283:
36:
2935:
2925:
90:
2691:
1289:
398:. Second-stage juveniles attack the plant and settle in the roots. However, infestation seems to occur at lower populations compared to other cruciferous plants. Root symptoms include deformation (galls) and injury that prevent proper water and nutrient uptake. This could eventually lead to stunting, wilting and chlorosis of the shoots.
1268:
observer, Stearns, echoed that sentiment claiming that collards were present in every black
Southerner's garden. In 1883, a writer commented on the fact that there is no word or dish more popular among poorer whites and blacks than collard greens. The collard sandwich—consisting of fried cornbread, collard greens, and
1205:, collards were one of the most common plants grown in kitchen gardens and were used to supplement the rations provided by plantation owners. Greens were widely used because the plants could last through the winter weather and could withstand the heat of a southern summer even more so than spinach or lettuce.
1048:
is mainly lightly sauteed in oil until tender, flavoured with onions and seasoned with salt, and served either as the main accompaniment or as a side dish with meat or fish. In Congo, Tanzania and Kenya (East Africa), thinly sliced collard greens are the main accompaniments of a popular dish known as
322:, characterized by yellow-green leaves and a partially heading structure are more popular than the dark-green non-heading types in the coastal South. There have been projects from the early 2000s to both preserve seeds of uncommon varieties and also enable more varieties to return to cultivation.
407:
has a wide host range of up to 84 species including many weeds. On
Brassicas it has been reported in several states, including Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, and Kansas (Manzanilla-López et al., 2002). As a pest of collards, the degree of damage is dependent upon the
1267:
Many explorers in the late nineteenth century have written about the pervasiveness of collards in
Southern cooking particularly among black Americans. In 1869, Hyacinth, a traveler during the Civil War, for example, observed that collards could be found anywhere in the south. In 1972, another
1383:. When the extending stem bears alternate leaves in quick succession during the growing season, older leaves are harvested periodically. In late autumn, the apical portion of the stem is removed along with the whorled leaves. There are several dishes made with
1935:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
234:
in warmer regions. It has an upright stalk, often growing over two feet tall and up to six feet for the
Portuguese cultivars. Popular cultivars of collard greens include 'Georgia Southern', 'Vates', 'Morris Heading', 'Blue Max', 'Top Bunch', 'Butter Collard'
933:
362:
is devastating to seedlings and transplants. As few as three nematodes per 100 g (3.5 oz) of soil when transplanting can cause significant yield losses on susceptible plants. They are most common in sandy soils (Noling, 2012).
1934:
314:, leaving only five varieties commonly in cultivation. However, seeds of many varieties remained in use by individual farmers, growers and seed savers as well as within U.S. government seed collections. In the
378:
attach and feed near the tip of collard's taproots. The damage caused prevents proper root elongation leading to tight mats that could appear swollen, therefore resulting in a "stubby root" (Noling, 2012).
290:
The plant is commercially cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. They are available year-round, but are tastier and more nutritious in the cold months, after the first frost. For best
187:
group is also used referring to a lack of close-knit core of leaves (a "head") like cabbage does, making collards more tolerant of high humidity levels and less susceptible to fungal diseases.
1244:
used collards to reference the intersection of
African-American heritage and black women. There have been many collard festivals that celebrate African-American identity, including those in
1433:
is normally wilted in boiling water before being fried and combined with sautéed onions or tomato. Some (more traditionally, the Shona people) add beef, pork and other meat to the
1914:
2167:
295:, the leaves are picked before they reach their maximum size, at which stage they are thicker and are cooked differently from the new leaves. Age does not affect flavor.
946:
1481:, hungry protagonist Scarlett O'Hara wistfully remembers a pre-Civil War meal that included "collards swimming richly in pot liquor iridescent with grease." In
348:
that can injure collard. Root symptoms include stubby or coarse roots that are dark at the tips. Shoot symptoms include stunted growth, premature wilting, and
1984:"Collard, mustard and turnip greens: Effects of genotypes and leaf position on concentrations of ascorbic acid, folate, β-carotene, lutein and phylloquinone"
1411:
in Shona. Due to the climate, the plant thrives under almost all conditions, with most people growing it in their gardens. It is commonly eaten with sadza (
1363:
inch) wide (sometimes by a grocer or market vendor using a special hand-cranked slicer) and added to the other ingredients 15 minutes before it is served.
