History of the United States (1789–1815)

2585:, largely on the strength of his abilities in foreign affairs at a time when Britain and France were both on the brink of war with the United States. He was quick to repeal the Embargo Act, refreshing American seaports. Despite his intellectual brilliance, Madison lacked Jefferson's leadership and tried to merely copy his predecessor's policies verbatim. He tried various trade restrictions to try to force Britain and France to respect freedom of the seas, but they were unsuccessful. The British had undisputed mastery over the sea after defeating the French and Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805, and they took advantage of this to seize American ships at will and force their sailors into serving the Royal Navy. Even worse, the size of the U.S. Navy was reduced due to ideological opposition to a large standing military and the Federal government became considerably weakened when the charter of the First National Bank expired and Congress declined to renew it. A clamor for military action thus erupted just as relations with Britain and France were at a low point and the U.S.'s ability to wage war had been reduced. 1856: 33: 181: 2041:'s policy of neutrality was widely supported, but the Jeffersonians strongly favored France and deeply distrusted the British, who they saw as enemies of Republicanism. In addition, they sought to annex Spanish territory in the South and West. Meanwhile, Hamilton and the business community favored Britain, which was by far America's largest trading partner. The Republicans gained support in the winter of 1793–94 as Britain seized American merchant ships and impressed their crews into the Royal Navy, but the tensions were resolved with the 2753: 2741: 2049:–U.S border. The Jeffersonians viewed the Treaty as a surrender to British moneyed interests, and mobilized their supporters nationwide to defeat the treaty. The Federalists likewise rallied supporters in a vicious conflict, which continued until 1795 when Washington publicly intervened in the debate, using his prestige to secure ratification. By this point, the economic and political advantages of the Federalist position had become clear to all concerned, combined with growing disdain for France after the 1642: 2331: 2112:, and was dominant after 1800. Both parties originated in national politics but moved to organize supporters and voters in every state. These comprised "probably the first modern party system in the world" because they were based on voters, not factions of aristocrats at court or parliament. The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the planters and farmers. By 1796, politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties. 6888: 6852: 1589: 1550: 2628: 2129:

navy, demanded a limited reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine

6898: 1599: 2157: 2310: 2324: 146: 133: 2120:

in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, whigs, jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons.

2589: 2245:. The Sedition Act proscribed writing, speaking or publishing anything of "a false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the president or Congress. The few convictions won under the Sedition Act only created martyrs to the cause of civil liberties and aroused support for the Republicans. Jefferson and his allies launched a counterattack, with two states stating in the 2473:, its devotion to principles of Republicanism, liberty, equality, and fraternity made France the ideal European nation. "Jefferson's support of the French Revolution often serves in his mind as a defense of republicanism against the monarchism of the Anglophiles". On the other hand, Napoleon was the antithesis of republicanism and could not be supported. 1812:, who repulsed British invasions and broke the alliance between the British and the Indians that held up settlement of the Old Northwest. The Federalists, who had opposed the war to the point of trading with the enemy and threatening secession, were devastated by the triumphant ending of the war. The remaining Indians east of the 2350:

and tolerance, and opposed the centralizing tendencies of the urban financial elite. Jefferson formed the second national political party and led it to dominance in 1800, then worked for western expansion and exploration. Critics decry the contradiction between his ownership of hundreds of slaves and

2128:

Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and

1799:

to uphold American honor at sea, and to end the Indian raids in the west, as well as to temporarily seize Canadian territory as a negotiating chip. Secretary of State James Monroe said in June 1812, "It might be necessary to invade Canada, not as an object of the war but to bring it to a satisfactory

2619:—led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians—declared war on Britain in 1812. Westerners and Southerners were the most ardent supporters of the war, given their concerns about defending national honor and expanding western settlements, and having access to world markets for their agricultural exports. 2487:

Most Jeffersonians argued an expensive high seas Navy was unnecessary, since cheap locally based gunboats, floating batteries, mobile shore batteries, and coastal fortifications could defend the ports without the temptation to engage in distant wars. Jefferson himself, however, wanted a few frigates

2119:

Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore

1997:

was thus created that year despite arguments from Thomas Jefferson and his supporters that it was unconstitutional while Hamilton declared that it was entirely within the powers granted to the federal government. Hamilton's other proposals, including protection tariffs for nascent American industry,

2208:

with its great enemy Britain proclaimed that food and war material bound for British ports were subject to seizure by the French navy. By 1797, France had seized 300 American ships and had broken off diplomatic relations with the United States. When Adams sent three other commissioners to Paris to

2542:

The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and, most important, provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. A few weeks afterward, war resumed between

2422:

established the precedent of reviewing and overturning legislation passed by Congress. This ruling by leading Federalists upset Jefferson to the point where his administration began opening impeachment hearings against judges perceived as abusing their power. The attempted purge of the judicial

2411:

concerned itself predominantly with foreign affairs and territorial expansion. Except for Gallatin's reforms, their main preoccupation was purging the government of Federalist judges. Jefferson and his associates were widely distrustful of the judicial branch, especially because Adams had made

1992:

opposed Hamilton's plan because they had already repudiated their debts and thus gained little from it. There were early signs of the economic and cultural rift between the Northern and Southern states that was to burst into flames seven decades later: the South and its plantation-based economy

2707:

Zagarri (2007) argues the Revolution created an ongoing debate on the rights of women and created an environment favorable to women's participation in politics. She asserts that for a brief decades, a "comprehensive transformation in women's rights, roles, and responsibilities seemed not only

2354:

Under Washington and Adams, the Federalists had established a strong government, but sometimes it followed policies that alienated the citizenry. In 1798, in order to pay for the rapidly expanding army and navy, the Federalists had enacted a new tax on houses, land and slaves, affecting every

2170: 2341:

is a central figure in early American history, highly praised for his political leadership but also criticized for the role of slavery in his private life. He championed equality, democracy and republicanism, attacking aristocratic and monarchistic tendencies. He led and inspired the

2664:. Britain's alliance with the Native Americans ended, and the Indians were the major losers of the war. News of the victory at New Orleans over the best British combat troops came at the same time as news of the peace, giving Americans a psychological triumph and opening the 2434:

to criminalize the international slave trade, calling it "violations of human rights which have been so long continued on the unoffending inhabitants of Africa, and which the morality, the reputation, and the best interests of our country have long been eager to proscribe."

2217:, Y and Z" in his report to Congress) informed the Americans that negotiations could only begin if the United States loaned France $ 12 million and bribed officials of the French government. American hostility to France rose to an excited pitch, fanned by French ambassador 2017:. Washington ordered federal marshals to serve court orders requiring the tax protesters to appear in federal district court. By August 1794, the protests became dangerously close to outright rebellion, and on August 7, several thousand armed settlers gathered near 2668:. Recovery from the destruction left in the wake of the war began, including rebuilding the Library of Congress collection which had been destroyed in the Burning of Washington. The war destroyed the anti-war Federalist Party and opened the door for generals like 1985:, set up a national bank, and set up a system of tariffs and taxes. His policies linked the economic interests of the states, and of wealthy Americans, to the success of the national government, and enhanced the international financial standing of the new nation. 2076:, he generally supported Hamilton and Hamiltonian programs over those of Jefferson. The Democratic-Republican Party dominated the Upper South, Western frontier, and parts of the middle states. Federalist support was concentrated in the major Northern cities and 2137:

of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero.

2551:

and to profit from transporting goods between their home markets and Caribbean colonies. Both sides permitted this trade when it benefited them but opposed it when it did not. Following the 1805 destruction of the French navy at the

1993:

resisted a centralized federal government and subordination to Northeastern business interests. Despite considerable opposition in Congress from Southerners, Hamilton's plan was moved into effect during the middle of 1790. The

2708:

possible but perhaps inevitable." However the opening of possibilities also engendered a backlash that actually set back the cause of women's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life.

2359:

hundreds of farmers in Pennsylvania revolted—Federalists saw a breakdown in civil society. Some tax resisters were arrested—then pardoned by Adams. Republicans denounced this action as an example of Federalist tyranny.

2564:, hoping to get the British to end their blockade of the American coast. The Embargo Act, however, devastated American agricultural exports and weakened American ports while Britain found other sources of food. 2623:

was making a fine profit and its Federalists opposed the war, almost to the point of secession. The Federalist reputation collapsed in the triumphalism of 1815 and the party no longer played a national role.

2036:

became engulfed in war with the rest of Europe, an event that was to lead to 22 years of fighting. France claimed that its 1778 alliance with the U.S. meant that the U.S. was bound to come to their aid. The

1756:

party. Washington and Hamilton were building a strong national government, with a broad financial base, and the support of merchants and financiers throughout the country. Jeffersonians opposed the new

2375:. In it, Jefferson promised "a wise and frugal government" to preserve order among the inhabitants but would "leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry, and improvement". 2560:

of the American coast. Believing that Britain could not rely on other sources of food than the United States, Congress and President Jefferson suspended all U.S. trade with foreign nations in the

8313: 8498: 2133:. Britain and France were at war 1793–1815, with one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The 1981:'s opposition, Hamilton convinced Congress to pass a far-reaching financial program that was patterned after the system developed in England a century earlier. It funded the debts of the 8529: 8463: 8428: 8503: 8408: 8368: 3649: 8468: 8458: 8453: 8433: 8383: 8303: 1628: 8418: 8413: 8508: 8473: 8378: 8353: 2769: 2430:

With the upcoming expiration in 1807 of the 20-year ban on Congressional action on the subject, Jefferson, a lifelong opponent of the slave trade, successfully called on

8493: 8443: 8423: 8398: 8388: 8363: 8348: 8328: 8298: 8288: 8513: 8488: 8393: 8333: 8283: 8273: 8403: 8343: 8278: 6115: 5294: 889: 441: 8358: 8323: 2363:

Jefferson had steadily gathered behind him a great mass of small farmers, shopkeepers and other workers which asserted themselves as Democratic-Republicans in the

8483: 8438: 8338: 8115: 7602: 7089: 6951: 2720:

in 1790, blaming poor standards in female education as the root of women's problems. However, scandals surrounding the personal lives of English contemporaries

5977: 5796: 3326: 751: 608: 2523:

The locally controlled non-professional militia was adequate to defend the nation from invasion. After the militia proved inadequate in the first year of the

6418: 1179: 4555: 6934: 2547:'s France. The United States, dependent on European revenues from the export of agricultural goods, tried to export food and raw materials to both warring 6141: 6131: 2241:, which changed the residency requirement for citizenship from five to 14 years, was targeted at Irish and French immigrants suspected of supporting the 915: 905: 1709:

debts of the states and the national government, and refinanced them with new federal bonds. It paid for the program through new tariffs and taxes; the

5937: 5784: 1621: 1148: 711: 2013:

protested against the new federal tax on whiskey, which the settlers shipped across the mountains to earn money. It was the first serious test of the

8567: 6855: 1553: 2182:

Washington retired in 1797, firmly declining to serve for more than eight years as the nation's head. The Federalists campaigned for Vice President

6337: 5962: 5911: 4340: 1106: 736: 685: 8612: 5972: 5790: 5685: 5223: 3852:

Weyler, Karen A. (2012). "Chapter 11: John Neal and the Early Discourse of American Women's Rights". In Watts, Edward; Carlson, David J. (eds.).

