294:
47:
2946:
2936:
101:
2702:
1300:
409:. Second-stage juveniles attack the plant and settle in the roots. However, infestation seems to occur at lower populations compared to other cruciferous plants. Root symptoms include deformation (galls) and injury that prevent proper water and nutrient uptake. This could eventually lead to stunting, wilting and chlorosis of the shoots.
1279:
observer, Stearns, echoed that sentiment claiming that collards were present in every black
Southerner's garden. In 1883, a writer commented on the fact that there is no word or dish more popular among poorer whites and blacks than collard greens. The collard sandwich—consisting of fried cornbread, collard greens, and
1216:, collards were one of the most common plants grown in kitchen gardens and were used to supplement the rations provided by plantation owners. Greens were widely used because the plants could last through the winter weather and could withstand the heat of a southern summer even more so than spinach or lettuce.
1059:
is mainly lightly sauteed in oil until tender, flavoured with onions and seasoned with salt, and served either as the main accompaniment or as a side dish with meat or fish. In Congo, Tanzania and Kenya (East Africa), thinly sliced collard greens are the main accompaniments of a popular dish known as
333:, characterized by yellow-green leaves and a partially heading structure are more popular than the dark-green non-heading types in the coastal South. There have been projects from the early 2000s to both preserve seeds of uncommon varieties and also enable more varieties to return to cultivation.
418:
has a wide host range of up to 84 species including many weeds. On
Brassicas it has been reported in several states, including Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, and Kansas (Manzanilla-López et al., 2002). As a pest of collards, the degree of damage is dependent upon the
1278:
Many explorers in the late nineteenth century have written about the pervasiveness of collards in
Southern cooking particularly among black Americans. In 1869, Hyacinth, a traveler during the Civil War, for example, observed that collards could be found anywhere in the south. In 1972, another
1394:. When the extending stem bears alternate leaves in quick succession during the growing season, older leaves are harvested periodically. In late autumn, the apical portion of the stem is removed along with the whorled leaves. There are several dishes made with
1946:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
245:
in warmer regions. It has an upright stalk, often growing over two feet tall and up to six feet for the
Portuguese cultivars. Popular cultivars of collard greens include 'Georgia Southern', 'Vates', 'Morris Heading', 'Blue Max', 'Top Bunch', 'Butter Collard'
944:
373:
is devastating to seedlings and transplants. As few as three nematodes per 100 g (3.5 oz) of soil when transplanting can cause significant yield losses on susceptible plants. They are most common in sandy soils (Noling, 2012).
1945:
325:, leaving only five varieties commonly in cultivation. However, seeds of many varieties remained in use by individual farmers, growers and seed savers as well as within U.S. government seed collections. In the
389:
attach and feed near the tip of collard's taproots. The damage caused prevents proper root elongation leading to tight mats that could appear swollen, therefore resulting in a "stubby root" (Noling, 2012).
301:
The plant is commercially cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. They are available year-round, but are tastier and more nutritious in the cold months, after the first frost. For best
198:
group is also used referring to a lack of close-knit core of leaves (a "head") like cabbage does, making collards more tolerant of high humidity levels and less susceptible to fungal diseases.
1255:
used collards to reference the intersection of
African-American heritage and black women. There have been many collard festivals that celebrate African-American identity, including those in
1444:
is normally wilted in boiling water before being fried and combined with sautéed onions or tomato. Some (more traditionally, the Shona people) add beef, pork and other meat to the
1925:
2178:
306:, the leaves are picked before they reach their maximum size, at which stage they are thicker and are cooked differently from the new leaves. Age does not affect flavor.
957:
1492:, hungry protagonist Scarlett O'Hara wistfully remembers a pre-Civil War meal that included "collards swimming richly in pot liquor iridescent with grease." In
359:
that can injure collard. Root symptoms include stubby or coarse roots that are dark at the tips. Shoot symptoms include stunted growth, premature wilting, and
1995:"Collard, mustard and turnip greens: Effects of genotypes and leaf position on concentrations of ascorbic acid, folate, β-carotene, lutein and phylloquinone"
1422:
in Shona. Due to the climate, the plant thrives under almost all conditions, with most people growing it in their gardens. It is commonly eaten with sadza (
1374:
inch) wide (sometimes by a grocer or market vendor using a special hand-cranked slicer) and added to the other ingredients 15 minutes before it is served.