310:
are especially appreciated in Brazil and
Portugal. The large number of varieties grown in the United States decreased as people moved to towns after
2362:
2695:
2192:
1379:) are included in most meals. Leaves are harvested by pinching in early spring when the dormant buds sprout and give out tender leaves known as
3368:
1690:"Genetic Variation among and within United States Collard Cultivars and Landraces as Determined by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers"
3278:
3001:
2171:
1942:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1489:, the main character is an unhappy working-class woman who reluctantly cooks collard greens for her brother, which she finds rustic.
3213:
3191:
1906:
3226:
2119:
1572:
2585:"Food in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwean Food, Zimbabwean Cuisine - traditional, diet, history, common, meals, staple, rice, people, make"
1517:
2455:
282:
2652:
2331:
1947:
1754:
1120:
1961:
1155:, white pepper, or crushed red pepper, and some cooks add a small amount of sugar. Traditionally, collards are eaten on
1099:, were traditionally one of the staple vegetables. It is particularly popular in the winter, stewed with smoked mutton (
2729:
3111:
2962:
2895:
1328:-style stew. These Brazilian and Portuguese cultivars are likely members of a distinct non-heading cultivar group of
2612:
2559:
3283:
3252:
2994:
3322:
2584:
1863:"Identification of Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Collard Collection"
1862:
1277:
3265:
942:
1902:
1175:", a nutrient-rich collard broth. Collard greens may also be thinly sliced and fermented to make a collard
2644:
1445:
on a regular basis in
Zimbabwe, as it is economical and can be grown with little effort in home gardens.
3373:
3317:
2987:
1477:
1249:
354:
3231:
1983:
1545:
1261:
2470:
3378:
3363:
1213:
2061:
975:, DV) in a 100-gram (3.5 oz) serving. Collard greens are rich sources (20% or more of DV) of
3127:
2512:
1600:"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Collard Landraces and their Relationship to Other
1550:
1245:
1391:, a soup of whole collard leaves cooked simply with water, oil, salt, green chilies and spices.
1009:-ounce) reference serving of cooked collard greens provides 137 kilojoules (33 kilocalories) of
830:
3149:
3132:
2951:
2722:
1233:
2146:
791:
144:, which are cooked and eaten as vegetables. Collard greens have been cultivated as food since
2938:
2811:
1558:
804:
413:
332:
315:
20:
3309:
2022:
1861:
Branham, Sandra E.; Farnham, Mark W.; Robinson, Shane M.; Wechter, W. Patrick (2018-06-01).
1467:
mentions collard greens in his 1983 short story "The Last
Donohue Show." Collards appear in
2769:
1741:, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 261–289,
1482:
1459:
856:
817:
1337:
Thinly-sliced collard greens are also a main ingredient of a popular
Portuguese soup, the
8:
2776:
2023:"Collard landraces are novel sources of glucoraphanin and other aliphatic glucosinolates"
1202:
1139:
in the dish called "mixed greens". Typically used in combination with collard greens are
945:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
145:
3330:
3101:
2410:
2356:
2297:
2255:
2101:
1801:
1776:
1641:
1303:
843:
771:
533:
141:
2598:
2456:"How to Make Feijoada, Brazil's National Dish, Including a Recipe From Emeril Lagasse"
1067:
Collards have been cultivated in Europe for thousands of years with references to the
3358:
3304:
3021:
3011:
2957:
2928:
2797:
2762:
2755:
2715:
2648:
2638:
2538:
2414:
2402:
2337:
2327:
2289:
2247:
2105:
2093:
2085:
2042:
2003:
1953:
1943:
1884:
1750:
1711:
1633:
1625:
1598:
Pelc, Sandra E.; Couillard, David M.; Stansell, Zachary J.; Farnham, Mark W. (2015).
1343:("green broth"). For this broth, the leaves are sliced into strips, 2–3 millimetres (
1330:
1307:
1187:
1156:
869:
656:
403:
167:
106:
52:
1645:
1620:
1599:
1518:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards | Archives | Aggie Horticulture"
3335:
3045:
2394:
2259:
2239:
2077:
2034:
1995:
1874:
1742:
1729:
Quiros, Carlos F.; Farnham, Mark W. (2011), Schmidt, Renate; Bancroft, Ian (eds.),
1701:
1659:
1615:
1454:
1257:
1209:
673:
215:
127:
2967:
358:, is a pest of collards in Georgia and North Carolina (Robbins and Barker, 1973).
