, shipbuilding, and western land development.

3801:. The original settlers in South Carolina established a lucrative trade in food for the slave plantations in the Caribbean. The settlers came mainly from the English colony of 14907: 4740:

by the time of the Revolutionary War, of which 82 to 84 percent were affiliated with non-Anglican Protestant denominations, with 76 to 77 percent specifically affiliated with

1630: 5882:

Seaports that expanded from the wheat trade had more social classes than anywhere else in the Middle Colonies. By 1773, the population of the three largest cities had grown:

4518:. The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691. Charter governments were political corporations created by 6049: 3149:, over-crowding, and the desire for freedom of religion. The main waves of settlement came in the 17th century. After 1700, most immigrants to Colonial America arrived as 1813: 103: 7592: 3584:, who gained freedom after enough work to pay off their passage. The wealthier men who paid their way received land grants known as headrights, to encourage settlement. 14624: 6029: 4996:

especially after 1700. These dances had a strict social code with mistakes in choreography scrutinized and a loss of prestige would follow with excessive dance errors.

4900:

at home, which effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious manners and was akin to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the

2499:

in 1769. Through the Spanish and Mexican eras they eventually comprised a series of 21 missions to spread Roman Catholicism among the local Native Americans, linked by

14629: 5822:, people farmed intensively, working small pieces of land trying to get the largest possible production rate from their crops. In the American colonies, settlers from 1835:, coupled with new oceanic ship navigation skills, provided the tools, ability, and desire to colonize the New World. These efforts were managed respectively by the 16725: 14724: 14064: 13934: 12798: 11977: 4018:". The major battles took place in Europe, but American colonial troops fought the French and their Indian allies in New York, New England, and Nova Scotia with the 1812:(Lower South). Some historians add a fifth region of the "Frontier", which was never separately organized. The colonization of the United States resulted in a large 891: 443: 16982: 18218: 6034: 2574:

year, the colony was abandoned in favor of a nearby island on the coast, named Puerto Rico (Rich Port), which had a suitable harbor. In 1511, a second settlement,

10483:

Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources.

15314: 14194: 2864:

forced Spain to return Louisiana to France in 1802 and threatened to close the river to American vessels. Alarmed, the United States offered to buy New Orleans.

2323:, however, resulted in hundreds of Menorcans, Greeks, and Italians settling in St. Augustine in 1777. During the American Revolution, East and West Florida were 5794:

became a major center of furniture-making because of its massive wealth from Quaker and British merchants. Philadelphian cabinet makers built elegant desks and

4934:

There were ethnic differences in the treatment of women. Among Puritan settlers in New England, wives almost never worked in the fields with their husbands. In

4261:

survives not only in Canada, but also throughout the United States. Eventually, it was a dispute over the meaning of some of these political ideals (especially

16073: 14801: 14569: 14403: 14059: 12660: 12479: 5844:

was exporting 350,000 bushels of wheat and 18,000 tons of flour annually. The Southern colonies in particular relied on cash crops such as tobacco and cotton.

3236:

Randall Miller points out that "America had no titled aristocracy... although one aristocrat, Lord Thomas Fairfax, did take up residence in Virginia in 1734."

2315:. Florida was home to about 3,000 Spaniards at the time, and nearly all quickly left. Britain occupied Florida but did not send many settlers to the area. Dr. 753: 610: 5966:, to a large degree. African women entered the colony as early as 1619, although their status remains a historical debate—free, slave, or indentured servant. 17971: 17439: 17286: 15090: 14657: 14547: 13101: 10106:

Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based on Original and Contemporaneous Records.

1181: 10517: 5371:

Other New England merchants took advantage of the rich fishing areas along the Atlantic Coast and financed a large fishing fleet, transporting its catch of

17636: 16316: 16146: 14425: 5013: 4708:

Church membership statistics by denomination are unreliable and scarce from the colonial period, but Anglicans were not in the majority by the time of the

2721:

stretched to over 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1710, which was the second largest colonial empire in the world, after the

2458:

just north of San Francisco Bay, then went south in a small boat past Half Moon Bay and Monterey Bay. They traded with Native Americans for food. In 1602

17429: 16234: 16068: 14462: 12824: 12814: 3414: 917: 907: 2658:(1756 to 1763). Possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain. (White boarder lines mark later Canadian Provinces and US States for reference) 18340: 18103: 17046: 17036: 15002: 14860: 12620: 12467: 10191: 7949:

James E.. McWilliams, "Butter, Milk, and a 'Spare Ribb': Women's Work and the Transatlantic Economic Transition in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts,"

7578: 3600: 1623: 1150: 713: 2379:

of 1680; they returned in 1692 in the bloodless reoccupation of Santa Fe. Control was by Spain (223 years) and Mexico (25 years) until 1846, when the

18183: 17051: 14564: 14351: 13538: 10706: 4808: 1555: 17: 9829: 7678: 15056: 15029: 14346: 13020: 12645: 12594: 10294:

No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions – Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630–1769

9454:

The textile industries of the United States: including sketches and notices of cotton, woolen, silk, and linen manufacturers in the colonial period

8535:

Wood, Bradford J. (1999). ""A Constant Attendance on God's Alter": Death, Disease, and the Anglican Church in Colonial South Carolina, 1706–1750".

8051: 5687:

Unlike New England, the Mid-Atlantic region gained much of its population from new immigration and, by 1750, the combined populations of New York,

4507:. They were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors, rather than the king, appointed the governor. They were set up after the 3352: 1108: 738: 687: 16939: 9008:

Gilson, Nathan B. “Historiographical Interpretation of Maroon Resistance and Culture in the Atlantic World ." Liberty University, March 18, 2018.

7128:... vast majority accept the view that indentured servitude was an economic arrangement designed to iron out imperfections in the capital market. 5407: 4946:

wives owned their own clothes and other items and were also given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage.

3920:, at which time most of the British left. The Spanish then neglected the Floridas; few Spaniards lived there when the US bought the area in 1819. 18350: 17555: 17061: 15404: 15364: 13700: 12655: 12473: 12368: 11906: 5989: 4701:

became established denominations in their own right. The Puritans of New England kept in close touch with non-conformists in England, as did the

3025: 2621: 748: 564: 9009: 8993: 3468:

However, the Massachusetts charter had been revoked in 1684, and a new one was issued in 1691 that combined Massachusetts and Plymouth into the

18360: 18173: 15212: 14130: 13617: 12790: 11369: 6570: 6500: 3480:

to three simultaneous governorships and military command over Connecticut and Rhode Island. However, these attempts at unified control failed.

3428:

Other colonists settled to the north, mingling with adventurers and profit-oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in

1863: 1862:, colonial affairs were the responsibility of the Board of Trade in partnership with the relevant secretaries of state, which changed from the 883: 4332:, and marked the first time that Americans met together from each of the 13 colonies and planned a common front against British taxation. The 2527:(Mexican era Californians) around 10,000; including immigrant Americans and other nationalities involved in trade and business in California. 2238:

Many territories that had been part of New Spain became part of the United States after 1776 through various wars and treaties, including the

17449: 16021: 15426: 14662: 13869: 12777: 10071:

Bradburn, Douglas M., and John C. Coombs. "SMOKE AND MIRRORS: Reinterpreting the society and economy of the seventeenth-century Chesapeake."

1616: 17409: 10536: 3386:

shipbuilding center, along with agriculture, fishing, and logging, serving as the hub for trading between the southern colonies and Europe.

15044: 14641: 14457: 14398: 13981: 13939: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 12685: 12625: 12524: 12271: 12199: 12100: 12011: 11987: 11893: 11774: 11690: 11613: 11561: 11481: 4477:), proprietary, and charter. These governments were all subordinate to the King of England, with no explicit relationship with the British 4468: 4250: 4242: 4218: 3554:

By the mid-18th century, Pennsylvania was basically a middle-class colony with limited deference to the small upper-class. A writer in the

2517:; they worked as laborers in the missions and the ranchos. In the 1830s the missions were disbanded and the lands sold to Californios. The 2255: 778: 718: 603: 542: 520: 487: 454: 399: 355: 333: 300: 267: 234: 143: 8569: 5285:

were used to store cups and cooking utensils. Glass-made items were also rare. For drinking cups, leather jacks and bombards were common.

2733:

By 1660, French fur trappers, missionaries, and military detachments based in Montreal pushed west along the Great Lakes upriver into the

18208: 18132: 17621: 17560: 16168: 16011: 15906: 15651: 15389: 14509: 14420: 14162: 14147: 14029: 13456: 12804: 12566: 12381: 10624: 9075: 8616: 3698: 3237: 3032:, with most of the colonists remaining. Years later, the entire New Netherland colony was incorporated into England's colonial holdings. 1572: 1529: 897: 659: 9600:

Carr, Lois Green; Walsh, Lorena S. (October 1977). "The Planter's Wife: The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth-Century Maryland".

4168:. In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need of colonial protection. 2578:

was established in the southwestern part of the island. During the 1520s, the island took the name of Puerto Rico while the port became

2465:

No settlements were established until 1769. From 1769 until the independence of Mexico in 1820, Spain sent missionaries and soldiers to

18163: 17869: 17072: 16417: 15994: 15509: 15504: 15494: 14867: 14596: 13844: 13147: 13093: 13057: 12630: 12019: 10951: 10945: 4144:, France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of 3043:

to America, and numerous rivers, towns, and families in the lower Delaware River Valley region derive their names from the Swedes. The

2017: 1227: 1172: 1145: 723: 17961: 10098:

By Whatever Means Necessary: The U.S. Government’s Ongoing Attempts to Remove Indigenous Peoples During an Era of Self-(De)termination

5499:

New Englanders wrote journals, pamphlets, books, and especially sermons, which exceeded those written by all other colonies combined.

4692:

Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in England and Western Europe, with a small proportion of Catholics, chiefly in

4438:

and natives involved the exchange of wampum for various goods, illustrating its multifaceted role in the colonial economic landscape.

3318:. They initially moved to the Netherlands, then decided to re-establish themselves in America. The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to 18355: 18037: 17444: 16745: 16668: 16163: 16106: 15999: 15828: 15270: 13773: 12703: 12640: 12635: 12588: 11997: 11549: 11509: 9976:

Barth, Jonathan Edward (2014). "'A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne': The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691".

6353: 4917: 4761: 2052: 796: 733: 728: 695: 681: 616: 1858:

was set up in 1625 as the first special body convened to advise on colonial (plantation) questions. From 1696 until the end of the

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A similar pietistic revival movement took place among some German and Dutch settlers, leading to more divisions. By the 1770s, the

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produce commodities. For example, local women merchants were important suppliers of foodstuffs to transatlantic shipping concerns.

2012: 1715: 1062: 1048: 912: 863: 816: 811: 758: 708: 653: 8445:

Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607–1788

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west of the Mississippi River the previous year. Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day

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in 1565 but repeatedly attacked and burned by pirates, privateers, and English forces, and nearly all the Spanish left after the

2207:

and other vice-royalties. New Spain included territories in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, much of the United States west of the

2027: 1519: 1140: 743: 702: 673: 7596: 4968:

Work for women included running establishments based on their culinary skills. The first restaurant in the colonies belonged to

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Carolina was dominated by subsistence farmers with small operations. In addition, one-fourth of the whites had no land at all.

3456:

and seized colonial charters, revoked land titles, and ruled without local assemblies, causing anger among the population. The

2509:, while protecting historic Spanish claims to the area. The missions introduced European technology, livestock, and crops. The 806: 645: 630: 9230: 9043: 6593: 3381:

Economically, Puritan New England fulfilled the expectations of its founders. The Puritan economy was based on the efforts of

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was made truly apparent, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans.

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the inexpensive yet strongly built American ships. There was a shipyard at the mouth of almost every river in New England.

4745: 4172: 4095: 3577: 3477: 3156: 3114: 3064: 2964: 2169: 2042: 1982: 1899:(New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. 10523: 10512: 10250: 9970: 7487: 6235: 4293:

In recent years, historians have enlarged their perspective to cover the entire Atlantic world in a subfield now known as

2446:, perhaps because of fog hiding the entrance. In 1585 Gali charted the coast just south of San Francisco Bay, and in 1587 18278: 18158: 17981: 17424: 17414: 17404: 16302: 16185: 16173: 16111: 15868: 15359: 15258: 14855: 14514: 14410: 14294: 13564: 12981: 12731: 12284: 12224: 11814: 11328: 11098: 6103:

Wiecek, William M. (1977). "The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America".

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Wayne L. Bockelman, and Owen S. Ireland, "The Internal Revolution in Pennsylvania: An Ethnic-Religious Interpretation,"

7670:

Quoted in Nancy L. Struna, "The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite: The Chesapeake Gentry, 1650-1720s."

5623:

was a major religious revival movement that took place in most colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. The movement began with

4819:

was in the era of the American Revolution. Many of the founding fathers were active in a local church; some of them had

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region in Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They largely kept to themselves, married their own, spoke

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was the first attempted English settlement south of Virginia. It was a private venture, financed by a group of English

2901: 1997: 1577: 1134: 902: 763: 635: 5317:. The storekeepers of these shops sold their imported goods in exchange for crops and other local products, including 18305: 18049: 17200: 16200: 16180: 16131: 16121: 15989: 15911: 15888: 15848: 15712: 15702: 15579: 15554: 15461: 15441: 14919: 14709: 14435: 13817: 12708: 12698: 12234: 11871: 11708: 11291: 11209: 11136: 9666: 9527: 8126: 8027: 7888: 7773: 7240: 7181: 6857: 6476: 6414: 4812:

the Bishop of London, who sent out missionaries and ordained men from the Colonies to minister in American parishes.

4118: 2616:. The U.S. defeated Spain by the end of the year, and won control of Puerto Rico in the ensuing peace treaty. In the 2546: 2427: 2396: 801: 791: 192: 37: 17956: 9734: 7035: 4764:. 14 to 16 percent remained Anglican but were declining in number, and the remaining 2 percent of the churches were 18273: 18223: 18193: 18178: 18032: 17678: 17140: 17080: 17021: 16205: 16151: 16136: 16038: 15873: 15349: 15302: 15297: 15199: 15126: 14826: 14591: 14120: 13007: 12261: 12090: 11923: 11883: 11762: 11296: 11012: 8521:

Henry R. Viets, "Some Features of the History of Medicine in Massachusetts during the Colonial Period, 1620–1770,"

6004: 5900: 5306: 4913: 2506: 2047: 1095: 870: 509: 8985:

Michael Tadman, "The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas,"

8589: 3378:" in America: an intensely religious, thoroughly righteous community designed to be an example for all of Europe. 2451: 2367: 18288: 17595: 17585: 17575: 16372: 16239: 16028: 15969: 15878: 15769: 15744: 15241: 15231: 14796: 14714: 14652: 14636: 14482: 14477: 14241: 14221: 14211: 14206: 13208: 12942: 12898: 12294: 11792: 11648: 10617: 10181: 7551:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1: Atlantic America, 1492–1800

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staves. These local goods were shipped to towns and cities all along the Atlantic Coast. Enterprising men set up

4230: 3976:, a series of Indian treaties that brought relative calm to the frontiers of the middle colonies for many years. 2518: 2435: 1288: 1030: 981: 10589: 5950:

Historians have paid special attention to the role of women, family, and gender in the colonial South since the

5297:

By 1750, a variety of artisans, shopkeepers, and merchants provided services to the growing farming population.

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ceded Florida to Great Britain. Certain First Spanish Period structures remain today, especially those made of

2276:

Spain established several small outposts in Florida in the early 16th century. The most important of these was

2228: 2062: 771: 640: 7706:

Timothy H. Breen, "Horses and gentlemen: The cultural significance of gambling among the gentry of Virginia."

6991: 4492:

New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and eventually Massachusetts were

3039:

to America in the form of some of the continent's oldest European churches. The colonists also introduced the

2947:

The city was captured by the English in 1664; they took complete control of the colony in 1674 and renamed it

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Anderson, Fred. "A People's Army: Provincial Military Service in Massachusetts during the Seven Years' War."

9719:(15 volumes) (1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World 9010:

http://www.understandingwhowewere.com/uploads/5/1/9/3/51931121/organized_resistance_of_maroon_communities.pdf

5624: 5526: 4890: 4865: 4838: 4776: 4749: 4337: 4037:, but it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification. 3469: 2297: 2232: 1723: 1473: 1090: 1075: 1005: 995: 966: 956: 10554:"WWW-VL: HISTORY: USA: COLONIAL ERA" links to hundreds of primary and secondary documents, maps and articles 7087:"Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" 18233: 18054: 16663: 16404: 16269: 16262: 16195: 16058: 15941: 15863: 15853: 15707: 15668: 15624: 15584: 15541: 15489: 15421: 15394: 15354: 15332: 15141: 14955: 14902: 14835: 14692: 14648: 14576: 14497: 14415: 14226: 14090: 13919: 13827: 13635: 12992: 12966: 12952: 12927: 12917: 12868: 12784: 12391: 11901: 11675: 11569: 11354: 11280: 5711:

with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership. The first major influx of settlers were the

5700: 5600: 4402: 3658: 3631:. In a census taken in 2000 of Americans and their self-reported ancestries, areas where people reported ' 3106: 2928:, and parts of other neighboring states. The peak population was less than 10,000. The Dutch established a 2363: 2141: 1080: 1054: 1040: 1010: 1000: 951: 877: 410: 170: 93: 30: 9778: 8632: 18263: 17631: 17580: 17331: 17210: 17090: 16924: 16710: 16451: 16190: 16141: 15956: 15858: 15781: 15663: 15559: 15384: 15369: 15307: 14942: 14897: 14704: 14586: 14440: 13422: 13318: 12888: 12157: 11534: 11499: 11042: 9465:

Duane E. Ball and Gary M. Walton. "Agricultural Productivity Change in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania."

7675: 6009: 5939: 5649: 5169: 4753: 4736:) where the Church of England was the established church. There were approximately 2,900 churches in the 4681:, but they had all closed decades before 1848 when California became a state. There were a few important 4602: 4478: 4373:

The British Parliament began a series of taxes and punishments which met more and more resistance: First

3337: 2562: 2501: 2416: 1504: 1398: 971: 961: 17966: 17281: 11018: 9900: 7963:

Slaughter, Thomas P. (1984). "The Tax Man Cometh: Ideological Opposition to Internal Taxes, 1760–1790".

4760:

or German Reformed), 5 to 8 percent being Lutheran; there was also a population of approximately 10,000

4566:

Up and down the colonies, non-English ethnic groups had clusters of settlements. The most numerous were

3343:

The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims, and they established the

18268: 17693: 17545: 17347: 16690: 16541: 16486: 16325: 16094: 15964: 15796: 15776: 15764: 15574: 15564: 15246: 15151: 14764: 14754: 14281: 14276: 14266: 14261: 13783: 13012: 12997: 12862: 12376: 11718: 11494: 11464: 11429: 11238: 10748: 10742: 10610: 9880: 8713: 8482:

Jack P. Greene, "'Pluribus' or 'Unum?' White Ethnicity in the Formation of Colonial American Culture,"

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train ministers. Each city and most towns had private academies for the children of affluent families.

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Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

6369:

The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic

5049:

About 305,326 slaves were transported to America, or less than 2% of the 12 million slaves taken from

3718:

local charity. They sought election to the House of Burgesses or appointment as justice of the peace.

2695: 2575: 2431: 18027: 18017: 17899: 17321: 17306: 17120: 17011: 16960: 16805: 16755: 16602: 16466: 16410: 15673: 14979: 14784: 14779: 14341: 13795: 13502: 13487: 13477: 13436: 13358: 13323: 12893: 11960: 11787: 11757: 11526: 11024: 10848: 10688: 8990: 8471:

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775

6629: 5612:

Some immigrants who came to colonial America were seeking religious freedom. London did not make the

5234: 5226: 4784: 4481:. Beginning late in the 17th century, the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the 4262: 4004: 3957: 3767: 3763: 3742: 3429: 3367:

colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut.

3265: 3070: 3044: 2711: 2320: 2096: 1915:

were separatist Puritans who fled persecution in England, first to the Netherlands and ultimately to

1509: 1438: 1403: 976: 465: 7086: 6567: 5852:

was somewhat less involved in the plantation economy, but because a major producer of naval stores.

4285:, all British subjects bought similar products, creating and anglicizing a sort of common identity. 4233:

traditions. Many Americans at the time saw the colonies' systems of governance as modeled after the

3340:

was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to join the colony.

2362:

Throughout the 16th century, Spain explored the southwest from Mexico. The first expedition was the

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The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when

4099: 3817:, a French-speaking community of Protestants. Nearly continuous frontier warfare during the era of 3624: 3344: 3261: 3078: 2832: 2816: 2384: 2333: 2251: 2247: 2220: 1851: 1711: 1478: 1383: 1343: 938: 11938: 9441:

The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South

8808:

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (1990). "Of Pens and Needles: Sources in Early American Women's History".

6779: 6616: 6468:

Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean maps of discovery and scientific exploration 1500-2000

3745:(1975) argues that Virginians in the 1650s and for the next two centuries turned to slavery and a 3510:

and were characterized by a large degree of religious, political, economic, and ethnic diversity.