321:
are especially appreciated in Brazil and
Portugal. The large number of varieties grown in the United States decreased as people moved to towns after
2373:
2706:
2203:
1390:) are included in most meals. Leaves are harvested by pinching in early spring when the dormant buds sprout and give out tender leaves known as
3379:
1701:"Genetic Variation among and within United States Collard Cultivars and Landraces as Determined by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers"
3289:
3012:
2182:
1953:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1500:, the main character is an unhappy working-class woman who reluctantly cooks collard greens for her brother, which she finds rustic.
3224:
3202:
1917:
3237:
2130:
1583:
2596:"Food in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwean Food, Zimbabwean Cuisine - traditional, diet, history, common, meals, staple, rice, people, make"
1528:
2466:
293:
2663:
2342:
1958:
1765:
1131:
1972:
1166:, white pepper, or crushed red pepper, and some cooks add a small amount of sugar. Traditionally, collards are eaten on
1110:, were traditionally one of the staple vegetables. It is particularly popular in the winter, stewed with smoked mutton (
2740:
3122:
2973:
2906:
1339:-style stew. These Brazilian and Portuguese cultivars are likely members of a distinct non-heading cultivar group of
2623:
2570:
3294:
3263:
3005:
3333:
2595:
1874:"Identification of Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Collard Collection"
1873:
1288:
17:
3276:
953:
1913:
1186:", a nutrient-rich collard broth. Collard greens may also be thinly sliced and fermented to make a collard
2655:
1456:
on a regular basis in
Zimbabwe, as it is economical and can be grown with little effort in home gardens.
3384:
3328:
2998:
1488:
1260:
365:
3242:
1994:
1556:
1272:
2481:
3389:
3374:
1224:
2072:
986:, DV) in a 100-gram (3.5 oz) serving. Collard greens are rich sources (20% or more of DV) of
3138:
2523:
1611:"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Collard Landraces and their Relationship to Other
1561:
1256:
1402:, a soup of whole collard leaves cooked simply with water, oil, salt, green chilies and spices.
1020:-ounce) reference serving of cooked collard greens provides 137 kilojoules (33 kilocalories) of
841:
3160:
3143:
2962:
2733:
1244:
2157:
802:
155:, which are cooked and eaten as vegetables. Collard greens have been cultivated as food since
2949:
2822:
1569:
815:
424:
343:
326:
31:
3320:
2033:
1872:
Branham, Sandra E.; Farnham, Mark W.; Robinson, Shane M.; Wechter, W. Patrick (2018-06-01).
1478:
mentions collard greens in his 1983 short story "The Last
Donohue Show." Collards appear in
2780:
1752:, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 261–289,
1493:
1470:
867:
828:
1348:
Thinly-sliced collard greens are also a main ingredient of a popular
Portuguese soup, the
8:
2787:
2034:"Collard landraces are novel sources of glucoraphanin and other aliphatic glucosinolates"
1213:
1150:
in the dish called "mixed greens". Typically used in combination with collard greens are
956:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
156:
3341:
3112:
2421:
2367:
2308:
2266:
2112:
1812:
1787:
1652:
1314:
854:
782:
544:
152:
2609:
2467:"How to Make Feijoada, Brazil's National Dish, Including a Recipe From Emeril Lagasse"
1078:
Collards have been cultivated in Europe for thousands of years with references to the
3369:
3315:
3032:
3022:
2968:
2939:
2808:
2773:
2766:
2726:
2659:
2649:
2549:
2425:
2413:
2348:
2338:
2300:
2258:
2116:
2104:
2096:
2053:
2014:
1964:
1954:
1895:
1761:
1722:
1644:
1636:
1609:
Pelc, Sandra E.; Couillard, David M.; Stansell, Zachary J.; Farnham, Mark W. (2015).
1354:("green broth"). For this broth, the leaves are sliced into strips, 2–3 millimetres (
1341:
1318:
1198:
1167:
880:
667:
414:
178:
117:
63:
1656:
1631:
1610:
1529:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards | Archives | Aggie Horticulture"
3346:
3056:
2405:
2270:
2250:
2088:
2045:
2006:
1885:
1753:
1740:
Quiros, Carlos F.; Farnham, Mark W. (2011), Schmidt, Renate; Bancroft, Ian (eds.),
1712:
1670:
1626:
1465:
1268:
1220:
684:
226:
138:
2978:
369:, is a pest of collards in Georgia and North Carolina (Robbins and Barker, 1973).