3291:
3176:
3055:
2838:
2783:
2062:"Bridging Sensory Evaluation and Consumer Research for Strategic Leafy Brassica (
1225:
1195:
1136:
374:
231:
3270:
1746:
3030:
2860:
2790:
2060:
Swegarden, Hannah; Stelick, Alina; Dando, Robin; Griffiths, Phillip D. (2019).
1999:
1937:
1498:
1468:
1325:
1253:
1160:
1124:
1068:
292:
256:
227:
180:
176:
123:
65:
60:
2243:
1730:
1314:) are a common accompaniment to fish and meat dishes. They make up a standard
411:
Some collard cultivars exhibit resistance to bacterial leaf blight incited by
3352:
3106:
2918:
2870:
2804:
2469:
Khan, S. H.; Ahmad, N.; Jabeen, N.; Chattoo, M. A.; Hussain, K. (June 2010).
2429:
2406:
2341:
2293:
2251:
2089:
2046:
2007:
1888:
1879:
1715:
1706:
1689:
1629:
1273:
1132:
1018:
1014:
591:
489:
2081:
3035:
2947:
2848:
2382:
2219:
2151:
2097:
1957:
1637:
1464:
1416:
1241:
1237:
1152:
1072:
956:
882:
465:
345:
337:
311:
3296:
2398:
1901:
1453:
Collard greens are often mentioned in literature from the American South.
3239:
3185:
3096:
3065:
1339:
1293:
1191:
1171:, to ensure wealth in the coming year. Cornbread is used to soak up the "
1140:
1116:
1088:
1036:
1010:
972:
449:
368:
2301:
2277:
2021:
Stansell, Zachary; Cory, Wendy; Couillard, David; Farnham, Mark (2015).
35:
3218:
3050:
1539:
1176:
1172:
1080:
1076:
992:
690:
639:
599:
111:
3244:
2038:
3200:
2321:
1315:
1168:
984:
980:
976:
968:
749:
736:
723:
587:
349:
3257:
3143:
2979:
3170:
3091:
3040:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2865:
2855:
2843:
2739:
2193:"Collard Greens Shortage Threatens New Year's Day Good Luck Recipe"
1320:
1260:(since 2011). In 2010, the Latibah Collard Greens Museum opened in
1180:
1144:
1084:
1041:
622:
299:
184:
158:
119:
101:
3205:
2218:
Farnham, M. W.; Davis, E. H.; Morgan, J. T.; Smith, J. P. (2008).
1982:
Farnham, Mark W.; Lester, Gene E.; Hassell, Richard (2012-08-01).
1103:) or cured pork, root vegetables and potatoes. Known in Turkey as
967:(table). Like kale, collard greens contain substantial amounts of
3086:
3076:
3060:
2828:
2168:"Dine wise on New Year's Day, Certain foods could bring you luck"
1424:
1372:
1269:
1221:
1184:
1148:
1147:, smoked turkey drumsticks, smoked turkey necks, pork neckbones,
1128:
988:
960:
567:
140:
The plants are grown as a food crop for their large, dark-green,
115:
89:
46:
1828:
1457:
mentions collard greens as part of a Southern meal in his novel
2905:
2900:
2885:
2833:
2690:
1164:
706:
596:
191:
19:
This article is about the plant. For the Schoolboy Q song, see
2059:
1777:"The Farmers and Gardeners Saving the South's Signature Green"
1288:
1240:, collard greens were included on the menu. Novelist and poet
1013:. Some collard cultivars may be abundant sources of aliphatic
1860:
1412:
1229:
1055:
479:
352:(Nguyen and Smart, 1975). Another species of the sting worm,
207:
2020:
1597:
3081:
2707:
1420:
1217:
264:
260:
165:
The term collard has been used to include many non-heading
1928:
1907:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1044:
and are one of the most common vegetables in East Africa.
1823:
1821:
1694:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
964:
509:
1107:("dark cabbage"), it is a staple in the Black Sea area.
2217:
1151:
or other fatty meat), diced onions, vinegar, salt, and
2668:
2468:
1818:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1400:
171:
crops. While American collards are best placed in the
2637:
Davis, Edward H. and John T. Morgan (May 30, 2015).
1981:
126:(kale) cultivar group, it is also classified as the
2430:"The Collard Sandwich is a Robeson County Delicacy"
1123:. They are often prepared with other similar green
162:is a medieval term for non-heading brassica crops.