2341: 2243: 18243: 17803: 17470: 17357: 17100: 16695: 16592: 16496: 16424: 15280: 15016: 14774: 13741: 13497: 13492: 13472: 13363: 13353: 13348: 13328: 12878: 12406: 11723: 11668: 11469: 10891: 10873: 10533: 10479: 10166:

Daniels, Bruce C. "Economic Development in Colonial and Revolutionary Connecticut: An Overview,"

9841: 5540:

was a noteworthy painter of historical subjects, and two first-rate portrait painters emerged in

4589:

were the largest faction in the legislature, but they were losing their dominance to the growing

3525:. New York City attracted a large polyglot population, including a large black slave population. 3449: 3382: 3371: 3094: 2459: 2380: 2125: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1408: 16929: 11414: 9423:

Leo A. Bressler, "Agriculture among the Germans in Pennsylvania during the Eighteenth Century."

7936:

François Furstenberg, "The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History,"

4421:

and begun setting up independent governments and drilling their militia in preparation for war.

3730:

rifle skills won praise; rich gentlemen who were off target won ridicule. In 1691, governor Sir

3642:, trade, and cultural exchanges. Those living in the backcountry were more likely to join with 3289: 1836: 18293: 18022: 17590: 17352: 16815: 16785: 16357: 16278: 15732: 15082: 14892: 14872: 14674: 14529: 14324: 14271: 14256: 14100: 13788: 13528: 13512: 13451: 13278: 13193: 13137: 12421: 12353: 12289: 12217: 11982: 11735: 11680: 11591: 11514: 11419: 11404: 11201: 11104: 10718: 10087:

Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia

9567:

Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia

8602: 7047:

Moller, Herbert (1945). "Sex Composition and Correlated Culture Patterns of Colonial America".

6274:

The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755

6231: 5815: 5712: 5668: 5596: 5568: 5349: 5110: 5000: 4885: 4796: 4682: 4567: 4548: 4145: 4141: 3988: 3592: 3473: 3394: 3269: 3249: 2840: 2828: 2718: 2691: 2536: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2121: 1790: 1782: 1777:, and many relocated to Louisiana. The two chief armed rebellions were short-lived failures in 1545: 1524: 1358: 1273: 1217: 289: 10358:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

9887:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire: Vol. I The old empire from the beginnings to 1783

9072: 8871: 8660: 8650: 8566: 8277:

The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture

6873: 6649: 6643: 6632:

is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived on the island.

6406: 5241:. Other farmers became agricultural innovators. They planted nutritious English grass such as 2387:. About a third of the population in the 21st century is descended from the Spanish settlers. 2196:'s historical presence, including claimed territories, points of interest, and expeditions in 2174: 18258: 18043: 17753: 17565: 17260: 17215: 17180: 17110: 17095: 17031: 16780: 16720: 16597: 15931: 15614: 14729: 14286: 14251: 14246: 14189: 14172: 13902: 13313: 13308: 13183: 12906: 12457: 12440: 12416: 12309: 12304: 12251: 12073: 12041: 11849: 11834: 11424: 11399: 11384: 11048: 10982: 10897: 10186: 9478: 9355:

John M. Murrin (June 1983). "No Awakening, No Revolution? More Counterfactual Speculations".

8844: 8388: 7619: 7573: 7522: 7230: 7171: 6847: 5984: 5896: 5641: 5620: 5588: 5541: 5530: 5353: 5157: 5087: 4861: 4853: 4833: 4651: 4199: 4107: 4080: 4060: 4046: 3825:

drove economic and political wedges between merchants and planters. The disaster of the 1715

3818: 3798: 3702: 3528:

New Jersey began as a division of New York, and was divided into the proprietary colonies of

3332:, by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small 3048: 2707: 2651: 2579: 2482: 2357: 2224: 1750:. These groups all became part of the United States when it gained its independence in 1776. 1747: 1393: 1388: 1263: 989: 553: 498: 476: 9795: 9428: 7763: 5616:

official in the colonies, and it never sent a bishop, so religious practice became diverse.

4014:(1740–1748) in Europe. This conflict spilled over into the colonies, where it was known as " 2566: 2179: 182: 18108: 18059: 17160: 17155: 17145: 16891: 16643: 16638: 16387: 16283: 15411: 15285: 15176: 14554: 13986: 13966: 13914: 13864: 13805: 13736: 13584: 13403: 13368: 13273: 13248: 12937: 12434: 12386: 12326: 12162: 12083: 11943: 11866: 11824: 11703: 11653: 11638: 11621: 11521: 11409: 11379: 11118: 11066: 10939: 10861: 10724: 10694: 10644: 8019:

The nation-state and global order : a historical introduction to contemporary politics

7384:

Bodle, Wayne (1994). "Themes and Directions in Middle Colonies Historiography, 1980–1994".

6215:"Board of Trade and Secretaries of State: America and West Indies, Original Correspondence" 6214: 5637: 5576: 5345: 5173: 5122: 4977: 4792: 4772: 4717: 4554:

Finally, the Americans were fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of

4418: 4298: 4282: 4207: 4015: 3980: 3969: 3830: 3777: 3771: 3581: 3222: 3195: 3150: 3133: 3013: 2948: 2860:

to let the "feeble" colonial power stay in control of the area. The situation changed when

2746: 2738: 2703: 2663: 2542: 2372: 2089: 1928: 1920: 1797: 1786: 1785:. Some of the colonies developed legalized systems of slavery, centered largely around the 1778: 1727: 1680: 1604: 1483: 1448: 1353: 1328: 1025: 1015: 322: 311: 256: 112: 9812:

The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century

7009: 4922:

The experiences of women varied greatly from colony to colony during the colonial era. In

3829:

threatened the colony's viability and set off a decade of political turmoil. By 1729, the

2932:

system with feudal-like rights given to a few powerful landholders; they also established

2203:

Starting in the 16th century, Spain built a colonial empire in the Americas consisting of

1847:

foundation of merchant-based investment that seemed to need much less government support.

8: 18300: 17946: 17703: 17326: 17205: 17185: 17170: 17150: 17135: 16906: 16705: 16435: 16339: 15823: 15739: 15549: 15265: 14950: 14581: 13778: 13388: 13338: 13293: 13283: 13268: 13258: 13243: 13223: 13198: 13188: 13178: 12932: 12752: 12742: 12184: 11933: 11626: 11544: 11539: 11489: 11389: 11257: 11193: 11054: 10921: 10794: 10754: 10654: 5907: 5795: 5770:

Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the diversity of its people. In

5731: 5478: 5416: 4950: 4733: 4646: 4497: 4322: 4270: 4111: 4084: 3913: 3874: 3859: 3846: 3822: 3628: 3616: 3461: 3445: 3410: 3402: 3206: 3187: 3160: 2933: 2848: 2808: 2687: 2683: 2655: 2312: 2212: 1859: 1805: 1743: 1735: 1468: 1418: 1373: 1363: 1348: 1338: 1323: 1303: 1278: 1268: 1258: 1020: 845: 835: 245: 137: 59: 10328:

The Origins of American Diplomacy: The International History of Anglo-America, 1492–1763

9963: 8264: 7372: 6610: 4884:

The First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members, unlike the

18238: 18198: 17768: 17723: 17245: 17235: 17165: 16628: 16491: 16461: 15063: 15051: 14769: 14759: 14736: 14719: 14115: 13859: 13854: 13726: 13408: 13383: 13288: 13228: 13203: 13173: 13163: 12762: 12757: 12747: 12737: 12450: 12428: 11948: 11807: 11782: 11752: 11713: 11596: 11439: 11217: 11130: 10700: 10682: 10486: 10321: 10240: 10230: 10148: 10011: 10003: 9946: 9890: 9856: 9805: 9619: 9380: 9172: 8825: 8544: 8332: 8226: 8097: 8045: 7980: 7877: 7401: 7265: 7119: 7111: 7064: 6729: 6539: 6494: 6394: 6120: 5963: 5451: 5424: 5242: 5230: 5182: 5177: 5118: 4993: 4780: 4741: 4721: 4508: 4504: 4203: 4010:

One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the

3891: 3746: 3678: 3457: 3364: 3253: 3226: 3191: 3128: 2869: 2758: 2699: 2353: 2336:, which was quickly annexed by the United States. The United States took possession of 2267: 2239: 1664: 1488: 1463: 1368: 1308: 1283: 1253: 1243: 855: 850: 840: 830: 366: 344: 9658:

Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History

9227:

The Puritan Family: Religion and Domestic Relations in Seventeenth-Century New England

8925: 8740:

Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689–1775

8727:

A Blessed Company: Parishes, Parsons, and Parishioners in Anglican Virginia, 1690–1776

8303:

Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776

7343:

Colonial America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History

7173:

Dr. Alexander Hamilton and Provincial America: Expanding the Orbit of Scottish Culture

5636:

promote their viewpoints, the two sides established academies and colleges, including

4214:

cities of colonial America were truly British cities in the eyes of many inhabitants.

2128:'s expedition to Florida's Gulf coast (1528–36), Pensacola in West Florida (1559–61), 17889: 17849: 17673: 17381: 17255: 17230: 17190: 17175: 17125: 17056: 17026: 16883: 16842: 15806: 14962: 14314: 13812: 13731: 13716: 13580: 13343: 13298: 13238: 13213: 13168: 13111: 12348: 12179: 11992: 11579: 11374: 11335: 11185: 10927: 10812: 10664: 10633: 10331: 10282:(2010) 67#2 pp. 347–375 in JSTOR, covers historiography of environmental history 10061: 9700: 9662: 9523: 9372: 9278: 8931: 8904: 8877: 8850: 8664: 8230: 8218: 8168: 8132: 8122: 8101: 8089: 8033: 8023: 7884: 7769: 7625: 7554: 7526: 7515: 7236: 7177: 7123: 6853: 6709: 6703: 6686: 6653: 6482: 6472: 6410: 6399: 6374: 6367: 6348:

David J. Weber,"The Spanish legacy in North America and the historical imagination."

6197: 6163: 6054: 5833: 5632: 5613: 5592: 5466: 5440: 5436:

politics or metaphysics. American scientific activity was pursued by such people as:

5214: 4842: 4737: 4713: 4656: 4645:

The first religious services held in colonial America were Anglican services held in

4611:

Mortality was very high for new arrivals, and high for children in the colonial era.

4302: 4134: 4110:(1754–1763) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the 4070: 4056: 4030: 3965: 3855: 3781: 3731: 3682: 3662: 3433: 3348: 3329: 3315: 3118: 3074: 3021: 3017: 2812: 2734: 2671: 2586: 2443: 2208: 2136:

in Virginia (1570–71). The French failed at Parris Island, South Carolina (1562–63),

1961: 1908: 1809: 1766: 1668: 1652: 1600: 1423: 1378: 1318: 1293: 1248: 1191: 210: 132: 10577: 10564: 10553: 10015: 9656: 9507:

The urban crucible: The northern seaports and the origins of the American revolution

6590: 4184:

The colonies were very different from one another but they were still a part of the

3697:—were from Virginia. The two oldest public universities are also in the South: the 2486: 2133: 18228: 17914: 17879: 17788: 17773: 17758: 17718: 17530: 17220: 16901: 16896: 16810: 16735: 16685: 16587: 16476: 16471: 15722: 15569: 15275: 15095: 14105: 13946: 13929: 13924: 13763: 13373: 13253: 13218: 13116: 13031: 13026: 12517: 11955: 11918: 11844: 11802: 11698: 11658: 11459: 11454: 10957: 10933: 10867: 10842: 10800: 10659: 10583: 10570: 10140: 9993: 9985: 9938: 9611: 9364: 9164: 8817: 8430:

On the historiography, see Alan Tully, "Colonial Politics," in Daniel Vickers ed.

8324: 8210: 8160: 8081: 7972: 7491: 7475:

Seedtime of the Republic: the origin of the American tradition of political liberty

7393: 7103: 7056: 6155: 6112: 5823: 5771: 5696: 5660: 5645: 5580: 5079: 4390: 4333: 4294: 4226: 3870: 3686: 3666: 3576:

The predominant culture of the south was rooted in the settlement of the region by

3518: 3495: 3422: 3375: 3356: 2985: 2831:

stretched thousands of miles from modern Louisiana north to the largely unexplored

2798: 2678:

by France starting in the early 17th century. It was composed of several colonies:

2606: 2570: 2558: 2447: 2301: 1453: 1333: 1298: 1196: 1119: 1114: 596: 421: 4514:

Massachusetts, Providence Plantation, Rhode Island, Warwick, and Connecticut were

4066: 3225:

occurred, but was suppressed by royal officials. After Bacon's Rebellion, African

2969: 1840: 18248: 17793: 17733: 17698: 17688: 17085: 17006: 16934: 16879: 16790: 16759: 16715: 16648: 16607: 16567: 16556: 16526: 15431: 15207: 15105: 14877: 14177: 14110: 13879: 13800: 13746: 13441: 13378: 13333: 13233: 12239: 12172: 12068: 12029: 11913: 11856: 11728: 11631: 11529: 11449: 11444: 11394: 11154: 11072: 11030: 10994: 10836: 10818: 10806: 10712: 10669: 10649: 10594: 10540: 10527: 9552:

Cynthia A. Kierner, "Gender, Families, and Households in the Southern Colonies,"

9272: 9259: 9079: 8997: 8573: 8248: 7682: 6945: 6934: 6834: 6597: 6574: 6305: 6249:

British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622–1675

6059: 5735: 5672: 5556: 5521:(1754). Most music had a religious theme, as well, and was mainly the singing of 5246: 4872:

denominations. It brought Christianity to the slaves and was a powerful event in

4857: 4804: 4788: 4674: 4590: 4414: 4410: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4359: 4157: 4026: 4000: 3833:

had collapsed, and the Proprietors sold both colonies back to the British crown.

3639: 3612: 3588: 3489: 3448:, the New England colonies, New York, and the Jerseys were briefly united as the 3418: 3360: 3333: 3314:

separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the

3257: 3110: 3090: 3082: 3060: 2993: 2978: 2844: 2836: 2750: 2514: 2491: 2485:(land grant ranches), along the southern and central coast of California. Father 2466: 2271: 1932: 1916: 1892: 1801: 1751: 1739: 1514: 1458: 1413: 1313: 388: 9410:

Richard H. Shryock, "British versus German traditions in colonial agriculture."

6969: 6524: 3904:

Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763, which established the colonies of

3638:

The early colonists, especially the Scots-Irish in the back-country, engaged in

3521:. Meanwhile, Yankees from New England started moving in, as did immigrants from 2140:

on Florida's Atlantic coast (1564–65), Saint Croix Island, Maine (1604–05), and

17844: 17738: 16740: 16572: 16561: 16506: 16481: 15901: 15801: 15184: 14319: 14309: 14304: 14299: 13971: 13834: 13768: 13121: 12189: 12167: 12145: 12123: 12118: 11643: 11574: 11504: 11249: 11112: 11086: 10782: 9483:, Suzanne Ellery Greene, Woodland Hills, California: Windsor Publications, 1980 9023:

Cities in the Wilderness; The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742

8900:

Cities in the Wilderness – The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742

8349:

Richard R. Beeman, "The Varieties of Deference in Eighteenth-Century America,"

7923:

Alison. Games, "Atlantic History: Definitions, Challenges, and Opportunities,"

7082: 6905:

The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America

5958: 5951: 5935: 5849: 5845: 5814:

farmers generally preferred oxen rather than horses to pull their plows, while

5719:

came to escape the religious conflicts and declining economic opportunities in

5707:

founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, and attracted an influx of British

5545: 4969: 4519: 4515: 4486: 4482: 4382: 4329: 4246: 4185: 4126: 3973: 3398: 3214: 3210: 3029: 3009: 2921: 2897: 2722: 2455: 2439: 2193: 2145: 2079: 1855: 1691: 1676: 1672: 1201: 278: 10257:

The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

10027: 8796:

The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

8393:

The Rise of the Legal Profession in America: Volume 1, The Colonial Experience

8315:

Pole, J. R. (1962). "Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy".

7107: 3939: 3093:, and nearly all Russians abandoned the area except a few missionaries of the 2593:

The last half of the 19th century was marked by the Puerto Rican struggle for

2411: 18334: 18142: 17909: 17894: 17884: 17864: 17813: 17783: 17778: 17713: 17540: 17394: 16800: 16658: 16456: 16294: 14882: 14182: 13991: 13626: 12331: 12108: 11036: 10788: 10769: 9786:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

9376: 9353:

has questioned the concept of a Great Awakening, but most historians use it.

9118:

A New England Town, The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736

9040:

Cities in the Wilderness-The First Century of Urban Life in America 1625–1742

8656: 8586:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

8222: 8093: 8037: 6167: 5887: 5837: 5810:

Ethnicity made a difference in agricultural practice. This can be seen where

5775: 5537: 5504: 5457: 5277: 5261: 5198: 5149:

created self-governing communities of religious congregations of farmers, or

5126: 5091: 4989: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4775:

had established churches prior to the Revolutionary War, all Congregational (

4575: 3996: 3961: 3790: 3785: 3690: 3627:. They were the largest group of colonists from the British Isles before the 3619:(later called the Scots-Irish) immigrated and settled in the back country of 3596: 3514: 3453: 3319: 3293: 2937: 2911: 2742: 2647: 2613: 2376: 2197: 2153: 2149: 2137: 1896: 1683:. Nevertheless, successful colonies were established within several decades. 1656: 1648: 10131:

Crane, Verner W. (April 1919). "The Southern Frontier in Queen Anne's War".

8783:

The First Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775

8136: 6486: 3073:

in the 1730s and early 1740s. Their first settlement was founded in 1784 by

2801:

by 1752 had a French population of 2,500; it was located to the west of the

1850:

Initially, matters concerning the colonies were dealt with primarily by the

18137: 17854: 17834: 17808: 17728: 17535: 17480: 17465: 17311: 17296: 17291: 16820: 16750: 16551: 16536: 16430: 16398: 15189: 15161: 14216: 12320: 12256: 11797: 11060: 10915: 10909: 8154: 7621:

Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier, 1740–1789

5883: 5841: 5791: 5763: 5704: 5692: 5564: 5486: 5318: 5276:

The furniture of the time was very basic, common household items include a

5095: 4943: 4939: 4816: 4624: 4582: 4493: 4474: 4367: 4354: 4349: 4194: 4165: 4161: 4075: 3950: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3895: 3694: 3670: 3548: 3540: 3503: 3005: 2881: 2803: 2790: 2774: 2337: 2329: 1884: 1879: 1687: 10439:

In the Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity

9998: 8164: 6139: 5695:

had reached nearly 300,000 people. By 1750, about 60,000 Irish and 50,000

4358:

was published in 1776. Another group that called for independence was the

4301:, and ideas flowed back and forth across the Atlantic, with Philadelphian 3159:(1712–1756) was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in 3123: 2553:. On November 19, 1493, he landed on the island of Puerto Rico, naming it 2307:

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of

1907:

The prospect of religious persecution by authorities of the crown and the

17904: 17859: 17763: 17683: 17570: 16970: 16965: 15466: 14997: 14334: 14236: 13976: 13839: 13595: 12212: 12140: 12056: 11876: 11601: 11000: 10885: 10879: 10428:

Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677-1763

9989: 7546: 6753:

Havard, Vidal, Histoire de L’Amérique française, Flammarion, 2003, p. 67.

6466: 6159: 5739: 5724: 5676: 5444: 5361: 5310: 5302: 5265: 5257: 5225:

Some farmers obtained land grants to create farms in undeveloped land in

5205: 5161: 5114: 4981: 4923: 4901: 4873: 4686: 4669:

in 1620 and whose separatist faith motivated their move from Europe. The

4417:(1775). By this point, the 13 colonies had organized themselves into the 4278: 4254: 4149: 3917: 3826: 3677:, all from Virginia. Indeed, the entire region dominated politics in the 3533: 3529: 3142: 3036: 2852: 2667: 2642: 2617: 2594: 2523: 2470: 1924: 1831: 1770: 1731: 1719: 10278:

Mancall, Peter C. "Pigs for Historians: Changes in the Land and Beyond"

10196: 10116: 10090: 10007: 9570: 8930:. Cincinnati, Ohio : Writer's Digest Books. pp. 209, 212–213. 8548: 7269: 6690: 6543: 6337: 6321: 5751: 4473:

In the British colonies, the three forms of government were provincial (

4309:

Furstenberg calls a "Long War for the West" over control of the region.

3964:(who governed New York, New England, and Virginia at various times) and 3374:". They fled England and attempted to create a "nation of saints" or a " 2851:

around 1700, and continued to grow when 7,000 French immigrants founded

2189: 1793:. By 1760, France was defeated and its colonies were seized by Britain. 18064: 17829: 17743: 17611: 16623: 16582: 16362: 14329: 14135: 13961: 13956: 13874: 12299: 12207: 12113: 12046: 11819: 11124: 11080: 10449: 10392: 10351: 10220: 10171: 10152: 10044: 9950: 9710: 9623: 9384: 9350: 9256:

Rural economy in New England at the beginning of the nineteenth century

8829: 8336: 8279:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 142–181. 8198: 8069: 7984: 7830:

The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War

7405: 7115: 7068: 7032:

The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft vol. 33: History of Alaska, 1730–1885

6822:

Isaac Lippincott, "Industry among the French in the Illinois country."