3302:
3187:
3066:
2849:
2794:
2073:"Bridging Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Research for Strategic Leafy Brassica (
1236:
1206:
1147:
385:
242:
3281:
1757:
3041:
2871:
2801:
2071:
Swegarden, Hannah; Stelick, Alina; Dando, Robin; Griffiths, Phillip D. (2019).
2010:
1948:
1509:
1479:
1336:
1264:
1171:
1135:
1079:
303:
267:
238:
191:
187:
134:
76:
71:
2254:
1741:
1325:) are a common accompaniment to fish and meat dishes. They make up a standard
422:
Some collard cultivars exhibit resistance to bacterial leaf blight incited by
3363:
3117:
2929:
2881:
2815:
2480:
Khan, S. H.; Ahmad, N.; Jabeen, N.; Chattoo, M. A.; Hussain, K. (June 2010).
2440:
2417:
2352:
2304:
2262:
2100:
2057:
2018:
1899:
1890:
1726:
1717:
1700:
1640:
1284:
1143:
1029:
1025:
602:
500:
2092:
3046:
2958:
2859:
2393:
2230:
2162:
2108:
1968:
1648:
1475:
1427:
1252:
1248:
1163:
1083:
967:
893:
476:
356:
348:
322:
3307:
2409:
1912:
1464:
Collard greens are often mentioned in literature from the American South.
3250:
3196:
3107:
3076:
1350:
1304:
1202:
1182:, to ensure wealth in the coming year. Cornbread is used to soak up the "
1151:
1127:
1099:
1047:
1021:
983:
460:
379:
2312:
2288:
2032:
Stansell, Zachary; Cory, Wendy; Couillard, David; Farnham, Mark (2015).
46:
3229:
3061:
1550:
1187:
1183:
1091:
1087:
1003:
701:
650:
610:
122:
3255:
2049:
3211:
2332:
1326:
1179:
995:
991:
987:
979:
760:
747:
734:
598:
360:
3268:
3154:
2990:
3181:
3102:
3051:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2854:
2750:
2204:"Collard Greens Shortage Threatens New Year's Day Good Luck Recipe"
1331:
1271:(since 2011). In 2010, the Latibah Collard Greens Museum opened in
1191:
1155:
1095:
1052:
633:
310:
195:
169:
130:
112:
3216:
2229:
Farnham, M. W.; Davis, E. H.; Morgan, J. T.; Smith, J. P. (2008).
1993:
Farnham, Mark W.; Lester, Gene E.; Hassell, Richard (2012-08-01).
1114:) or cured pork, root vegetables and potatoes. Known in Turkey as
978:(table). Like kale, collard greens contain substantial amounts of
3097:
3087:
3071:
2839:
2179:"Dine wise on New Year's Day, Certain foods could bring you luck"
1435:
1383:
1280:
1232:
1195:
1159:
1158:, smoked turkey drumsticks, smoked turkey necks, pork neckbones,
1139:
999:
971:
578:
151:
The plants are grown as a food crop for their large, dark-green,
126:
100:
57:
1839:
1468:
mentions collard greens as part of a Southern meal in his novel
2916:
2911:
2896:
2844:
2701:
1175:
717:
607:
202:
30:
This article is about the plant. For the Schoolboy Q song, see
2070:
1788:"The Farmers and Gardeners Saving the South's Signature Green"
1299:
1251:, collard greens were included on the menu. Novelist and poet
1024:. Some collard cultivars may be abundant sources of aliphatic
1871:
1423:
1240:
1066:
490:
363:(Nguyen and Smart, 1975). Another species of the sting worm,
218:
2031:
1608:
3092:
2718:
1431:
1228:
275:
271:
176:
The term collard has been used to include many non-heading
1939:
1918:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1055:
and are one of the most common vegetables in East Africa.
1834:
1832:
1705:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
975:
520:
1118:("dark cabbage"), it is a staple in the Black Sea area.
2228:
1162:
or other fatty meat), diced onions, vinegar, salt, and
2679:
2479:
1829:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1411:
182:
crops. While American collards are best placed in the
2648:
Davis, Edward H. and John T. Morgan (May 30, 2015).
1992:
137:(kale) cultivar group, it is also classified as the
2441:"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy"
1134:. They are often prepared with other similar green
173:is a medieval term for non-heading brassica crops.