1939:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1538:
1298:a popular Portuguese soup made with collard greens
2640:Collards: A Southern Tradition from Seed to Table
2323:Collards: a southern tradition from seed to table
1537:
781:
577:
230:where winter frost occurs; some varieties may be
3350:
263:) cultivar group, but is also classified as the
1232:to represent his African-American heritage. In
1895:
1062:
444:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
255:Collard is generally described as part of the
2995:
2723:
2613:"The "African" vegetable that lifts the weak"
2560:"The "African" vegetable that lifts the weak"
1728:
2361:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2380:
1406:
3002:
2988:
2730:
2716:
2381:Davis, Edward H.; Morgan, John T. (2005).
2161:
2159:
2144:Liliana Pavicic and Gordana Pirker-Mosher
2120:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards"
1903:United States Food and Drug Administration
1768:
1573:"Greeks and Romans Grew Kale and Collards"
382:Several species of the root knot nematode
34:
2165:
1878:
1739:Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae
1705:
1619:
1399:In Zimbabwe, collard greens are known as
2453:
2427:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2185:
1988:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
1439:mix for a type of stew. Most people eat
1287:
281:
88:
2275:
2156:
1774:
1687:
3351:
1575:. Texas A&M Agricultural Extension
1427:in Italy) as part of the staple food.
1283:
298:Flavor and texture also depend on the
3369:Cuisine of the Southern United States
3148:
3147:
3009:
2983:
2711:
2674:
2636:
2536:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2308:
2271:
2269:
955:Raw collard greens are 90% water, 6%
2232:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
2170:. South Carolina NOW. Archived from
2126:. Texas A & M Agrilife Extension
1593:
1591:
1589:
1559:participating institution membership
1334:, specifically the Tronchuda Group.
2510:
2326:. The University of Alabama Press.
1387:. A common dish eaten with rice is
1091:, collard greens, locally known as
13:
3323:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60452369-2
2537:Reshi, Marryam (3 November 2015).
2428:Shestack, Elizabeth (March 2015).
2369:
2319:
2266:
1375:, collard greens (locally called
1208:Broadly, collard greens symbolize
286:A field of collard in Pennsylvania
110:, the same species as many common
14:
3390:
2683:
2486:The Asian Journal of Horticulture
2220:"Neglected landraces of collard (
1586:
1366:
408:nematode population in the soil.
2934:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2689:
2454:Esposito, Shaylyn (2014-06-13).
1775:Freeman, Debra (19 March 2021).
1448:
1228:, sported a collard leaf in his
1110:
934:Full Link to USDA Database entry
386:infest collards. These include:
2630:
2605:
2591:
2577:
2552:
2530:
2511:Mir, Shakir (13 October 2017).
2504:
2462:
2447:
2421:
2211:
2138:
2112:
2053:
2014:
1975:
1964:from the original on 2024-05-09
1917:from the original on 2024-03-27
1854:
1845:
1621:10.3835/plantgenome2015.04.0023
1614:(3): eplantgenome2015.04.0023.
1179:that is often cooked with flat
151:
3192:Brassica oleracea var. viridis
2643:(First ed.). Tuscaloosa:
1829:"The Heirloom Collard Project"
1794:
1722:
1681:
1652:
1565:
1531:
1510:
1278:Robeson County, North Carolina
1029:
277:
221:
1:
1833:The Heirloom Collards Project
1688:Farnham, Mark W. (May 1996).
1504:
1272:—is a popular dish among the
1194:are subjects of research for
401:The false root knot nematode
2737:
2383:"Collards in North Carolina"
1034:Collard greens are known as
941:Percentages estimated using
433:
7:
2645:University of Alabama Press
2228:) from the Carolinas (USA)"
1806:University of Alabama Press
1747:10.1007/978-1-4419-7118-0_9
1492:
1394:
1216:and identity. For example,
1063:Southern and Eastern Europe
1024:
250:
100:is a group of loose-leafed
80:Cultivar group members
10:
3395:
2320:H., Davis, Edward (2015).
2276:Wortman, Stefanie (2012).
2000:10.1016/j.jfca.2012.04.008
1520:. Texas A&M University
1250:East Palo Alto, California
987:, and moderate sources of
454:137 kJ (33 kcal)
366:The stubby root nematodes
355:Belonolaimus longicaudatus
40:A bundle of collard greens
18:
3156:
3120:
3019:
2914:
2821:
2747:
2539:"Haakh or Collard Greens"
2244:10.1007/s10722-007-9284-8
1546:Oxford English Dictionary
1262:Charlotte, North Carolina
1059:(made with maize flour).
