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987:). The animals eat ripe coffee cherries and their digestive process removes the outer layers of the fruit. The remaining coffee beans are collected and washed. Coffee experts believe that the unique flavour of kopi luwak comes, at least in part, from the extraction of naturally occurring potassium salts from the beans during the digestive process. This results in a smooth, mild cup, with a sweet after-taste. Kopi luwak is very rare, and can retail for more than $ 600 per kilogram.
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conditions, product quality, post-harvest processing, and value chain structures. This distinctive geography poses challenges for logistics, for supporting improved technologies, and for developing cohesive industry organizations. Common to most of the coffee-producing regions are circumstances of low yields, weak farmer organization, and limited government supportâas coffee has hitherto not been regarded as a crop of strategic importance.
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242:. Today, in the Kota area of Jakarta, one can find echoes of the seagoing legacy that built the city. Sail driven ships still load cargo in the old port. The Bahari Museum occupies a former warehouse of the VOC, which was used to store spices and coffee. Menara Syahbandar (or Lookout Tower) was built in 1839 to replace the flag pole that stood at the head of wharves, where the VOC ships docked to load their cargos.
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Indonesia's coffee industry is represented by three associations. The
Association of Indonesian Coffee Exporters (AICE), also known by its Indonesian acronym "AEKI", is composed of Arabica and Robusta coffee exporters. AICE was founded in 1979 and was responsible for managing export quotas under the
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and wet processed at farm level. Coffee from Flores is known for sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. A traditional style of processing, known as pulped natural, where parchment coffee is dried in its mucilage without fermentation, produces a floral coffee that has been found to be highly sought
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Unlike other parts of
Indonesia, such as Sumatra, Bali coffee has a single harvest season each yearâtypically around July to September. Coffee production in Bali, much as Indonesia, is mainly performed by smallholders. Coffee production in Bali lacks significant backing from the government at either
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The
Indonesian coffee sector is large, internally diverse and scattered. Production is dominated by an estimated 2 million smallholders living in often remote villages located right across the archipelagoâwith different coffee regions showing variations in terms of production systems, environmental
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Certain estates age a portion of their coffee for up to five years, normally in large burlap sacks, which are regularly aired, dusted, and flipped. As they age, the beans turn from green to light brown, and their flavour gains strength while losing acidity. Aged coffees can display flavours ranging
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Plateau, at the eastern end of Java, at an altitude of more than 1,400 meters. The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century. The five largest estates are Blawan (also spelled
Belawan or Blauan), Jampit (or Djampit), Pancoer (or Pancur), Kayumas and
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are known for smooth, sweet body that is balanced and intense. Depending on the region, or blend of regions, the flavours of the land and processing can be very pronounced. Notes of cocoa, tobacco, smoke, earth and cedar wood can show well in the cup. Occasionally, Sumatran coffees can show greater
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per kilogram in
Amsterdam. Since annual incomes in Holland in the 18th century were between 200 and 400 Guilders, this was equivalent to several hundred dollars per kilogram today. By the end of the 18th century, the price had dropped to 0.6 Guilders per kilogram and coffee drinking spread from the
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Robusta is grown on small farms that average one hectare. The crop is harvested by stripping off all the fruit on the branch, resulting in a mix of ripe and green cherries. Farmers dry the coffee cherries whole, for up to three weeks. After the drying, the dry cherries are hulled. Farmers sell the
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coffees are clean and sound in the cup. They generally display nutty or warm spice notes, like cinnamon or cardamom. Hints of black pepper are sometimes found. Their sweetness, as with most
Indonesian coffees, is closely related to the body of the coffee. The after-taste coats the palate on the
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period, and has played an important part in the growth of the country. Indonesia is geographically and climatologically well-suited for coffee plantations, near the equator and with numerous interior mountainous regions on its main islands, creating well-suited microclimates for the growth and
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Mawardi S., Yusianto, R. Hulupi, Khalid and A. Marsh. (2008). Evaluation of
Variety Cupping Profile of Arabica Coffee Grown at Different Altitudes and Processing Methods in Gayo Highland of Aceh (Sumatra). Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. on Coffee Science, Ass. Sci. and Inf. on Coffee (ASIC), Campinas,
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Most farmers on
Sulawesi, Sumatra, Flores, and Papua use the "giling basah" (or wet hulling) process. In this technique, farmers remove the outer skin from the cherries mechanically, using rustic pulping machines. The coffee beans, still coated with mucilage, are then stored for up to a day.
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These estates transport ripe cherries quickly to their mills after harvest. The pulp is then fermented and washed off, using the wet process, with rigorous quality control. This results in coffee with good, heavy body and a sweet overall impression. They are sometimes rustic in their flavour
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Most of
Sulawesi's coffee is grown by smallholders, with about 5% coming from seven larger estates. The people of Tana Toraja build distinctively shaped houses and maintain ancient and complex rituals related to death and the afterlife. This respect for tradition is also found in way that
405: â This cross between arabica and robusta has a reputation for poor flavour. However, there are numerous types of Catimor, including one that farmers have named "Ateng-Jaluk". On-going research in Aceh has revealed locally adapted Catimor varieties with excellent cup characteristics.