6124: 5926:

The Southern Colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters in

5911: 5688: 5298: 4985: 4712:

and probably did not comprise even 30 percent of the population in the

4678: 4620: 4398: 4258: 4206:, and participated in the intellectual currents of Europe, such as the 4153: 4125:". During the war, the position of the British colonies as part of the 3674: 3620: 3499: 3001: 2974: 2960: 2925: 2633: 2510: 2420: 1755: 1703: 531: 377: 12135: 10379:

The War That Made America a Short History of the French and Indian War

9176: 8214: 8085: 7256:

Schlesinger, Arthur M. (1962). "The Aristocracy in Colonial America".

6992:"OLDEST – Log House in North America – Superlatives on Waymarking.com" 6810: 5652:. The Great Awakening has been called the first truly American event. 5517:, 1702), and revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work 4503:

Pennsylvania (which included Delaware), New Jersey, and Maryland were

4094:

Territorial changes following the French and Indian War; land held by

4090: 3793:. The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became 1919:

in 1620. Over the following 20 years, people fleeing persecution from

17941: 16700: 16546: 15818: 15811: 11965: 11584: 11434: 10988: 10402:(Osprey, 2002), heavily illustrated; focus on uniforms and equipment. 10217:

Atlantic Virginia: Intercolonial Relations in the Seventeenth Century

8017: 7139:

James Davie Butler, "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,"

5891: 5783: 5628: 5281: 5054: 4976:

in 1643. Leisure activity for women of the time included playing the

4869: 4670: 4665: 4122: 3814: 3806: 3406: 3324: 3298: 3229:

rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia's main labor force.

3218: 3164: 3086: 3040: 2941: 2940:

was founded in 1625 and located at the southern tip of the island of

2204: 2165: 2156:

became the first English child born in America; her fate is unknown.

1759: 10602: 10144: 10080:

The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards

9942: 9863:

Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. 2: The Eighteenth Century

9615: 9368: 8821: 8328: 8116: 7976: 7397: 7297:

The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards

7060: 6116: 5699:

came to live in British North America, many of them settling in the

5529:

of Massachusetts, an interpreter of Calvinism and the leader of the

2569:, a lieutenant under Columbus, who was greeted by the Taíno Cacique 1789:. Wars were recurrent between the French and the British during the 17874: 16531: 14001: 13951: 12341: 12279: 12051: 11970: 10824: 10287:

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

10024:

The Varieties of Political Experience in Eighteenth-Century America

9879:(1940) online 800pp; a major survey of social and cultural history 9814:(1988), passim; vol 1 of "The Oxford history of the British Empire" 9168: 7724:

American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia

7010:"Meeting of Frontiers: Alaska – The Russian Colonization of Alaska" 5931: 5927: 5857: 5853: 5656: 5572: 5519:

A Careful and Strict Enquiry Into...Notions of...Freedom of Will...

5372: 5314: 5146: 5134: 4927: 4864:, and German Reformed denominations, and it strengthened the small 4693: 4660: 4619:

Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially from

4389:(1773). In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the 3802: 3661:, was founded in 1693 in Virginia; it pioneered in the teaching of 3647: 3643: 3539:

Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker

3507: 3452:(1686–1689). The administration was eventually led by Governor Sir 3311: 3280: 3016:. The colony also had settlements near the present-day location of 3008:. The several hundred settlers were centered around the capital of 2997: 2885: 2861: 2794: 2782: 2778: 1774: 10311:

Wandering souls : Protestant migrations in America, 1630–1865

9731:

The Writer's Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America, 1607–1783

6892:

The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

6062:, the name for the emerging nation, 1775–1776, before independence 4841:

was a key leader and a powerful intellectual in colonial America.

4253:. The codes of law of the colonies were often drawn directly from 4051: 3476:

sought to unite the New England colonies militarily by appointing

2706:). These colonies came under British or Spanish control after the 2620:

of 1900, the U.S. Congress established Puerto Rico's status as an

2550: 16577: 10063:

Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America

9846:

Major Problems in American Colonial History: Documents and Essays

8753:

Inventing a Christian America: The Myth of the Religious Founding

5915: 5819: 5811: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5627:, a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims' 5238: 5066: 4935: 4878: 4702: 4628: 4612: 4586: 4571: 4386: 3851: 3789:

capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir

3651: 3544: 3522: 2929: 2769: 2602: 2598: 2289: 2183: 1769:

were taken over and most of the inhabitants were assimilated. In

1707: 69: 10419:

Grenier, John. "Warfare during the Colonial Era, 1607–1765." In

10338:

People of Prowess Sport Leisure and Labor in Early Anglo-America

10178:

Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England

7217:

Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007

6332:

David J. Weber,"The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux."

5137:, who brought large numbers of African slaves from that island. 4133:

British officers trained American ones for battle, most notably

3968:(governed Maryland, Virginia, Nova Scotia, and Carolina). After 3805:

and brought enslaved Africans with them. Barbados was a wealthy

2654:, which was part of the greater worldwide conflict known as the 1796:

On the eastern seaboard, the four distinct English regions were

1722:, the Virginian Cavaliers, the English Catholics and Protestant 10971:

Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States

7737:

Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A history of Virginia 1607–2007

6645:

The Tainos- Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus

6615:(in Spanish). Valencia, Spain: Francisco Vives Moras. pp. 5828: 5766:, where 80 percent of the buildings were made entirely of stone 5522: 5500: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5160:

which the Puritans founded was not automatically joined by all

5150: 5083: 5058: 5053:. The great majority went to sugarcane-growing colonies in the 5050: 4547:

farmers, artisans, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Quakers, Germans,

4363: 4190: 3984: 3169:

Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton

3069:

Russia explored the area that became Alaska, starting with the

3028:. The colony was captured by the Dutch in 1655 and merged into 2906: 2679: 2308: 1695: 9583:

Georgia's Frontier Women: Female Fortunes in a Southern Colony

8757:

God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution

8561:

Richard H. Shryock, "Eighteenth Century Medicine in America,"

6286:

Sheils, William Joseph (2004). "Matthew, Tobie (1544?–1628)".

6142:

God, Greed, and Genocide: The Holocaust Through the Centuries,

4316: 4237:

of the time, with the king corresponding to the governor, the

10595:

Articles related to the colonial history of the United States

9956: 9687:

North America in Colonial Times: An Encyclopedia for Students

8684: 8682: 8680: 7801:

Kenneth Coleman, Kenneth. Colonial Georgia: a history (1976).

6568:

Etext of Spanish exploration of west coast, including diaries

6405:. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. pp. 5870: 5536:

Art and drama were somewhat more successful than literature.

5408:

History of education in the United States § Colonial Era

5193: 4897: 4820: 4225:

expressed by opposition leaders in Britain, most notably the

3992: 3979:

The northern colonies experienced numerous assaults from the

2129: 1699: 10493:

North America and the Atlantic World: A History in Documents

10052:

A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York

8364:

A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York

8290:

A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York

6813:", Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Retrieved August 9, 2009. 6050:

Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States

5942:. Most white men owned some land, and therefore could vote. 4446:

element of uncertainty in the financial dynamics of credit.

4370:

and which was now becoming even more strident and numerous.

10543:

Worlds of Change: Colonial North America at Harvard Library

10247:

Colonial America: Essays in Politics and Social Development

8118:

Uncommon ground : rethinking the human place in nature

7812:

The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

6683:

Advance in the Antilles; the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico

6030:

List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America

5866: 5659:

were growing rapidly both in the north, where they founded

4593:

faction based on Scotch-Irish votes, supported by Germans.

4511:

and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty.

4211: 3494:

The Middle Colonies consisted of the present-day states of

3213:. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the 2216: 1911:

prompted a significant number of colonization efforts. The

1651:

from the early 16th century until the incorporation of the

147: 10414:

Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763: An Encyclopedia

10032:

Beer, George Louis. "British Colonial Policy, 1754–1765,"

9821:(2006). 236pp; the latest scholarly history of New England 9819:

Saints and Strangers: New England in British North America

9707:

Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763: An Encyclopedia

9243:

The Great Meadow: Farmers and the Land in Colonial Concord

9131:

Saints and Strangers: New England in British North America

8677: 8245:

English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies

6931:

English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies

5682: 5631:

roots and to reawaken the "Fear of God." English preacher

3916:. They were returned to Spain in 1783 in exchange for the 3912:. The Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain during the 3351:

by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640,

2211:, parts of Latin America (including Puerto Rico), and the 128: 16726:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

10318:

Empires to nations : expansion in America, 1713–1824

9929:

Andrews, Charles M. (October 1914). "Colonial Commerce".

6316:

David J. Weber, "The Spanish Frontier in North America."

5376: 5365: 2674:, and other major tributary rivers that was explored and 2505:("The Royal Road"). They were established to convert the 9399:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

8644: 8642: 8640: 7593:"Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2005" 6035:

List of North American settlements by year of foundation

5496:

than anything produced by Voltaire, Locke, or Rousseau.

4442:

for the former while remaining communal for the latter.

2426:

Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of present-day

10500:

The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607–1783

10423:

ed by James C. Bradford, (2010) pp 9–21. Historiography

10210:

Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World

9848:(1999) short excerpts from scholars and primary sources 9274:

The Writer's Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America

9105:

Charleston! Charleston!: The History of a Southern City

8927:

The writer's guide to everyday life in Colonial America

8846:

Founding Mothers : The women who raised our nation

6968:. Richard Stokton College of New Jersey. Archived from 5337:

along wagon roads to serve this transportation system.

5065:

shelter the recently escaped. Subsequent treaties with

4963:

Founding Mothers : The women who raised our nation

2144:(1685–89). The most notable English failures were the " 36:"Colonial America" redirects here. For other uses, see 16337: 10474:

Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History

10161:

Papist Devils: Catholics in British America, 1574–1783

9697:

The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America

9312:

American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783

9299:

American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783

8770:

Papist Devils: Catholics in British America, 1574–1783

8652:

The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America

7695:

The Formalizing of Sport and the Formation of an Elite

7323:

Americans and their land: the house built on abundance

7310:

Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role

5423:, built between 1718 and 1720, the oldest building at 4083:

and reemerged several decades later in support of the

3923: 2996:

from 1638 to 1655 and encompassed land in present-day

2152:

in Maine (1607–08). It was at the Roanoke Colony that

10249:(6th ed. 2010), 606pp; essays by 28 leading scholars 8637: 7999:

Revolutionary America, 1763–1815; A Political History

7582:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp.361–368 6730:"Western colonialism - European expansion since 1763" 6557:

Development of Spanish ports and fleets on west coast

5360:

in Rhode Island. Merchants then exported them to the

3347:

in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the

3089:

for their fur from native hunters. In 1867, the U.S.

1902: 10768:

Other British colonial entities in the contemporary

9899:(1965) comprehensive survey of intellectual history 9155:

Clarke, Hermann F. (1937). "John Hull: Mintmaster".

6874:"Louisiana Purchase – Thomas Jefferson's Monticello" 6845: 5671:, where they challenged the previously unquestioned 5340:

These products were delivered to port towns such as

5014:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

4949:

Like the many wives of founders and soldiers of the

4574:. Each group assimilated into the dominant English, 3681:

era: for example, four of the first five presidents—

3567:

thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest.

2920:, or New Netherland, was a colonial province of the 2332:

revolted against the Spanish in 1810 and formed the

10491:Rushforth, Brett, Paul Mapp, and Alan Taylor, eds. 10407:

Struggle for a continent: the wars of early America

9928: 7761: 7258:

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society

7232:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America

6612:

Puerto Rico y su historia: Investigaciones críticas

6449: 5869:and corn since flax was a high demand in the Irish 5730:Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the 10582:is available for free viewing and download at the 10569:is available for free viewing and download at the 10265:From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers 10195:(1989), comprehensive look at major ethnic groups 10060: 9897:Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind 9726:(2011) excerpt and text search; 400 entries; 492pp 9494:Cities in revolt: urban life in America, 1743–1776 9056:Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 9027:Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 8870:Green, Harry Clinton; Green, Mary Wolcott (1912). 7876: 7859:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 7514: 6398: 6366: 4852:The Awakening had a major impact in reshaping the 3611:In the mid- to late-18th century, large groups of 2231:, though Louisiana reverted to France in the 1800 10444:Pargellis, Stanley McCrory. "Braddock’s Defeat", 9717:The British Empire Before the American Revolution 7788:Hugh Talmage Lefler, and William Stevens Powell, 7617: 7284:Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War 7228: 7169: 5252: 4809:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 18332: 15030:Native American recognition in the United States 11279: 7646:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 6364: 5460:, physician, social reformer, and member of the 10952:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island 10192:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America 9836:The Brave New World: A History of Early America 8563:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 8199:"Money, Mortgages, and the Conquest of America" 8070:"Money, Mortgages, and the Conquest of America" 7579:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America 7521:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 5990:Chronology of the colonization of North America 4845:came over from England and made many converts. 3587:The French and Spanish established colonies in 3012:, at the location of what is today the city of 2777:, who founded the first European settlement in 1742:who settled the mid-Atlantic colonies, and the 18174:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 16324: 9828:(1905) old, comprehensive overview by scholar 9541:Virginia, 1705–1786: Democracy or Aristocracy? 9354: 7910:David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, eds., 6202:English People on Eve of Colonization, 1603–30 5906:Shopkeepers, artisans, shipwrights, butchers, 5280:, benches and stools, while chairs were rare. 4849:made religion personal to the average person. 4462: 4098:prior to 1763 is shown in red; land gained by 2992:) was a Swedish colony that existed along the 2888:in 1683, making him "The Father of Arkansas". 2489:, founded the first missions in Spanish upper 2120:Spain had numerous failed attempts, including 1864:Secretary of State for the Southern Department 1647:covers the period of European colonization of 16310: 15427:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 13611: 11550:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 11265: 10618: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6261:American and West Indian colonies before 1782 2785:in 1683, making him "The Father of Arkansas". 2662:New France was the vast area centered on the 2469:who created a series of missions operated by 2097: 1624: 12474:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 10041:First Generations: Women in Colonial America 9763: 9518:Robert W. Twyman and David C. Roller, eds., 8952:First Generations: Women in Colonial America 8050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7861:(1967); Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds. 7211: 7209: 6561: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 5427:, the first U.S. university, founded in 1636 5233:or bought plots of land from speculators in 4469:Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies 3543:. The main population elements included the 2924:chartered in 1614, in what became New York, 2513:converted the native peoples into groups of 2311:, which the British had captured during the 2256:Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest 1823: 1765:Over time, non-British colonies East of the 17287:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 9914:Colonial America: A Very Short Introduction 9855:(2010), short survey for secondary schools 9678:Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies 8896: 8688: 8617:History of the Religious Society of Friends 8377:Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies 7824: 7822: 7820: 7553:. Yale University Press. pp. 175–176. 7255: 6849:New Orleans, 1718–1812: An Economic History 6762:Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown, 6587:A History of California: The Spanish Period 4999:By the mid-18th century, the values of the 4581:Ethnocultural factors were most visible in 4317:Growing dissent and the American Revolution 2944:, which grew to become a major world city. 1773:, however, the British expelled the French 18164:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 16418:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 16317: 16303: 13625: 13618: 13604: 11272: 11258: 10625: 10611: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9338:A Religious History of the American People 9325:A Religious History of the American People 8869: 8629:A Religious History of the American People 7840: 7838: 7488:"Indentured Servitude in Colonial America" 7143:2 (October 1896): 12–33; Thomas Keneally, 6635: 6507: 6499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6365:Linebaugh, Peter; Rediker, Marcus (2001). 3439: 2872:in 1803, doubling the size of the nation. 2839:. It was generally divided into Upper and 2104: 2090: 1938: 1631: 1617: 18341:Colonization history of the United States 15040:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 11998:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10524:Colonial America 1600–1775, K12 Resources 10498:Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds. 9997: 9724:Historical Dictionary of Colonial America 9599: 8976:Includes 10,000 to Louisiana before 1803. 8689:Barck, Oscar T.; Lefler, Hugh T. (1958). 7962: 7768:. Princeton University Press. p. 9. 7765:Social Structure of Revolutionary America 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7325:(University of Michigan Press, 2006) p 29 7206: 7195: 7193: 6137: 6074: 5957:Very few women were present in the early 5475:The History and present State of Virginia 4918:Native American women in Colonial America 4424: 4179: 3081:was formed in 1799 with the influence of 2884:founded the first European settlement in 2793:founded the first European settlement in 2347: 1814:decline of the Native American population 10262: 10205:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) 9539:Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown, 8648: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8152: 8114: 7940:June 2008, Vol. 113 Issue 3, pp 647–677, 7817: 7517:The Transformation of Virginia 1740–1790 7147:, Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2005. 6178: 5750: 5415: 5401: 5256: 5192: 4641:History of religion in the United States 4607:History of medicine in the United States 4089: 4065: 4050: 4040: 3938: 3885: 3850: 3288: 3205:The first successful English colony was 3122: 2968: 2936:and free trade. The colony's capital of 2922:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands 2905: 2768: 2641: 2410: 2188: 2173: 144:History of the United States (1776–1789) 15091:List of counties and county equivalents 12153:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 10111:Carr, Lois Green and Philip D. Morgan. 9961: 9770:(the standard overview in four volumes) 9766:The Colonial Period of American History 9588: 9556:, Aug 2007, Vol. 73 Issue 3, pp 643–658 8842: 8510:Health and Wellness in Colonial America 8499:March 1974, Vol. 41 Issue 2, pp 125–159 8379:(1993) vol 1 pp 341–62, 391–402; 435–39 7927:June 2006, Vol. 111 Issue 3, pp 741–757 7868: 7835: 7081: 6805: 6803: 6550: 6288:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5683:Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic region 5305:, and furniture makers set up shops in 5188: 5098:(population 23,000), and Charles Town ( 4160:, from which it formed the colonies of 3328:. Upon their arrival, they drew up the 2843:. This vast tract was first settled at 164:This article is part of a series on the 14: 18351:European colonization of North America 18333: 18169:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 10421:Companion to American Military History 10365:Slavery in Colonial America, 1619–1776 10049: 9870:Colonial America: A History, 1565–1776 9783: 9743:(2006), long topics essays by scholars 9654: 9277:. Writer's Digest Books. p. 204. 9270: 9154: 9067:Benjamin L. Carp, "Cities in review," 8923: 8897:Bridenbaugh, Carl (January 14, 2013). 8807: 8537:The South Carolina Historical Magazine 8148: 8146: 8063: 8061: 7874: 7863:A Companion to the American Revolution 7545: 7328: 7190: 7046: 6774: 6772: 6522: 6458: 6393: 6285: 6102: 6040:Political culture of the United States 6015:Early American publishers and printers 4685:Catholic churches and institutions in 4655:. The practice of the religion of the 4489:in London to represent its interests. 3409:. Williams was a Puritan who preached 3181: 2340:in 1821 according to the terms of the 1931:was founded in part to be a haven for 1816:primarily because of newly introduced 66:Interview of Samoset with the Pilgrims 18361:History of the United States by topic 18081: 18006: 17934: 17505: 16841: 16675:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 16336: 16298: 13599: 13081: 12843: 12505: 11309: 11253: 11178:Discourse Concerning Western Planting 10632: 10606: 10593: 10518:Colonial History of the United States 10430:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1989) 10348:Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century 10130: 10121: 10058: 9975: 9868:Middleton, Richard and Anne Lombard. 9773:Barck, Jr., and Hugh Talmage Lefler. 9684: 9675: 9245:(Yale Agrarian Studies Series) (2007) 9213: 9201: 9189: 9142: 8181: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7912:The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800 7659:The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783 7512: 7383: 6701: 6666: 6641: 6602: 6464: 6045:Slavery in the colonial United States 6020:European colonization of the Americas 5945: 4596: 4079:called for colonial unity during the 3972:, Andros successfully negotiated the 3712: 2585:As part of the colonization process, 2519:indigenous Native American population 2132:in North Carolina (1567–68), and the 1645:colonial history of the United States 94:European exploration of North America 18284:Daughters of the American Revolution 18082: 16634:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 11007:Captaincy General of the Philippines 9861:Marshall, P.J. and Alaine Low, eds. 9565:On Virginia, see Kathleen M. Brown, 9412:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8876:. G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 452. 8534: 8314: 8196: 8067: 7953:March 2009, Vol. 82 Issue 1, pp 5–24 6800: 6608: 6444:Santa Fe: History of an Ancient City 6184:Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard, 5921: 5515:The Great Works of Christ in America 5113:, and Charleston (Charles Town) and 5109:There were few cities in the entire 4525: 4407:Administration of Justice Act (1774) 4362:, which had been founded in 1765 in 4328:first wave of protests attacked the 4219:political structures of the colonies 3665:and educated future U.S. Presidents 3657:The oldest university in the South, 3389: 3115:British colonization of the Americas 3065:Russian colonization of the Americas 3035:The colony of New Sweden introduced 2965:Swedish colonization of the Americas 2565:, was founded on August 8, 1508, by 2170:Spanish colonization of the Americas 99:European colonization and settlement 18279:Children of the American Revolution 18159:Timeline of the American Revolution 10371: 9965:Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689 9909:(2001) survey by leading scholar; 9651:, Biographies of every major figure 9480:An Illustrated History of Baltimore 8693:. New York: Macmillan. p. 398. 8292:(Columbia U.P., 2nd ed. 2003) p 281 8143: 8058: 7312:(University of Chicago Press, 1980) 7158:Men of Letters in Colonial Maryland 6966:Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey 6769: 6236:Colonial Self-Government, 1652–1689 6186:Colonial America: A History to 1763 5840:to keep the soil fertile. By 1700, 5715:, who headed to the frontier. Many 5117:were the most important before the 5082:examined in depth five key cities: 4992:. Women (as well as men) danced in 3924:Unification of the British colonies 3421:established a second settlement on 3296:, commemorating the landing of the 3100: 3054: 2764: 2702:), and Île Saint Jean (present-day 2638:French colonization of the Americas 2407:Territorial evolution of California 1868:Secretary of State for the Colonies 24: 16940:European allies of King George III 16796:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 16731:Committee of Secret Correspondence 16393:No taxation without representation 11840:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 11830:Assassination of James A. Garfield 10466: 10400:Colonial American Troops 1610–1774 10360:(U of North Carolina Press, 2016). 10273:Colonial Massachusetts: A History, 10108:(1896), very old fashioned history 9639: 8458:The Scotch-Irish: A Social History 8159:. University of California Press. 8153:Anderson, M. Kat (June 14, 2005). 8015: 8004: 7879:Origins of the American Revolution 7790:Colonial North Carolina: A History 7750:Colonial South Carolina: A History 6852:. Pelican Publishing. p. 23. 6025:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 5995:Colonial American military history 5412:Education in the Thirteen Colonies 4827: 4815:Historians debate how influential 4659:in Jamestown predates that of the 4485:in London. Each colony had a paid 4202:, copied the furniture designs of 3935:Colonial American military history 3654:and other regional native groups. 3483: 2902:Dutch colonization of the Americas 2148:" (1583–90) in North Carolina and 1903:Freedom from religious persecution 574: Modern Era 104:Native American population decline 25: 18372: 18306:Museum of the American Revolution 14436:Director of National Intelligence 11872:Assassination of William McKinley 11210:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 10691:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776) 10547: 10520:at Thayer's American History site 10506: 10304:1774: The Long Year of Revolution 10227:Colonial Pennsylvania: A History, 10095:Brown-Pérez, Kathleen A. (2017). 9922: 9764:Andrews, Charles M. (1934–1938). 9685:Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. (1998). 9676:Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. (1993). 8353:Volume 3#2 Fall 2005, pp. 311–340 7356:Colonial Massachusetts: a history 6648:. Yale University Press. p. 6532:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 6302:The European Discovery of America 5197:Long-term economic growth in the 4288: 3659:The College of William & Mary 3209:, established May 14, 1607, near 2891: 2728: 2438:regularly arrived from Manila at 2397:History of California before 1900 2058:Colonization of the United States 48:Colonial era of the United States 38:Colonial America (disambiguation) 18:Colonial era of the United States 18356:History of the Thirteen Colonies 18194:Continental Currency dollar coin 18179:Women in the American Revolution 14592:Government Accountability Office 13579: 13570: 13569: 13534: 13533: 12091:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 11884:Nadir of American race relations 11763:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 11234: 11233: 11013:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 10530: (archived October 23, 2007) 10124:The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732 9804:(Oxford University Press, 2000) 9575: 9559: 9546: 9533: 9520:Encyclopedia of Southern History 9512: 9499: 9486: 9472: 9459: 9446: 9433: 9417: 9404: 9391: 9343: 9330: 9317: 9304: 9291: 9264: 9248: 9235: 9219: 9207: 9195: 9183: 9148: 9136: 9123: 9110: 9097: 9084: 9061: 9048: 9032: 9015: 9002: 8979: 8970: 8957: 8944: 8917: 8890: 8863: 8836: 8801: 8788: 8785:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) 8775: 8762: 8745: 8732: 8719: 8706: 8697: 8621: 8609: 8594: 8578: 8555: 8528: 8515: 8502: 8489: 8476: 8463: 8450: 8437: 8424: 8411: 8398: 8382: 8369: 8356: 8343: 8308: 8295: 8282: 8269: 8253: 8237: 8108: 7624:. UP of Kentucky. p. 20ff. 7459:Philadelphia: a 300 year history 7446:Colonial Pennsylvania: a history 6962:"Nothnagle Log Cabin, Gibbstown" 6811:Henri de Tonti Historical Marker 6005:Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies 5140: 4914:Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies 4907: 4457: 3928: 3167:says that his 1744 travel diary 2507:indigenous peoples of California 2454:explored and was shipwrecked in 2450:explored Monterey Bay. In 1594 2254:(1898). There were also several 2073: 1960: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1551: 1550: 181: 146: 127: 58: 18289:Sons of the American Revolution 11793:First transcontinental railroad 10409:(1993), short scholarly summary 10101:. New Diversities, 19(2), 7-23. 9741:A Companion to Colonial America 9634: 8963:Source: Miller and Smith, eds. 8810:The Journal of American History 8432:A Companion to Colonial America 7991: 7956: 7943: 7930: 7917: 7904: 7851: 7846:A Companion to Colonial America 7804: 7795: 7782: 7755: 7742: 7729: 7716: 7700: 7687: 7664: 7651: 7638: 7611: 7585: 7567: 7539: 7506: 7480: 7467: 7451: 7438: 7425: 7412: 7377: 7361: 7348: 7315: 7302: 7289: 7276: 7249: 7222: 7163: 7150: 7133: 7095:The Journal of Economic History 7075: 7040: 7024: 7002: 6984: 6954: 6939: 6923: 6910: 6897: 6884: 6866: 6839: 6816: 6756: 6747: 6722: 6705:Economic History of Puerto Rico 6695: 6675: 6623: 6579: 6525:"Manila Galleon and California" 6436: 6423: 6387: 6373:. United States: Beacon Press. 6358: 6342: 6326: 6310: 6294: 6279: 6266: 6091:North America in Colonial Times 6000:Credit in the Thirteen Colonies 5746: 5129:from the overpopulated British 5018:Slaves transported to America: 4744:denominations (Congregational, 4340:, leading to the launch of the 2434:in 1542–43. From 1565 to 1815, 2292:, a limestone quarried nearby. 1873: 18189:Continental currency banknotes 17277:Staten Island Peace Conference 16235:Separation of church and state 14451:National Reconnaissance Office 14394:President of the United States 10502:(8 vol, 2010); primary sources 9877:Roots Of American Civilization 9603:The William and Mary Quarterly 8987:The American Historical Review 8965:Dictionary of American Slavery 7965:The William and Mary Quarterly 7433:Colonial New Jersey: A History 7386:The William and Mary Quarterly 7049:The William and Mary Quarterly 6708:. Princeton University Press. 6523:Schurz, William Lytle (1917). 6254: 6241: 6225: 6207: 6191: 6131: 6105:The William and Mary Quarterly 6096: 5827:replaced the hand sickles and 5599:in 1769. Virginia founded the 5462:American Philosophical Society 5253:Dwellings and material culture 5172:authorized Boston silversmith 4012:War of the Austrian Succession 3797:, originally Charles Town for 3425:, also known as Rhode Island. 3415:separation of Church and State 3243: 2530: 2403:Spanish missions in California 2229:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762) 29:For a timeline of events, see 13: 1: 18346:Eras of United States history 18007: 16983:German supporters of Congress 16681:Massachusetts Circular Letter 10852: 10237:Colonial New York: A History, 10170:(1980) 37#3 pp. 429–450 9826:Provincial America, 1690–1740 9794:History e-book project; also 8798:(Yale University Press, 2009) 8486:1998, Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp 1–12 8261:The American colonial charter 7883:. Stanford University Press. 6846:John Garretson Clark (1970). 6067: 5607: 5454:, botanist and anthropologist 5450:New York lieutenant governor 5086:(population 16,000 in 1760), 5073: 4585:. Between 1756 and 1776, the 3470:Province of Massachusetts Bay 2954: 2646:Map of territorial claims in 2627: 2561:. The first European colony, 2390: 2233:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 2223:). New Spain encompassed the 123: 16664:Committees of correspondence 14597:Government Publishing Office 14065:Technological and industrial 12961:Hispanic and Latino American 11815:Second Industrial Revolution 11649:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 11355:Exploration of North America 11281:History of the United States 10958:Province of British Columbia 10487:vol 1 & 2 online edition 10456:The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762 10050:Bonomi, Patricia U. (1971). 10036:vol 22 (March 1907) pp 1–48; 10034:Political Science Quarterly, 9962:Andrews, Charles M. (1904). 9802:Religion in Colonial America 9784:Bonomi, Patricia U. (2003). 8755:(2015) with Thomas S. Kidd, 8649:Faragher, John Mack (1996). 8565:(Oct 1949) 59#2 pp 275–292. 8434:(Blackwell, 2006) pp 288–310 8022:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 7762:Jackson Turner Main (1965). 7420:Colonial New York: A History 6918:Colonial New York: A History 6824:Journal of Political Economy 6780:"Henri de Tonti (1649–1704)" 6350:Western Historical Quarterly 5483:History of the Dividing Line 5443:, who constructed the first 5288: 4403:Massachusetts Government Act 4193:, New York, Charleston, and 3757: 3699:University of North Carolina 3107:English overseas possessions 3085:, for the purpose of buying 3026:Tinicum Island, Pennsylvania 2822: 2807:and was concentrated around 2473:priests. They also operated 2159: 1663:. In the late 16th century, 1049:Hispanic and Latino American 31:timeline of Colonial America 7: 18301:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 17506: 17332:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 17317:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 17091:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 16746:Declaration of Independence 16711:Second Continental Congress 16069:Women's reproductive health 15035:Federally recognized tribes 14898:Public utilities commission 14802:Public Health Service Corps 14705:Code of Federal Regulations 14587:Congressional Budget Office 14441:Central Intelligence Agency 14347:Water supply and sanitation 13774:Declaration of Independence 12485:Indictments of Donald Trump 11676:First Industrial Revolution 11510:Declaration of Independence 11500:Second Continental Congress 10245:Katz, Stanley, et al. eds. 10113:Colonial Chesapeake Society 9755:The Founding of New England 9655:Ciment, James, ed. (2005). 9647:American National Biography 9554:Journal of Southern History 9467:Journal of Economic History 9357:Reviews in American History 9092:Origins of American Slavery 8016:C., Opello, Walter (2004). 7938:American Historical Review, 7925:American Historical Review, 7369:The founding of New England 7145:The Commonwealth of Thieves 6148:Canadian Journal of History 6138:Feinstein, Stephen (2006). 6010:Disease in colonial America 5977: 5877: 5650:Williamstown, Massachusetts 5601:College of William and Mary 5313:products such as sugar and 5264:-style homes originated in 5183:restoration of the monarchy 5170:Massachusetts General Court 5100:Charlestown, South Carolina 4634: 4603:Disease in colonial America 4463:British colonial government 3991:, particularly present-day 3274: 3200: 3097:working among the natives. 3071:Second Kamchatka expedition 2875: 2497:Mission San Diego de Alcalá 2417:Mission San Juan Capistrano 10: 18377: 18184:Financial costs of the war 16691:First Continental Congress 16542:Royal Proclamation of 1763 16487:Second Rockingham ministry 16326:American Revolutionary War 15247:Red states and blue states 15152:City commission government 15147:Council–manager government 13082: 12844: 12506: 12377:Killing of Osama bin Laden 11465:First Continental Congress 11310: 11137:Brandenburger Saint Thomas 10946:Colony of British Columbia 10446:American Historical Review 10389:William and Mary Quarterly 10280:William and Mary Quarterly 10168:William and Mary Quarterly 10133:American Historical Review 9931:American Historical Review 9885:Rose, Holland et al. eds. 9865:(Oxford UP, 1998), passim. 9853:Colonial America 1543–1763 9777:(2nd ed. Macmillan, 1968) 9747: 8996:November 23, 2011, at the 8873:Pioneer Mothers of America 8714:Religion in early Virginia 8317:American Historical Review 7735:Ronald H Heinemann et al. 7708:William and Mary Quarterly 7618:Albert H. Tillson (1991). 7229:Randall M. Miller (2008). 7170:Elaine G. Breslaw (2008). 7141:American Historical Review 6949:The Swedes on the Delaware 6431:The New History of Florida 6290:. Oxford University Press. 5899:mansions such as those in 5848:produced rice and indigo. 