963:, and contain negligible
940:
930:
926:
918:
906:
902:
894:
881:
868:
855:
842:
829:
816:
803:
790:
769:
765:
761:
748:
735:
722:
705:
689:
672:
655:
638:
621:
586:
565:
561:
557:
550:
546:
530:
526:
522:
506:
502:
498:
488:
478:
462:
458:
448:
443:
79:
71:
59:
45:
33:
28:
2963:Cruciferous Biochemistry
2166:Vitrano A (2011-01-01).
2147:Best of Croatian Cooking
1880:10.21273/HORTSCI12347-17
1707:10.21273/jashs.121.3.374
1487:A Stroke of Good Fortune
1214:African-American culture
1075:back to the 1st century
325:
3128:List of broccoli dishes
2599:"Pork Bones Haifiridzi"
2471:"Biodiversity of kale (
2387:Southeastern Geographer
2082:10.1111/1750-3841.14831
2070:Journal of Food Science
1670:. Floridata. 2007-02-06
1551:Oxford University Press
1473:Lunch at the Piccadilly
1415:in East Africa, pap in
1246:Port Wentworth, Georgia
943:US recommendations
428:
206:(Southern Africa). In
3133:List of cabbage dishes
2952:Cruciferous vegetables
2479:L.) in Kashmir Valley"
1441:
1435:
1429:
1407:
1401:
1299:
1234:President Barack Obama
947:the National Academies
439:Collard greens, boiled
287:
183:for 'without a head')
94:
2812:Brassica tournefortii
2399:10.1353/sgo.2005.0004
1310:, collard greens (or
1291:
1121:Southern U.S. cuisine
1115:Collard greens are a
552:Vitamins and minerals
414:Pseudomonas cannabina
360:B. longicaudatus
333:Belonolaimus gracilis
285:
93:Young collard plants.
92:
21:Collard Greens (song)
2770:Brassica fruticulosa
2704:at Wikimedia Commons
1851:Crow and Dunn, 2012.
1460:Intruder In the Dust
330:The sting nematode,
2777:Brassica hilarionis
1549:(Online ed.).
1423:in West Africa and
1284:Brazil and Portugal
1203:slavery in the U.S.
1201:During the time of
1183:. Landrace collard
674:Pantothenic acid (B
440:
146:classical antiquity
3158:Brassica oleracea
3102:Romanesco broccoli
2587:. Food by Country.
2458:. Smithsonian.com.
2199:. 28 December 2018
2124:Aggie Horticulture
1478:Gone With the Wind
1300:
1256:(since 2010), and
1143:and salted meats (
908:Other constituents
438:
288:
95:
3374:Ethiopian cuisine
3346:
3345:
3305:Open Tree of Life
3150:Taxon identifiers
3141:
3140:
3022:Brassica oleracea
3012:Brassica oleracea
2977:
2976:
2798:Brassica oleracea
2763:Brassica elongata
2756:Brassica carinata
2697:Brassica oleracea
2694:Media related to
2654:978-0-8173-1834-5
2473:Brassica oleracea
2333:978-0-8173-8765-5
2222:Brassica oleracea
2076:(12): 3746–3762.
2064:Brassica oleracea
2039:10.1111/pbr.12263
1949:978-0-309-48834-1
1756:978-1-4419-7118-0
1733:Brassica oleracea
1731:"The Genetics of
1662:Brassica oleracea
1602:Brassica oleracea
1557:(Subscription or
1483:Flannery O'Connor
1331:Brassica oleracea
1308:Brazilian cuisine
1188:genetic diversity
953:
952:
898:
897:
404:Nacobbus aberrans
342:Dolichodorus spp.
210:, it is known as
194:, it is known as
168:Brassica oleracea
107:Brassica oleracea
87:
86:
53:Brassica oleracea
3386:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3271:NBNSYS0000014755
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3046:Broccoli sprouts
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2693:
2678:
2677:, p. 20-21.
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2647:. pp. 6–8.
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2513:"Kashmiri Haakh"
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2483:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2378:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2282:Southwest Review
2273:
2264:
2263:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1623:
1608:The Plant Genome
1595:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1455:William Faulkner
1444:
1438:
1432:
1410:
1404:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1258:Atlanta, Georgia
1210:Southern culture
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
785:
710:
694:
677:
660:
643:
626:
588:Vitamin A equiv.