1662: 746: 562: 2556:, Britain sought to impose a stranglehold over French overseas trade ties. Thus, in retaliation against U.S. trade practices, Britain imposed a 6107: 4686: 3881: 881: 100: 3624: 8557: 6094: 1614: 6002: 5942: 5841: 5588: 5516: 5417: 5328: 5304: 5210: 5091: 5007: 4930: 4798: 2774: 776: 716: 601: 540: 518: 485: 452: 397: 353: 331: 298: 232: 141: 136: 2045:

of 1794, which opened up 10 years of prosperous trade in exchange for which Britain would remove troops from its fortifications along the

6773: 6121: 5883: 5698: 1570: 1527: 895: 657: 3658: 1705:, the new government acted quickly to rebuild the nation's financial structure. Enacting Hamilton's program, the government assumed the 6464: 6410: 6374: 5947: 5336: 3531: 1225: 1170: 1143: 721: 6020: 5957: 5952: 5905: 5314: 4866: 4826: 2280:

with France. However, reflecting American weakness, France refused to pay $ 20 million for American ships seized by the French navy.

1885: 794: 731: 726: 693: 679: 614: 6927: 6379: 6291: 6277: 6136: 6087: 6040: 6035: 5982: 5932: 5877: 5380: 5245: 5057: 3526: 2582: 2386:. Believing America to be a haven for the oppressed, Jefferson reduced the residency requirement for naturalization to five years. 2364: 2187: 1766: 1678: 1060: 1046: 910: 861: 814: 809: 756: 706: 651: 1765:, and federal taxes. The Federalists favored Britain, which was embattled in a series of wars with France. Jefferson's victory in 6763: 6423: 6369: 5967: 5926: 5897: 5469: 3797: 2390: 2125: 2073: 2014: 1966: 1951: 1517: 1138: 741: 700: 671: 2939: 2204:

These domestic difficulties were compounded by international complications: France, angered by American approval in 1795 of the

6030: 5869: 5854: 5779: 5762: 4416: 2396:

had managed to reduce the national debt to less than $ 56 million by reducing the number of executive department employees and

2368: 1927: 1855: 1730: 804: 643: 628: 3769: 6891: 6459: 6356: 6264: 6009: 5891: 5848: 5713: 4681: 4676: 4663: 4148: 3865: 2608: 2268:"), full-scale war seemed inevitable. In this crisis, Adams broke with his party and sent three new commissioners to France. 1845: 1592: 1220: 1184: 1125: 1033: 783: 665: 622: 430: 220: 5801: 1800:

conclusion." Despite incompetent government management, and a series of defeats early on, Americans found new generals like

5675: 4588: 3193:

Gutzman, Kevin (2000). "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country,'".

2728:

pushed feminist authorship into private correspondence from the 1790s through the early decades of the nineteenth century.

2092:

between 1792 and 1824 featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: The

4561: 4502: 4172: 2970: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 6920: 6881: 6298: 6048: 5601: 5541: 5131: 4645: 1686: 1580: 1067: 822: 202: 6943: 6876: 6363: 6126: 5987: 5919: 5859: 5653: 5156: 5146: 5062: 2476:

Navigation rights on the Mississippi River were critical to American national interests. Control by Spain was tolerable

2288: 2272:, who had just come to power, received them cordially, and the danger of conflict subsided with the negotiation of the 2130: 1931: 1897: 1722: 1575: 1132: 900: 761: 633: 2351:

his famous declaration that "all men are created equal", and argue that he fathered children with his slave mistress.

6025: 6015: 5551: 5188: 5025: 4608: 4491: 4439: 4359: 4220: 4173:"Calculating the price of union: Republican economic nationalism and the origins of Southern sectionalism, 1790-1828" 4082: 4060: 4021: 3999: 3977: 3958: 3929: 3752: 3129: 3104: 3072: 2922: 2452: 2250: 2249:

that state legislatures could nullify acts of Congress. However, all the other states rejected this proposition, and

2246: 1915:

enumerated a population of 3.9 million. Only 12 cities had populations of more than 5,000; most people were farmers.

1893: 1762: 1737:(1801–1835), a federalist and nationalist who built a strong Supreme Court and strengthened the national government. 1718: 1713:

led to a revolt in the west; Washington raised an army and suppressed it with minimal violence. The nation adopted a

1670: 799: 789: 190: 3574: 3312: 8539: 6324: 5578: 5407: 5240: 5200: 5079: 4613: 2987: 2829: 1093: 868: 507: 4104:

The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government

3703: 8547: 6525: 6259: 6215: 5611: 5109: 4965: 2870: 2794: 2191: 2038: 1994: 1839: 1758: 1286: 1028: 979: 2064:

Continuing conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson, especially over foreign policy, led to the formation of the

5995: 5864: 5631: 2804: 2408: 2317: 2300: 1943: 1889: 1863: 1694: 1666: 769: 638: 6710: 6319: 6304: 6239: 6229: 6200: 6190: 5728: 4177: 3704:"Soldiers in Peace and War: Comparative Perspectives on the Recruitment of the United States Army, 1802-1815" 2210: 1471: 1088: 1073: 1003: 993: 964: 954: 4117:

Heirs of the Founders: Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants

3028: 8562: 6309: 6283: 6269: 6244: 6234: 6185: 6101: 5708: 5218: 4992: 4886: 4671: 4597: 4415: 4163: 3579: 3290:

Ridgway, Whitman H. (January 2000). "Fries in the Federalist Imagination: A Crisis of Republican Society".

2789: 2716: 1939: 1905: 1714: 1698: 1078: 1052: 1038: 1008: 998: 949: 875: 408: 168: 3449: 3348: 8293: 6739: 6635: 6205: 5474: 4851: 4816: 4451: 3195: 2809: 2676:, and civilian leaders like James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay, to run for national office. 2616: 2291:

and provided a Federalist interpretation of the Constitution that made for a strong national government.

2242: 2101: 2069: 1935: 1789: 1753: 1502: 1396: 969: 959: 2484:

was an unexpected opportunity to guarantee those rights which the Jeffersonians immediately seized upon.

2025:

to summon the militias of several states. A force of 13,000 men was organized, and Washington led it to

6329: 6314: 6179: 5693: 5035: 4811: 4781: 4746: 3708: 3163: 2992: 2875: 2834: 2508:

is dangerous to liberty and should be avoided. Instead of threatening warfare, Jeffersonians relied on

2383: 2238: 1982: 1706: 1098: 1083: 943: 2491:

To protect its shipping interests from pirates in the Mediterranean, Jefferson and Madison fought the

2458:

Britain was the greatest threat, especially its monarchy, aristocracy, corruption and business methods

8373: 8308: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6819: 6804: 6794: 6753: 6675: 6640: 6210: 5277: 5104: 5074: 4843: 3317: 2277: 1912: 1507: 1436: 1401: 974: 463: 3688: 3029:"The politics of insurrection: A comparative analysis of the shays', whiskey, and fries' rebellions" 2287:

as chief justice. Serving until his death in 1835, Marshall dramatically expanded the powers of the

6824: 6799: 6715: 6620: 6580: 6172: 5718: 5561: 5546: 5447: 5395: 5353: 5341: 5178: 4980: 4581: 3615: 2799: 2557: 2147: 1476: 1381: 1341: 936: 5255: 2988:"Alexander Hamilton's Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic" 8617: 8448: 8318: 6814: 6809: 6789: 6680: 6670: 6665: 6645: 6195: 5723: 5040: 4985: 4786: 4048: 3857: 2230: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1406: 4731: 2752: 2740: 2603:

In response to continued British interference with American shipping (including the practice of

2218: 2061:

notes the "remarkable and fortuitous economic and diplomatic gains" produced by the Jay Treaty.

32: 8478: 6845: 6829: 6768: 6595: 6510: 6454: 5738: 5670: 5606: 5534: 5299: 5052: 4997: 4908: 4831: 4736: 4721: 3033: 2871:"James Madison and the coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812" 2696: 2690: 2673: 2660: 2431: 2304: 2254: 2214: 1989: 1947: 1919: 1805: 1770: 1543: 1522: 1356: 1271: 1215: 287: 64: 8552: 6630: 6625: 6500: 6223: 5774: 5757: 5733: 5626: 5621: 5568: 5390: 5358: 5166: 5151: 4741: 4716: 4701: 4418:

History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

4387: 4120: 2711: 2651: 2643: 1923: 1788:

expanses of fertile land, which exactly met the needs of the rapidly expanding population of

1785: 1726: 1391: 1386: 1261: 987: 551: 496: 474: 4042: 3435:

The Jay Treaty Debate, Public Opinion, and the Evolution of Early American Political Culture

180: 6901: 6720: 6685: 6590: 6565: 6254: 5751: 5703: 5643: 5479: 5400: 5260: 5183: 5141: 5020: 4970: 4955: 4938: 4838: 4726: 4696: 3292: 2665: 2635: 2596: 2356: 2026: 2022: 1959: 1602: 1481: 1446: 1351: 1326: 1023: 1013: 320: 309: 254: 38: 2699:

was a Protestant religious revival movement that flourished in 1800–1840 in every region.