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and abbreviated VOCâreaching 2,000 pounds shipped in 1717. Coffee arriving in
Amsterdam sold for high prices, 1 kg (2 lb) costing nearly one per cent of the average annual income. Indonesia was the first place, outside of Arabia and Ethiopia, where coffee was widely cultivated.
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Neilson, J. (2012). Coffee (Indonesia): 1900 to present: East and Southeast Asia. In A. Stanton, E. Ramsamy, P. Seybolt, & C. Elliott (Eds.), Cultural sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An encyclopedia. (pp. III240-III242). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
393: â These include Rambung and Abyssinia, which were brought to Java in 1928. Since then, they have been brought to Aceh as well. Another group of Ethiopian varieties found in Sumatra are called "USDA", after an American project that brought them to Indonesia in the 1950s.
266:, as well as in West Sumatra, South Sulawesi and the Minahasa region of North Sulawesi. This corrupt system, which diverted labor from rice production and caused great hardship for farmers, was immortalized through an influential novel by Eduard Douwes Dekker (pen name:
258:(Cultivation system). Production of export crops were delivered to government warehouses instead of taxes. Coffee, along with sugar and indigo, was one of the main crops produced under this highly exploitative colonial system. Cultuurstelsel was applied to coffee in the
1100:, and WWF predicts that these species will be extinct in a decade should the clearing and farming continue. These claims were further supported by the use of remote sensing imagery in the region. WWF states that the illegal coffee is sold to Western companies such as
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is rugged, with numerous active and inactive volcanoes. Ash from these volcanoes has created especially fertile Andosols, ideal for organic coffee production. Arabica coffee is grown at 1,200 to 1,800 meters on hillsides and plateaus. Most of the production is grown
1048:(SCAI) formed in 2008. SCAI members focus exclusively on the production, export and marketing of Indonesia's arabica coffees. This includes farmers' cooperatives with 8,050 members, exporters, roasters, importers and coffee retailers in the Arabic coffee industry.
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Coffee from this region is generally processed at farm-level, using traditional wet methods. Due to the giling basah processing, Gayo Mountain coffee is described as higher toned and lighter bodied than Lintong and Mandheling coffees from further east in
527:. This large lake is one of the deepest in the world, at 505 meters. The coffee production area is a high plateau, known for its diversity of tree fern species. This area produces 15,000 to 18,000 tons of arabica per year. A neighbouring region, called
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Marsh, A., Yusianto, Mawardi, S. (2010). The Influence of Primary Processing Methods on the Cup Taste of Arabica Coffee from the Indonesian Island of Flores. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Coffee Science, Bali, October 3â8, 2010.
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The coffee trade was very profitable for the VOC, and for the Dutch East Indies government that replaced it in 1800, but was less so for the Indonesian farmers who were forced to grow it by the colonial government from 1830 to around 1870 under the
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is a traditional way to prepare coffee in Bali. It consists of finely ground coffee powder steeped in water and left to settle. Once the powder has settled the coffee is drunk while trying to avoid drinking the 'mud' from the bottom of the glass.
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A small number of Arabica farmers in Sulawesi, Flores and Bali, and almost all Robusta farmers across Indonesia, use the most traditional method of all, dry processing. The coffee cherries are dried in the sun, and then de-hulled in a dry state.
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Today, more than 90% of Indonesia's coffee is grown by smallholders on farms averaging around one hectare. Some of this production is organic and many farmersâ cooperatives and exporters are internationally certified to market organic coffee.
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All arabica coffee in Indonesia is picked by hand, whether it is grown by smallholders or on medium-sized estates. After harvest, the coffee is processed in a variety of ways, each imparting its own flavours and aromas to the final product.
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By the mid-1870s the Dutch East Indies expanded arabica coffee-growing areas in Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi and Timor. In Sulawesi the coffee was thought to have been planted around 1850. In North Sumatra highlands coffee was first grown near
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is the second largest island in the world. The western half of New Guinea is part of Indonesia. The Indonesian half of the island was formerly called "Irian Jaya". Today, it is known as Papua, and it is divided into six provinces â
274:: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. This book helped to change Dutch public opinion about the "Cultivation System" and colonialism in general. More recently, the name Max Havelaar was adopted by one of the first
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Dutch-owned plantations on Java were nationalized in the 1950s, soon after independence. and are now managed as state-owned plantations under PTPN, Perusahaan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara, and revitalized with new varieties of
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Collectors and processors then hull the coffee in a semi-wet state, which gives the beans a distinctive bluish-green appearance. This process reduces acidity and increases body, resulting in the classic Indonesian cup profile.
222:) in 1696. The first seedlings failed due to flooding in Batavia. The second shipment of seedlings was sent in 1699 with Hendrik Zwaardecroon. The plants grew, and in 1711 the first exports were sent from Java to Europe by the
377: â This variety, which is also called "Tim Tim", is a natural cross between Arabica and Robusta. This variety originated likely from a single coffee tree planted in 1917â18 or 1926. The HDT was planted in Aceh in 1979.
749:". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other people and the environment. This philosophy, specifically 'happiness with the environment' favors the production of
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Indonesia produced an estimated 660,000 metric tons of coffee in 2017. Of this total, it is estimated that 154,800 tons were slated for domestic consumption in the 2013â2014 financial year. Of the exports, 25% are
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elite to the general population. The East Indies were the most important coffee supplier in the world during this period and it was only in the 1840s that their stranglehold on supply was eclipsed by Brazil.
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Paerels, B. H. (1927). Agronomische beschrijving van de koffiecultuur in de zuidelijke Toradjalanden Mededeelingen van de Afdeeling Landbouw No. 11., Departement van Landbouw, nijverheid en Handel, Batavia.
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As of 2015 Java's old colonial-era plantations provide just a fraction of the coffee grown on the island; they produce primarily the higher-valued Arabica variety. The Paniis coffee planters cooperation in
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cherries to collectors, who sell them to both exporters and for sale on the domestic market. The exporters dry the crop to 12 to 13% moisture, and it is then sorted and graded. Exports are usually made in
768:, including the Subak Abian, have created Indonesia's first Geographic Indication (G.I.). Issued in 2008, the G.I. establishes legal protection for coffee produced in the Kintamani region under the name
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around Kerinci around 1915, and then spread quickly across southern Sumatra during the 1920s, where production soon eclipsed Java. The region remains the most important producing region by volume today.
476:" (wet hulling) processing technique they use. At the green bean stage, coffee from this area has a distinctive bluish colour, which is attributed to processing method and lack of iron in the soil.
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2015-12-03 at the Portuguese Web Archive; Rodrigues C. J.; Mayer Gonçalves, M.; VĂĄrzea, V.M.P.; "ImportĂąncia do HĂbrido de Timor para o territĂłrio e para o melhoramento da cafeicultura mundial";
1991:
WWF (2007). Gone in an Instant: How the trade in legally grown coffee is driving the destruction of Rhino, Tiger and Elephant Habitat Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Sumatra, Indonesia. WWF
171:. In general, Indonesia's arabica coffee varieties have low acidity and strong bodies, which make them ideal for blending with higher-acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa.
2001:
Gaveau, D. L.; Linkie, M.; Levang, P.; Leader-Williams, N. (2009). "Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: effects of coffee prices, law enforcement and rural poverty".
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Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemon and other citrus notes.
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Market and Support Activity (AMARTA) conducted research on the effectiveness of the Brocap Trap technology in Toraja, Sidikilang and Gayo. This trap is designed to catch the
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trees. Farmers in Papua use a wet hulled process. Chemical fertilizer pesticide and herbicide are unknown in this origin, which makes this coffee both rare and valuable.
550:, at the northern tip of Sumatra, in the region of Aceh. The altitude in the production area averages between 1,110 and 1,600 meters. The coffee is grown by smallholders
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901:, which will significantly improve incomes. The area is extremely remote, with most coffee-growing areas inaccessible by road and nearly untouched by the modern world.
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Together, these areas produce about 230 tons of coffee per year. This is set to rise, as new companies are setting up buying and processing operations. One of them is
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from cedar to spices such as cinnamon or clove, and often develop a thick, almost syrupy body. These aged coffees are called Old Government, Old Brown or Old Java.
331:) was introduced to East Java in 1900 as a substitute, especially at lower altitudes, where the rust was particularly devastating. Robusta coffee was introduced to
306:, but from different root stocks. The coffee in Eastern Indonesia was not affected to the same degree by rust, and even today, it is believed that some coffee in
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De Landbouw in de Indische Archipel / uitgegeven onder redactie van C.J.J. van Hall en C. van de Koppel, 's-Gravenhage : Uitgeverij W. Van Hoeve, 1946-50.
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Cramer, P. J. S. (1957). A Review of Coffee Literature in Indonesia, published by Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Turrialba, Costa Rica
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coffee, or at least the use of organic fertilizers and the lack of use of agrochemicals. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of
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swept through Indonesia. However, both the Bergandal and Sidikalang varieties of Typica can still be found in Sumatra, especially at higher altitudes.
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and other manufactured products. The domestic market consumes about 150,000 metric tons of robusta annually. The main markets are the United States,
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Neilson, J (2004) âEmbedded geographies and quality construction in Sulawesi coffee commodity chainsâ, PhD. University of Sydney. Available from:
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profiles, but display a lasting finish. At their best, they are smooth and supple and sometimes have a subtle herbaceous note in the after-taste.
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USDA GAIN (2014). Indonesia Coffee Annual 2014, Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN), USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Available at:
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Coffee from this westernmost island in Indonesia is intriguing and complex, due to the large number of small-holder producers and the unique "
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582:, formerly called the Celebes, lies to the east of Borneo island. The primary region for high altitude Arabica production covers the
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Larger processing mills, estates and some farmers' cooperatives on Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Bali produce "fully washed" coffee.