581:
548:
547:
441:
437:
388:M. javanica
384:Meloidogyne spp.
320:cabbage collards
268:B. oleracea
175:crop group, the
131:B. oleracea
38:
26:
25:
16:Variety of plant
3394:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3379:African cuisine
3364:Leaf vegetables
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3292:Observation.org
3290:
3282:
3277:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3159:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3116:
3056:Brussels sprout
3015:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2910:
2839:Chinese cabbage
2817:
2784:Brassica juncea
2743:
2736:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2481:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2422:
2379:
2370:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2318:
2309:
2274:
2267:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2058:
2054:
2019:
2015:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1900:
1896:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1727:
1723:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1485:'s short story
1475:. In the novel
1451:
1405:in Ndebele and
1397:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1286:
1226:Thelonious Monk
1196:citizen-science
1161:black-eyed peas
1125:leaf vegetables
1113:
1065:
1032:
1027:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
936:
931:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
798:
786:
756:
743:
730:
717:
708:
700:
692:
684:
675:
667:
658:
650:
641:
633:
624:
617:
614:
612:
607:
602:
594:
582:
553:
542:
537:
518:
513:
474:
469:
436:
431:
375:Paratrichodorus
328:
308:couve tronchuda
280:
253:
245:Groninger Blauw
241:couve tronchuda
226:The plant is a
224:
198:(East Africa),
154:
83:Many; see text.
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:wfo-0000571475
3327:
3314:
3301:
3288:
3275:
3262:
3249:
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3182:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Acephala group
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Collard greens
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2791:Brassica napus
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2685:
2684:External links
2682:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2653:
2629:
2617:The Zimbabwean
2604:
2601:. 21 May 2017.
2590:
2576:
2564:The Zimbabwean
2551:
2529:
2503:
2461:
2446:
2420:
2368:
2332:
2307:
2288:(3): 400–407.
2265:
2238:(6): 797–801.
2210:
2184:
2155:
2137:
2111:
2066:) Improvement"
2052:
2033:(3): 350–355.
2027:Plant Breeding
2013:
1974:
1948:
1927:
1894:
1873:(6): 838–841.
1853:
1844:
1817:
1793:
1767:
1755:
1721:
1700:(3): 374–379.
1680:
1651:
1585:
1564:
1530:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:Collard liquor
1494:
1491:
1469:Clyde Edgerton
1450:
1447:
1396:
1393:
1368:
1367:Kashmir Valley
1365:
1326:pork and beans
1285:
1282:
1254:Columbus, Ohio
1252:(since 1998),
1248:(since 1997),
1157:New Year's Day
1137:mustard greens
1112:
1109:
1064:
1061:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1015:glucosinolates
995:. A 100-gram (
951:
950:
938:
937:
932:
928:
927:
924:
923:
920:
916:
915:
910:
904:
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826:
822:
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470:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
445:
435:
432:
430:
427:
327:
324:
304:couve manteiga
279:
276:
252:
249:
237:couve manteiga
223:
220:
153:
150:
122:. Part of the
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
66:Acephala Group
63:
61:Cultivar group
57:
56:
49:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3391:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3112:Spring greens
3110:
3108:
3107:Savoy cabbage
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2968:genera (list)
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2920:
2919:Triangle of U
2917:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Spring greens
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Mustard plant
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:Brassica rapa
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2540:
2533:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2174:on 2013-02-01
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2150:, p. 137, at
2149:
2148:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1782:
1781:Atlas Obscura
1778:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1449:In literature
1446:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:kaanyil haakh
1378:
1374:
1364:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:Lumbee people
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:composer and
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:, along with
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:turnip greens
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:vegetable in
1118:
1111:United States
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1022:
1020:
1019:glucoraphanin
1016:
1012:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:(388% of the
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:carbohydrates
948:
944:
939:
935:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
909:
905:
901:
893:
886:
884:
880:
873:
871:
867:
860:
858:
854:
847:
845:
841:
834:
832:
828:
821:
819:
815:
808:
806:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
779:
776:
774:
773:
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
747:
740:
738:
734:
727:
725:
721:
714:
712:
704:
697:
695:
688:
681:
679:
671:
664:
662:
654:
647:
645:
640:Riboflavin (B
637:
630:
628:
620:
604:
601:
598:
593:
592:beta-Carotene
589:
585:
580:
575:
572:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
549:
545:
539:
536:
535:
529:
525:
521:
515:
512:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
491:
490:Dietary fiber
487:
483:
481:
477:
471:
468:
467:
466:Carbohydrates
461:
457:
453:
451:
447:
442:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:
409:
406:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
377:
376:
371:
370:
364:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:ectoparasites
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339:
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334:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
284:
275:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
163:
161:
160:
149:
147:
143:
142:edible leaves
138:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
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55:
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50:
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44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3157:
3070:
3036:Broccoflower
3020:
3010:
2948:Brassicaceae
2946:
2939:Brassicaceae
2849:Napa cabbage
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2700:
2696:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2639:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2619:. 2006-05-25
2616:
2607:
2593:
2579:
2568:. Retrieved
2566:. 2006-05-25
2563:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2517:Kashmir Life
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2492:(1): 208–210
2489:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2449:
2439:November 20,
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2393:(1): 67–82.