8: 6705: 6655: 6610: 6600: 6585: 6575: 6560: 6540: 6515: 6505: 6495: 6249: 6069: 6059: 5501: 5250: 4943: 4861: 4856: 4806: 4706: 4574: 4107: 4009: 3919: 2725: 2612: 2561: 2553: 2517: 2347: 2343: 1466: 1416: 1371: 1361: 1346: 1336: 1321: 1301: 1276: 1266: 1256: 1018: 843: 833: 243: 4258: 4028: 6725: 6700: 6605: 6545: 6520: 6490: 6480: 6079: 6074: 6064: 6054: 5767: 5745: 5265: 5124: 5099: 5069: 5030: 4913: 4756: 4468: 4429: 4411: 4334: 4294: 4194: 4089: 3943: 3875: 3725: 3676: 3596: 3540: 3507: 3471: 3454: 3370: 3212: 3009: 2892: 2851: 2779: 2721: 2537: 2513: 2496: 2481: 2414: 2401: 2397: 2379: 2273: 2226: 2198: 2173: 2097: 2089: 1974: 1955: 1867: 1777: 1741: 1682: 1486: 1461: 1366: 1306: 1281: 1251: 1241: 853: 848: 838: 828: 364: 342: 112: 4384:

The Founding Fortunes: How the Wealthy Paid for and Profited from America's Revolution

3789: 3617:

America and the Barbary pirates: An international battle against an unconventional foe

2404:

officers and enlisted men, and otherwise curtailing government and military spending.

2057:

anti-religious policies. Jefferson promptly resigned as Secretary of State. Historian

6897: 6660: 6615: 6555: 6530: 6485: 6428: 5665: 5496: 5309: 4896: 4691: 4652: 4487: 4481: 4472: 4435: 4355: 4349: 4216: 4144: 4078: 4056: 4035: 4017: 3995: 3973: 3954: 3925: 3861: 3834: 3748: 3511: 3475: 3374: 3353: 3232:

The quasi-war: the politics and diplomacy of the undeclared war with France 1797–1801

3125: 3100: 3068: 3060: 3046: 2918: 2492: 2470: 2448: 2058: 2033: 2006: 2002: 1877: 1859: 1813: 1710: 1659: 1653: 1598: 1421: 1376: 1316: 1291: 1246: 1189: 208: 104: 78: 68: 4138: 2367:. Jefferson enjoyed extraordinary favor because of his appeal to American idealism. 2253:—or as it was called, the "principle of 98"—became the preserve of a faction of the 6690: 6570: 6535: 6433: 6348: 6343: 5834: 5272: 5235: 5161: 5119: 5015: 4975: 4776: 4771: 4460: 4186: 3775: 3717: 3588: 3499: 3463: 3362: 3204: 3042: 3001: 2910: 2884: 2843: 2372: 2338: 2313: 2105: 2093: 2065: 2032:

Foreign policy unexpectedly took center stage starting in 1793, when revolutionary

1978: 1881: 1749: 1745: 1674: 1451: 1331: 1296: 1194: 1117: 1112: 594: 419: 86: 2080:. After Washington's death in 1799, he became a symbolic hero of the Federalists. 6758: 6695: 6650: 6550: 5556: 5489: 5385: 5346: 5230: 5173: 5045: 4948: 4846: 4766: 4761: 4711: 4313: 4210: 3987: 3915: 2974: 2962:

Charles Warren, "New Light on the History of the Federal judiciary Act of 1789."

2784: 2655: 2393: 2234: 2050: 1901: 1512: 1456: 1411: 1311: 386: 1721:. Fleshing out the Constitution's specification of the judiciary as capped by a 1641: 6438: 5506: 5484: 5462: 5440: 5435: 4960: 4891: 4821: 4566: 4508: 4206: 4070: 3420:

Entangling alliances with none: American foreign policy in the age of Jefferson

3405:

Entangling Alliances with None: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson

3092: 3088: 2967: 2669: 2647: 2077: 1871: 1833: 1817: 1809: 1801: 1199: 276: 60: 4536: 2627: 2466:

of 1794 was much too favorable to Britain and thus threatened American values.

2330: 8586: 6912: 5648: 5425: 4374: 2578: 2505: 2419: 2378:

Jefferson encouraged agriculture and westward expansion, most notably by the

2284: 2258: 2109: 1734: 1702: 90: 50: 2427:. When Chase was acquitted by the Senate, Jefferson abandoned his campaign. 5637: 5573: 5114: 3490:

Peterson, Merrill D. (1987). "Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution".

2638:

in 1813 ended British hopes to create a neutral Indian state in the Midwest

2488:

to protect American shipping against Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean.

2424: 2233:

to stop pro-French activities (which had severe repercussions for American

2010: 1958:

located the national capital in a district to be defined in the South (the

1733:. The Supreme Court became important under the leadership of Chief Justice 4464: 5529: 5457: 5373: 5193: 4918: 3839:

Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic

3648:

Turner, Robert F.; et al. (et al.) (2010). Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.).

3467: 2642:

The war drew to a close after bitter fighting that lasted even after the

2620: 2604: 2573: 2548: 2524: 1796: 1773:, and doomed the upper-crust Federalists to increasingly marginal roles. 116: 4286:

Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

2412:

several "midnight" appointments before leaving office in March 1801. In

2264:

In 1799, after a series of naval battles with the French (known as the "

2190:, who as the runner-up became vice president under the operation of the 8265: 5616: 5524: 5430: 5363: 5136: 4198: 3729: 3600: 3544: 3366: 3216: 3013: 2896: 2855: 2595:; American victory in 1813 meant control of the Northwest; painting by 2463: 2222: 2205: 2183: 2160: 2134: 2042: 2018: 1690: 1652:

was marked by the nascent years of the American Republic under the new

529: 375: 82: 5452: 4397:

Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory And The Foundations Of Black America

3921:

A History of the United States: Federalists and Republicans, 1789-1815

1669:

in 1789. On his own initiative, Washington created three departments,

5282: 4901: 4751: 4483:

The Life of the Mind in America: From the Revolution to The Civil War

3503: 2265: 2151: 2072:

parties. Although Washington warned against political parties in his

108: 4543:

A Bloodless Victory: The Battle of New Orleans in History and Memory

4190: 3721: 3592: 3208: 3005: 2888: 2847: 2156: 5658: 5596: 5368: 5287: 4449:

Kolchin, Peter (2016). "Slavery, Commodification, and Capitalism".

2631: 2544: 2509: 2269: 1821: 1781: 2607:

of American sailors into the British Navy), and to British aid to

2423:

branch reached its climax with the trial of Supreme Court Justice

2371:

on March 4, 1801, was the first such speech in the new capital of

2309: 4507:. Vol. 2: The Romantic Revolution, 1800–1860. Archived from 3122:

American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis

2169: 2054: 4140:

The Age of Federalism - The Early American Republic, 1788 - 1800

3854:

John Neal and Nineteenth Century American Literature and Culture

2915:

The Presidency of George Washington (American Presidency Series)

2197:

Even before he entered the presidency, Adams had quarreled with

4260:

The Jeffersonians, 1801–1829: A Study in Administrative History

2046: 1880:, a renowned hero of the American Revolution, commander of the 4531:

Cheathem, Mark R. "The Stubborn Mythology of Andrew Jackson."

4306:

Social Change in America: From the Revolution to the Civil War

2588: 2527:

President Madison expanded the national Army for the duration.

2407:

Jefferson's domestic policy was uneventful and hands-off; the

2201:, a conflict that was hindered by a divided Federalist party. 4160:

The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic

4075:

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815

3097:

The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800

2634:

and Governor William Henry Harrison; Tecumseh's death in the

2323: 4431:

Inheriting the Revolution: the First Generation of Americans

4158:

Horn, James; Lewis, Jan Ellen; Onuf, Peter S., eds. (2002).

3262:

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings: An American Controversy

3065:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

2438: 4404: 4232:

Amid a Warring World: American Foreign Relations, 1775–1815

3951:

Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century

1934:

to have six justices, and for two additional levels: three

145: 3940:

Building a new nation : the Federalist era, 1789-1803

2658:

in February 1815, formally ended the war, returned to the

2447:

Americans had a duty to spread what Jefferson called the "

2225:" to create a new American army, strengthen the fledgling 132: 3888: 3771:

Prologue to war: England and the United States, 1805–1812

2186:

to be elected president. Adams defeated Jefferson in the

1908:

as the first ten amendments to the Constitution in 1791.

4562:

A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825

2830:"1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation's Honor" 2770:

Timeline of the history of the United States (1790–1819)

3313:"Impeachment of Federal Judges: An Historical Overview" 3162:

A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798

2650:'s smashing defeat of the British invasion army at the 1850: 4053:

American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804

1962:), and enabled the federal assumption of state debts. 1896:. All the leaders of the new nation were committed to 4241:

Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson

4130:

Emperor of Liberty: Thomas Jefferson's Foreign Policy

3390:

Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson

3180:

Presidency of John Adams (American Presidency Series)

2276:, which formally released the United States from its 2029:. The revolt immediately collapsed without violence. 4270:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln

2334:

Territorial growth in the U.S. between 1800 and 1810

2104:(Democratic-Republican Party), which was created by 4095: 3388:Hendrickson, Robert W. Tucker and David C. (1990). 3147:

The First Party System: Federalists and Republicans

2986:Edling, Max M.; Kaplanoff, Mark D. (October 2004). 3970:Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, 1754–1829 3651:President Thomas Jefferson and the Barbary Pirates 2141: 4250:The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815–1835 4239:Tucker, Robert W.; Hendrickson, David C. (1990). 4238: 4212:A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 18371861 2443:The Jeffersonians had a distinct foreign policy: 2124:The Federalists promoted the financial system of 2083: 8584: 4596: 3745:The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815–1828 3311:Thompson, Frank Jr.; Pollitt, Daniel H. (1970). 1744:emerged in the contest between Hamilton and his 4136: 3310: 3087: 2985: 6942: 4277: 2940:"The First US Census Only Asked Six Questions" 2283:In his final hours in office, Adams appointed 1650:history of the United States from 1789 to 1815 6928: 4867:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 4582: 4318:Roll, Jordan, roll: The world the slaves made 4157: 2389:By the end of his second term, Jefferson and 1795:The Americans declared war on Britain in the 1622: 5791:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 4525: 4339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3743:Dangerfield, George (1965). "Chapters 7-8". 3742: 3387: 3259: 2937: 1904:of 1788 were allayed with the passage of a 1816:were kept on reservations or moved via the 6935: 6921: 4589: 4575: 4500: 3880:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3532:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2714:published the early and influential essay 2237:), and enact new taxes to pay for it. The 1922:the task of creating inferior courts. The 1629: 1615: 31: 5315:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4381: 4351:The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840 4327:The Completion of Independence: 1790-1830 4137:Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1990). 4101: 3967: 3948: 3346: 2684: 2654:in January 1815. The ratification of the 2439:Jeffersonian principles of foreign policy 4405:Interpretations of the spirit of the age 4324: 4312: 4292: 4127: 3914: 3818: 3489: 3274: 3229: 3144: 2909: 2775:History of the United States (1815–1849) 2626: 2587: 2480:control by France was unacceptable. The 2329: 2322: 2308: 2168: 2155: 2100:and was dominant to 1800; and the rival 1977:. With Washington's support and against 1854: 142:History of the United States (1815–1849) 137:History of the United States (1776–1789) 5470:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 4448: 4427: 4394: 4267: 4077:. Oxford History of the United States. 4033: 3986: 3767: 3572: 3289: 3277:Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy 3192: 3067:. Oxford University Press. p. 80. 3059: 2827: 2005:broke out in 1794 when settlers in the 1740:The 1790s were highly contentious. The 162:This article is part of a series on the 8613:History of the United States by period 8585: 4479: 4368: 4347: 4325:Krout, J. A., and; Fox, D. R. (1944). 4296:The Americans: The National Experience 4283: 4205: 4170: 4114: 4047: 4008: 3992:The Early American Republic, 1789-1829 3894: 3851: 3647: 3613: 3557: 3524: 3417: 3402: 3160:Thorpe, Francis N., ed. (April 1898). 3159: 3026: 2355:property owner in the country. In the 2209:negotiate, agents of Foreign Minister 2115:Jefferson wrote on February 12, 1798: 1888:, was unanimously chosen as the first 6916: 6398: 6160: 5822: 4626: 4570: 4556:Frontier History of the United States 4515: 4303: 4256: 4247: 4229: 3701: 3447: 3432: 3244: 3177: 3119: 2938:Magazine, Smithsonian; Eschner, Kat. 2868: 2531: 1846:Founding Fathers of the United States 1820:to reservations in what later became 1693:). The secretaries, along with a new 4069: 3349:"Regulating the African Slave Trade" 2178:First U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 1969:was awarded to Washington's wartime 1851:Washington administration: 1789–1797 3833: 3575:"Jefferson and the Navy: A Defense" 2369:Jefferson's first inaugural address 2294: 13: 5157:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 5147:Assassination of James A. Garfield 4037:The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815 3903: 3821:1812: The War That Forged a Nation 3800:from the original on 22 March 2015 3657:. pp. 157–172. Archived from 3247:John Marshall: Definer of a Nation 2583:U.S. presidential election of 1808 2451:" to the world, but should avoid " 1640: 572: Modern Era 14: 8629: 5189:Assassination of William McKinley 4558:at Thayer's American History site 4549: 4504:Main Currents in American Thought 4410: 3527:"Thomas Jefferson Views Napoleon" 3145:Chambers, William Nisbet (1972). 2679: 2247:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1942:. It also created the offices of 1827: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6851: 6850: 5408:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5201:Nadir of American race relations 5080:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 4096:Political and diplomatic history 3325:: 87-121, especially pp 92-100. 3167:. Vol. 3. pp. 488–489. 2751: 2739: 2418:(1803), the Supreme Court under 1597: 1588: 1587: 1549: 1548: 179: 144: 131: 101:Ratification of the Constitution 5110:First transcontinental railroad 3924:. University Press of America. 3845: 3827: 3812: 3782: 3761: 3736: 3695: 3641: 3630:from the original on 2017-10-27 3607: 3566: 3551: 3518: 3483: 3441: 3426: 3411: 3396: 3381: 3340: 3329:from the original on 2021-08-04 3304: 3283: 3268: 3253: 3238: 3223: 3186: 3171: 3153: 3138: 3113: 2795:Presidency of George Washington 2142:Adams administration: 1797–1801 1995:First Bank of the United States 1840:Presidency of George Washington 4055:. W. W. Norton & Company. 3081: 3053: 3020: 2979: 2956: 2931: 2917:. University Press of Kansas. 2903: 2862: 2821: 2805:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 2567: 2301:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 2084:Emergence of political parties 2021:. Washington then invoked the 1890:president of the United States 1: 4486:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 4178:Journal of the Early Republic 4128:Cogliano, Francis D. (2014). 4102:Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). 4040:. New York, Harper & Row. 4014:The Federalist Era: 1789–1801 3968:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2005). 3949:Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2001). 3560:The Jeffersonian gunboat navy 3275:Cogliano, Francis D. (2006). 3260:Gordon-Reed, Annette (1997). 2815: 2211:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 127: 6278:Hispanic and Latino American 5132:Second Industrial Revolution 4966:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 4672:Exploration of North America 4598:History of the United States 4434:. Harvard University Press. 4414:. "1–5 on America in 1800". 4293:Boorstin, Daniel J. (1967). 4164:University of Virginia Press 3819:Borneman, Walter R. (2005). 3580:Huntington Library Quarterly 3418:Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1987). 3403:Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1987). 3230:De Conde, Alexander (1966). 3047:10.1016/0362-3319(92)90021-9 2790:Slavery in the United States 2717:On the Equality of the Sexes 1988:Most Representatives of the 1717:as 10 amendments to the new 1047:Hispanic and Latino American 21:The United States of America 7: 5802:Indictments of Donald Trump 4993:First Industrial Revolution 4827:Declaration of Independence 4817:Second Continental Congress 4533:Reviews in American History 4501:Parrington, Vernon (1927). 4452:Reviews in American History 4369:Morris, Charles R. (2012). 4304:Clark, Christopher (2007). 4278:Social and economic history 4143:. Oxford University Press. 3994:. Oxford University Press. 3245:Smith, Jean Edward (1996). 3196:Journal of Southern History 3099:. Oxford University Press. 2828:Risjord, Norman K. (1961). 2810:Presidency of James Madison 2763: 1930:. The act provided for the 1792:whom Jefferson championed. 10: 8634: 8608:1810s in the United States 8603:1800s in the United States 8598:1790s in the United States 8593:1780s in the United States 6944:Years in the United States 6399: 6161: 5823: 5694:Killing of Osama bin Laden 4782:First Continental Congress 4627: 4395:Stuckey, Sterling (2013). 4034:Smelser, Marshall (1968). 3908: 3768:Perkins, Bradford (1961). 3709:William and Mary Quarterly 3614:Gawalt, Gerard W. (2011). 3573:Macleod, Julia H. (1945). 3525:Shulim, Joseph I. (1952). 3164:American Historical Review 3027:Connor, George E. (1992). 2993:William and Mary Quarterly 2876:William and Mary Quarterly 2835:William and Mary Quarterly 2735:US Population Distribution 2688: 2571: 2535: 2384:Lewis and Clark Expedition 2298: 2188:1796 presidential election 2145: 1918:The Constitution assigned 1843: 1837: 1831: 8538: 8522: 8264: 8257: 8114: 7601: 7088: 6950: 6872: 6838: 6782: 6746: 6734: 6473: 6447: 6409: 6405: 6394: 6167: 6156: 5829: 5818: 5684: 5587: 5515: 5416: 5327: 5278:Wall Street Crash of 1929 5209: 5090: 5075:Emancipation Proclamation 5006: 4929: 4877: 4844:Articles of Confederation 4797: 4682:Native American epidemics 4662: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4604: 4526:Historiography and memory 4516:Skeen, C. Edward (2004). 4248:White, G. Edward (1990). 4230:Smith, Robert W. (2012). 4215:. John Wiley & Sons. 3450:"Jefferson and Democracy" 3318:North Carolina Law Review 3124:. Yale University Press. 2039:Washington administration 1967:Secretary of the Treasury 1952:federal judicial district 1886:Constitutional Convention 140: 130: 122: 96: 74: 56: 46: 30: 25: 20: 8558:Northern Mariana Islands 6764:Northern Mariana Islands 5337:Strike wave of 1945–1946 4263:. The Macmillan Company. 