1950:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1549:
1309:a popular Portuguese soup made with collard greens
2651:Collards: A Southern Tradition from Seed to Table
2334:Collards: a southern tradition from seed to table
1548:
792:
588:
241:where winter frost occurs; some varieties may be
3361:
274:) cultivar group, but is also classified as the
1243:to represent his African-American heritage. In
1906:
1073:
455:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
266:Collard is generally described as part of the
3006:
2734:
2624:"The "African" vegetable that lifts the weak"
2571:"The "African" vegetable that lifts the weak"
1739:
2372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2391:
1417:
3013:
2999:
2741:
2727:
2392:Davis, Edward H.; Morgan, John T. (2005).
2172:
2170:
2155:Liliana Pavicic and Gordana Pirker-Mosher
2131:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards"
1914:United States Food and Drug Administration
1779:
1584:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards"
393:Several species of the root knot nematode
45:
2176:
1889:
1750:Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae
1716:
1630:
1410:In Zimbabwe, collard greens are known as
2464:
2438:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2196:
1999:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
1450:mix for a type of stew. Most people eat
1298:
292:
99:
2286:
2167:
1785:
1698:
14:
3362:
1586:. Texas A&M Agricultural Extension
1438:in Italy) as part of the staple food.
1294:
309:Flavor and texture also depend on the
3380:Cuisine of the Southern United States
3159:
3158:
3020:
2994:
2722:
2685:
2647:
2547:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2319:
2282:
2280:
966:Raw collard greens are 90% water, 6%
2243:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
2181:. South Carolina NOW. Archived from
2137:. Texas A & M Agrilife Extension
1604:
1602:
1600:
1570:participating institution membership
1345:, specifically the Tronchuda Group.
2521:
2337:. The University of Alabama Press.
1398:. A common dish eaten with rice is
1102:, collard greens, locally known as
24:
3334:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60452369-2
2548:Reshi, Marryam (3 November 2015).
2439:Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015).
2380:
2330:
2277:
1386:, collard greens (locally called
1219:Broadly, collard greens symbolize
297:A field of collard in Pennsylvania
121:, the same species as many common
25:
3401:
2694:
2497:The Asian Journal of Horticulture
2231:"Neglected landraces of collard (
1597:
1377:
419:nematode population in the soil.
2945:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2700:
2465:Esposito, Shaylyn (2014-06-13).
1786:Freeman, Debra (19 March 2021).
1459:
1239:, sported a collard leaf in his
1121:
945:Full Link to USDA Database entry
397:infest collards. These include:
2641:
2616:
2602:
2588:
2563:
2541:
2522:Mir, Shakir (13 October 2017).
2515:
2473:
2458:
2432:
2222:
2149:
2123:
2064:
2025:
1986:
1975:from the original on 2024-05-09
1928:from the original on 2024-03-27
1865:
1856:
1632:10.3835/plantgenome2015.04.0023
1625:(3): eplantgenome2015.04.0023.
1190:that is often cooked with flat
162:
3203:Brassica oleracea var. viridis
2654:(First ed.). Tuscaloosa:
1840:"The Heirloom Collard Project"
1805:
1733:
1692:
1663:
1576:
1542:
1521:
1289:Robeson County, North Carolina
1040:
288:
232:
13:
1:
1844:The Heirloom Collards Project
1699:Farnham, Mark W. (May 1996).
1515:
1283:—is a popular dish among the
1205:are subjects of research for
412:The false root knot nematode
2748:
2394:"Collards in North Carolina"
1045:Collard greens are known as
952:Percentages estimated using
444:
7:
2656:University of Alabama Press
2239:) from the Carolinas (USA)"
1817:University of Alabama Press
1758:10.1007/978-1-4419-7118-0_9
1503:
1405:
1227:and identity. For example,
1074:Southern and Eastern Europe
1035:
261:
111:is a group of loose-leafed
91:Cultivar group members
10:
3406:
2331:H., Davis, Edward (2015).
2287:Wortman, Stefanie (2012).
2011:10.1016/j.jfca.2012.04.008
1531:. Texas A&M University
1261:East Palo Alto, California
998:, and moderate sources of
465:137 kJ (33 kcal)
377:The stubby root nematodes
366:Belonolaimus longicaudatus
51:A bundle of collard greens
29:
3167:
3131:
3030:
2925:
2832:
2758:
2550:"Haakh or Collard Greens"
2255:10.1007/s10722-007-9284-8
1557:Oxford English Dictionary
1273:Charlotte, North Carolina
1070:(made with maize flour).