2390:
2386:
2345:. Retrieved
2322:
2285:
2281:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2152:Google Books
2145:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2114:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1938:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1897:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:
1770:
1760:, retrieved
1738:
1732:
1724:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1665:
1661:
1654:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1544:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1512:
1486:
1476:
1472:
1465:Walker Percy
1458:
1452:
1417:South Africa
1398:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1338:
1336:
1329:
1324:, a popular
1319:
1311:
1301:
1292:
1266:
1242:Alice Walker
1238:state dinner
1207:
1200:
1153:black pepper
1114:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1066:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1035:
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954:
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395:
392:M. incognita
391:
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383:
381:
373:
367:
365:
359:
353:
341:
338:awl nematode
331:
329:
319:
312:World War II
307:
303:
297:
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267:
254:
244:
240:
236:
225:
211:
203:
199:
195:
189:
172:
166:
164:
157:
155:
152:Nomenclature
139:
134:
130:
105:
97:
96:
51:
3240:iNaturalist
3186:Wikispecies
3097:Red cabbage
3066:Cauliflower
1867:HortScience
1340:caldo verde
1294:Caldo verde
1192:ethnobotany
1105:kara lahana
1089:Herzegovina
1030:East Africa
1011:food energy
973:Daily Value
623:Thiamine (B
419:alisalensis
396:M. arenaria
369:Trichodorus
316:Appalachian
278:Cultivation
222:Description
3353:Categories
3258:60452369-2
3051:Broccolini
2675:Davis 2015
2623:2022-05-15
2570:2022-05-15
2203:1 November
2178:2012-07-26
2130:1 November
1994:(1): 1–7.
1968:2024-06-21
1921:2024-03-28
1838:2020-12-07
1811:2020-11-28
1802:"Collards"
1762:2020-11-28
1674:2012-07-26
1579:2018-04-02
1561:required.)
1524:2012-07-26
1505:References
1304:Portuguese
1177:sauerkraut
1173:pot liquor
1165:field peas
1127:, such as
1101:kaštradina
1081:Montenegro
1017:, such as
993:vitamin B6
844:Phosphorus
600:zeaxanthin
114:including
112:vegetables
3177:Q14879985
2822:Cultivars
2434:Our State
2415:130521748
2407:1549-6929
2357:cite book
2342:906925404
2294:0038-4712
2252:0925-9864
2106:207897390
2090:1750-3841
2047:1439-0523
2008:0889-1575
1889:0018-5345
1716:0003-1062
1630:1940-3372
1540:"collard"
1471:'s novel
1316:side dish
1236:'s first
1198:groups.
1181:dumplings
1169:cornbread
1145:ham hocks
985:manganese
981:vitamin C
977:vitamin A
969:vitamin K
857:Potassium
831:Manganese
818:Magnesium
750:Vitamin K
737:Vitamin E
724:Vitamin C
707:Folate (B
691:Vitamin B
657:Niacin (B
434:Nutrition
350:chlorosis
344:are both
232:perennial
156:The term
102:cultivars
3359:Brassica
3171:Wikidata
3121:See also
3092:Kohlrabi
3041:Broccoli
2958:Brassica
2929:Brassica
2891:Rutabaga
2881:Rapeseed
2876:Nanohana
2866:Kohlrabi
2856:Choy sum
2844:Bok choy
2740:Brassica
2477:acephala
2302:43473220
2278:"Greens"
2224:L. var.
2197:Newsweek
2098:31681987
1962:Archived
1958:30844154
1915:Archived
1905:(2024).