3702:Stagg, J. C. A. (2000). 3558:Tucker, Spencer (1993). 3347:Finkelman, Paul (2008). 3178:Brown, Ralph A. (1975). 2800:Presidency of John Adams 2702: 2409:Jefferson administration 2221:. Federalists used the " 2148:Presidency of John Adams 2019:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1900:, and the doubts of the 550: 528: 506: 495: 473: 462: 440: 429: 418: 407: 385: 374: 363: 341: 319: 308: 286: 275: 253: 242: 8258:By U.S. state/territory 6299:Middle Eastern American 6116:Technology and industry 4986:Seneca Falls Convention 4787:Continental Association 4687:Settlement of Jamestown 4428:Appleby, Joyce (2000). 4382:Shachtman, Tom (2020). 4257:White, Leonard (1951). 3858:Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 3623:. Library of Congress. 3448:Hardt, Michael (2007). 2231:Alien and Sedition Acts 2096:, which was created by 1926:established the entire 1884:, and president of the 1866:, depicted in the 1796 1729:established the entire 1068:Middle Eastern American 890:Technology and industry 6419:Admission to the Union 5785:Afghanistan withdrawal 5780:January 6 insurrection 5699:Rise in mass shootings 5671:Virginia Tech shooting 5224:Paris Peace Conference 4998:Second Great Awakening 4737:American Enlightenment 4541:Stoltz III, Joseph F. 4535:47.3 (2019): 342–348. 4480:Miller, Perry (1965). 4371:The Dawn of Innovation 4268:Wilentz, Sean (2005). 4171:Schoen, Brian (2003). 4115:Brands, H. W. (2018). 3938:Collier, Christopher. 3034:Social Science Journal 2869:Stagg, J.C.A. (1981). 2697:Second Great Awakening 2691:Second Great Awakening 2685:Second Great Awakening 2674:William Henry Harrison 2661:status quo ante bellum 2639: 2600: 2335: 2327: 2320: 2305:Jeffersonian democracy 2179: 2166: 2122: 1946:, Deputy Marshal, and 1874: 1806:William Henry Harrison 1771:Jeffersonian democracy 1645: 1180:Admission to the Union 6411:Territorial evolution 5775:George Floyd Protests 5758:Unite the Right rally 5627:Oklahoma City bombing 5622:Republican Revolution 5569:Space Shuttle program 5391:Civil Rights Movement 5359:North Atlantic Treaty 5167:Sherman Antitrust Act 5152:Chinese Exclusion Act 4742:French and Indian War 4732:Prelude to Revolution 4717:First Great Awakening 4677:European colonization 4465:10.1353/rah.2016.0029 4348:Larkin, Jack (1988). 3790:"Jefferson's Library" 3120:Sharp, James (1993). 3095:(1994). "Chapter 9". 2966:37.1 (1923): 49-132. 2712:Judith Sargent Murray 2652:Battle of New Orleans 2644:Burning of Washington 2630: 2591: 2495:in 1801–1805 and the 2333: 2326: 2312: 2278:1778 wartime alliance 2213:(whom Adams labeled " 2172: 2165:Second U.S. president 2159: 2117: 1924:Judiciary Act of 1789 1858: 1838:Further information: 1727:Judiciary Act of 1789 1644: 1171:Territorial evolution 464:Post-World War II Era 6325:Palestinian American 5752:Obergefell v. Hodges 5644:September 11 attacks 5480:Second-wave feminism 5401:Cuban Missile Crisis 5261:Bath School disaster 5179:Spanish–American War 5142:The Gospel of Wealth 5021:California Gold Rush 4981:Mexican–American War 4971:Nullification crisis 4939:Era of Good Feelings 4839:Confederation period 4747:Proclamation of 1763 4697:Atlantic slave trade 4518:1816: America Rising 4354:. Harper & Row. 4284:Berlin, Ira (1998). 4108:Simon & Schuster 4010:Miller, John Chester 3778:on December 3, 2012. 3747:. Harper & Row. 3468:10.1353/aq.2007.0026 3433:Estes, Todd (2006). 3293:Pennsylvania History 2944:Smithsonian Magazine 2666:Era of Good Feelings 2636:Battle of the Thames 2453:entangling alliances 2219:Edmond-Charles Genêt 2027:Western Pennsylvania 1960:District of Columbia 1784:in 1803 opened vast 1094:Palestinian American 310:Era of Good Feelings 255:Confederation period 192:Timeline and periods 39:Star Spangled Banner 8568:U.S. Virgin Islands 6774:U.S. Virgin Islands 6260:Lithuanian American 6216:Vietnamese American 5562:End of the Cold War 5552:Invasion of Grenada 5502:Iran hostage crisis 5251:Tulsa race massacre 5058:Election of Lincoln 5053:Dred Scott decision 5041:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4944:Missouri Compromise 4862:Northwest Ordinance 4852:Pennsylvania Mutiny 4847:and Perpetual Union 4807:American Revolution 4722:War of Jenkins' Ear 4314:Genovese, Eugene D. 3897:, pp. 233–235. 3794:Library of Congress 2726:Mary Wollstonecraft 2646:in August 1814 and 2593:Battle of Lake Erie 2562:Embargo Act of 1807 2554:Battle of Trafalgar 2518:Embargo Act of 1807 2348:freedom of religion 2344:American Revolution 2023:Militia Law of 1792 1029:Lithuanian American 980:Vietnamese American 244:American Revolution 6424:Historical regions 6380:Transgender people 5938:Capital punishment 5797:Support of Ukraine 5746:Black Lives Matter 5654:War in Afghanistan 5579:Invasion of Panama 5535:Iran–Contra affair 5396:Early–mid Cold War 5266:Harlem Renaissance 5125:Compromise of 1877 5100:Reconstruction era 5036:Fugitive Slave Act 5031:Compromise of 1850 4976:Westward expansion 4914:Louisiana Purchase 4757:Stamp Act Congress 4702:King William's War 4545:(JHU Press, 2017). 4511:on March 17, 2015. 4388:St. Martin's Press 3944:for middle schools 3835:Zagarri, Rosemarie 3492:Tocqueville Review 3455:American Quarterly 3367:10.1353/cwh.0.0034 3089:Elkins, Stanley M. 3061:Herring, George C. 2973:2022-10-22 at the 2964:Harvard Law Review 2780:First Party System 2722:Catharine Macaulay 2640: 2601: 2538:Louisiana Purchase 2532:Louisiana Purchase 2497:Second Barbary War 2482:Louisiana Purchase 2415:Marbury vs Madison 2391:Treasury Secretary 2380:Louisiana Purchase 2336: 2328: 2321: 2274:Convention of 1800 2239:Naturalization Act 2227:United States Navy 2199:Alexander Hamilton 2180: 2174:Alexander Hamilton 2167: 2126:Treasury Secretary 2098:Alexander Hamilton 2090:First Party System 2015:federal government 2007:Monongahela Valley 1975:Alexander Hamilton 1956:Compromise of 1790 1875: 1868:Lansdowne portrait 1778:Louisiana Purchase 1769:opened the era of 1742:First Party System 1683:Alexander Hamilton 1646: 1149:Transgender people 712:Capital punishment 365:Reconstruction Era 113:Louisiana Purchase 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 6910: 6909: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6429:American frontier 6390: 6389: 6320:Lebanese American 6305:Egyptian American 6240:Estonian American 6230:Albanian American 6224:European American 6201:Japanese American 6191:Filipino American 6152: 6151: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5763:COVID-19 pandemic 5666:Hurricane Katrina 5607:Los Angeles riots 5497:Watergate scandal 5342:Start of Cold War 5310:Manhattan Project 4897:Whiskey Rebellion 4727:King George's War 4692:Thirteen Colonies 4653:Pre-Columbian Era 4150:978-0-19-506890-0 3867:978-1-61148-420-5 3796:. 24 April 2000. 3354:Civil War History 2911:McDonald, Forrest 2597:William H. Powell 2510:economic coercion 2493:First Barbary War 2471:French Revolution 2449:Empire of Liberty 2357:Fries's Rebellion 2192:Electoral College 2003:Whiskey Rebellion 1983:Revolutionary War 1948:District Attorney 1928:federal judiciary 1894:U.S. Constitution 1878:George Washington 1860:George Washington 1814:Mississippi River 1731:federal judiciary 1707:Revolutionary War 1689:(led at first by 1660:George Washington 1654:U.S. Constitution 1639: 1638: 1561: 1560: 1190:American frontier 1089:Lebanese American 1074:Egyptian American 1004:Estonian American 994:Albanian American 988:European American 965:Japanese American 955:Filipino American 579: 578: 552:Post-Cold War Era 209:Pre-Columbian Era 171: 156: 155: 152: 151: 105:Whiskey Rebellion 79:George Washington 69:American frontier 8625: 8530:Washington, D.C. 8262: 8261: 6937: 6930: 6923: 6914: 6913: 6900: 6890: 6889: 6854: 6853: 6783:Outlying islands 6740:Washington, D.C. 6735:Federal District 6434:Manifest destiny 6407: 6406: 6396: 6395: 6338:Native Americans 6310:Iranian American 6284:Mexican American 6270:Serbian American 6255:Italian American 6245:Finnish American 6235:English American 6186:Chinese American 6173:African American 6158: 6157: 5963:Direct democracy 5953:The Constitution 5912:Higher education 5835:American Century 5820: 5819: 5273:Great Depression 5246:Women's suffrage 5236:Roaring Twenties 5162:Haymarket affair 5120:Enforcement Acts 4909:Jeffersonian era 4857:Shays' Rebellion 4777:Intolerable Acts 4772:Boston Tea Party 4707:Queen Anne's War 4635: 4634: 4624: 4623: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4521: 4512: 4497: 4476: 4445: 4424: 4422: 4400: 4391: 4378: 4365: 4344: 4338: 4330: 4321: 4309: 4300: 4289: 4273: 4264: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4202: 4167: 4154: 4133: 4124: 4111: 4088: 4066: 4041: 4027: 4005: 3988:Johnson, Paul E. 3983: 3964: 3935: 3916:Channing, Edward 3898: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3774:. Archived from 3765: 3759: 3758: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3504:10.3138/ttr.9.15 3487: 3481: 3480:, quote on p. 63 3479: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2983: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2825: 2755: 2743: 2617:Twelfth Congress 2609:American Indians 2373:Washington, D.C. 2365:election of 1800 2339:Thomas Jefferson 2314:Thomas Jefferson 2295:Thomas Jefferson 2243:Republican Party 2106:Thomas Jefferson 2102:Republican Party 2094:Federalist Party 2074:farewell address 1979:Thomas Jefferson 1965:The key role of 1902:Anti-Federalists 1882:Continental Army 1750:Thomas Jefferson 1746:Federalist party 1695:Attorney General 1675:Thomas Jefferson 1631: 1624: 1617: 1601: 1591: 1590: 1552: 1551: 1195:Manifest destiny 1185:Historic regions 1167: 1166: 1107:Native Americans 1079:Iranian American 1053:Mexican American 1039:Serbian American 1024:Italian American 1009:Finnish American 999:English American 950:Chinese American 937:African American 737:Direct democracy 727:The Constitution 686:Higher education 595:American Century 497:Civil Rights Era 475:Civil Rights Era 431:Great Depression 420:Roaring Twenties 288:Jeffersonian Era 198: 197: 193: 183: 169: 158: 157: 148: 135: 128: 87:Thomas Jefferson 65:Jeffersonian Era 41:flag (1795–1818) 35: 18: 17: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8622: 8583: 8582: 8581: 8572: 8534: 8523:Washington D.C. 8518: 8253: 8110: 7597: 7084: 6946: 6941: 6911: 6906: 6860: 6834: 6778: 6742: 6730: 6469: 6443: 6401: 6386: 6292:Jewish American 6265:Polish American 6206:Korean American 6196:Indian American 6163: 6148: 6003:Merchant Marine 5973:Law enforcement 5825: 5806: 5680: 5676:Great Recession 5583: 5557:Reagan Doctrine 5511: 5490:Stonewall riots 5412: 5386:Project Mercury 5347:Truman Doctrine 5323: 5231:First Red Scare 5205: 5174:Progressive Era 5086: 5046:Bleeding Kansas 5002: 4949:Monroe Doctrine 4925: 4873: 4832:Treaty of Paris 4793: 4767:Boston Massacre 4762:Sons of Liberty 4658: 4629: 4618: 4600: 4595: 4552: 4528: 4494: 4442: 4407: 4399:(2nd ed.). 