974:, and contain negligible
951:
941:
937:
929:
917:
913:
905:
892:
879:
866:
853:
840:
827:
814:
801:
780:
776:
772:
759:
746:
733:
716:
700:
683:
666:
649:
632:
597:
576:
572:
568:
561:
557:
541:
537:
533:
517:
513:
509:
499:
489:
473:
469:
459:
454:
90:
82:
70:
56:
44:
39:
2974:Cruciferous Biochemistry
2177:Vitrano A (2011-01-01).
2158:Best of Croatian Cooking
1891:10.21273/HORTSCI12347-17
1718:10.21273/jashs.121.3.374
1498:A Stroke of Good Fortune
1225:African-American culture
1086:back to the 1st century
336:
3139:List of broccoli dishes
2610:"Pork Bones Haifiridzi"
2482:"Biodiversity of kale (
2398:Southeastern Geographer
2093:10.1111/1750-3841.14831
2081:Journal of Food Science
1681:. Floridata. 2007-02-06
1562:Oxford University Press
1484:Lunch at the Piccadilly
1426:in East Africa, pap in
1257:Port Wentworth, Georgia
954:US recommendations
439:
217:(Southern Africa). In
3144:List of cabbage dishes
2963:Cruciferous vegetables
2490:L.) in Kashmir Valley"
1452:
1446:
1440:
1418:
1412:
1310:
1245:President Barack Obama
958:the National Academies
450:Collard greens, boiled
298:
194:for 'without a head')
105:
2823:Brassica tournefortii
2410:10.1353/sgo.2005.0004
1321:, collard greens (or
1302:
1132:Southern U.S. cuisine
1126:Collard greens are a
563:Vitamins and minerals
425:Pseudomonas cannabina
371:B. longicaudatus
344:Belonolaimus gracilis
296:
104:Young collard plants.
103:
32:Collard Greens (song)
2781:Brassica fruticulosa
2715:at Wikimedia Commons
1862:Crow and Dunn, 2012.
1471:Intruder In the Dust
341:The sting nematode,
2788:Brassica hilarionis
1560:(Online ed.).
1434:in West Africa and
1295:Brazil and Portugal
1214:slavery in the U.S.
1212:During the time of
1194:. Landrace collard
685:Pantothenic acid (B
451:
157:classical antiquity
3169:Brassica oleracea
3113:Romanesco broccoli
2598:. Food by Country.
2469:. Smithsonian.com.
2210:. 28 December 2018
2135:Aggie Horticulture
1489:Gone With the Wind
1311:
1267:(since 2010), and
1154:and salted meats (
919:Other constituents
449:
299:
106:
3385:Ethiopian cuisine
3357:
3356:
3316:Open Tree of Life
3161:Taxon identifiers
3152:
3151:
3033:Brassica oleracea
3023:Brassica oleracea
2988:
2987:
2809:Brassica oleracea
2774:Brassica elongata
2767:Brassica carinata
2708:Brassica oleracea
2705:Media related to
2665:978-0-8173-1834-5
2484:Brassica oleracea
2344:978-0-8173-8765-5
2233:Brassica oleracea
2087:(12): 3746–3762.
2075:Brassica oleracea
2050:10.1111/pbr.12263
1960:978-0-309-48834-1
1767:978-1-4419-7118-0
1744:Brassica oleracea
1742:"The Genetics of
1673:Brassica oleracea
1613:Brassica oleracea
1568:(Subscription or
1494:Flannery O'Connor
1342:Brassica oleracea
1319:Brazilian cuisine
1199:genetic diversity
964:
963:
909:
908:
415:Nacobbus aberrans
353:Dolichodorus spp.
221:, it is known as
205:, it is known as
179:Brassica oleracea
118:Brassica oleracea
98:
97:
64:Brassica oleracea
16:(Redirected from
3397:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3282:NBNSYS0000014755
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3156:
3155:
3057:Broccoli sprouts
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2689:
2688:, p. 20-21.
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2658:. pp. 6–8.
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2524:"Kashmiri Haakh"
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2293:Southwest Review
2284:
2275:
2274:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1634:
1619:The Plant Genome
1606:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1466:William Faulkner
1455:
1449:
1443:
1421:
1415:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1269:Atlanta, Georgia
1221:Southern culture
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
796:
721:
705:
688:
671:
654:
637:
599:Vitamin A equiv.
592:
559:
558:
452:
448:
399:M. javanica
395:Meloidogyne spp.