1786:23 March
1666:acephala
1646:55772782
1638:33228266
1493:See also
1395:Zimbabwe
1389:haak rus
1321:feijoada
1131:, kale,
1085:Dalmatia
1042:Swahilli
1025:Culinary
913:Quantity
778:Quantity
772:Minerals
574:Quantity
568:Vitamins
336:and the
318:region,
300:cultivar
257:Acephala
251:Taxonomy
228:biennial
185:cultivar
177:acephala
159:colewort
124:Acephala
120:broccoli
3219:3042878
3162:viridis
3087:Kalette
3077:Gai lan
3071:Collard
3061:Cabbage
2829:Bomdong
2748:Species
2701:viridis
2544:4 April
2522:4 April
2496:4 April
2347:1 April
2260:9123036
2226:viridis
1442:umbhida
1436:umbhida
1430:Umbhida
1425:polenta
1402:umbhida
1373:Kashmir
1358:⁄
1348:⁄
1270:fatback
1222:pianist
1185:in-situ
1149:fatback
1129:spinach
1093:raštika
1004:⁄
989:calcium
961:protein
890:0.23 mg
838:0.51 mg
812:1.13 mg
792:Calcium
701:0.13 mg
685:0.22 mg
668:0.58 mg
651:0.11 mg
634:0.04 mg
616:6197 μg
613:4513 μg
534:Protein
293:texture
272:viridis
265:variety
216:Kashmir
204:umBhida
173:Viridis
135:viridis
128:variety
116:cabbage
98:Collard
47:Species
29:Collard
3310:833638
3297:136480
3245:468936
3073:greens
2906:Turnip
2901:Tatsoi
2886:Rapini
2834:Canola
2660:11 May
2651:
2413:
2405:
2340:
2330:
2300:
2292:
2258:
2250:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2045:
2006:
1956:
1946:
1887:
1753:
1714:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1604:Crops"
1408:muriwo
1141:smoked
1135:, and
1117:staple
1097:raštan
1073:Romans
1069:Greeks
1046:Sukuma
1037:sukuma
983:, and
922:90.2 g
870:Sodium
864:117 mg
799:141 mg
757:407 μg
744:0.9 mg
608:380 μg
597:lutein
480:Sugars
450:Energy
302:; the
243:, and
200:muriwo
196:sukuma
192:Africa
75:Greece
72:Origin
3206:BRSOA
2699:var.
2482:(PDF)
2475:var.
2411:S2CID
2298:JSTOR
2256:S2CID
2102:S2CID
1664:var.
1642:S2CID
1555:
1413:ugali
1385:haakh
1377:haakh
1312:couve
1230:lapel
1079:. In
1056:ugali
959:, 3%
919:Water
877:15 mg
851:32 mg
825:21 mg
731:18 mg
718:16 μg
541:2.7 g
484:0.4 g
473:5.6 g
326:Pests
270:var.
212:haakh
208:India
181:Greek
133:var.
3318:POWO
3284:3713
3279:NCBI
3253:IPNI
3232:7679
3227:GRIN
3214:GBIF
3201:EPPO
3160:var.
3082:Kale
2662:2024
2649:ISBN
2546:2020
2524:2020
2498:2020
2441:2022
2403:ISSN
2363:link
2349:2021
2338:OCLC
2328:ISBN
2290:ISSN
2248:ISSN
2205:2019
2132:2019
2094:PMID
2086:ISSN
2043:ISSN
2004:ISSN
1954:PMID
1944:ISBN
1885:ISSN
1788:2021
1751:ISBN
1712:ISSN
1634:PMID
1626:ISSN
1421:fufu
1318:for
1306:and
1218:jazz
1212:and
1190:and
1167:and
1087:and
1071:and
1051:sima
991:and
883:Zinc
805:Iron
755:339%
429:Uses
417:pv.
394:and
372:and
306:and
261:kale
118:and
3331:WFO
3266:NBN
2395:doi
2240:doi
2078:doi
2035:doi
2031:134
1996:doi
1911:FDA
1875:doi
1743:doi
1702:doi
1698:121
1616:doi
1371:In
1302:In
1276:in
1163:or
1095:or
1053:or
1040:in
965:fat
836:22%
797:11%
783:%DV
729:20%
611:42%
606:42%
579:%DV
517:0.7
510:Fat
494:4 g
425:).
423:Pca
239:),
218:).
202:or
190:In
104:of
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