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or commonly known in Indonesia as Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica. These companies are assisting farmers to obtain organic and
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383: â This is a group of varieties was originally developed in India, from the Bourbon cultivar. The most common are S-288 and
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acidity, which balances the body. This acidity takes on tropical fruit notes and sometimes an impression of grapefruit or lime.
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accounting for 50% of total national coffee production and up to 75% of Robusta production. Smaller volumes are also grown in
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1949:
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1031:, a French agricultural research institute. Brocap traps have been extensively adopted by coffee farmers in Central America.
1565:"The Influence of Certificaton of Gayo Coffee Geographical Indication Against Value Added of Coffee In Gayo Highlands, Aceh"
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238:). There has been a port at the mouth of Ciliwung River since 397 AD, when King Purnawarman established the city he called
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Neilson, J (2007). "Institutions, the Governance of Quality and On-Farm Value Retention for Indonesian Specialty Coffee".
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in the 1950s. These varieties were also adopted by smallholders through the government and various development programs.
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Neilson, J (2008). "Global private regulation and value-chain restructuring in Indonesian smallholder coffee systems".
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367: â this is the original cultivar introduced by the Dutch. Much of the Typica was lost in the late 1880s, when
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772:. It also serves as a marketing tool to differentiate Kintamani coffee from coffees produced in other regions.
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890:. Both areas lie at altitudes between 1,400 and 2000 meters, creating ideal conditions for Arabica production.
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small-holders process their coffee. Sulawesi farmers use a unique process called "giling basah" (wet hulling).
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1784:, ESTABLISHMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION PROTECTION SYSTEM IN INDONESIA, CASE IN COFFEE, Mawardi, 2009, p. 2
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Mackie, J. A. C. "Indonesiaâs Government Estates and their Masters". Pacific Affairs, (v34/4, 1961), 337-360.
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de Jong Boers, Bernice (1995). "Mount Tambora in 1815: A volcanic eruption in Indonesia and its aftermath".
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up until 1989. A second association, Gabungan Eksportir Kopi Indonesia (GAEKI) was established in 2011. The
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in the world in 2014. Coffee cultivation in Indonesia began in the late 1600s and early 1700s, in the early
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are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "
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1898:"Characteristics of Quality Profile and Agribusiness of Robusta Coffee in Tambora Mountainside, Sumbawa"
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Following this waiting period, the mucilage is washed off and the coffee is partially dried for sale.
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http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Coffee%20Annual_Jakarta_Indonesia_5-14-2014.pdf
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A small portion of the crop is harvested and processed was washed coffee as with Arabica coffee.
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island. Coffee production in the region goes back to at least the early 19th century, before the
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602:(further to the south near Makassar), also produce Arabica, although they are less well known.
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the provincial or national level and is therefore in need of support and professionalization.
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Plateau in eastern Java. However, disaster struck in the 1876, when the coffee rust disease,
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coffee production because the Subak organizes smallholders, which is often a requirement of
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646:) in the 17th century. Agricultural systems in Java have changed considerably over time. A
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This coffee is prized as one component in the traditional "Mocha Java" blend, which pairs
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Seattle, Atlas Coffee 201 N. 85th St; Accessibility, WA 98103701-5211652-4880652-4881.
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In the late 1800s, Dutch colonialists established large coffee plantations on the
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Lintong coffee is grown in the District of Lintong Nihuta, to the south-west of
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Research on coffee diseases and identification of resistant planting material
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was the region where the earliest coffee plantations were established by the
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being grown commercially in Indonesia. They fall into six main categories:
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The Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) is located in
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plague in the late 1880s killed off much of the plantation stocks in the
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and Japan, although demand from emerging markets such as Russia, China,
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444: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~cesa/Jornadas%20Timor-vers%E3o%20final..pdf
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blends, where it adds characteristic flavours and the all important
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Caturra is a mutation of Bourbon coffee, which originated in Brazil.
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There are two main coffee-growing areas in Papua. The first is the
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to its south, where coffee is commonly traded through the town of
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1538:"Indonesia's Gayo Arabica Coffee Awarded Protected Status by EU"
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Farmer training on improved production and processing techniques
3393:
3207:
3049:
2829:
2490:
2438:
2255:
2148:
2101:
1820:"Strategy to Improving Smallholder Coffee Farmers Productivity"
1244:
1201:
1157:
879:
822:
814:
583:
299:
234:
The coffee was shipped to Europe from the port of Batavia (now
151:
129:
721:
294:
in 1924. Coffee at the time was also grown in East Indonesia:
3082:
3054:
2809:
2794:
2764:
2495:
2453:
2080:
1562:
1028:
573:
125:
124:
An old man is peeling coffee near megalithic stones at Bena,
975:
The most unusual form of coffee processing in Indonesia is "
511:. Mandheling coffee comes from Northern Sumatra, as well as
245:
In the 18th century, coffee shipped from Batavia sold for 3
3104:
1153:
818:
765:
742:
687:
639:
512:
387:, which are found in Lintong, Aceh, Flores and other areas.