5805: 5756:Grumblethorpe Tenant House 5510:Magnalia Christi Americana 5405: 5011: 5007: 4911: 4896:People began to study the 4710:American Revolutionary War 4638: 4600: 4466: 4320: 4044: 4020:Siege of Louisbourg (1745) 3932: 3889: 3844: 3840: 3761: 3487: 3460:was inspired by England's 3383:self-supporting farmsteads 3285:Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony) 3278: 3247: 3185: 3104: 3058: 2958: 2895: 2631: 2534: 2400: 2394: 2351: 2265: 2261: 2163: 2124:in South Carolina (1526), 1877: 35: 28: 18151: 18120: 18096: 18092: 18077: 18038:Constitutional Convention 18018:Society of the Cincinnati 18013: 18002: 17927: 17822: 17666: 17659: 17604: 17523: 17516: 17512: 17501: 17458: 17380: 17366: 17340: 17307:Carlisle Peace Commission 17269: 17141:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 17070: 16995: 16948: 16915: 16878: 16871: 16867: 16837: 16806:Hutchinson letters affair 16773: 16756:Articles of Confederation 16616: 16603:Proclamation of Rebellion 16515: 16467:First Rockingham ministry 16444: 16411:All men are created equal 16350: 16346: 16332: 16256: 16082: 15955: 15887: 15540: 15536: 15527: 15475: 15340: 15331: 15227: 15198: 15175: 15114: 15081: 15072: 15015: 15003:Comparison of governments 14978: 14941: 14918: 14834: 14814: 14745: 14683: 14605: 14528: 14386: 14377: 14373: 14364: 14086: 14077: 14022: 13982:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 13823:drafting and ratification 13796:Articles of Confederation 13709: 13643: 13634: 13555: 13521: 13465: 13429: 13417: 13156: 13130: 13092: 13088: 13077: 12850: 12839: 12512: 12501: 12367: 12270: 12198: 12099: 12010: 11961:Wall Street Crash of 1929 11892: 11773: 11758:Emancipation Proclamation 11689: 11612: 11560: 11527:Articles of Confederation 11480: 11365:Native American epidemics 11345: 11320: 11316: 11305: 11287: 11229: 11173: 11164: 11107:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803 11025:Captaincy General of Cuba 10978: 10967: 10849:New England Confederation 10778: 10764: 10678: 10640: 10600: 10559:Colonial American Culture 10271:Labaree, Benjamin Woods. 10122:Crane, Verner W. (1920). 9978:The New England Quarterly 9824:Greene, Evarts Boutelle. 9157:The New England Quarterly 8751:Compare Steven K. Green, 8115:William., Cronon (1996). 7710:(1977) 34#2 pp: 239–257. 7457:Russell F. Weigley, ed., 7108:10.1017/S0022050700040602 6188:(4th ed. 2011) p. 23 5954:revolution in the 1970s. 5447:in the Western Hemisphere 4663:settlers who came on the 4102:in 1763 is shown in pink. 3949:, a 1745 illustration by 3862:in the early 18th century 3768:History of North Carolina 3764:History of South Carolina 3266:Province of New Hampshire 2712:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2415:The ruins of the Spanish 2381:American Army of the West 2182:, who named and explored 1824:The goals of colonization 136: 126: 118: 88: 80: 68:, an 1853 book depicting 57: 52: 47: 17302:Entry of France into war 16917:Kingdom of Great Britain 16022:Prescription drug prices 15142:Mayor–council government 15132:Coterminous municipality 15122:Consolidated city-county 14888:Agriculture commissioner 14538:House of Representatives 14446:National Security Agency 14096:Contiguous United States 13447:Northern Mariana Islands 12020:Strike wave of 1945–1946 11019:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 10831:Massachusetts Bay Colony 10472:Kavenagh, W. Keith, ed. 10263:Kulikoff, Allan (2000). 9340:(2nd ed. 2004) ch 18, 20 8469:Aaron Spencer Fogleman, 8203:Law & Social Inquiry 8121:. W.W. Norton & Co. 8074:Law & Social Inquiry 7681:August 22, 2017, at the 7672:Journal of Sport History 7354:Benjamin Woods Labaree, 7235:. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. 7176:. LSU Press. p. x. 6833:August 16, 2021, at the 6785:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 6702:Dietz, James L. (1987). 5665:Providence, Rhode Island 5585:Providence, Rhode Island 5561:Cambridge, Massachusetts 4299:Age of the Enlightenment 4263:political representation 3571: 3345:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3262:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3079:Russian-American Company 2737:and founded outposts at 2622:unincorporated territory 2521:was around 150,000; the 2334:Republic of West Florida 2221:Northern Mariana Islands 1854:and its committees. The 1852:Privy Council of England 1712:Province of Pennsylvania 552: 530: 508: 497: 475: 464: 442: 431: 420: 409: 387: 376: 365: 343: 321: 310: 288: 277: 255: 244: 18033:Ratification Day (1784) 17358:Second Anglo-Mysore War 17042:Northern after Saratoga 17022:New York and New Jersey 16696:Continental Association 16593:Conciliatory Resolution 16452:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 16425:Consent of the governed 16107:Criticism of government 15452:Social welfare programs 15045:State-recognized tribes 14030:Outline of U.S. history 13742:Continental Association 12982:Middle Eastern American 12799:Technology and industry 11669:Seneca Falls Convention 11470:Continental Association 11370:Settlement of Jamestown 11149:Scottish Darien Company 11093:Hospitaller Saint Croix 10892:Dominion of New England 10874:North-Western Territory 10539:March 25, 2023, at the 10513:Archiving Early America 10426:Leach, Douglas Edward. 10352:excerpt and text search 10221:excerpt and text search 10197:excerpt and text search 10159:Curran, Robert Emmett. 10117:excerpt and text search 10091:excerpt and text search 10045:excerpt and text search 10028:excerpt and text search 9842:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl 9834:Hoffer, Peter Charles. 9735:excerpt and text search 9711:excerpt and text search 9571:excerpt and text search 9327:(2nd ed. 2004) ch 17–22 9231:excerpt and text search 9078:March 15, 2015, at the 8849:. New York: Perennial. 8843:Roberts, Cokie (2005). 8633:excerpt and text search 8590:excerpt and text search 8572:April 12, 2019, at the 8508:Rebecca Jo Tannenbaum, 8351:Early American Studies, 8259:Louise Phelps Kellogg, 8001:(2nd ed. 2008) pp 49–76 7875:Miller, John C (1959). 6764:Many roads to Red River 6734:Encyclopedia Britannica 6609:Brau, Salvador (1894). 6318:OAH Magazine of History 6263:, The National Archives 5492:Poor Richard's Almanack 5121:broke out in 1861. The 3450:Dominion of New England 3440:Dominion of New England 3397:was founded in 1636 by 3215:London Virginia Company 3095:Russian Orthodox Church 2142:Fort Saint Louis, Texas 1939:Early colonial failures 1808:(Upper South), and the 1806:Chesapeake Bay Colonies 1070:Middle Eastern American 892:Technology and industry 18294:Sons of the Revolution 18023:Treaty of Paris (1783) 17353:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 17348:Cherokee–American wars 16961:Franco-American Treaty 16816:Philadelphia Tea Party 16786:Treaty of Paris (1763) 16765:Confederation Congress 16358:American Enlightenment 16169:Environmental movement 16012:Health insurance costs 15907:Educational attainment 15432:Federal Reserve System 15390:Science and technology 14893:Insurance commissioner 14431:Intelligence Community 14126:minor outlying islands 13889:Civil rights movement 13102:Admission to the Union 12468:Afghanistan withdrawal 12463:January 6 insurrection 12382:Rise in mass shootings 12354:Virginia Tech shooting 11907:Paris Peace Conference 11681:Second Great Awakening 11420:American Enlightenment 11202:Of Plymouth Plantation 10924:(1779–1783; 1814–1815) 10833:(1629–1686; 1689–1691) 10809:(1620–1686; 1689–1691) 10721:(1664–1673; 1702–1776) 10566:Americans: 1776 (1975) 10534:Colonial North America 10187:Fischer, David Hackett 9753:Adams, James Truslow. 9427:22.2 (1955): 103–133. 9116:Kenneth A. Lockridge, 8768:Robert Emmett Curran, 8603:Of Plymouth Plantation 8456:James Graham Leyburn, 7951:New England Quarterly, 7030:Hubert Howe Bancroft, 6826:18.2 (1910): 114–128. 6642:Rouse, Irving (1992). 6596:July 16, 2009, at the 6300:Samuel Eliot Morison, 6276:(Praeger, 2000) p, 54. 6232:Charles McLean Andrews 5914:, bakers, carpenters, 5767: 5597:Hanover, New Hampshire 5569:New Haven, Connecticut 5428: 5269: 5201: 5125:was settled mainly by 5001:American Enlightenment 4902:Protestant Reformation 4886:Second Great Awakening 4754:continental Calvinists 4425:Impacts of colonialism 4305:playing a major role. 4180:Ties to British Empire 4173:British Prime Minister 4119:William Pitt the Elder 4103: 4087: 4063: 4005:Father Le Loutre's War 3989:French and Indian Wars 3953: 3863: 3831:proprietary government 3558:summed it up in 1756: 3310:were a small group of 3303: 3270:Colony of Rhode Island 3250:History of New England 3137: 2989: 2981: 2914: 2786: 2719:French colonial empire 2659: 2537:History of Puerto Rico 2423: 2348:Arizona and New Mexico 2286:Treaty of Paris (1763) 2282:Mission Nombre de Dios 2225:territory of Louisiana 2200: 2186: 2146:Lost Colony of Roanoke 2122:San Miguel de Gualdape 2053:Colonization of Canada 1791:French and Indian Wars 1681:Lost Colony of Roanoke 1182:Admission to the Union 18239:Washington's Birthday 18044:The Federalist Papers 18028:Evacuation Day (1783) 17081:Lexington and Concord 16781:French and Indian War 16721:Olive Branch Petition 15995:Immigrant health care 15510:Transportation safety 15505:Transportation policy 15495:Public transportation 14565:President pro tempore 14421:Executive departments 14190:National Park Service 13845:Territorial evolution 13094:Territorial evolution 12458:George Floyd Protests 12441:Unite the Right rally 12310:Oklahoma City bombing 12305:Republican Revolution 12252:Space Shuttle program 12074:Civil Rights Movement 12042:North Atlantic Treaty 11850:Sherman Antitrust Act 11835:Chinese Exclusion Act 11425:French and Indian War 11415:Prelude to Revolution 11400:First Great Awakening 11360:European colonization 10983:Columbian Viceroyalty 10391:(1983) 40#4: 500-527 10332:online free to borrow 10289:(1975) Pulitzer Prize 10215:Hatfield, April Lee. 9810:Canny, Nicholas, ed. 9739:Vickers, Daniel, ed. 9695:Faragher, John Mack. 9469:36.1 (1976): 102–117. 9452:William R. Bagnall, 9271:Taylor, Dale (1997). 9254:Percy Wells Bidwell, 8924:Taylor, Dale (1997). 8497:Pennsylvania History, 8389:Anton-Hermann Chroust 8165:10.1525/9780520933101 7997:Francis D. Cogliano, 7574:David Hackett Fischer 7367:James Truslow Adams, 7282:Nathaniel Philbrick, 7215:Ronald L. Heinemann, 6890:Junius P. Rodriguez, 6465:Hayes, Derek (2001). 6446:(2nd ed. 2008) ch 3–5 6219:The National Archives 5985:British North America 5754: 5642:Princeton, New Jersey 5531:First Great Awakening 5419: 5402:Culture and education 5260: 5237:in what later became 5196: 5158:Congregational church 5094:(population 18,000), 5088:Newport, Rhode Island 4834:First Great Awakening 4652:Book of Common Prayer 4383:Townshend Revenue Act 4108:French and Indian War 4093: 4081:French and Indian War 4073:'s political cartoon 4069: 4061:French and Indian War 4054: 4047:French and Indian War 4041:French and Indian War 3942: 3886:East and West Florida 3854: 3799:Charles II of England 3703:University of Georgia 3478:the Earl of Bellomont 3395:Providence Plantation 3292: 3147:commercial enterprise 3126: 3049:Gibbstown, New Jersey 2994:Delaware River Valley 2972: 2909: 2880:The Italian explorer 2789:The Italian explorer 2773:The Italian explorer 2772: 2708:French and Indian War 2652:French and Indian War 2645: 2535:Further information: 2414: 2401:Further information: 2358:History of New Mexico 2250:(1846–1848), and the 2192: 2177: 1952:European colonization 1878:Further information: 1783:New York in 1689–1691 1748:Appalachian Mountains 1173:Territorial evolution 466:Post-World War II Era 18244:Jefferson's Birthday 18234:Pulaski Memorial Day 17241:Guilford Court House 16892:Continental Congress 16669:Committees of safety 16644:Daughters of Liberty 16639:Virginia Association 16388:Rights of Englishmen 16164:Environmental issues 15829:Political ideologies 15728:Indigenous languages 14928:List of legislatures 14725:separation of powers 14426:Independent agencies 14352:World Heritage Sites 13987:September 11 attacks 13910:Spanish–American War 13850:Mexican–American War 13806:Confederation period 13737:Continental Congress 13008:Palestinian American 12435:Obergefell v. Hodges 12327:September 11 attacks 12163:Second-wave feminism 12084:Cuban Missile Crisis 11944:Bath School disaster 11862:Spanish–American War 11825:The Gospel of Wealth 11704:California Gold Rush 11664:Mexican–American War 11654:Nullification crisis 11622:Era of Good Feelings 11522:Confederation period 11430:Proclamation of 1763 11380:Atlantic slave trade 11119:Dutch Virgin Islands 11067:Spanish West Florida 11061:Spanish East Florida 10940:Stickeen Territories 10645:New England Colonies 10448:41 (1936): 253–269. 10059:Breen, T. H (1980). 9990:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00396 9872:(4th ed 2011), 624pp 9817:Conforti, Joseph A. 9661:. Sharpe Reference. 9425:Pennsylvania History 9336:Sydney E. Ahlstrom, 9323:Sydney E. Ahlstrom, 9297:Lawrence A. Cremin, 9129:Joseph A. Conforti, 8627:Sydney E. Ahlstrom, 8606:by William Bradford. 8584:Patricia U. Bonomi, 8362:Patricia U. Bonomi, 8288:Patricia U. Bonomi, 8197:Park, K-Sue (2016). 8068:Park, K-Sue (2016). 7844:Daniel Vickers, ed. 7599:on December 25, 2007 7513:Isaac, Rhys (1982). 7308:Ernest Lee Tuveson, 6630:Vicente Yañez Pinzón 6585:Charles E. Chapman, 6401:A History of Florida 6336:39.1 (2005): 43–56. 6247:Charles M. Andrews, 6160:10.3138/cjh.41.1.197 5890:reached 25,000, and 5838:rotating their crops 5638:Princeton University 5577:Rhode Island College 5563:in 1636 and, later, 5380:American merchants. 5352:in Connecticut, and 5189:Farm and family life 5145:In New England, the 5123:Province of Carolina 4773:New England Colonies 4705:and the Methodists. 4673:set up a network of 4505:proprietary colonies 4419:Continental Congress 4235:British constitution 4142:1763 Treaty of Paris 3983:and the French from 3981:Wabanaki Confederacy 3868:Member of Parliament 3778:Province of Carolina 3772:Province of Carolina 3556:Pennsylvania Journal 3547:population based in 3401:on land provided by 3196:Province of Maryland 3134:Jamestown Settlement 3014:Wilmington, Delaware 2704:Prince Edward Island 2664:Saint Lawrence River 2650:by 1750, before the 2543:Christopher Columbus 2385:Mexican–American War 2366:expedition in 1538. 2319:'s failed colony at 2280:, founded alongside 2252:Spanish–American War 2248:Mexican–American War 1929:Province of Maryland 1837:Casa de Contratación 1787:Atlantic slave trade 1728:Province of Maryland 1659:in 1776 during the 1096:Palestinian American 312:Era of Good Feelings 257:Confederation period 194:Timeline and periods 113:Atlantic slave trade 17372:colony or location) 17327:Newburgh Conspiracy 17186:Sullivan Expedition 16706:Provincial Congress 16497:Fox–North coalition 16436:Settler colonialism 16383:Freedom of religion 16340:American Revolution 16007:Health care finance 15500:Rail transportation 15266:Imperial presidency 14988:State constitutions 14933:List of legislators 14883:Auditor/Comptroller 14856:Lieutenant governor 14582:Library of Congress 14473:Diplomatic Security 14116:Indian reservations 13779:American Revolution 13457:U.S. Virgin Islands 12943:Lithuanian American 12899:Vietnamese American 12245:End of the Cold War 12235:Invasion of Grenada 12185:Iran hostage crisis 11934:Tulsa race massacre 11741:Election of Lincoln 11736:Dred Scott decision 11724:Kansas–Nebraska Act 11627:Missouri Compromise 11545:Northwest Ordinance 11535:Pennsylvania Mutiny 11530:and Perpetual Union 11490:American Revolution 11405:War of Jenkins' Ear 11055:Provincias Internas 11031:Spanish Saint Croix 10655:Chesapeake Colonies 10485:2 Volumes. (1909). 10480:Phillips, Ulrich B. 10454:Peckham, Howard H. 10302:Norton, Mary Beth. 10212:(Harvard UP, 1999). 10085:Brown, Kathleen M. 10078:Bremer, Francis J. 10022:Beeman, Richard R. 9439:John Solomon Otto, 9414:26.1 (1939): 39–54. 9058:(1955), pp 147, 332 8781:John Howard Smith, 8243:John Andrew Doyle, 7674:13#3 (1986) p 219. 7494:on October 22, 2009 7418:Michael G. Kammen, 7295:Francis J. Bremer, 6929:John Andrew Doyle, 6916:Michael G. Kammen, 6442:David Grant Noble, 6395:Tebeau, Charlton W. 6352:23.1 (1992): 4–24. 6320:14.4 (2000): 5–11. 6272:William R. Nester, 5964:social cohesiveness 5090:(population 7500), 4951:American Revolution 4891:religion in America 4649:, according to the 4647:Jamestown, Virginia 4509:Restoration of 1660 4323:American Revolution 4271:American Revolution 4085:American Revolution 3946:Siege of Louisbourg 3914:American Revolution 3860:Province of Georgia 3847:Province of Georgia 3629:American Revolution 3582:indentured servants 3462:Glorious Revolution 3446:James II of England 3411:religious tolerance 3188:Jamestown, Virginia 3182:Chesapeake Bay area 3161:Annapolis, Maryland 3151:indentured servants 3127:The 1606 grants by 3045:Nothnagle Log House 3004:, and southeastern 2934:religious tolerance 2549:with 17 ships from 2541:In September 1493, 2481:(settlements), and 2213:Spanish East Indies 1946:Part of a series on 1917:Plymouth Plantation 1860:American Revolution 1856:Commission of Trade 1736:Province of Georgia 1031:Lithuanian American 982:Vietnamese American 246:American Revolution 138:American Revolution 18274:Semiquincentennial 18199:Libertas Americana 16629:Stamp Act Congress 16519:Acts of Parliament 16492:Shelburne ministry 16462:Grenville ministry 16117:affirmative action 16090:Capital punishment 16049:Poverty and health 16044:Physician shortage 16017:Health care prices 15947:Standard of living 15630:standard of living 15437:Financial position 15064:Hawaiian home land 15052:Indian reservation 15025:Tribal sovereignty 14868:Secretary of state 14737:United States Code 14653:Territorial courts 14625:Associate Justices 14510:Inspector generals 13997:War in Afghanistan 13860:Reconstruction era 13727:Stamp Act Congress 13107:Historical regions 13063:Transgender people 12621:Capital punishment 12480:Support of Ukraine 12429:Black Lives Matter 12337:War in Afghanistan 12262:Invasion of Panama 12218:Iran–Contra affair 12079:Early–mid Cold War 11949:Harlem Renaissance 11808:Compromise of 1877 11783:Reconstruction era 11719:Fugitive Slave Act 11714:Compromise of 1850 11659:Westward expansion 11597:Louisiana Purchase 11440:Stamp Act Congress 11385:King William's War 11218:Quintipartite Deed 11131:Danish West Indies 11099:French Saint Croix 10416:(Routledge, 2015). 10356:Wilson, Thomas D. 10309:Rohrer, S. Scott. 10285:Morgan, Edmund S. 10235:Kammen, Michael. 10225:Illick, Joseph E. 9907:American Colonies, 9875:Nettels Curtis P. 9715:Gipson, Lawrence. 9705:Gallay, Alan, ed. 9492:Carl Bridenbaugh, 9397:Philip Otterness, 9225:Edmund S. Morgan, 9103:Walter J. Fraser, 9094:(1997), pp. 64–65. 9054:Carl Bridenbaugh, 9038:Carl Bridenbaugh, 9021:Carl Bridenbaugh, 8903:. Read Books Ltd. 8738:Carl Bridenbaugh, 8631:(1972) pp 121–384 8600:See, for example, 8525:(1935), 23:389–405 8301:Robert J. Dinkin, 8275:Wilson, Thomas D. 7473:Clinton Rossiter, 7444:Joseph E. Illick, 7371:(1921) pp 398–431 7341:James Ciment, ed. 7201:American Colonies, 6996:www.waymarking.com 6878:www.monticello.org 6681:Grose, Howard B., 6573:2006-06-24 at the 6546:– via jstor. 5946:Women in the South 5768: 5589:Congregationalists 5452:Cadwallader Colden 5429: 5425:Harvard University 5421:Massachusetts Hall 5348:in Massachusetts, 5270: 5215:Arranged marriages 5202: 5119:American Civil War 5067:Maroon communities 5037:1801–1810: 124,000 5025:1701–1760: 189,000 4597:Medical conditions 4532:political cultures 4257:; indeed, English 4251:governor's council 4204:Thomas Chippendale 4152:, and most of the 4104: 4088: 4064: 3954: 3892:History of Florida 3864: 3819:King William's War 3713:Chesapeake society 3679:First Party System 3565:meanest among them 3458:1689 Boston revolt 3353:20,000 had arrived 3304: 3254:Connecticut Colony 3192:Colony of Virginia 3157:Alexander Hamilton 3138: 2982: 2915: 2870:Louisiana Purchase 2835:, and west to the 2787: 2755:Sault Sainte Marie 2700:Cape Breton Island 2660: 2567:Juan Ponce de León 2557:in honor of Saint 2424: 2368:Francisco Coronado 2354:History of Arizona 2268:History of Florida 2240:Louisiana Purchase 2201: 2187: 2180:Juan Ponce de León 2126:Pánfilo de Narváez 2080:History portal 1151:Transgender people 714:Capital punishment 367:Reconstruction Era 18328: 18327: 18322: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18314: 18313: 18073: 18072: 18060:Shays's Rebellion 17998: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17923: 17922: 17890:Richard Henry Lee 17655: 17654: 17497: 17496: 17493: 17492: 17489: 17488: 17341:Related conflicts 17211:Connecticut Farms 16991: 16990: 16884:Thirteen Colonies 16833: 16832: 16829: 16828: 16292: 16291: 16252: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16218:National security 15927:Income inequality 15807:Statue of Liberty 15610:income inequality 15523: 15522: 15515:Trucking industry 15327: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15254:Foreign relations 15242:Electoral College 15223: 15222: 15011: 15010: 14963:District attorney 14810: 14809: 14637:Courts of appeals 14360: 14359: 14073: 14072: 14014:COVID-19 pandemic 13967:Feminist Movement 13813:American frontier 13732:Thirteen Colonies 13593: 13592: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13112:American frontier 13073: 13072: 13003:Lebanese American 12988:Egyptian American 12923:Estonian American 12913:Albanian American 12907:European American 12884:Japanese American 12874:Filipino American 12835: 12834: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12446:COVID-19 pandemic 12349:Hurricane Katrina 12290:Los Angeles riots 12180:Watergate scandal 12025:Start of Cold War 11993:Manhattan Project 11580:Whiskey Rebellion 11410:King George's War 11375:Thirteen Colonies 11336:Pre-Columbian Era 11247: 11246: 11222: 11214: 11206: 11198: 11190: 11186:Mayflower Compact 11182: 11167:Related Documents 11049:Spanish Louisiana 10928:Columbia District 10851:(1643–1654; 1675– 10737:Massachusetts Bay 10665:Southern Colonies 10634:Thirteen Colonies 10579:Force of Citizens 10405:Ferling, John E. 10398:Chartrand, René. 10336:Struna, Nancy L. 10251:table of contents 10201:Fogleman, Aaron. 10104:Bruce, Philip A. 9722:Pencak, William. 