331:cabbage collards
279:B. oleracea
186:crop group, the
142:B. oleracea
49:
37:
36:
27:Variety of plant
21:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3390:African cuisine
3375:Leaf vegetables
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3303:Observation.org
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3127:
3067:Brussels sprout
3026:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2921:
2850:Chinese cabbage
2828:
2795:Brassica juncea
2754:
2747:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2433:
2390:
2381:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2345:
2329:
2320:
2285:
2278:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2168:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2069:
2065:
2030:
2026:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1961:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1911:
1907:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1738:
1734:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1496:'s short story
1486:. In the novel
1462:
1416:in Ndebele and
1408:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1297:
1237:Thelonious Monk
1207:citizen-science
1172:black-eyed peas
1136:leaf vegetables
1124:
1076:
1043:
1038:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
947:
942:
900:
887:
874:
861:
848:
835:
822:
809:
797:
767:
754:
741:
728:
719:
711:
703:
695:
686:
678:
669:
661:
652:
644:
635:
628:
625:
623:
618:
613:
605:
593:
564:
553:
548:
529:
524:
485:
480:
447:
442:
386:Paratrichodorus
339:
319:couve tronchuda
291:
264:
256:Groninger Blauw
252:couve tronchuda
237:The plant is a
235:
209:(East Africa),
165:
94:Many; see text.
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:wfo-0000571475
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3193:
3177:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Acephala group
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Collard greens
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2802:Brassica napus
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2695:External links
2693:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2664:
2640:
2628:The Zimbabwean
2615:
2612:. 21 May 2017.
2601:
2587:
2575:The Zimbabwean
2562:
2540:
2514:
2472:
2457:
2431:
2379:
2343:
2318:
2299:(3): 400–407.
2276:
2249:(6): 797–801.
2221:
2195:
2166:
2148:
2122:
2077:) Improvement"
2063:
2044:(3): 350–355.
2038:Plant Breeding
2024:
1985:
1959:
1938:
1905:
1884:(6): 838–841.
1864:
1855:
1828:
1804:
1778:
1766:
1732:
1711:(3): 374–379.
1691:
1662:
1596:
1575:
1541:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:Collard liquor
1505:
1502:
1480:Clyde Edgerton
1461:
1458:
1407:
1404:
1379:
1378:Kashmir Valley
1376:
1337:pork and beans
1296:
1293:
1265:Columbus, Ohio
1263:(since 1998),
1259:(since 1997),
1168:New Year's Day
1148:mustard greens
1123:
1120:
1075:
1072:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1026:glucosinolates
1006:. A 100-gram (
962:
961:
949:
948:
943:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
927:
926:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
896:
890:
889:
885:
883:
877:
876:
872:
870:
864:
863:
859:
857:
851:
850:
846:
844:
838:
837:
833:
831:
825:
824:
820:
818:
812:
811:
807:
805:
799:
798:
791:
786:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
757:
756:
752:
750:
744:
743:
739:
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731:
730:
726:
724:
714:
713:
709:
707:
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697:
693:
691:
681:
680:
676:
674:
664:
663:
659:
657:
647:
646:
642:
640:
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
616:
614:
606:
601:
595:
594:
587:
582:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
549:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
525:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
497:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
481:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
446:
443:
441:
438:
338:
335:
315:couve manteiga
290:
287:
263:
260:
248:couve manteiga
234:
231:
164:
161:
133:. Part of the
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
77:Acephala Group
74:
72:Cultivar group
68:
67:
60:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
18:Collard greens
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3402:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3123:Spring greens
3121:
3119:
3118:Savoy cabbage
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2979:genera (list)
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2930:Triangle of U
2928:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Spring greens
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Mustard plant
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:Brassica rapa
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2185:on 2013-02-01
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2161:, p. 137, at
2160:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1792:Atlas Obscura
1789:
1782:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:In literature
1457:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:kaanyil haakh
1389:
1385:
1375:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:Lumbee people
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:composer and
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:, along with
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:turnip greens
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:vegetable in
1129:
1122:United States
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1031:
1030:glucoraphanin
1027:
1023:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:(388% of the
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:carbohydrates
959:
955:
950:
946:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:
922:
920:
916:
912:
904:
897:
895:
891:
884:
882:
878:
871:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
845:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
819:
817:
813:
806:
804:
800:
795:
790:
787:
785:
784:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
758:
751:
749:
745:
738:
736:
732:
725:
723:
715:
708:
706:
699:
692:
690:
682:
675:
673:
665:
658:
656:
651:Riboflavin (B
648:
641:
639:
631:
615:
612:
609:
604:
603:beta-Carotene
600:
596:
591:
586:
583:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
560:
556:
550:
547:
546:
540:
536:
532:
526:
523:
522:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
501:Dietary fiber
498:
494:
492:
488:
482:
479:
478:
477:Carbohydrates
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
453:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:
420:
417:
416:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
388:
387:
382:
381:
375:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:ectoparasites
354:
350:
346:
345:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
295:
286:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
259:
257:
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230:
228:
224:
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216:
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208:
204:
199:
197:
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185:
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174:
172:
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160:
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154:
153:edible leaves
149:
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59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3168:
3081:
3047:Broccoflower
3031:
3021:
2959:Brassicaceae
2957:
2950:Brassicaceae
2860:Napa cabbage
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2711:
2707:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2650:
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2630:. 2006-05-25
2627:
2618:
2604:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2577:. 2006-05-25
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2528:Kashmir Life
2527:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2503:(1): 208–210
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2460:
2450:November 20,
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2404:(1): 67–82.