314:
210:
The Dutch governor in Malabar (India) sent arabica coffee (
1813:
1811:
1027:(CBB) insect, a major pest in coffee. It was developed by
682:
can produce 15 tonnes, 2.5 tonnes of them are produced as
670:(a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee) and later with
2117:
1978:
1003:
Land mapping to identify new areas for coffee production
798:
in Sanggar peninsula is the main coffee-growing area in
1808:
1345:
1343:
495:
is a trade name, used for arabica coffee from northern
1902:
Elita Perkebunan (A Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal)
1872:"Kopi tubruk | Local Coffee (Beverage) From Indonesia"
1817:
1569:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
725:
Kopi tubruk; traditional preparation of coffee in Bali
686:. Java's arabica coffee production is centred on the
542:
is a region on the hillsides surrounding the town of
3389:
1340:
1226:
961:
At least one U.S. manufacturer, soft drink producer
691:Tugosari, and they cover more than 4,000 hectares.
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2036:http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1672
1856:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1211:Robusta is also an important part of traditional
1051:
1015:Supply of coffee processing and testing equipment
1012:Supply of coffee seedlings for improved varieties
3550:
1818:Sarirahayu, Kartika; Aprianingsih, Atik (2018).
1740:
1363:. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 168.
214:) seedlings from Yemen to the Dutch governor of
3267:
1648:http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/9222
1132:is the largest producer, with the provinces of
1517:, 2004. Vol. XXVII, NĂșmero(s) 2/4. pp 203â216.
3253:
2133:
1928:
1736:
1734:
1382:
1380:
1076:crop in Indonesia and, in January 2007, the
929:
1915:10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i2.1
1766:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1428:
1426:
1088:. The protected park is home to endangered
3260:
3246:
2140:
2126:
1895:
1731:
574:Sulawesi (Toraja, Kalosi, Mamasa and Gowa)
1913:
1682:Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia
1588:
1377:
1280:
1278:
1046:Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia
460:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
3172:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
1563:Triska Damayanti; Hafid Setiadi (2019).
1423:
1358:
1055:
933:
728:
720:
620:
310:can be traced back to the 18th century.
197:
178:
134:
119:
3579:History of the Dutch East India Company
2942:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1614:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
1611:
1463:
1407:. Indonesia-tourism.com. Archived from
1192:Most of Indonesia's robusta is used in
882:. The second is the Kamu Valley in the
662:. The Dutch responded by replacing the
3551:
3533:List of countries by coffee production
2226:List of countries by coffee production
1824:Asian Journal of Technology Management
1275:
1264:List of countries by coffee production
1034:
499:. It was derived from the name of the
3241:
2121:
1434:"Food-Info.net> History of coffee"
1361:The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition
1658:
442:adding citations to reliable sources
413:
356:There are more than 20 varieties of
139:Coffee being roasted at Toko Aroma,
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
3538:List of countries by coffee exports
2048:
1082:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
979:". This coffee is processed by the
895:Koperasi Serba Usaha Baliem Arabica
150:was the fourth-largest producer of
13:
3121:United States Barista Championship
2107:Manufacture of coffee in Indonesia
990:
503:people, who produce coffee in the
14:
3595:
2094:
2060:International Coffee Organization
1896:Aklimawati, Lya (1 August 2014).
1124:is grown at lower altitudes than
1111:
804:eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815
713:was named after the Java coffee.
562:in Indonesia, the EU and the UK.
554:. Gayo coffee is registered as a
3442:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3392:
3220:
3219:
3206:
2100:
1634:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00290.x
1243:
1229:
878:region, surrounding the town of
531:, also produces arabica coffee.
418:
228:Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
57:"Coffee production in Indonesia"
22:
2073:
2029:
1994:
1985:
1971:
1955:
1937:
1922:
1889:
1864:
1795:"Kintamani | karatercoffee.com"
1787:
1774:
1706:
1675:
1652:
1640:
1605:
1556:
1530:
1520:
1501:
1492:
1457:
1448:
1042:International Coffee Agreements
609:finish and is smooth and soft.
586:highlands, and the district of
429:needs additional citations for
33:needs additional citations for
1838:(inactive 13 September 2024).
1590:10.1088/1755-1315/338/1/012028
1478:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.005
1397:
1352:
1331:
1309:
1290:
1052:Current status of the industry
941:, coffee seeds from faeces of
347:
1:
2572:Single-serve coffee container
2056:"Indonesian Trade statistics"
1269:
487:
3564:Coffee production by country
2023:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.024
1968:. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
1718:Remarkable Indonesian Coffee
1515:Revista de CiĂȘncias AgrĂĄrias
1259:List of Indonesian beverages
598:(to the west of Toraja) and
7:
1222:
1072:Coffee is often grown as a
770:Kopi Arabica Kintamani Bali
10:
3600:
3126:World Barista Championship
2552:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
2147:
1393:10.4135/9781452218458.n553
1078:World Wide Fund for Nature
985:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
789:
702:with beans grown in Java.