9284:978-0-89879-772-5 8937:978-0-89879-772-5 8910:978-1-4474-8587-2 8883:978-0-7222-8426-1 8856:978-0-06-009026-5 8419:A Factious People 8406:A Factious People 8215:10.1111/lsi.12222 8174:978-0-520-93310-1 8086:10.1111/lsi.12222 7560:978-0-300-03548-3 7532:978-0-8078-4814-2 7431:John E. Pomfret, 6715:978-0-691-02248-2 6659:978-0-300-05181-0 6380:978-0-8070-5007-1 6198:Wallace Notestein 6144:by Arthur Grenke" 6055:Thirteen Colonies 5922:Southern Colonies 5633:George Whitefield 5614:Church of England 5593:Dartmouth College 5555:Puritans founded 5467:Benjamin Franklin 5441:David Rittenhouse 5133:island colony of 5040:1810–1865: 51,000 5034:1791–1800: 79,000 5031:1771–1790: 56,000 5028:1761–1770: 63,000 5022:1620–1700: 21,000 4843:George Whitefield 4777:Massachusetts Bay 4742:British Dissenter 4738:Thirteen Colonies 4714:Southern Colonies 4657:Church of England 4526:Political culture 4352:, whose pamphlet 4342:Revolutionary War 4330:Stamp Act of 1765 4303:Benjamin Franklin 4243:colonial assembly 4135:George Washington 4071:Benjamin Franklin 4057:George Washington 4031:Benjamin Franklin 4016:King George's War 4001:Father Rale's War 3970:King Phillips War 3966:Francis Nicholson 3782:Lords Proprietors 3732:Francis Nicholson 3663:political economy 3578:British colonists 3390:Other New England 3349:Church of England 3330:Mayflower Compact 3316:Church of England 3223:Bacon's Rebellion 3119:Thirteen Colonies 3075:Grigory Shelikhov 3022:Fort Nya Elfsborg 3018:Salem, New Jersey 2827:French claims to 2672:Mississippi River 2555:San Juan Bautista 2511:Indian Reductions 2444:San Francisco Bay 2383:took over in the 2342:Adams–Onís Treaty 2244:Adams–Onís Treaty 2209:Mississippi River 2114: 2113: 1927:. Similarly, the 1909:Church of England 1810:Southern Colonies 1767:Mississippi River 1661:Revolutionary War 1653:Thirteen Colonies 1641: 1640: 1563: 1562: 1192:American frontier 1091:Lebanese American 1076:Egyptian American 1006:Estonian American 996:Albanian American 990:European American 967:Japanese American 957:Filipino American 581: 580: 554:Post-Cold War Era 211:Pre-Columbian Era 173: 158: 157: 154: 153: 133:Pre-Columbian era 16:(Redirected from 18368: 18264:Sesquicentennial 18224:Independence Day 18128:Founding Fathers 18094: 18093: 18079: 18078: 18004: 18003: 17932: 17931: 17664: 17663: 17521: 17520: 17514: 17513: 17503: 17502: 17378: 17377: 17373: 17201:Cape St. Vincent 16876: 16875: 16869: 16868: 16839: 16838: 16811:Boston Tea Party 16736:Halifax Resolves 16686:Suffolk Resolves 16477:Grafton ministry 16472:Chatham ministry 16368:Colonial history 16348: 16347: 16334: 16333: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16296: 16295: 16272: 16265: 16152:African American 16034:Health insurance 15922:Household income 15792:National symbols 15723:American English 15696:Federal holidays 15605:household income 15538: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15338: 15337: 15276:Anti-Americanism 15200:Special district 15127:Independent city 15096:County executive 15079: 15078: 14873:Attorney general 14832: 14831: 14821:Federal District 14404:Executive Office 14384: 14383: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14131:populated places 14111:federal enclaves 14106:federal district 14084: 14083: 13947:American Century 13930:Great Depression 13925:Roaring Twenties 13885:Women's suffrage 13764:Halifax Resolves 13757:Founding Fathers 13752:military history 13717:Pre-colonial era 13641: 13640: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13597: 13596: 13583: 13573: 13572: 13537: 13536: 13466:Outlying islands 13423:Washington, D.C. 13418:Federal District 13117:Manifest destiny 13090: 13089: 13079: 13078: 13021:Native Americans 12993:Iranian American 12967:Mexican American 12953:Serbian American 12938:Italian American 12928:Finnish American 12918:English American 12869:Chinese American 12856:African American 12841: 12840: 12646:Direct democracy 12636:The Constitution 12595:Higher education 12518:American Century 12503: 12502: 11956:Great Depression 11929:Women's suffrage 11919:Roaring Twenties 11845:Haymarket affair 11803:Enforcement Acts 11592:Jeffersonian era 11540:Shays' Rebellion 11460:Intolerable Acts 11455:Boston Tea Party 11390:Queen Anne's War 11318: 11317: 11307: 11306: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11251: 11250: 11237: 11236: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11196: 11194:Mourt's Relation 11188: 11180: 11105:French Louisiana 10934:Red River Colony 10857: 10854: 10801:Berkeley Hundred 10660:Tobacco Colonies 10627: 10620: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10591: 10590: 10584:Internet Archive 10571:Internet Archive 10377:Anderson, Fred. 10372:Military history 10268: 10255:Kidd, Thomas S. 10156: 10127: 10073:Atlantic Studies 10068: 10066: 10055: 10019: 10001: 9969: 9954: 9789: 9775:Colonial America 9769: 9690: 9681: 9672: 9650: 9628: 9627: 9597: 9586: 9579: 9573: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9537: 9531: 9516: 9510: 9503: 9497: 9490: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9463: 9457: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9431: 9421: 9415: 9408: 9402: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9347: 9341: 9334: 9328: 9321: 9315: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9268: 9262: 9260:full text online 9252: 9246: 9239: 9233: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9127: 9121: 9114: 9108: 9101: 9095: 9088: 9082: 9071:(July 2003) 3#4 9065: 9059: 9052: 9046: 9036: 9030: 9019: 9013: 9006: 9000: 8989:Dec. 2000 105:5 8983: 8977: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8805: 8799: 8794:Thomas S. Kidd, 8792: 8786: 8779: 8773: 8766: 8760: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8717: 8710: 8704: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8691:Colonial America 8686: 8675: 8674: 8646: 8635: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8582: 8576: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8532: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8512:(ABC-CLIO, 2012) 8506: 8500: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8474: 8467: 8461: 8454: 8448: 8443:Jack P. Greene, 8441: 8435: 8428: 8422: 8415: 8409: 8402: 8396: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8257: 8251: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8209:(4): 1006–1035. 8194: 8179: 8178: 8156:Tending the Wild 8150: 8141: 8140: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8080:(4): 1006–1035. 8065: 8056: 8055: 8049: 8041: 8013: 8002: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7960: 7954: 7947: 7941: 7934: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7882: 7872: 7866: 7857:Bernard Bailyn, 7855: 7849: 7848:(2006), ch 13–16 7842: 7833: 7826: 7815: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7793: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7759: 7753: 7748:Robert M. Weir, 7746: 7740: 7733: 7727: 7720: 7714: 7704: 7698: 7691: 7685: 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7595:. Archived from 7589: 7583: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7520: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7490:. Archived from 7484: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7455: 7449: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7381: 7375: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7326: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7197: 7188: 7187: 7167: 7161: 7156:J.A. Leo Lemay, 7154: 7148: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7091: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7044: 7038: 7028: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7012:. Lcweb2.loc.gov 7006: 7000: 6999: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6972:on July 19, 2011 6958: 6952: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6921: 6914: 6908: 6901: 6895: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6843: 6837: 6820: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6776: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6699: 6693: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6606: 6600: 6589:(1991) ch 27–31 6583: 6577: 6565: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6529: 6520: 6505: 6504: 6498: 6490: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6429:Michael Gannon, 6427: 6421: 6420: 6404: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6372: 6362: 6356: 6346: 6340: 6330: 6324: 6314: 6308: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6245: 6239: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6211: 6205: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6100: 6094: 6087: 5910:, seamstresses, 5886:reached 40,000, 5824:Northern Ireland 5661:Brown University 5646:Williams College 5625:Jonathan Edwards 5581:Brown University 5571:in 1701. Later, 5527:Jonathan Edwards 5397: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5080:Carl Bridenbaugh 4839:Jonathan Edwards 4752:, or Quaker) or 4516:charter colonies 4391:Intolerable Acts 4334:Boston Tea Party 4295:Atlantic history 4269:that led to the 4239:House of Commons 4227:Commonwealth men 4112:Seven Years' War 3987:during the four 3873:established the 3871:James Oglethorpe 3823:Queen Anne's War 3474:King William III 3423:Aquidneck Island 3376:City upon a Hill 3338:William Bradford 3177:food, and drink. 3101:English colonies 3091:purchased Alaska 3055:Russian colonies 2829:French Louisiana 2817:Sainte Genevieve 2799:Illinois Country 2781:in 1679, and in 2765:Illinois Country 2656:Seven Years' War 2559:John the Baptist 2545:set sail on his 2495:, starting with 2436:Spanish galleons 2313:Seven Years' War 2302:James Oglethorpe 2106: 2099: 2092: 2078: 2077: 2076: 1964: 1943: 1942: 1923:settled most of 1779:Virginia in 1676 1716:English Puritans 1633: 1626: 1619: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1554: 1553: 1197:Manifest destiny 1187:Historic regions 1169: 1168: 1109:Native Americans 1081:Iranian American 1055:Mexican American 1041:Serbian American 1026:Italian American 1011:Finnish American 1001:English American 952:Chinese American 939:African American 739:Direct democracy 729:The Constitution 688:Higher education 597:American Century 499:Civil Rights Era 477:Civil Rights Era 433:Great Depression 422:Roaring Twenties 290:Jeffersonian Era 200: 199: 195: 185: 171: 160: 159: 150: 131: 124: 62: 45: 44: 21: 18376: 18375: 18371: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18365: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18324: 18323: 18310: 18249:Von Steuben Day 18147: 18116: 18088: 18069: 18009: 17986: 17928:Colonial allies 17919: 17818: 17651: 17612:King George III 17600: 17508: 17485: 17454: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17362: 17336: 17265: 17246:Lochry's Defeat 17131:Assunpink Creek 17121:Fort Washington 17066: 17000: 16998: 16987: 16978:Hortalez et Cie 16949:Colonial allies 16944: 16911: 16880:United Colonies 16863: 16825: 16791:Boston Massacre 16769: 16760:Perpetual Union 16716:United Colonies 16649:Sons of Liberty 16612: 16520: 16518: 16517:Related British 16511: 16440: 16342: 16338:Origins of the 16328: 16323: 16293: 16288: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16244: 16230:Opioid epidemic 16147:Native American 16127:intersex rights 16078: 16074:Life expectancy 16064:Medical deserts 16054:Race and health 15951: 15937:Personal income 15883: 15787:National anthem 15620:personal income 15585:Economic issues 15519: 15471: 15319: 15219: 15208:School district 15194: 15177:Minor divisions 15171: 15110: 15068: 15007: 14993:Statutory codes 14974: 14937: 14914: 14824: 14819: 14806: 14741: 14698:civil liberties 14679: 14670:Other tribunals 14649:District courts 14601: 14560:current members 14543:current members 14524: 14458:Law enforcement 14356: 14069: 14018: 14009:Great Recession 13880:Progressive Era 13870:Native genocide 13801:Perpetual Union 13789:Treaty of Paris 13747:United Colonies 13705: 13630: 13624: 13594: 13589: 13543: 13517: 13461: 13425: 13413: 13152: 13126: 13084: 13069: 12975:Jewish American 12948:Polish American 12889:Korean American 12879:Indian American 12846: 12831: 12686:Merchant Marine 12656:Law enforcement 12508: 12489: 12363: 12359:Great Recession 12266: 12240:Reagan Doctrine 12194: 12173:Stonewall riots 12095: 12069:Project Mercury 12030:Truman Doctrine 12006: 11914:First Red Scare 11888: 11857:Progressive Era 11769: 11729:Bleeding Kansas 11685: 11632:Monroe Doctrine 11608: 11556: 11515:Treaty of Paris 11476: 11450:Boston Massacre 11445:Sons of Liberty 11341: 11312: 11301: 11283: 11278: 11248: 11243: 11225: 11169: 11160: 11155:Russian America 11073:Alta California 11043:Las Californias 10995:Spanish Florida 10974: 10963: 10855: 10774: 10760: 10674: 10670:United Colonies 10650:Middle Colonies 10636: 10631: 10596: 10576:The short film 10563:The short film 10550: 10541:Wayback Machine 10528:Wayback Machine 10509: 10476:(1973) 4 vol.22 10469: 10467:Primary sources 10374: 10292:Nagl, Dominik. 10208:Games, Alison. 10176:Daniel, Bruce. 10145:10.2307/1835775 10115:(1991), 524pp 10039:Berkin, Carol. 9955:Also online at 9943:10.2307/1836116 9925: 9838:(2nd ed. 2006). 9750: 9669: 9645: 9642: 9640:Reference books 9637: 9632: 9631: 9616:10.2307/2936182 9598: 9589: 9580: 9576: 9564: 9560: 9551: 9547: 9538: 9534: 9517: 9513: 9504: 9500: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9473: 9464: 9460: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9434: 9422: 9418: 9409: 9405: 9396: 9392: 9369:10.2307/2702135 9348: 9344: 9335: 9331: 9322: 9318: 9309: 9305: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9269: 9265: 9253: 9249: 9241:Brian Donahue, 9240: 9236: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9188: 9184: 9163:(4): 669, 673. 9153: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9128: 9124: 9115: 9111: 9102: 9098: 9089: 9085: 9080:Wayback Machine 9066: 9062: 9053: 9049: 9037: 9033: 9020: 9016: 9007: 9003: 8998:Wayback Machine 8984: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8962: 8958: 8949: 8945: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8857: 8841: 8837: 8822:10.2307/2078652 8806: 8802: 8793: 8789: 8780: 8776: 8767: 8763: 8750: 8746: 8737: 8733: 8724: 8720: 8711: 8707: 8702: 8698: 8687: 8678: 8671: 8647: 8638: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8599: 8595: 8583: 8579: 8574:Wayback Machine 8560: 8556: 8533: 8529: 8520: 8516: 8507: 8503: 8494: 8490: 8481: 8477: 8468: 8464: 8455: 8451: 8442: 8438: 8429: 8425: 8416: 8412: 8403: 8399: 8387: 8383: 8374: 8370: 8366:(2003) pp 281–2 8361: 8357: 8348: 8344: 8329:10.2307/1844105 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8283: 8274: 8270: 8258: 8254: 8242: 8238: 8195: 8182: 8175: 8151: 8144: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8066: 8059: 8043: 8042: 8030: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7992: 7977:10.2307/1919154 7961: 7957: 7948: 7944: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7873: 7869: 7856: 7852: 7843: 7836: 7828:Fred Anderson, 7827: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7760: 7756: 7747: 7743: 7739:(2007) pp 83–90 7734: 7730: 7722:Edmund Morgan, 7721: 7717: 7705: 7701: 7692: 7688: 7683:Wayback Machine 7669: 7665: 7661:(1988) p 24-25. 7657:John E. Selby, 7656: 7652: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7456: 7452: 7443: 7439: 7430: 7426: 7417: 7413: 7398:10.2307/2947435 7382: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7349: 7340: 7329: 7320: 7316: 7307: 7303: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7277: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7207: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7138: 7134: 7089: 7083:Whaples, Robert 7080: 7076: 7061:10.2307/1923515 7045: 7041: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7013: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6973: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6946:Amandus Johnson 6944: 6940: 6928: 6924: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6835:Wayback Machine 6821: 6817: 6808: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6607: 6603: 6598:Wayback Machine 6584: 6580: 6575:Wayback Machine 6566: 6562: 6555: 6551: 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articles: 3888: 3849: 3843: 3784:who obtained a 3774: 3762:Main articles: 3760: 3715: 3701:(1795) and the 3574: 3492: 3490:Middle Colonies 3486: 3484:Middle Colonies 3442: 3419:Anne Hutchinson 3392: 3372:redeemer nation 3334:Plymouth Colony 3322:in 1620 on the 3287: 3279:Main articles: 3277: 3272: 3258:Plymouth Colony 3248:Main articles: 3246: 3203: 3198: 3186:Main articles: 3184: 3136:is shown by "J" 3121: 3111:British America 3103: 3083:Nikolay Rezanov 3067: 3061:Russian America 3059:Main articles: 3057: 3047:in present-day 2979:Amandus Johnson 2967: 2959:Main articles: 2957: 2918:Nieuw-Nederland 2904: 2896:Main articles: 2894: 2878: 2841:Lower Louisiana 2837:Rocky Mountains 2825: 2767: 2751:Michilimackinac 2731: 2640: 2632:Main articles: 2630: 2539: 2533: 2515:Mission Indians 2492:Las Californias 2467:Alta California 2419:in present-day 2409: 2399: 2393: 2360: 2352:Main articles: 2350: 2317:Andrew Turnbull 2304:'s 1740 siege. 2274: 2272:Spanish Florida 2266:Main articles: 2264: 2172: 2164:Main articles: 2162: 2110: 2074: 2072: 2067: 1954:of the Americas 1953: 1941: 1933:Roman Catholics 1905: 1893:Navigation Acts 1882: 1876: 1826: 1802:Middle Colonies 1752:Russian America 1637: 1565: 1564: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1063:Jewish American 1036:Polish American 1016:German American 972:Korean American 962:Indian American 933: 925: 924: 779:Merchant Marine 749:Law enforcement 617:Racial violence 591: 583: 582: 389:Progressive Era 197: 193: 174: 172:History of the 142: 140: 122: 110: 101: 96: 76: 41: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18374: 18364: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18319: 18316: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18309: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18297: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18254:Minor holidays 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18155: 18153: 18149: 18148: 18146: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18124: 18122: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18114: 18106: 18100: 18098: 18090: 18089: 18087: 18086: 18085:Related topics 18075: 18074: 18071: 18070: 18068: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18055:Bill of Rights 18052: 18047: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18000: 17999: 17996: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17988: 17987: 17985: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17938: 17936: 17929: 17925: 17924: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17826: 17824: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17786: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17766: 17761: 17756: 17751: 17746: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17676: 17670: 17668: 17661: 17657: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17527: 17525: 17518: 17510: 17509: 17499: 17498: 17495: 17494: 17491: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17462: 17460: 17459:Loyal colonies 17456: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17447: 17445:South Carolina 17442: 17437: 17432: 17430:North Carolina 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17386: 17384: 17382:Rebel colonies 17375: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17344: 17342: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17322:Sint Eustatius 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17282:"First Salute" 17279: 17273: 17271: 17267: 17266: 17264: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17226:Kings Mountain 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17116:Harlem Heights 17113: 17108: 17106:Valcour Island 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17077: 17075: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17003: 17001: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16974: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16952: 16950: 16946: 16945: 16943: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16921: 16919: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16888: 16886: 16873: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16852: 16849: 16846: 16835: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16741:Lee Resolution 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16659:Black Patriots 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16620: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16523: 16521: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16507:Black Loyalist 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16482:North ministry 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16448: 16446: 16442: 16441: 16439: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16407: 16402: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16354: 16352: 16344: 16343: 16330: 16329: 16322: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16299: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16286: 16281: 16274: 16273: 16266: 16258: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16226: 16225: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16186:Mass shootings 16183: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16174:Climate change 16171: 16161: 16156: 16155: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16112:Discrimination 16109: 16104: 16103: 16102: 16092: 16086: 16084: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16004: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15967: 15961: 15959: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15902:American Dream 15899: 15893: 15891: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15869:Transportation 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15802:Mount Rushmore 15799: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15742: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15688: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15654: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15546: 15544: 15531: 15525: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15481: 15479: 15473: 15472: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15422:Federal budget 15419: 15414: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15360:Communications 15357: 15352: 15341: 15335: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15290: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15281:exceptionalism 15278: 15268: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15259:foreign policy 15251: 15250: 15249: 15244: 15234: 15228: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15217: 15216: 15215: 15204: 15202: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15181: 15179: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15118: 15116: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15087: 15085: 15076: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15066: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15027: 15021: 15019: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14982: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14960: 14959: 14958: 14956:Chief justices 14951:Supreme courts 14947: 14945: 14939: 14938: 14936: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14910: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14840: 14838: 14829: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14790:National Guard 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14751: 14749: 14743: 14742: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14707: 14702: 14701: 14700: 14693:Bill of Rights 14689: 14687: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14666: 14665: 14663:list of judges 14660: 14658:list of courts 14646: 14645: 14644: 14642:list of judges 14634: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14611: 14609: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14577:Capitol Police 14574: 14573: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14545: 14534: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14498:Secret Service 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14411:Vice President 14408: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14390: 14388: 14381: 14368: 14362: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14195:National Parks 14187: 14186: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14155: 14150: 14148:Extreme points 14145: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14087: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14005: 14004: 13999: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13943: 13942: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13835:Federalist Era 13832: 13831: 13830: 13828:Bill of Rights 13825: 13815: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13803: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13776: 13771: 13769:Lee Resolution 13766: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13719: 13713: 13711: 13707: 13706: 13704: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13647: 13645: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: articles 13623: 13622: 13615: 13608: 13600: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13587: 13577: 13567: 13565:Historiography 13562: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13531: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13503:Navassa Island 13500: 13495: 13490: 13488:Johnston Atoll 13485: 13480: 13478:Howland Island 13475: 13469: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13437:American Samoa 13433: 13431: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13359:South Carolina 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13324:North Carolina 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13160: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13150: 13148:The West Coast 13145: 13140: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13124: 13122:Indian removal 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13098: 13096: 13086: 13085: 13075: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13043: 13036: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13013:Saudi American 13010: 13005: 13000: 12998:Iraqi American 12995: 12990: 12978: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12933:Irish American 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12863:Asian American 12859: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12791:Sexual slavery 12781: 12774: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12661:Postal service 12658: 12653: 12651:Foreign policy 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12606: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12528: 12521: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12431: 12426: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12379: 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12329: 12324: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12274: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12227: 12225:Crack epidemic 12222: 12221: 12220: 12215: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12190:Moral Majority 12187: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12168:Gay liberation 12165: 12160: 12158:Counterculture 12155: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12146:Fall of Saigon 12143: 12138: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12124:Apollo program 12121: 12119:Project Gemini 12111: 12105: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12037:Early Cold War 12034: 12033: 12032: 12022: 12016: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 12003: 12002: 12001: 12000: 11990: 11985: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11953: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11916: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11898: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11880: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11817: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11779: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11721: 11716: 11709:Prelude to War 11706: 11701: 11699:Antebellum Era 11695: 11693: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11644:Trail of Tears 11639:Jacksonian era 11636: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11618: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11575:Federalist Era 11572: 11570:Bill of Rights 11566: 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11505:Lee Resolution 11502: 11497: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11332: 11324: 11322: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11277: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11254: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11199: 11191: 11183: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11113:New Netherland 11110: 11109: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11087:French Florida 11078: 11077: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10986: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10898:Indian Reserve 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10752: 10749:South Carolina 10746: 10743:North Carolina 10740: 10734: 10728: 10722: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10630: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10607: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10588: 10587: 10574: 10561: 10556: 10549: 10548:External links 10546: 10545: 10544: 10531: 10521: 10515: 10508: 10507:Online sources 10505: 10504: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10477: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10452: 10442: 10437:LePore, Jill. 10435: 10424: 10417: 10412:Gallay, Alan. 10410: 10403: 10396: 10385: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10361: 10354: 10346:Tate, Thad W. 10344: 10334: 10326:Savelle, Max. 10324: 10316:Savelle, Max. 10314: 10307: 10300: 10298:online edition 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10260: 10253: 10243: 10233: 10223: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10184: 10174: 10164: 10157: 10128: 10119: 10109: 10102: 10093: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10056: 10047: 10043:(1997) 276pp 10037: 10030: 10020: 9999:2286/R.I.26592 9984:(3): 490–525. 