2401:
2397:
2356:. Retrieved
2333:
2296:
2292:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2163:Google Books
2156:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1949:
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1908:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1781:
1771:, retrieved
1749:
1743:
1735:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1676:
1672:
1665:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1588:. Retrieved
1578:
1555:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1523:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1476:Walker Percy
1469:
1463:
1428:South Africa
1409:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1335:, a popular
1330:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1277:
1253:Alice Walker
1249:state dinner
1218:
1211:
1164:black pepper
1125:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1046:
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965:
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403:M. incognita
402:
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394:
392:
384:
378:
376:
370:
364:
352:
349:awl nematode
342:
340:
330:
323:World War II
318:
314:
308:
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282:
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265:
255:
251:
247:
236:
222:
214:
210:
206:
200:
183:
177:
175:
168:
166:
163:Nomenclature
150:
145:
141:
116:
108:
107:
62:
3251:iNaturalist
3197:Wikispecies
3108:Red cabbage
3077:Cauliflower
1878:HortScience
1351:caldo verde
1305:Caldo verde
1203:ethnobotany
1116:kara lahana
1100:Herzegovina
1041:East Africa
1022:food energy
984:Daily Value
634:Thiamine (B
430:alisalensis
407:M. arenaria
380:Trichodorus
327:Appalachian
289:Cultivation
233:Description
3364:Categories
3269:60452369-2
3062:Broccolini
2686:Davis 2015
2634:2022-05-15
2581:2022-05-15
2214:1 November
2189:2012-07-26
2141:1 November
2005:(1): 1–7.
1979:2024-06-21
1932:2024-03-28
1849:2020-12-07
1822:2020-11-28
1813:"Collards"
1773:2020-11-28
1685:2012-07-26
1590:2018-04-02
1572:required.)
1535:2012-07-26
1516:References
1315:Portuguese
1188:sauerkraut
1184:pot liquor
1176:field peas
1138:, such as
1112:kaštradina
1092:Montenegro
1028:, such as
1004:vitamin B6
855:Phosphorus
611:zeaxanthin
125:including
123:vegetables
3188:Q14879985
2833:Cultivars
2445:Our State
2426:130521748
2418:1549-6929
2368:cite book
2353:906925404
2305:0038-4712
2263:0925-9864
2117:207897390
2101:1750-3841
2058:1439-0523
2019:0889-1575
1900:0018-5345
1727:0003-1062
1641:1940-3372
1551:"collard"
1482:'s novel
1327:side dish
1247:'s first
1209:groups.
1192:dumplings
1180:cornbread
1156:ham hocks
996:manganese
992:vitamin C
988:vitamin A
980:vitamin K
868:Potassium
842:Manganese
829:Magnesium
761:Vitamin K
748:Vitamin E
735:Vitamin C
718:Folate (B
702:Vitamin B
668:Niacin (B
445:Nutrition
361:chlorosis
355:are both
243:perennial
167:The term
113:cultivars
3370:Brassica
3182:Wikidata
3132:See also
3103:Kohlrabi
3052:Broccoli
2969:Brassica
2940:Brassica
2902:Rutabaga
2892:Rapeseed
2887:Nanohana
2877:Kohlrabi
2867:Choy sum
2855:Bok choy
2751:Brassica
2488:acephala
2313:43473220
2289:"Greens"
2235:L. var.
2208:Newsweek
2109:31681987
1973:Archived
1969:30844154
1926:Archived
1916:(2024).