518:
409:
174:
3525:
3409:
3387:
3276:
3200:
3139:
3113:
3063:
2995:
2914:
2888:
2580:
2419:
2378:
2254:
2196:
2155:
1836:10.12695/ajtm.2018.11.1.1
1703:. Retrieved 8 August 2008
1542:Indonesia Investments.com
1164:Production and processing
1060:Making coffee by hand in
930:Harvesting and processing
809:
711:Java programming language
654:area before spreading to
578:The Indonesian island of
193:United East India Company
3559:Agriculture in Indonesia
2178:International Coffee Day
1661:"Antara Jawa Barat News"
1359:Hoffmann, James (2018).
899:fair trade certification
834:
224:Dutch East India Company
189:Dutch East India Company
2972:Historical coffeehouses
2003:Biological Conservation
1581:2019E&ES..338a2028D
737:The highland region of
716:
616:
556:Geographical Indication
534:
3512:United States (Hawaii)
3182:Coffee vending machine
2406:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1747:Atlas Coffee Importers
1219:on top of the coffee.
1065:
946:
831:after by some buyers.
794:The western slopes of
734:
726:
626:
375:Hibrido de Timor (HDT)
207:
195:
167:beans; the balance is
159:production of coffee.
144:
132:
2987:Viennese coffee house
2518:Karlsbad coffee maker
2045:, accessed 3 May 2015
1663:. Antarajawabarat.com
1059:
937:
732:
724:
624:
290:highland (Aceh) near
286:in 1888, followed in
202:Coffee plantation in
201:
182:
138:
123:
3569:Economy of Indonesia
3147:Coffee and doughnuts
2750:Indian filter coffee
2183:Single-origin coffee
2113:Indonesian Coffee UK
2109:at Wikimedia Commons
1693:on 14 September 2008
1171:break bulk shipments
945:, Lampung, Indonesia
876:Jayawijaya Highlands
438:improve this article
42:improve this article
3584:Coffee in Indonesia
3187:Used coffee grounds
2015:2009BCons.142..597G
1962:Meet our superfruit
1626:2007SJTG...28..188N
1411:on 18 February 2013
1035:Coffee associations
3301:Dominican Republic
3192:Sustainable coffee
2889:Organization lists
2850:RĂŒdesheimer Kaffee
2630:Café com cheirinho
2219:Sustainable coffee
2214:Shade-grown coffee
2041:2015-04-29 at the
1876:www.tasteatlas.com
1317:"Trade Statistics"
1303:2015-12-08 at the
1204:, South Korea and
1066:
1025:coffee berry borer
947:
874:, in the central
735:
727:
627:
397:Caturra cultivars:
320:Hemileia vastatrix
208:
196:
145:
133:
3574:Indonesian drinks
3546:
3545:
3410:Other cultivators
3269:Coffee production
3235:
3234:
3213:Coffee portal
3131:World Brewers Cup
2755:Ipoh white coffee
2236:Coffee wastewater
2204:Coffee production
2188:Third-wave coffee
2105:Media related to
1950:978-2-900212-22-6
1575:(12028): 012028.
1466:World Development
1405:"Jakarta history"
1370:978-1-78472-429-0
1173:, rather than in
1084:on the island of
828:under shade trees
821:. The terrain of
644:Dutch East Indies
625:Coffee plantation
560:Kopi Arabika Gayo
552:under shade trees
470:
469:
462:
270:) in 1860 titled
204:Dutch East Indies
118:
117:
110:
92:
3591:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3356:Papua New Guinea
3279:producers (2014)
3262:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3226:Category: Coffee
3223:
3222:
3211:
3210:
3162:Coffee leaf rust
3035:Dandelion coffee
2901:Coffee companies
2740:Gassosa al caffĂš
2508:Espresso machine
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
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2104:
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1698:
1689:. Archived from
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1489:
1472:(9): 1607â1622.
1461:
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1239:
1237:Indonesia portal
1234:
1233:
1232:
1128:. The island of
981:Asian palm civet
764:Stakeholders in
465:
458:
454:
451:
445:
422:
414:
369:coffee leaf rust
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
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3391:
3385:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3236:
3231:
3205:
3196:
3135:
3109:
3064:Serving vessels
3059:
2991:
2910:
2884:
2790:Latte macchiato
2660:CaffĂš macchiato
2576:
2415:
2374:
2259:
2250:
2231:Coffee roasting
2192:
2151:
2146:
2097:
2092:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2043:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1976:
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1436:. Food-Info.net
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1305:Wayback Machine
1295:
1291:
1283:
1276:
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1249:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1208:is increasing.
1114:
1054:
1037:
993:
991:Coffee research
932:
865:Southwest Papua
837:
812:
792:
761:certification.
747:Tri Hita Karana
733:Balinese coffee
719:
619:
576:
548:Lake Laut Tawar
537:
521:
490:
466:
455:
449:
446:
435:
423:
412:
391:Ethiopian lines
350:
292:Lake Laut Tawar
278:organizations.