4362: 4332: 4331: 4280: 4223: 4207:Silbey, Joel H. 4191:10.2307/3125035 4151: 4098: 4085: 4071:Wood, Gordon S. 4063: 4024: 4002: 3980: 3961: 3932: 3911: 3906: 3904:Further reading 3901: 3893: 3889: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3860:. p. 232. 3850: 3846: 3832: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3741: 3737: 3722:10.2307/2674359 3700: 3696: 3684: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3593:10.2307/3815809 3571: 3567: 3556: 3552: 3523: 3519: 3488: 3484: 3446: 3442: 3431: 3427: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3309: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3273: 3269: 3258: 3254: 3243: 3239: 3228: 3224: 3209:10.2307/2587865 3191: 3187: 3176: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3093:McKitrick, Eric 3086: 3082: 3075: 3058: 3054: 3025: 3021: 3006:10.2307/3491426 2984: 2980: 2975:Wayback Machine 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2908: 2904: 2889:10.2307/1916855 2867: 2863: 2848:10.2307/1918543 2826: 2822: 2818: 2785:American gentry 2766: 2759: 2756: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2656:Treaty of Ghent 2576: 2570: 2540: 2534: 2441: 2394:Albert Gallatin 2382:and subsequent 2307: 2299:Main articles: 2297: 2235:civil liberties 2177: 2164: 2154: 2146:Main articles: 2144: 2086: 2051:Reign of Terror 1998:were defeated. 1940:district courts 1853: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1635: 1563: 1562: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1061:Jewish American 1034:Polish American 1014:German American 970:Korean American 960:Indian American 931: 923: 922: 777:Merchant Marine 747:Law enforcement 615:Racial violence 589: 581: 580: 387:Progressive Era 195: 191: 172: 170:History of the 126: 115: 111: 107: 103: 89: 85: 81: 67: 63: 42: 12: 11: 5: 8631: 8621: 8620: 8618:Federalist Era 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8548:American Samoa 8544: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8464:South Carolina 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8429:North Carolina 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8270: 8268: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6884: 6882:Historiography 6879: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6820:Navassa Island 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Johnston Atoll 6802: 6797: 6795:Howland Island 6792: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:American Samoa 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6676:South Carolina 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:North Carolina 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6465:The West Coast 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6439:Indian removal 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6360: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6330:Saudi American 6327: 6322: 6317: 6315:Iraqi American 6312: 6307: 6295: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6250:Irish American 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6180:Asian American 6176: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6108:Sexual slavery 6098: 6091: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Postal service 5975: 5970: 5968:Foreign policy 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5923: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5542:Crack epidemic 5539: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5521: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5507:Moral Majority 5504: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5485:Gay liberation 5482: 5477: 5475:Counterculture 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5463:Fall of Saigon 5460: 5455: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5441:Apollo program 5438: 5436:Project Gemini 5428: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5354:Early Cold War 5351: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5038: 5033: 5026:Prelude to War 5023: 5018: 5016:Antebellum Era 5012: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4961:Trail of Tears 4956:Jacksonian era 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4892:Federalist Era 4889: 4887:Bill of Rights 4883: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4822:Lee Resolution 4819: 4814: 4803: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4551: 4550:External links 4548: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4477: 4459:(2): 217–226. 4446: 4440: 4425: 4423:. Vol. 1. 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4392: 4379: 4366: 4360: 4345: 4322: 4310: 4301: 4290: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4203: 4185:(2): 173–206. 4168: 4155: 4149: 4134: 4125: 4112: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4045: 4031: 4022: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3946: 3936: 3930: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3887: 3866: 3844: 3826: 3811: 3781: 3760: 3753: 3735: 3694: 3640: 3606: 3587:(2): 153–184. 3565: 3550: 3539:(2): 288–304. 3517: 3482: 3440: 3425: 3410: 3395: 3380: 3361:(4): 379–405. 3339: 3303: 3282: 3267: 3252: 3237: 3222: 3203:(3): 473–496. 3185: 3170: 3152: 3137: 3130: 3112: 3105: 3080: 3073: 3052: 3019: 3000:(4): 713–744. 2978: 2955: 2930: 2923: 2902: 2861: 2842:(2): 196–210. 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2704: 2701: 2689:Main article: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680:Social history 2678: 2670:Andrew Jackson 2648:Andrew Jackson 2572:Main article: 2569: 2566: 2558:loose blockade 2536:Main article: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2485: 2474: 2469:Regarding the 2467: 2456: 2440: 2437: 2318:U.S. president 2296: 2293: 2194:of that time. 2143: 2140: 2085: 2082: 2078:South Carolina 2059:George Herring 1936:circuit courts 1906:Bill of Rights 1892:under the new 1872:Gilbert Stuart 1864:U.S. president 1852: 1849: 1834:Federalist Era 1832:Main article: 1829: 1828:Federalist Era 1826: 1818:Trail of Tears 1810:Winfield Scott 1802:Andrew Jackson 1790:yeomen farmers 1715:Bill of Rights 1711:tax on whiskey 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1584: 1583: 1581:Historiography 1578: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1226:The West Coast 1223: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1200:Indian removal 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1129: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099:Saudi American 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084:Iraqi American 1081: 1076: 1064: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:Irish American 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 984: 983: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 944:Asian American 940: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 886: 885: 884: 882:Sexual slavery 872: 865: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 819: 818: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 780: 773: 766: 765: 764: 759: 754: 752:Postal service 749: 744: 742:Foreign policy 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 697: 690: 689: 688: 676: 675: 674: 662: 661: 660: 648: 647: 646: 641: 636: 631: 619: 618: 617: 605: 598: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 576: 573: 569: 568: 566: 558: 557: 554: 547: 546: 544: 536: 535: 532: 525: 524: 522: 514: 513: 510: 503: 502: 499: 492: 491: 489: 481: 480: 477: 470: 469: 466: 459: 458: 456: 448: 447: 444: 437: 436: 433: 426: 425: 422: 415: 414: 411: 404: 403: 401: 393: 392: 389: 382: 381: 378: 371: 370: 367: 360: 359: 357: 349: 348: 345: 338: 337: 335: 327: 326: 323: 321:Jacksonian Era 316: 315: 312: 305: 304: 302: 294: 293: 290: 283: 282: 279: 277:Federalist Era 272: 271: 269: 261: 260: 257: 250: 249: 246: 239: 238: 236: 228: 227: 224: 216: 215: 212: 196: 189: 188: 185: 184: 176: 175: 165: 164: 154: 153: 150: 149: 139: 120: 119: 98: 94: 93: 76: 72: 71: 61:Federalist Era 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 36: 28: 27: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8630: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8504:West Virginia 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409:New Hampshire 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Massachusetts 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877:List of years 6875: 6874: 6871: 6857: 6849: 6847: 6846:Urban history 6844: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Palmyra