1797:23 March
1677:acephala
1657:55772782
1649:33228266
1504:See also
1406:Zimbabwe
1400:haak rus
1332:feijoada
1142:, kale,
1096:Dalmatia
1053:Swahilli
1036:Culinary
924:Quantity
789:Quantity
783:Minerals
585:Quantity
579:Vitamins
347:and the
329:region,
311:cultivar
268:Acephala
262:Taxonomy
239:biennial
196:cultivar
188:acephala
170:colewort
135:Acephala
131:broccoli
3230:3042878
3173:viridis
3098:Kalette
3088:Gai lan
3082:Collard
3072:Cabbage
2840:Bomdong
2759:Species
2712:viridis
2555:4 April
2533:4 April
2507:4 April
2358:1 April
2271:9123036
2237:viridis
1453:umbhida
1447:umbhida
1441:Umbhida
1436:polenta
1413:umbhida
1384:Kashmir
1369:⁄
1359:⁄
1281:fatback
1233:pianist
1196:in-situ
1160:fatback
1140:spinach
1104:raštika
1015:⁄
1000:calcium
972:protein
901:0.23 mg
849:0.51 mg
823:1.13 mg
803:Calcium
712:0.13 mg
696:0.22 mg
679:0.58 mg
662:0.11 mg
645:0.04 mg
627:6197 μg
624:4513 μg
545:Protein
304:texture
283:viridis
276:variety
227:Kashmir
215:umBhida
184:Viridis
146:viridis
139:variety
127:cabbage
109:Collard
58:Species
40:Collard
3321:833638
3308:136480
3256:468936
3084:greens
2917:Turnip
2912:Tatsoi
2897:Rapini
2845:Canola
2671:11 May
2662:
2424:
2416:
2351:
2341:
2311:
2303:
2269:
2261:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2056:
2017:
1967:
1957:
1898:
1764:
1725:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1615:Crops"
1419:muriwo
1152:smoked
1146:, and
1128:staple
1108:raštan
1084:Romans
1080:Greeks
1057:Sukuma
1048:sukuma
994:, and
933:90.2 g
881:Sodium
875:117 mg
810:141 mg
768:407 μg
755:0.9 mg
619:380 μg
608:lutein
491:Sugars
461:Energy
313:; the
254:, and
211:muriwo
207:sukuma
203:Africa
86:Greece
83:Origin
3217:BRSOA
2710:var.
2493:(PDF)
2486:var.
2422:S2CID
2309:JSTOR
2267:S2CID
2113:S2CID
1675:var.
1653:S2CID
1566:
1424:ugali
1396:haakh
1388:haakh
1323:couve
1241:lapel
1090:. In
1067:ugali
970:, 3%
930:Water
888:15 mg
862:32 mg
836:21 mg
742:18 mg
729:16 μg
552:2.7 g
495:0.4 g
484:5.6 g
337:Pests
281:var.
223:haakh
219:India
192:Greek
144:var.
3329:POWO
3295:3713
3290:NCBI
3264:IPNI
3243:7679
3238:GRIN
3225:GBIF
3212:EPPO
3171:var.
3093:Kale
2673:2024
2660:ISBN
2557:2020
2535:2020
2509:2020
2452:2022
2414:ISSN
2374:link
2360:2021
2349:OCLC
2339:ISBN
2301:ISSN
2259:ISSN
2216:2019
2143:2019
2105:PMID
2097:ISSN
2054:ISSN
2015:ISSN
1965:PMID
1955:ISBN
1896:ISSN
1799:2021
1762:ISBN
1723:ISSN
1645:PMID
1637:ISSN
1432:fufu
1329:for
1317:and
1229:jazz
1223:and
1201:and
1178:and
1098:and
1082:and
1062:sima
1002:and
894:Zinc
816:Iron
766:339%
440:Uses
428:pv.
405:and
383:and
317:and
272:kale
129:and
3342:WFO
3277:NBN
2406:doi
2251:doi
2089:doi
2046:doi
2042:134
2007:doi
1922:FDA
1886:doi
1754:doi
1713:doi
1709:121
1627:doi
1382:In
1313:In
1287:in
1174:or
1106:or
1064:or
1051:in
976:fat
847:22%
808:11%
794:%DV
740:20%
622:42%
617:42%
590:%DV
528:0.7
521:Fat
505:4 g
436:).
434:Pca
250:),
229:).
213:or
201:In
115:of
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