206:circa 1870â1900
177:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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3333:
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3308:
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3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
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3179:
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3169:
3164:
3159:
3157:Coffee service
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
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3012:
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3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Coffee cupping
2954:
2952:Coffee culture
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2927:Bikini barista
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:Wiener Melange
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Turkish coffee
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:Liqueur coffee
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Kurdish coffee
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Dalgona coffee
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Coffee cabinet
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:CaffĂš corretto
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Café con leche
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Turkish coffee
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2530:Instant coffee
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
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2493:
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2478:
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2243:
2241:Decaffeination
2238:
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2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Organic coffee
2200:
2198:
2194:
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2191:
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2185:
2180:
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2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
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2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2096:
2095:External links
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:uncomtrade.com
2072:
2047:
2028:
2009:(3): 597â605.
1993:
1984:
1970:
1954:
1936:
1921:
1908:(2): 159â180.
1888:
1863:
1807:
1786:
1773:
1730:
1705:
1674:
1651:
1639:
1620:(3): 188â204.
1604:
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1500:
1491:
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1376:
1369:
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1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1224:
1221:
1198:western Europe
1194:instant coffee
1190:
1189:
1166:
1165:
1126:Coffea arabica
1122:Coffea robusta
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:Robusta coffee
1110:
1053:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
992:
989:
931:
928:
904:All coffee is
857:Highland Papua
836:
833:
811:
808:
791:
788:
718:
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388:
378:
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358:Coffea arabica
349:
346:
342:Coffea arabica
256:Cultuurstelsel
212:Coffea arabica
183:Replica of an
176:
173:
156:Dutch colonial
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
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3400:Coffee portal
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3177:Canned coffee
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3028:
3026:
3025:Cereal coffee
3023:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Barley coffee
3003:
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3000:
2998:
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2962:Coffee palace
2960:
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2932:CaffĂš sospeso
2930:
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2870:White Russian
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2720:Frappé coffee
2718:
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2621:
2620:CĂ phĂȘ sữa ÄĂĄ
2618:
2616:
2615:Black Russian
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Beaten coffee
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:Coffee drinks
2579:
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2447:
2445:
2444:Brewed coffee
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Arabic coffee
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
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2281:Blue Mountain
2279:
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2257:
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2247:
2246:Home roasting
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2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1980:
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1967:
1963:
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1544:. 24 May 2017
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1251:Coffee portal
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1138:South Sumatra
1135:
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1117:Growing areas
1116:
1115:
1109:
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1103:
1099:
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1074:forest margin
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891:
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884:Nabire Region
881:
877:
873:
872:Baliem Valley
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Central Papua
850:
846:
841:
832:
829:
824:
820:
816:
807:
805:
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797:
796:Mount Tambora
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666:firstly with
665:
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658:and parts of
657:
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642:(part of the
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479:Coffees from
477:
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443:
439:
433:
432:
427:This section
425:
421:
416:
415:
404:
403:Catimor lines
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194:
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186:
185:East Indiaman
181:
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112:
109:
101:
90:
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76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
3335:
3218:
3204:
3114:Competitions
3100:Tasse à café
2937:Coffee break
2906:Coffeehouses
2896:Bakery cafés
2865:White coffee
2855:Tenom coffee
2760:Irish coffee
2640:Café de olla
2625:Café au lait
2567:Vacuum maker
2535:Coffee syrup
2525:French press
2391:Caffeic acid
2360:
2353:
2339:
2334:Charrieriana
2332:
2268:
2084:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2031:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1852:cite journal
1827:
1823:
1798:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1776:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1723:14 September
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1522:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1399:
1360:
1354:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1311:
1292:
1210:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1071:
1067:
1038:
1021:Agribusiness
1018:
994:
984:
974:
971:
967:
960:
956:
952:
948:
921:
915:
909:
903:
892:
869:
838:
813:
793:
781:
777:
774:
769:
763:
736:
709:The popular
708:
704:
697:
693:
676:
656:Central Java
630:
628:
611:
604:
577:
564:
559:
538:
522:
491:
478:
474:giling basah
471:
456:
447:
436:Please help
431:verification
428:
402:
396:
390:
380:
374:
364:
357:
355:
351:
341:
338:
333:smallholders
328:
324:
318:
312:
303:
280:
272:Max Havelaar
252:
244:
240:Sunda Kelapa
233:
227:
211:
209:
161:
146:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
3502:Puerto Rico
3497:Philippines
3341:Ivory Coast
3311:El Salvador
3167:Coffee wars
2997:Substitutes
2967:Coffeehouse
2780:Kopi tubruk
2745:Iced coffee
2725:Frappuccino
2695:Café Cubano
2685:Coffee milk
2665:CaffĂš mocha
2655:CaffĂš crema
2513:French drip
2481:Drip coffee
2464:Coffeemaker
2421:Preparation
2401:Coffee bean
2306:Maracaturra
1697:9 September
1106:Kraft Foods
1064:, Indonesia
906:shade grown
861:South Papua
783:Kopi tubruk
700:Mocha beans
348:Cultivation
325:C. canephor
143:, Indonesia
3553:Categories
3482:Martinique
3452:Guadeloupe
3447:East Timor
3296:Costa Rica
3152:Coffee bag
3071:Coffee cup
3010:Barley tea
2835:Raf coffee
2815:Marocchino
2805:Long black
2775:Kopi luwak
2715:Flat white
2705:Egg coffee
2670:Cappuccino
2645:Café Touba
2557:Percolator
2459:Chorreador
2379:Components
2311:Maragogipe
2197:Production
2168:Fair trade
1966:Bai Brands
1881:7 February
1830:(1): 1â9.