9973: 9959: 9924: 9923:Special topics 9921: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9912:Taylor, Alan. 9905:Taylor, Alan. 9903: 9895:Savelle, Max. 9893: 9883: 9873: 9866: 9859: 9851:McNeese, Tim. 9849: 9839: 9832: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9798: 9781: 9771: 9761: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9737: 9729:Taylor, Dale. 9727: 9720: 9713: 9703: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9673: 9667: 9652: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9610:(4): 542–571. 9587: 9574: 9558: 9545: 9532: 9511: 9505:Gary B. Nash, 9498: 9485: 9471: 9458: 9445: 9432: 9416: 9403: 9390: 9363:(2): 161–171. 9342: 9329: 9316: 9303: 9301:(Harper, 1972) 9290: 9283: 9263: 9247: 9234: 9218: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9169:10.2307/359931 9147: 9135: 9122: 9109: 9096: 9083: 9060: 9047: 9044:online edition 9031: 9014: 9001: 8978: 8969: 8967:(1988) p . 678 8956: 8950:Carol Berkin, 8943: 8936: 8916: 8909: 8889: 8882: 8862: 8855: 8835: 8816:(1): 200–207. 8800: 8787: 8774: 8761: 8744: 8731: 8718: 8705: 8696: 8676: 8670:978-0306806872 8669: 8636: 8620: 8608: 8593: 8577: 8554: 8543:(3): 204–220. 8527: 8514: 8501: 8488: 8475: 8462: 8449: 8436: 8423: 8410: 8397: 8381: 8368: 8355: 8342: 8307: 8294: 8281: 8268: 8252: 8236: 8180: 8173: 8142: 8127: 8107: 8057: 8028: 8003: 7990: 7971:(4): 566–591. 7955: 7942: 7929: 7916: 7903: 7889: 7867: 7850: 7834: 7816: 7810:H. W. Brands, 7803: 7794: 7781: 7774: 7754: 7741: 7728: 7715: 7699: 7686: 7663: 7650: 7637: 7631:978-0813117492 7630: 7610: 7584: 7566: 7559: 7538: 7531: 7505: 7479: 7466: 7450: 7437: 7424: 7411: 7392:(3): 355–388. 7376: 7360: 7347: 7327: 7314: 7301: 7288: 7275: 7248: 7241: 7221: 7205: 7189: 7182: 7162: 7149: 7132: 7102:(1): 139–154. 7085:(March 1995). 7074: 7055:(2): 114–153. 7039: 7023: 7001: 6983: 6953: 6938: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6865: 6858: 6838: 6815: 6799: 6768: 6755: 6746: 6721: 6714: 6694: 6674: 6665: 6658: 6634: 6622: 6601: 6578: 6560: 6549: 6538:(2): 107–126. 6506: 6477: 6457: 6448: 6435: 6422: 6415: 6386: 6379: 6357: 6341: 6325: 6309: 6293: 6278: 6265: 6253: 6240: 6224: 6206: 6190: 6177: 6154:(1): 197–199. 6130: 6111:(2): 258–280. 6095: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5952:social history 5947: 5944: 5936:South Carolina 5923: 5920: 5901:Fairmount Park 5897:Georgian-style 5879: 5876: 5850:North Carolina 5846:South Carolina 5807: 5804: 5748: 5745: 5684: 5681: 5609: 5606: 5546:Gilbert Stuart 5479:Robert Beverly 5471: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5448: 5403: 5400: 5290: 5287: 5254: 5251: 5204:A majority of 5190: 5187: 5142: 5139: 5075: 5072: 5047: 5046: 5044:Total: 583,000 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5012:Main article: 5009: 5006: 4970:Goody Armitage 4909: 4906: 4862:Dutch Reformed 4854:Congregational 4829: 4826: 4758:Dutch Reformed 4730:South Carolina 4726:North Carolina 4639:Main article: 4636: 4633: 4598: 4595: 4568:Scottish Irish 4527: 4524: 4520:letters patent 4494:crown colonies 4487:colonial agent 4483:Board of Trade 4467:Main article: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4426: 4423: 4395:Quartering Act 4375:Quartering Act 4321:Main article: 4318: 4315: 4290: 4289:Atlantic world 4287: 4247:House of Lords 4221:drew upon the 4200:Georgian style 4186:British Empire 4181: 4178: 4127:British Empire 4055:A portrait of 4045:Main article: 4042: 4039: 3974:Covenant Chain 3933:Main article: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3887: 3884: 3875:Georgia Colony 3845:Main article: 3842: 3839: 3759: 3756: 3714: 3711: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3488:Main article: 3485: 3482: 3441: 3438: 3399:Roger Williams 3391: 3388: 3276: 3273: 3245: 3242: 3211:Chesapeake Bay 3202: 3199: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3102: 3099: 3056: 3053: 3030:New Netherland 3010:Fort Christina 2956: 2953: 2910:A 1660 map of 2898:New Netherland 2893: 2892:New Netherland 2890: 2877: 2874: 2824: 2821: 2766: 2763: 2735:Pays d'en Haut 2730: 2729:Pays d'en Haut 2727: 2723:Spanish Empire 2629: 2626: 2587:African slaves 2532: 2529: 2502:El Camino Real 2487:Junípero Serra 2440:Cape Mendocino 2430:starting with 2395:Main article: 2392: 2389: 2349: 2346: 2263: 2260: 2161: 2158: 2134:Ajacán Mission 2112: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2063:Decolonization 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1937: 1921:King Charles I 1904: 1901: 1875: 1872: 1825: 1822: 1724:Nonconformists 1706:, the English 1692:New Netherland 1677:Dutch Republic 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1586: 1585: 1583:Historiography 1580: 1575: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228:The West Coast 1225: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1202:Indian removal 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101:Saudi American 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086:Iraqi American 1083: 1078: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1021:Irish American 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 986: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 946:Asian American 942: 934: 931: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 888: 887: 886: 884:Sexual slavery 874: 867: 860: 859: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 782: 775: 768: 767: 766: 761: 756: 754:Postal service 751: 746: 744:Foreign policy 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 699: 692: 691: 690: 678: 677: 676: 664: 663: 662: 650: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 621: 620: 619: 607: 600: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 579: 578: 575: 571: 570: 568: 560: 559: 556: 549: 548: 546: 538: 537: 534: 527: 526: 524: 516: 515: 512: 505: 504: 501: 494: 493: 491: 483: 482: 479: 472: 471: 468: 461: 460: 458: 450: 449: 446: 439: 438: 435: 428: 427: 424: 417: 416: 413: 406: 405: 403: 395: 394: 391: 384: 383: 380: 373: 372: 369: 362: 361: 359: 351: 350: 347: 340: 339: 337: 329: 328: 325: 323:Jacksonian Era 318: 317: 314: 307: 306: 304: 296: 295: 292: 285: 284: 281: 279:Federalist Era 274: 273: 271: 263: 262: 259: 252: 251: 248: 241: 240: 238: 230: 229: 226: 218: 217: 214: 198: 191: 190: 187: 186: 178: 177: 167: 166: 156: 155: 152: 151: 135: 116: 115: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 63: 55: 54: 50: 49: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18373: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18229:Patriots' Day 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18204:Commemoration 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18150: 18144: 18143:Yankee Doodle 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18113: 18112: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18095: 18091: 18084: 18083: 18080: 18076: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18045: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18012: 18005: 18001: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17972:de Rochambeau 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17939: 17937: 17933: 17930: 17926: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17827: 17825: 17821: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17762: 17760: 17757: 17755: 17752: 17750: 17747: 17745: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17677: 17675: 17672: 17671: 17669: 17665: 17662: 17658: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17526: 17522: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17504: 17500: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17415:New Hampshire 17413: 17411: 17410:Massachusetts 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17365: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17345: 17343: 17339: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17268: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17076: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17062:Naval battles 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17002: 16997:Campaigns and 16994: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16947: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16870: 16866: 16859: 16856: 16853: 16850: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16840: 16836: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16801:Gaspee affair 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16676: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16524: 16522: 16514: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16457:Bute ministry 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16443: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16426: 16422: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16406: 16405:Spirit of '76 16403: 16401: 16400: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16378:Republicanism 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16341: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16320: 16315: 16313: 16308: 16306: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16271: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16259: 16255: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16209: 16208: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16159:Energy policy 16157: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16114: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16101: 16100:incarceration 16098: 16097: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16081: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16009: 16008: 16005: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15985:Prenatal care 15983: 15981: 15980:Birth control 15978: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15960: 15958: 15954: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15917:Homeownership 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15894: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15747: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15720: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15697: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15640:working class 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15600:homeownership 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15547: 15545: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15474: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15380:Manufacturing 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15330: 15316: 15313: 15309: 15308:Third parties 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15294: 15291: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15273: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15260: 15257: 15256: 15255: 15252: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15226: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15209: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15174: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15113: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15088: 15086: 15084: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14969: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14961: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14949: 14948: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14841: 14839: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14822: 14817: 14813: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14757: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14690: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14676: 14675:U.S. attorney 14673: 14671: 14668: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14620:Chief Justice 14618: 14617: 14616: 14615:Supreme Court 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14527: 14521: 14520:Public policy 14518: 14516: 14515:Civil service 14513: 14511: 14508: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14459: 14456: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14297: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14184: 14183:Sierra Nevada 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14121:insular zones 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14076: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14021: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13993: 13992:War on Terror 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13972:LGBT Movement 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13714: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13628: 13627:United States 13621: 13616: 13614: 13609: 13607: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13576: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13560:List of years 13558: 13557: 13554: 13540: 13532: 13530: 13529:Urban history 13527: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13508:Palmyra Atoll 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13483:Jarvis Island 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13468: 13464: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430:Insular areas 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13399:West Virginia 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13304:New Hampshire 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13264:Massachusetts 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13129: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13080: 13076: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13048: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12894:Thai American 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12866: 12865: 12864: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12842: 12838: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12782: 12780: 12779: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12732:Party Systems 12729: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12671:Voting rights 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12504: 12500: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12475: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12332:War on terror 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12230:Late Cold War 12228: 12226: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12129: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12109:Great Society 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12064:Post-war boom 12062: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12009: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11954: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11905: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11885: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11268: 11263: 11261: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11240: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11219: 11216: 11211: 11208: 11203: 11200: 11195: 11192: 11187: 11184: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11163: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11037:Spanish Texas 11035: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11020: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10977: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10959: 10956: 10953: 10950: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10926: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10868:Rupert's Land 10866: 10863: 10860: 10850: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10771: 10770:United States 10767: 10766: 10763: 10756: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10689:New Hampshire 10687: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10623: 10621: 10616: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10441:(Knopf, 1998) 10440: 10436: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10366: 10363:Wood, Betty. 10362: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10139:(3): 379–95. 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10092: 10089:(1996) 512pp 10088: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10057: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9972: 9967: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9800:Butler, Jon. 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9674: 9670: 9668:9780765680655 9664: 9660: 9659: 9653: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9569:(1996) 512pp 9568: 9562: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9536: 9529: 9528:0-8071-0575-9 9525: 9521: 9515: 9508: 9502: 9495: 9489: 9482: 9481: 9475: 9468: 9462: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9413: 9407: 9400: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9333: 9326: 9320: 9313: 9307: 9300: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9216:, p. 520 9215: 9210: 9204:, p. 514 9203: 9198: 9192:, p. 500 9191: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9145:, p. 499 9144: 9139: 9132: 9126: 9119: 9113: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9028: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8973: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8920: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8893: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8791: 8784: 8778: 8771: 8765: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8728: 8725:John Nelson, 8722: 8715: 8709: 8700: 8692: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8657:Da Capo Press 8654: 8653: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8605: 8604: 8597: 8591: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8518: 8511: 8505: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8466: 8459: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8378: 8372: 8365: 8359: 8352: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8323:(3): 626–46. 8322: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8147: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8128:0-393-31511-8 8124: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8062: 8053: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8029:1-58826-289-8 8025: 8021: 8020: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8000: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7913: 7907: 7892: 7890:9780804705936 7886: 7881: 7880: 7871: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7813: 7807: 7798: 7791: 7785: 7777: 7775:9781400879045 7771: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7751: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7654: 7648:(2002) p 157. 7647: 7644:Alan Taylor, 7641: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7477:(1953) p 106. 7476: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7324: 7321:Anne Mackin, 7318: 7311: 7305: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7242:9780313065361 7238: 7234: 7233: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7210: 7202: 7199:Alan Taylor, 7196: 7194: 7185: 7183:9780807132784 7179: 7175: 7174: 7166: 7160:(1972) p 229. 7159: 7153: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7011: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6906: 6903:Jaap Jacobs, 6900: 6893: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6861: 6859:9781455609291 6855: 6851: 6850: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6759: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6478:1-55054-865-4 6474: 6471:. Vancouver. 6470: 6469: 6461: 6452: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6418: 6416:9780870241499 6412: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6382: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5888:New York City 5885: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776:New York City 5773: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5667:, and in the 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5538:Benjamin West 5534: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5505:Cotton Mather 5502: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5485:(1728–29) by 5484: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5458:Benjamin Rush 5456: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5319:roof shingles 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5278:trestle table 5274: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5247:timothy-grass 5244: 5240: 5236: 5235:New Hampshire 5232: 5228: 5227:Massachusetts 5223: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5200: 5199:United States 5195: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178:local coinage 5175: 5171: 5168:In 1652, the 5166: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092:New York City 5089: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4974:Massachusetts 4971: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4959:Cokie Roberts 4956: 4955:Mary Bartlett 4952: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4908:Women's roles 4905: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787:), while the 4786: 4785:New Hampshire 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771:Three of the 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556:Republicanism 4552: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4458:Colonial life 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4338:Massachusetts 4335: 4331: 4324: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267:republicanism 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223:republicanism 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4208:Enlightenment 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3999:, as well as 3998: 3997:New Hampshire 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962:Edmund Andros 3959: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3936: 3929:Colonial wars 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791:John Colleton 3787: 3786:royal charter 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3747:racial divide 3744: 3743:Edmund Morgan 3739: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644:Creek Indians 3641: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515:New York City 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:Edmund Andros 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430:New Hampshire 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3320:North America 3317: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3294:Plymouth Rock 3291: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938:New Amsterdam 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2912:New Amsterdam 2908: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2797:in 1679. The 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:Fort de Buade 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:(present-day 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2648:North America 2644: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Havana Harbor 2611: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547:second voyage 2544: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:Pueblo Revolt 2374: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278:St. Augustine 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2198:North America 2195: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2178:The Spaniard 