Atoll 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:Jarvis Island 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747:Insular areas 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:West Virginia 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:New Hampshire 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Massachusetts 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211:Thai American 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049:Party Systems 6046: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988:Voting rights 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5649:War on terror 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5547:Late Cold War 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426:Great Society 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Post-war boom 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4493:9780156519908 4489: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4441:9780674002364 4437: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4375:PublicAffairs 4372: 4367: 4363: 4361:9780060159054 4357: 4353: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4222:9781118609293 4218: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4086: 4084:9780195039146 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062:9780393253870 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023:9780060129804 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4001:9780195154238 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3979:9780684313467 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3960:9780684804989 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3931:9780819189158 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3896: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3822: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3754:9780061330612 3750: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716:(1): 79–120. 3715: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3678: 3664:on 2019-05-28 3660: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3626: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3300:(1): 141–160. 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3131:9780300065190 3127: 3123: 3116: 3108: 3106:9780195068900 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3076: 3074:9780199743773 3070: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3041:(3): 259–81. 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2924:9780700601103 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2692: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Old Northwest 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2579:James Madison 2575: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:standing army 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2420:John Marshall 2417: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2289:Supreme Court 2286: 2285:John Marshall 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2251:nullification 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2229:, impose the 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131:republicanism 2127: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2110:James Madison 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Supreme Court 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:republicanism 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:national Bank 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1735:John Marshall 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Supreme Court 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:New York City 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1576:List of years 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1544:Urban history 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 989: 985: 981: 978: 976: 975:Thai American 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 941: 939: 938: 934: 933: 927: 926: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 892: 891: 887: 883: 880: 879: 878: 877: 873: 871: 870: 866: 864: 863: 859: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 824: 823:Party Systems 820: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 785: 781: 779: 778: 774: 772: 771: 767: 763: 762:Voting rights 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 698: 696: 695: 691: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681: 677: 673: 670: 669: 668: 667: 663: 659: 656: 655: 654: 653: 649: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 625: 624: 620: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 606: 604: 603: 599: 597: 596: 592: 591: 585: 584: 574: 571: 570: 567: 565: 564: 560: 559: 555: 553: 549: 548: 545: 543: 542: 538: 537: 533: 531: 527: 526: 523: 521: 520: 516: 515: 511: 509: 505: 504: 500: 498: 494: 493: 490: 488: 487: 483: 482: 478: 476: 472: 471: 467: 465: 461: 460: 457: 455: 454: 450: 449: 445: 443: 439: 438: 434: 432: 428: 427: 423: 421: 417: 416: 412: 410: 406: 405: 402: 400: 399: 395: 394: 390: 388: 384: 383: 379: 377: 373: 372: 368: 366: 362: 361: 358: 356: 355: 351: 350: 346: 344: 343:Civil War Era 340: 339: 336: 334: 333: 329: 328: 324: 322: 318: 317: 313: 311: 307: 306: 303: 301: 300: 296: 295: 291: 289: 285: 284: 280: 278: 274: 273: 270: 268: 267: 263: 262: 258: 256: 252: 251: 247: 245: 241: 240: 237: 235: 234: 230: 229: 225: 223: 222: 218: 217: 213: 211: 210: 205: 204: 200: 199: 194: 187: 186: 182: 178: 177: 174: 173:United States 167: 166: 163: 160: 159: 147: 143: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 91:James Madison 88: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: 66: 62: 59: 55: 52: 51:United States 49: 45: 40: 34: 29: 24: 19: 16: 8469:South Dakota 8459:Rhode Island 8454:Pennsylvania 8434:North Dakota 8116:21st century 7603:20th century 7090:19th century 6952:18th century 6815:Midway Atoll 6810:Kingman Reef 6790:Baker Island 6769:Puerto Rico 6681:South Dakota 6671:Rhode Island 6666:Pennsylvania 6646:North Dakota 6362: 6355: 6336: 6297: 6290: 6276: 6222: 6178: 6171: 6114: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6047: 6021:Marine Corps 6008: 6001: 5994: 5958:Debt ceiling 5943:Civil Rights 5925: 5918: 5904: 5890: 5876: 5847: 5842:Antisemitism 5840: 5833: 5789: 5750: 5686:2008–present 5638:Bush v. Gore 5636: 5574:War on drugs 5448:Mid Cold War 5300:Pearl Harbor 5295:World War II 5115:Ku Klux Klan 4878: 4712:Dummer's War 4651: 4644: 4638:Pre-Colonial 4542: 4532: 4517: 4509:the original 4503: 4482: 4456: 4450: 4430: 4417: 4412:Adams, Henry 4396: 4383: 4373:. New York: 4370: 4350: 4326: 4317: 4305: 4295: 4285: 4269: 4259: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4211: 4182: 4176: 4159: 4139: 4129: 4119:. New York: 4116: 4106:. New York: 4103: 4074: 4052: 4049:Taylor, Alan 4036: 4013: 3991: 3969: 3950: 3939: 3920: 3890: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3814: 3802:. Retrieved 3793: 3784: 3776:the original 3770: 3763: 3744: 3738: 3713: 3707: 3697: 3666:. Retrieved 3659:the original 3650: 3643: 3632:. Retrieved 3616: 3609: 3584: 3578: 3568: 3559: 3553: 3536: 3530: 3520: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3462:(1): 41–78. 3459: 3453: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3331:. Retrieved 3322: 3316: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3255: 3246: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3161: 3155: 3149:. p. v. 3146: 3140: 3121: 3115: 3096: 3083: 3064: 3055: 3038: 3032: 3022: 2997: 2991: 2981: 2963: 2958: 2947:. Retrieved 2943: 2933: 2914: 2905: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2839: 2833: 2823: 2730: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2694: 2659: 2641: 2602: 2592: 2577: 2549:Great Powers 2543:Britain and 2541: 2512:such as the 2477: 2459: 2442: 2429: 2425:Samuel Chase 2413: 2406: 2388: 2377: 2362: 2353: 2346:, advocated 2337: 2316:, the third 2282: 2263: 2203: 2196: 2181: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2087: 2063: 2031: 2011:Pennsylvania 2000: 1987: 1971:aide-de-camp 1970: 1964: 1944:U.S. Marshal 1917: 1913:first census 1910: 1876: 1862:, the first 1794: 1775: 1739: 1719:constitution 1658: 1649: 1647: 1131: 1124: 1105: 1066: 1059: 1045: 986: 942: 935: 888: 874: 869:Social class 867: 860: 821: 795:Marine Corps 782: 775: 768: 732:Debt ceiling 717:Civil rights 699: 692: 678: 664: 650: 621: 609:Civil unrest 607: 602:Antisemitism 600: 593: 575:2008–present 563:2008–present 561: 539: 517: 484: 451: 442:World War II 396: 352: 330: 297: 265: 264: 231: 221:Colonial Era 219: 207: 201: 161: 123: 75:President(s) 15: 8563:Puerto Rico 8540:Territories 8384:Mississippi 8304:Connecticut 6830:Wake Island 6596:Mississippi 6511:Connecticut 6455:New England 6122:Agriculture 6041:Coast Guard 6036:Space Force 5884:Immigration 5612:WTC bombing 5530:Reaganomics 5458:Vietnam War 5374:McCarthyism 5256:Second Klan 5241:Prohibition 5219:World War I 5194:Square Deal 5184:Imperialism 4919:War of 1812 4646:Prehistoric 3895:Weyler 2012 3685:|work= 2883:(1): 4–34. 