1800:7 February
1752:7 February
1659:Sapto HP.
1285:Production
1270:References
1179:C. arabica
1175:containers
1146:Kalimantan
977:kopi luwak
943:palm civet
939:Kopi luwak
911:Calliandra
849:West Papua
840:New Guinea
759:fair trade
755:fair trade
684:kopi luwak
529:Sidikalang
507:region of
501:Mandailing
493:Mandheling
488:Mandheling
308:East Timor
304:C. arabica
296:East Timor
276:fair trade
262:region of
226:âformally
68:newspapers
3517:Venezuela
3507:Sri Lanka
3351:Nicaragua
3336:Indonesia
3321:Guatemala
3271:by region
3088:Demitasse
3015:Barleycup
2982:Latte art
2977:Kopi tiam
2947:CoffeeCon
2915:Lifestyle
2880:Yuenyeung
2845:Ristretto
2675:Carajillo
2595:Americano
2501:ristretto
2469:Cold brew
2429:AeroPress
2286:Bonifieur
2261:varieties
2163:Economics
2065:12 August
1931:Indonesia
1844:1978-6956
1599:213518344
1548:31 August
1486:154633511
1319:. Ico.org
1094:elephants
917:Erythrina
888:Moanemani
739:Kintamani
660:East Java
632:West Java
525:Lake Toba
450:July 2010
284:Lake Toba
268:Multatuli
264:West Java
148:Indonesia
98:July 2010
3492:Paraguay
3432:Cameroon
3371:Thailand
3366:Tanzania
3326:Honduras
3316:Ethiopia
3291:Colombia
3045:Maya nut
2820:Mazagran
2710:Espresso
2590:Affogato
2547:Moka pot
2542:Knockbox
2486:Espresso
2396:Caffeine
2386:Cafestol
2355:Racemosa
2341:Liberica
2039:Archived
1933:: 37â60.
1762:cite web
1684:(2008):
1511:Archived
1415:7 August
1323:7 August
1301:Archived
1223:See also
1213:espresso
1206:Malaysia
1177:as with
1150:Sulawesi
1142:Bengkulu
680:Sumedang
668:Liberica
652:Sukabumi
606:Sulawesi
588:Enrekang
580:Sulawesi
544:Takengon
505:Tapanuli
260:Preanger
247:Guilders
3467:Jamaica
3422:Bolivia
3381:Vietnam
3306:Ecuador
3277:Top 20
3030:Chicory
2922:Barista
2840:Red eye
2825:Moretta
2690:Cortado
2610:Bicerin
2411:Kahweol
2362:Robusta
2316:Molokai
2291:Bourbon
2276:Benguet
2270:Arabica
2256:Species
2173:History
2011:Bibcode
1622:Bibcode
1577:Bibcode
1527:Brazil.
1287:ico.org
1188:Markets
1134:Lampung
1130:Sumatra
1086:Sumatra
1062:Sumatra
923:Albizia
800:Sumbawa
790:Sumbawa
751:organic
672:Robusta
664:Arabica
568:Sumatra
519:Lintong
509:Sumatra
497:Sumatra
481:Sumatra
410:Sumatra
381:Linie S
329:robusta
236:Jakarta
220:Jakarta
216:Batavia
187:of the
175:History
169:robusta
165:arabica
141:Bandung
82:scholar
3487:Panama
3417:Angola
3376:Uganda
3346:Mexico
3286:Brazil
3224:
3076:sleeve
3050:Postum
2830:Oliang
2735:Garoto
2491:doppio
2449:Chemex
2439:Jebena
2347:Barako
2326:Sagada
2296:Geisha
2156:Topics
2149:Coffee
2081:"Home"
1979:"ICEA"
1948:
1842:
1743:"Bali"
1714:"Java"
1667:5 June
1597:
1484:
1440:5 June
1367:
1202:Taiwan
1158:Flores
1102:Nestlé
1098:rhinos
1090:tigers
997:Jember
908:under
880:Wamena
863:, and
823:Flores
815:Flores
810:Flores
596:Mamasa
592:Kalosi
584:Toraja
365:Typica
300:Flores
152:coffee
130:Flores
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
3526:Lists
3472:Kenya
3462:Haiti
3427:China
3331:India
3140:Misc.
3093:spoon
3083:Cezve
3055:Qishr
2810:Lungo
2795:Latte
2765:Karsk
2730:GalĂŁo
2496:lungo
2474:nitro
2454:Cezve
1595:S2CID
1482:S2CID
1217:crema
1029:CIRAD
845:Papua
835:Papua
385:S-795
327:var.
218:(now
126:Ngada
89:JSTOR
75:books
3477:Laos
3457:Guam
3437:Cuba
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