2176: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2154:Virginia Dare 2151: 2150:Popham Colony 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:Fort Caroline 2135: 2131: 2130:Fort San Juan 2127: 2123: 2118: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1897:New Amsterdam 1894: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1841:Casa da Índia 1838: 1834: 1833: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1754:and parts of 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:United States 1654: 1650: 1649:North America 1646: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1578:List of years 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1549: 1547: 1546:Urban history 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1161: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 991: 987: 983: 980: 978: 977:Thai American 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 947: 943: 941: 940: 936: 935: 929: 928: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 894: 893: 889: 885: 882: 881: 880: 879: 875: 873: 872: 868: 866: 865: 861: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 825:Party Systems 822: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 787: 783: 781: 780: 776: 774: 773: 769: 765: 764:Voting rights 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 705: 704: 700: 698: 697: 693: 689: 686: 685: 684: 683: 679: 675: 672: 671: 670: 669: 665: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 651: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 627: 626: 622: 618: 615: 614: 613: 612: 608: 606: 605: 601: 599: 598: 594: 593: 587: 586: 576: 573: 572: 569: 567: 566: 562: 561: 557: 555: 551: 550: 547: 545: 544: 540: 539: 535: 533: 529: 528: 525: 523: 522: 518: 517: 513: 511: 507: 506: 502: 500: 496: 495: 492: 490: 489: 485: 484: 480: 478: 474: 473: 469: 467: 463: 462: 459: 457: 456: 452: 451: 447: 445: 441: 440: 436: 434: 430: 429: 425: 423: 419: 418: 414: 412: 408: 407: 404: 402: 401: 397: 396: 392: 390: 386: 385: 381: 379: 375: 374: 370: 368: 364: 363: 360: 358: 357: 353: 352: 348: 346: 345:Civil War Era 342: 341: 338: 336: 335: 331: 330: 326: 324: 320: 319: 315: 313: 309: 308: 305: 303: 302: 298: 297: 293: 291: 287: 286: 282: 280: 276: 275: 272: 270: 269: 265: 264: 260: 258: 254: 253: 249: 247: 243: 242: 239: 237: 236: 232: 231: 227: 225: 224: 220: 219: 215: 213: 212: 207: 206: 202: 201: 196: 189: 188: 184: 180: 179: 176: 175:United States 169: 168: 165: 162: 161: 149: 145: 139: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 114: 109: 105: 100: 95: 91: 87: 84:United States 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64:The cover of 61: 56: 51: 46: 43: 39: 32: 27: 19: 18269:Bicentennial 18152:Other topics 18138:Liberty Tree 18110: 18050:Constitution 18042: 17947:Beaumarchais 17835:Samuel Adams 17586:William Howe 17581:Richard Howe 17481:West Florida 17466:East Florida 17440:Rhode Island 17435:Pennsylvania 17368:Involvement 17312:Gordon Riots 17297:Valley Forge 17292:Conway Cabal 17270:Other events 17032:Philadelphia 16930:British Army 16821:Powder Alarm 16751:Model Treaty 16673: 16431:Expansionism 16399:Common Sense 16397: 16367: 16201:Human rights 16181:Gun politics 16132:Islamophobia 16122:antisemitism 15990:Hospice care 15932:Middle class 15912:Homelessness 15889:Social class 15849:Social class 15713:Human rights 15703:Homelessness 15615:middle class 15580:Demographics 15555:Architecture 15462:Unemployment 15442:Labor unions 15190:Town meeting 15167:City council 15162:City manager 14903:State police 14765:Marine Corps 14755:Armed Forces 14730:civil rights 14710:Constitution 14282:Southwestern 14277:Southeastern 14267:Northwestern 14262:Northeastern 14227:Mid-Atlantic 14217:Great Plains 13935:World War II 13818:Constitution 13722:Colonial era 13721: 13701:2008–present 13498:Midway Atoll 13493:Kingman Reef 13473:Baker Island 13452:Puerto Rico 13364:South Dakota 13354:Rhode Island 13349:Pennsylvania 13329:North Dakota 13045: 13038: 13019: 12980: 12973: 12959: 12905: 12861: 12854: 12797: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12730: 12704:Marine Corps 12691: 12684: 12677: 12641:Debt ceiling 12626:Civil Rights 12608: 12601: 12587: 12573: 12559: 12530: 12525:Antisemitism 12523: 12516: 12472: 12433: 12369:2008–present 12321:Bush v. Gore 12319: 12257:War on drugs 12131:Mid Cold War 11983:Pearl Harbor 11978:World War II 11798:Ku Klux Klan 11395:Dummer's War 11346: 11334: 11327: 11321:Pre-Colonial 11166: 11143:Krabbeninsel 10916:West Florida 10910:East Florida 10731:Pennsylvania 10707:Rhode Island 10578: 10565: 10499: 10492: 10482: 10473: 10455: 10445: 10438: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10388: 10378: 10364: 10357: 10347: 10337: 10327: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10256: 10246: 10236: 10226: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10190: 10177: 10167: 10160: 10136: 10132: 10123: 10112: 10105: 10097: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10062: 10051: 10040: 10033: 10023: 9981: 9977: 9964: 9937:(1): 43–63. 9934: 9930: 9916:(2012) 168pp 9913: 9906: 9896: 9886: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9852: 9845: 9835: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9801: 9785: 9774: 9765: 9754: 9740: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9706: 9696: 9686: 9677: 9657: 9646: 9635:Bibliography 9607: 9601: 9582: 9577: 9566: 9561: 9553: 9548: 9540: 9535: 9519: 9514: 9506: 9501: 9493: 9488: 9479: 9474: 9466: 9461: 9453: 9448: 9440: 9435: 9424: 9419: 9411: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9360: 9356: 9345: 9337: 9332: 9324: 9319: 9311: 9306: 9298: 9293: 9273: 9266: 9255: 9250: 9242: 9237: 9226: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9138: 9130: 9125: 9117: 9112: 9104: 9099: 9091: 9090:Peter Wood, 9086: 9069:Common-Place 9068: 9063: 9055: 9050: 9039: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9004: 8986: 8981: 8972: 8964: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8926: 8919: 8899: 8892: 8872: 8865: 8845: 8838: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8777: 8769: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8739: 8734: 8726: 8721: 8708: 8699: 8690: 8651: 8628: 8623: 8611: 8601: 8596: 8585: 8580: 8562: 8557: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8522: 8517: 8509: 8504: 8496: 8491: 8484:History Now, 8483: 8478: 8470: 8465: 8457: 8452: 8444: 8439: 8431: 8426: 8421:, pp 281–286 8418: 8413: 8405: 8400: 8392: 8384: 8376: 8371: 8363: 8358: 8350: 8345: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8271: 8260: 8255: 8244: 8239: 8206: 8202: 8155: 8117: 8110: 8077: 8073: 8018: 7998: 7993: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7950: 7945: 7937: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7911: 7906: 7894:. Retrieved 7878: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7845: 7829: 7811: 7806: 7797: 7789: 7784: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7744: 7736: 7731: 7726:(1975) p 386 7723: 7718: 7707: 7702: 7694: 7689: 7671: 7666: 7658: 7653: 7645: 7640: 7620: 7613: 7601:. Retrieved 7597:the original 7587: 7577: 7569: 7550: 7547:Meinig, D.W. 7541: 7516: 7508: 7496:. Retrieved 7492:the original 7482: 7474: 7469: 7458: 7453: 7445: 7440: 7432: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7322: 7317: 7309: 7304: 7296: 7291: 7283: 7278: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7231: 7224: 7216: 7200: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7127: 7099: 7093: 7077: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7031: 7026: 7014:. Retrieved 7004: 6995: 6986: 6974:. Retrieved 6970:the original 6965: 6956: 6948: 6941: 6935:ch. 1 online 6930: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6904: 6899: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6848: 6841: 6823: 6818: 6790:. Retrieved 6783: 6763: 6758: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6733: 6724: 6704: 6697: 6682: 6677: 6672:Dietz, p.38. 6668: 6644: 6637: 6625: 6611: 6604: 6586: 6581: 6563: 6552: 6535: 6531: 6467: 6460: 6451: 6443: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6400: 6389: 6368: 6360: 6349: 6344: 6333: 6328: 6317: 6312: 6301: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6256: 6243: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6180: 6171: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6133: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6090: 5972: 5968: 5956: 5949: 5925: 5905: 5884:Philadelphia 5881: 5863: 5842:Philadelphia 5809: 5800: 5792:Philadelphia 5788: 5769: 5764:Philadelphia 5747:Ways of life 5729: 5713:Scotch Irish 5705:William Penn 5701:Mid-Atlantic 5693:Pennsylvania 5686: 5654: 5618: 5611: 5591:established 5587:in 1764 and 5565:Yale College 5554: 5550: 5535: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5498: 5490: 5487:William Byrd 5482: 5474: 5472: 5434: 5430: 5382: 5370: 5339: 5303:wheelwrights 5296: 5292: 5275: 5271: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5203: 5167: 5155: 5144: 5108: 5104: 5096:Philadelphia 5077: 5063: 5048: 5043: 5017: 4998: 4967: 4962: 4948: 4940:Pennsylvania 4933: 4921: 4895: 4883: 4858:Presbyterian 4851: 4847: 4831: 4817:Christianity 4814: 4801:Pennsylvania 4770: 4746:Presbyterian 4707: 4691: 4677:missions in 4664: 4650: 4644: 4625:yellow fever 4618: 4610: 4591:Presbyterian 4583:Pennsylvania 4580: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549:Scotch Irish 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530:The primary 4529: 4513: 4502: 4491: 4475:royal colony 4472: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4385:(1767); and 4372: 4368:Samuel Adams 4355:Common Sense 4353: 4350:Thomas Paine 4346: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4292: 4275: 4217:Many of the 4216: 4195:Philadelphia 4183: 4170: 4166:West Florida 4139: 4131: 4116: 4105: 4076:Join, or Die 4074: 4024: 4009: 3978: 3955: 3951:Peter Monamy 3944: 3910:West Florida 3903: 3900:West Florida 3896:East Florida 3880: 3865: 3835: 3812: 3775: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3656: 3637: 3617:Ulster-Scots 3610: 3606: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3555: 3553: 3549:Philadelphia 3541:William Penn 3538: 3536:for a time. 3527: 3512: 3504:Pennsylvania 3493: 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Force 12567:Immigration 12295:WTC bombing 12213:Reaganomics 12141:Vietnam War 12057:McCarthyism 11939:Second Klan 11924:Prohibition 11902:World War I 11877:Square Deal 11867:Imperialism 11602:War of 1812 11329:Prehistoric 11205:(1630–1651) 11157:(1799–1867) 11145:(1689–1693) 11139:(1685–1754) 11133:(1672–1917) 11127:(1638–1655) 11121:(1625–1672) 11115:(1614–1667) 11101:, 1665–1733 11095:, 1651–1665 11089:, 1562–1565 11085:1534–1763; 11075:, 1804–1821 11069:, 1783–1821 11063:, 1783–1821 11057:, 1776–1821 11051:, 1769–1801 11045:, 1767–1804 11039:, 1690–1821 11033:, 1650–1651 11027:, 1607–1801 11021:, 1598–1821 11015:, 1580–1898 11009:, 1565–1898 11003:, 1565–1821 11001:New Navarre 10997:, 1565–1763 10993:1521–1821; 10985:(1492–1535) 10960:(1871–1903) 10954:(1866–1871) 10948:(1863–1866) 10942:(1862–1863) 10936:(1811–1818) 10930:(1810–1846) 10922:New Ireland 10918:(1763–1783) 10912:(1763–1783) 10906:(1763–1783) 10900:(1763–1783) 10894:(1686–1689) 10888:(1674–1702) 10886:West Jersey 10882:(1674–1702) 10880:East Jersey 10876:(1670–1870) 10870:(1670–1811) 10864:(1663–1712) 10856: 1680 10845:(1638–1664) 10839:(1635–1644) 10827:(1629–1663) 10821:(1625–1650) 10819:Saint Croix 10815:(1622–1658) 10797:(1607–1699) 10791:(1607–1608) 10785:(1585–1590) 10757:(1732–1776) 10751:(1712–1776) 10745:(1712–1776) 10739:(1691–1776) 10733:(1681–1776) 10727:(1664–1776) 10715:(1664–1776) 10709:(1636–1776) 10703:(1636–1776) 10701:Connecticut 10697:(1632–1776) 10685:(1607–1776) 9790:(online at 9581:Ben Marsh, 9025:(1938) and 8659:. pp. 7498:October 24, 6809:HMdb.org, " 6792:December 6, 6766:(2001), p69 6455:Weber, ch 5 6089:Cooke, ed. 5816:Scots-Irish 5762:section of 5738:, attended 5725:Switzerland 5542:John Copley 5445:planetarium 5362:West Indies 5311:West Indian 5299:Blacksmiths 5266:New England 5231:Connecticut 5206:New England 5176:to produce 5162:New England 5141:New England 5115:New Orleans 4982:harpsichord 4924:New England 4874:New England 4781:Connecticut 4687:New Orleans 4279:Nova Scotia 4255:English law 4150:Nova Scotia 4059:during the 3827:Yamasee War 3601:plantations 3534:West Jersey 3444:Under King 3365:Connecticut 3244:New England 3037:Lutheranism 3000:, southern 2990:Nya Sverige 2853:New Orleans 2668:Great Lakes 2618:Foraker Act 2595:sovereignty 2531:Puerto Rico 2524:Californios 2456:Drake's Bay 2215:(including 2013:Hospitaller 1925:New England 1832:Reconquista 1798:New England 1771:Nova Scotia 1732:worthy poor 1720:New England 1497:Territories 1218:New England 898:Agriculture 817:Coast Guard 812:Space Force 660:Immigration 510:Vietnam War 411:World War I 205:Prehistoric 18335:Categories 18259:Centennial 18214:television 18065:Jay Treaty 17962:de Guichen 17870:Huntington 17830:John Adams 17769:Montgomery 17674:Washington 17637:Rockingham 17622:Barrington 17591:Knyphausen 17561:Cornwallis 17420:New Jersey 17251:Chesapeake 17206:Charleston 17161:Germantown 17156:Brandywine 17146:Bennington 16935:Royal Navy 16925:Parliament 16872:Combatants 16845:Combatants 16624:Loyal Nine 16557:Quartering 16527:Navigation 16373:Liberalism 16363:John Locke 16351:Philosophy 16240:Xenophobia 16029:Disability 15970:Healthcare 15879:Visual art 15824:Philosophy 15770:television 15760:newspapers 15750:journalism 15740:Literature 15652:attainment 15303:Republican 15298:Democratic 15271:Ideologies 15232:Corruption 14797:NOAA Corps 14720:preemption 14715:federalism 14330:Rio Grande 14232:Midwestern 14212:West Coast 14207:East Coast 14050:Inventions 13962:Space Race 13957:Korean War 13940:home front 13875:Gilded Age 13394:Washington 13314:New Mexico 13309:New Jersey 13184:California 12679:Journalism 12631:Corruption 12610:Government 12561:Demography 12548:Newspapers 12397:Sandy Hook 12300:Waco siege 12208:Reagan era 12114:Space Race 12047:Korean War 11988:home front 11820:Gilded Age 11788:Amendments 11125:New Sweden 11081:New France 10719:New Jersey 9351:Jon Butler 9349:Historian 9214:Barth 2014 9202:Barth 2014 9190:Barth 2014 9143:Barth 2014 7697:pp 212–16. 7603:August 22, 6739:August 20, 6068:References 5959:Chesapeake 5784:log cabins 5780:Germantown 5760:Germantown 5689:New Jersey 5507:published 5477:(1705) by 5358:Providence 5268:after 1650 5243:red clover 5078:Historian 5074:Urban life 4986:clavichord 4912:See also: 4807:) and the 4797:New Jersey 4762:Methodists 4698:a few Jews 4679:California 4621:diphtheria 4576:Protestant 4479:Parliament 4399:Quebec Act 4259:common law 4245:, and the 4154:Hudson Bay 3795:Charleston 3741:Historian 3683:Washington 3621:Appalachia 3500:New Jersey 3105:See also: 3087:sea otters 3002:New Jersey 2975:New Sweden 2961:New Sweden 2955:New Sweden 2926:New Jersey 2717:The first 2696:Île-Royale 2634:New France 2628:New France 2576:San Germán 2471:Franciscan 2428:California 2421:California 2391:California 2321:New Smyrna 2227:after the 2028:Portuguese 1973:First wave 1756:New France 1704:New Sweden 1675:, and the 772:Journalism 724:Corruption 703:Government 654:Demography 641:Newspapers 532:Reagan Era 378:Gilded Age 216:until 1607 120:Chronology 89:Key events 18133:Diplomacy 18121:Political 18104:Prisoners 18008:Aftermath 17982:Vergennes 17957:de Grasse 17952:d'Estaing 17942:Louis XVI 17880:Jefferson 17845:Dickinson 17789:St. Clair 17774:Nicholson 17749:Lafayette 17709:Duportail 17679:Alexander 17647:Shelburne 17531:Arbuthnot 17370:(by 17236:Pensacola 17196:Gibraltar 17171:St. Lucia 17136:Princeton 16848:Campaigns 16701:Minutemen 16617:Colonials 16573:Townshend 16502:Loyalists 16445:Royalists 16223:Terrorism 16000:Rationing 15897:Affluence 15844:Sexuality 15812:Uncle Sam 15718:Languages 15647:Education 15590:affluence 15550:Americana 15477:Transport 15375:Insurance 15365:Companies 15345:By sector 15237:Elections 14878:Treasurer 14836:Executive 14775:Air Force 14747:Uniformed 14570:President 14387:Executive 14158:Mountains 14091:Territory 14079:Geography 13903:1954–1968 13898:1896–1954 13893:1865–1896 13855:Civil War 13696:1991–2008 13691:1980–1991 13686:1964–1980 13681:1945–1964 13676:1917–1945 13671:1865–1917 13666:1849–1865 13661:1815–1849 13656:1789–1815 13651:1776–1789 13644:By period 13404:Wisconsin 13369:Tennessee 13274:Minnesota 13249:Louisiana 13143:The South 12714:Air Force 12589:Education 12451:recession 12407:Las Vegas 12315:Columbine 12272:1991–2008 12200:1980–1991 12101:1964–1980 12012:1945–1964 11966:Dust Bowl 11894:1917–1945 11775:1865–1917 11753:Civil War 11746:Secession 11691:1849–1865 11614:1815–1849 11585:Quasi-War 11562:1789–1815 11482:1776–1789 11435:Sugar Act 10989:New Spain 10843:New Haven 10795:Jamestown 9377:0048-7511 8231:157705999 8223:0897-6546 8102:157705999 8094:0897-6546 8046:cite book 8038:300937809 7896:April 20, 7124:145691938 6495:cite book 6168:0008-4107 5892:Baltimore 5867:flax seed 5629:Calvinist 5503:minister 5350:New Haven 5289:Town life 5282:Bedsteads 5174:John Hull 5055:Caribbean 4870:Methodist 4666:Mayflower 4393:: Second 4344:in 1775. 4146:Louisiana 4123:world war 4035:George II 4029:of 1754, 3815:Huguenots 3807:sugarcane 3758:Carolinas 3687:Jefferson 3667:Jefferson 3593:Louisiana 3407:Canonicus 3357:New Haven 3325:Mayflower 3299:Mayflower 3219:cash crop 3207:Jamestown 3165:Leo Lemay 3143:Elizabeth 3041:log cabin 3024:) and on 2942:Manhattan 2823:Louisiana 2809:Kaskaskia 2759:Vincennes 2749:(both at 2739:Green Bay 2692:Louisiana 2571:Agüeybaná 2477:(forts), 2475:presidios 2452:Soromenho 2298:Fort Mose 2205:New Spain 2166:New Spain 2160:New Spain 1870:in 1768. 1760:New Spain 1734:" of the 1655:into the 1223:The South 807:Air Force 682:Education 558:1991–2008 543:1991–2008 536:1981–1991 521:1980–1991 514:1964–1975 503:1954–1968 488:1964–1980 481:1954–1968 470:1945–1964 455:1945–1964 448:1941–1945 437:1929–1941 426:1918–1929 415:1917–1918 400:1917–1945 393:1896–1917 382:1877–1896 371:1865–1877 356:1865–1917 349:1849–1865 334:1849–1865 327:1825–1849 316:1817–1825 301:1815–1849 294:1801–1817 283:1788–1801 268:1789–1815 261:1783–1788 250:1765–1783 235:1776–1789 228:1607–1765 108:epidemics 53:1492–1783 18097:Military 17850:Franklin 17823:Civilian 17804:Sullivan 17794:Schuyler 17724:Hamilton 17699:Claghorn 17667:Military 17660:Colonial 17642:Sandwich 17605:Civilian 17551:Carleton 17546:Campbell 17541:Burgoyne 17524:Military 17450:Virginia 17425:New York 17405:Maryland 17395:Delaware 17256:Yorktown 17191:Savannah 17166:Monmouth 17151:Saratoga 17057:Yorktown 17047:Southern 17037:Northern 17027:Saratoga 16999:theaters 16860:Colonies 16851:Theaters 16654:Patriots 16564:up i.p.o 16552:Currency 16537:Molasses 16279:Category 15975:Abortion 15839:Religion 15797:Columbia 15755:internet 15691:Holidays 15686:Folklore 15657:literacy 15595:eviction 15485:Aviation 15457:Taxation 15412:Currency 15405:by state 15315:Scandals 15185:Township 14943:Judicial 14844:Governor 14607:Judicial 14493:Marshals 14366:Politics 14320:Missouri 14310:Columbia 14305:Colorado 14300:Arkansas 14293:Longest 14272:Southern 14257:Northern 14101:counties 14055:Military 14045:Economic 14023:By topic 14002:Iraq War 13952:Cold War 13710:By event 13575:Category 13389:Virginia 13339:Oklahoma 13319:New York 13294:Nebraska 13284:Missouri 13269:Michigan 13259:Maryland 13244:Kentucky 13224:Illinois 13199:Delaware 13189:Colorado 13179:Arkansas 13058:Lesbians 13032:Comanche 13027:Cherokee 12820:Medicine 12778:Genocide 12771:Religion 12693:Military 12666:Taxation 12616:Abortion 12532:Cultural 12412:Parkland 12342:Iraq War 12280:Gulf War 12052:Ivy Mike 11971:New Deal 11347:Colonial 11292:Timeline 11239:Category 10862:Carolina 10837:Saybrook 10825:Carolana 10807:Plymouth 10725:New York 10713:Delaware 10695:Maryland 10683:Virginia 10537:Archived 10172:in JSTOR 10016:57571000 10008:43285101 9757:(1921). 9522:(1979). 9310:Cremin, 9076:Archived 8994:Archived 8570:Archived 8549:27570385 8417:Bonomi, 8408:, p. 282 8404:Bonomi, 8137:36306399 7693:Struna, 7679:Archived 7549:(1986). 7461:(1982). 7270:25080556 7264:: 3–21. 7016:March 9, 6831:Archived 6594:Archived 6571:Archived 6544:30234744 6487:46623718 6397:(1971). 6251:, (1908) 6238:, (1904) 5978:See also 5932:Virginia 5928:Maryland 5912:cobblers 5878:Seaports 5858:Maryland 5854:Virginia 5796:highboys 5740:Lutheran 5732:Palatine 5703:region. 5677:Anglican 5657:Baptists 5608:Religion 5575:founded 5573:Baptists 5373:mackerel 5315:molasses 5147:Puritans 5135:Barbados 5127:planters 4988:and the 4805:Delaware 4793:New York 4766:Catholic 4722:Virginia 4718:Maryland 4694:Maryland 4675:Catholic 4635:Religion 4498:prorogue 4413:(1774); 4405:(1774); 4401:(1774); 4397:(1774); 4381:(1766); 4377:(1765); 4229:and the 3866:British 3856:Savannah 3803:Barbados 3705:(1785). 3652:Choctaws 3648:Cherokee 3633:American 3625:Piedmont 3623:and the 3508:Delaware 3496:New York 3361:Saybrook 3308:Pilgrims 3281:Puritans 3275:Puritans 3201:Virginia 2998:Delaware 2949:New York 2886:Arkansas 2876:Arkansas 2862:Napoleon 2795:Illinois 2783:Arkansas 2779:Illinois 2603:mestizos 2599:mulattos 2580:San Juan 2460:Vizcaino 2432:Cabrillo 2373:Santa Fe 2325:Loyalist 2219:and the 2117:causes. 2038:Scottish 1988:Curonian 1913:Pilgrims 1839:and the 1818:diseases 1775:Acadians 1595:Category 1146:Lesbians 1120:Comanche 1115:Cherokee 913:Medicine 864:Religion 786:Military 759:Taxation 709:Abortion 625:Cultural 81:Location 74:Pilgrims 18219:theater 17977:Suffren 17967:Luzerne 17885:Laurens 17855:Hancock 17840:Carroll 17759:Lincoln 17739:de Kalb 17729:Hopkins 17627:Germain 17617:Amherst 17556:Clinton 17517:British 17507:Leaders 17400:Georgia 17231:Cowpens 17176:Grenada 17126:Trenton 17073:battles 17052:Western 16907:Marines 16854:Battles 16263:Outline 16211:illegal 16196:Smoking 16059:Obesity 15942:Poverty 15864:Theater 15854:Society 15708:Housing 15669:Fashion 15625:poverty 15570:Cuisine 15542:Culture 15529:Society 15490:Driving 15417:Exports 15395:Tourism 15355:Banking 15333:Economy 15293:Parties 15137:Charter 15101:Sheriff 14548:Speaker 14416:Cabinet 14379:Federal 14287:Western 14252:Eastern 14247:Central 14242:Pacific 14202:Regions 14153:Islands 13636:History 13409:Wyoming 13384:Vermont 13289:Montana 13229:Indiana 13209:Georgia 13204:Florida 13174:Arizona 13164:Alabama 13131:Regions 13053:Gay men 12825:Railway 12785:Slavery 12581:Banking 12575:Economy 12417:El Paso 12402:Orlando 12136:Détente 11297:Outline 10783:Roanoke 10755:Georgia 10526:at the 10458:(1964) 10381:(2006) 10350:(1980) 10342:excerpt 10340:(1996) 10330:(1968) 10320:(1974) 10296:(2013). 10239:(1975) 10229:(1976) 10219:(2007) 10182:excerpt 10180:(1996) 10153:1835775 10082:(1995). 10026:(2006) 9951:1836116 9889:(1929) 9748:Surveys 9733:(2002) 9709:(1996) 9699:(1996) 9649:. 2000. 9624:2936182 9509:(2009). 9496:(1971). 9456:(1893). 9443:(1989). 9385:2702135 9258:(1916) 9229:(1966) 9042:(1938) 8830:2078652 8742:(1967). 8661:358–359 8588:(2003) 8473:(1996). 8375:Cooke, 8337:1844105 8263:(1904) 8247:(1907) 7985:1919154 7914:(2002); 7792:(1973). 7752:(1983). 7463:excerpt 7448:(1976). 7435:(1973). 7422:(1974). 7406:2947435 7345:, 2005. 7299:(1995). 7286:(2007). 7219:, 2008. 7203:, 2001. 7116:2123771 7069:1923515 7034:(1886) 6976:May 24, 6933:(1907) 6691:1445643 6407:114–118 6304:(1986) 6125:1925316 5908:coopers 5829:scythes 5820:Ireland 5806:Farming 5758:in the 5721:Germany 5717:Germans 5709:Quakers 5697:Germans 5675:of the 5393:⁄ 5354:Newport 5335:taverns 5331:stables 5262:Saltbox 5239:Vermont 5008:Slavery 4978:clavier 4928:Puritan 4879:Quakers 4866:Baptist 4750:Baptist 4734:Georgia 4703:Quakers 4671:Spanish 4661:Pilgrim 4629:malaria 4613:Malaria 4587:Quakers 4387:Tea Act 4283:Georgia 4249:to the 4241:to the 4212:seaport 4140:In the 4100:Britain 4096:Britain 4025:At the 3918:Bahamas 3858:in the 3841:Georgia 3691:Madison 3640:warfare 3589:Florida 3523:Germany 3405:sachem 3312:Puritan 3302:in 1620 3129:James I 2986:Swedish 2973:Map of 2930:patroon 2833:Midwest 2813:Cahokia 2676:claimed 2563:Caparra 2483:ranchos 2479:pueblos 2448:Unamuno 2290:coquina 2262:Florida 2184:Florida 2048:Swedish 2043:Spanish 2033:Russian 2018:Italian 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12743:Second 12553:Sports 12538:Cinema 12507:Topics 12422:Uvalde 12392:Aurora 12387:Tucson 11311:Events 11221:(1676) 11213:(1638) 11197:(1622) 11189:(1620) 11181:(1584) 11151:(1698) 10904:Quebec 10803:(1619) 10789:Popham 10495:(2008) 10460:online 10450:online 10432:online 10393:online 10383:online 10367:(2005) 10322:online 10313:(2010) 10306:(2020) 10275:(1979) 10259:(2009) 10241:online 10231:online 10163:(2014) 10151: 10014: 10006: 9971:online 9949: 9901:online 9891:online 9881:online 9857:online 9844:, ed. 9830:online 9806:online 9796:online 9779:online 9759:online 9701:online 9665: 9622: 9585:(2007) 9543:(1964) 9526: 9429:online 9401:(2004) 9383: 9375: 9314:(1972) 9281: 9177:359931 9175: 9133:(2005) 9120:(1969) 9107:(1991) 9073:online 9029:(1955_ 8991:online 8954:(1997) 8934: 8907: 8880: 8853: 8828: 8772:(2014) 8759:(2010) 8729:(2001) 8667: 8567:online 8547: 8460:(1989) 8447:(2008) 8395:(1965) 8335: 8305:(1977) 8265:online 8249:online 8229: 8221: 8171: 8135: 8125: 8100: 8092: 8036: 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