2621:New England 2605:impressment 2574:War of 1812 2568:War of 1812 2525:War of 1812 2257:called the 2255:Republicans 2009:of western 1797:War of 1812 1701:. Based in 1699:the cabinet 1663:was elected 1495:Territories 1216:New England 896:Agriculture 815:Coast Guard 810:Space Force 658:Immigration 508:Vietnam War 409:World War I 203:Prehistoric 117:War of 1812 8587:Categories 8499:Washington 8419:New Mexico 8414:New Jersey 8294:California 6711:Washington 6631:New Mexico 6626:New Jersey 6501:California 5996:Journalism 5948:Corruption 5927:Government 5878:Demography 5865:Newspapers 5714:Sandy Hook 5617:Waco siege 5525:Reagan era 5431:Space Race 5364:Korean War 5305:home front 5137:Gilded Age 5105:Amendments 3804:24 October 3668:2019-05-28 3634:2019-05-28 3333:2019-05-28 2949:2023-01-25 2816:References 2464:Jay Treaty 2223:XYZ Affair 2206:Jay Treaty 2184:John Adams 2161:John Adams 2135:Jay Treaty 2070:Republican 2066:Federalist 2043:Jay Treaty 1844:See also: 1754:Republican 1691:Henry Knox 1665:the first 770:Journalism 722:Corruption 701:Government 652:Demography 639:Newspapers 530:Reagan Era 376:Gilded Age 214:until 1607 124:Chronology 97:Key events 83:John Adams 8509:Wisconsin 8474:Tennessee 8379:Minnesota 8354:Louisiana 6721:Wisconsin 6686:Tennessee 6591:Minnesota 6566:Louisiana 6460:The South 6031:Air Force 5906:Education 5768:recession 5724:Las Vegas 5632:Columbine 5589:1991–2008 5517:1980–1991 5418:1964–1980 5329:1945–1964 5283:Dust Bowl 5211:1917–1945 5092:1865–1917 5070:Civil War 5063:Secession 5008:1849–1865 4931:1815–1849 4902:Quasi-War 4879:1789–1815 4799:1776–1789 4752:Sugar Act 4473:148201164 4335:cite book 4121:Doubleday 3876:cite book 3687:ignored ( 3677:cite book 3512:246031673 3498:: 15–25. 3476:145786386 3375:143987356 2266:Quasi-War 2152:Quasi-War 1697:, became 1667:president 1221:The South 805:Air Force 680:Education 556:1991–2008 541:1991–2008 534:1981–1991 519:1980–1991 512:1964–1975 501:1954–1968 486:1964–1980 479:1954–1968 468:1945–1964 453:1945–1964 446:1941–1945 435:1929–1941 424:1918–1929 413:1917–1918 398:1917–1945 391:1896–1917 380:1877–1896 369:1865–1877 354:1865–1917 347:1849–1865 332:1849–1865 325:1825–1849 314:1817–1825 299:1815–1849 292:1801–1817 281:1788–1801 266:1789–1815 259:1783–1788 248:1765–1783 233:1776–1789 226:1607–1765 109:Quasi-War 57:Including 26:1789–1815 8494:Virginia 8444:Oklahoma 8424:New York 8399:Nebraska 8389:Missouri 8374:Michigan 8364:Maryland 8349:Kentucky 8329:Illinois 8309:Delaware 8299:Colorado 8289:Arkansas 6892:Category 6706:Virginia 6656:Oklahoma 6636:New York 6611:Nebraska 6601:Missouri 6586:Michigan 6576:Maryland 6561:Kentucky 6541:Illinois 6516:Delaware 6506:Colorado 6496:Arkansas 6375:Lesbians 6349:Comanche 6344:Cherokee 6137:Medicine 6095:Genocide 6088:Religion 6010:Military 5983:Taxation 5933:Abortion 5849:Cultural 5729:Parkland 5659:Iraq War 5597:Gulf War 5369:Ivy Mike 5288:New Deal 4664:Colonial 4609:Timeline 4316:(1976). 4209:(2014). 4073:(2009). 4051:(2016). 4012:(1960). 3990:(2006). 3918:(1921). 3837:(2007). 3798:Archived 3625:Archived 3327:Archived 3063:(2008). 2971:Archived 2913:(1974). 2764:See also 2632:Tecumseh 2581:won the 2545:Napoleon 2499:in 1815. 2432:Congress 2270:Napoleon 1950:in each 1920:Congress 1822:Oklahoma 1782:Napoleon 1752:and his 1681:(led by 1679:Treasury 1673:(led by 1593:Category 1144:Lesbians 1118:Comanche 1113:Cherokee 911:Medicine 862:Religion 784:Military 757:Taxation 707:Abortion 623:Cultural 47:Location 8514:Wyoming 8489:Vermont 8394:Montana 8334:Indiana 8314:Georgia 8284:Arizona 8274:Alabama 6726:Wyoming 6701:Vermont 6606:Montana 6546:Indiana 6526:Georgia 6521:Florida 6491:Arizona 6481:Alabama 6448:Regions 6370:Gay men 6142:Railway 6102:Slavery 5898:Banking 5892:Economy 5734:El Paso 5719:Orlando 5453:Détente 4614:Outline 4537:excerpt 4199:3125035 3942:(1999) 3909:Surveys 3730:2674359 3601:3815809 3545:4245839 3217:2587865 3014:3491426 2897:1916855 2856:1918543 2611:in the 2514:embargo 2055:Jacobin 1938:and 13 1786:Western 1685:), and 1571:Outline 1208:Regions 1139:Gay men 916:Railway 876:Slavery 672:Banking 666:Economy 8449:Oregon 8404:Nevada 8344:Kansas 8319:Hawaii 8279:Alaska 8266:States 6902:Portal 6856:Cities 6839:Cities 6661:Oregon 6616:Nevada 6556:Kansas 6531:Hawaii 6486:Alaska 6474:States 6400:Places 6162:Groups 6132:Lumber 6070:Fourth 6060:Second 5870:Sports 5855:Cinema 5824:Topics 5739:Uvalde 5709:Aurora 5704:Tucson 4628:Events 4490: 4471: 4438: 4420: 4358: 4219: 4197: 4147: 4090:online 4081: 4059: 4043:online 4029:online 4020: 3998: 3976: 3957: 3928: 3864: 3751: 3728: 3599: 3543: 3510: 3474: 3373: 3215: 3128: 3103: 3071: 3012: 2968:online 2921: 2895: 2854: 2615:, the 2599:(1865) 2516:. See 2047:Canada 2034:France 1954:. The 1808:, and 1761:, the 1748:, and 1725:, the 1603:Portal 1554:Cities 1536:Cities 1234:States 1163:Places 930:Groups 906:Lumber 844:Fourth 834:Second 644:Sports 629:Cinema 588:Topics 8479:Texas 8359:Maine 8324:Idaho 6691:Texas 6571:Maine 6536:Idaho 6364:LGBTQ 6357:Women 6127:Labor 6080:Sixth 6075:Fifth 6065:Third 6055:First 5860:Music 5602:NAFTA 4469:S2CID 4195:JSTOR 3726:JSTOR 3662:(PDF) 3655:(PDF) 3628:(PDF) 3621:(PDF) 3597:JSTOR 3541:JSTOR 3508:S2CID 3472:S2CID 3371:S2CID 3213:JSTOR 3010:JSTOR 2893:JSTOR 2852:JSTOR 2703:Women 2259:Quids 1990:South 1780:from 1671:State 1133:LGBTQ 1126:Women 901:Labor 854:Sixth 849:Fifth 839:Third 829:First 634:Music 8553:Guam 8484:Utah 8439:Ohio 8339:Iowa 8249:2026 8244:2025 8239:2024 8234:2023 8229:2022 8224:2021 8219:2020 8214:2019 8209:2018 8204:2017 8199:2016 8194:2015 8189:2014 8184:2013 8179:2012 8174:2011 8169:2010 8164:2009 8159:2008 8154:2007 8149:2006 8144:2005 8139:2004 8134:2003 8129:2002 8124:2001 8106:2000 8101:1999 8096:1998 8091:1997 8086:1996 8081:1995 8076:1994 8071:1993 8066:1992 8061:1991 8056:1990 8051:1989 8046:1988 8041:1987 8036:1986 8031:1985 8026:1984 8021:1983 8016:1982 8011:1981 8006:1980 8001:1979 7996:1978 7991:1977 7986:1976 7981:1975 7976:1974 7971:1973 7966:1972 7961:1971 7956:1970 7951:1969 7946:1968 7941:1967 7936:1966 7931:1965 7926:1964 7921:1963 7916:1962 7911:1961 7906:1960 7901:1959 7896:1958 7891:1957 7886:1956 7881:1955 7876:1954 7871:1953 7866:1952 7861:1951 7856:1950 7851:1949 7846:1948 7841:1947 7836:1946 7831:1945 7826:1944 7821:1943 7816:1942 7811:1941 7806:1940 7801:1939 7796:1938 7791:1937 7786:1936 7781:1935 7776:1934 7771:1933 7766:1932 7761:1931 7756:1930 7751:1929 7746:1928 7741:1927 7736:1926 7731:1925 7726:1924 7721:1923 7716:1922 7711:1921 7706:1920 7701:1919 7696:1918 7691:1917 7686:1916 7681:1915 7676:1914 7671:1913 7666:1912 7661:1911 7656:1910 7651:1909 7646:1908 7641:1907 7636:1906 7631:1905 7626:1904 7621:1903 7616:1902 7611:1901 7593:1900 7588:1899 7583:1898 7578:1897 7573:1896 7568:1895 7563:1894 7558:1893 7553:1892 7548:1891 7543:1890 7538:1889 7533:1888 7528:1887 7523:1886 7518:1885 7513:1884 7508:1883 7503:1882 7498:1881 7493:1880 7488:1879 7483:1878 7478:1877 7473:1876 7468:1875 7463:1874 7458:1873 7453:1872 7448:1871 7443:1870 7438:1869 7433:1868 7428:1867 7423:1866 7418:1865 7413:1864 7408:1863 7403:1862 7398:1861 7393:1860 7388:1859 7383:1858 7378:1857 7373:1856 7368:1855 7363:1854 7358:1853 7353:1852 7348:1851 7343:1850 7338:1849 7333:1848 7328:1847 7323:1846 7318:1845 7313:1844 7308:1843 7303:1842 7298:1841 7293:1840 7288:1839 7283:1838 7278:1837 7273:1836 7268:1835 7263:1834 7258:1833 7253:1832 7248:1831 7243:1830 7238:1829 7233:1828 7228:1827 7223:1826 7218:1825 7213:1824 7208:1823 7203:1822 7198:1821 7193:1820 7188:1819 7183:1818 7178:1817 7173:1816 7168:1815 7163:1814 7158:1813 7153:1812 7148:1811 7143:1810 7138:1809 7133:1808 7128:1807 7123:1806 7118:1805 7113:1804 7108:1803 7103:1802 7098:1801 7080:1800 7075:1799 7070:1798 7065:1797 7060:1796 7055:1795 7050:1794 7045:1793 7040:1792 7035:1791 7030:1790 7025:1789 7020:1788 7015:1787 7010:1786 7005:1785 7000:1784 6995:1783 6990:1782 6985:1781 6980:1780 6975:1779 6970:1778 6965:1777 6960:1776 6759:Guam 6696:Utah 6651:Ohio 6551:Iowa 6026:Navy 6016:Army 5920:Flag 4488:ISBN 4436:ISBN 4356:ISBN 4341:link 4217:ISBN 4145:ISBN 4079:ISBN 4057:ISBN 4018:ISBN 3996:ISBN 3974:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3926:ISBN 3882:link 3862:ISBN 3806:2021 3749:ISBN 3689:help 3126:ISBN 3101:ISBN 3069:ISBN 2919:ISBN 2758:1800 2746:1790 2724:and 2695:The 2672:and 2462:the 2402:Navy 2400:and 2398:Army 2303:and 2150:and 2108:and 2088:The 2068:and 2053:and 2001:The 1911:The 1776:The 1767:1800 1763:Navy 1648:The 800:Navy 790:Army 694:Flag 206:and 37:The 4812:War 4461:doi 4187:doi 3718:doi 3589:doi 3500:doi 3464:doi 3363:doi 3205:doi 3043:doi 3002:doi 2885:doi 2844:doi 1870:by 1687:War 1677:), 8589:: 4467:. 4457:44 4455:. 4386:. 4337:}} 4333:{{ 4193:. 4183:23 4181:. 4175:. 4162:. 4016:. 3972:. 3953:. 3878:}} 3874:{{ 3856:. 3792:. 3724:. 3714:57 3712:. 3706:. 3681:: 3679:}} 3675:{{ 3595:. 3583:. 3577:. 3537:60 3535:. 3529:. 3506:. 3494:. 3470:. 3460:59 3458:. 3452:. 3369:. 3359:54 3357:. 3351:. 3323:49 3321:. 3315:. 3298:67 3296:. 3211:. 3201:66 3199:. 3091:; 3039:29 3037:. 3031:. 3008:. 2998:61 2996:. 2990:. 2942:. 2891:. 2881:38 2879:. 2873:. 2850:. 2840:18 2838:. 2832:. 2504:A 2455:". 2261:. 1973:, 1824:. 1804:, 1656:. 1528:VI 1523:PR 1518:MP 1513:GU 1508:AS 1503:DC 1487:WY 1482:WI 1477:WV 1472:WA 1467:VA 1462:VT 1457:UT 1452:TX 1447:TN 1442:SD 1437:SC 1432:RI 1427:PA 1422:OR 1417:OK 1412:OH 1407:ND 1402:NC 1397:NY 1392:NM 1387:NJ 1382:NH 1377:NV 1372:NE 1367:MT 1362:MO 1357:MS 1352:MN 1347:MI 1342:MA 1337:MD 1332:ME 1327:LA 1322:KY 1317:KS 1312:IA 1307:IN 1302:IL 1297:ID 1292:HI 1287:GA 1282:FL 1277:DE 1272:CT 1267:CO 1262:CA 1257:AR 1252:AZ 1247:AK 1242:AL 6936:e 6929:t 6922:v 4590:e 4583:t 4576:v 4520:. 4496:. 4475:. 4463:: 4444:. 4390:. 4377:. 4364:. 4343:) 4329:. 4320:. 4308:. 4299:. 4288:. 4272:. 4252:. 4243:. 4234:. 4225:. 4201:. 4189:: 4166:. 4153:. 4132:. 4123:. 4110:. 4087:. 4065:. 4026:. 4004:. 3982:. 3963:. 3934:. 3884:) 3870:. 3841:. 3823:. 3808:. 3757:. 3732:. 3720:: 3691:) 3671:. 3637:. 3603:. 3591:: 3585:8 3562:. 3547:. 3514:. 3502:: 3496:9 3478:. 3466:: 3437:. 3422:. 3407:. 3392:. 3377:. 3365:: 3336:. 3279:. 3264:. 3249:. 3234:. 3219:. 3207:: 3182:. 3134:. 3109:. 3077:. 3049:. 3045:: 3016:. 3004:: 2952:. 2927:. 2899:. 2887:: 2858:. 2846:: 2520:. 2478:— 2460:— 2215:X 2176:, 2163:, 1630:e 1623:t 1616:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of the United States (1789–1815)

Index