1426:
Rudy; Bellanger, Laurence; Charpagne, Aline; Fournier, Coralie; Kassam, Mohamed; Lefebvre, Gregory; MĂ©tairon, Sylviane; Moine, DĂ©borah; Rigoreau, Michel; Stolte, Jens; Hamon, Perla; Couturon, Emmanuel; Tranchant-Dubreuil, Christine; Mukherjee, Minakshi; Lan, Tianying; Engelhardt, Jan; Stadler, Peter; Correia De Lemos, Samara Mireza; Suzuki, Suzana
Ivamoto; Sumirat, Ucu; Wai, Ching Man; Dauchot, Nicolas; Orozco-Arias, Simon; Garavito, Andrea; Kiwuka, Catherine; Musoli, Pascal; Nalukenge, Anne; Guichoux, Erwan; Reinout, Havinga; Smit, Martin; Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo; Filho, Oliveiro Guerreiro; Braghini, Masako Toma; Padilha, Lilian; Sera, Gustavo Hiroshi; Ruttink, Tom; Henry, Robert; Marraccini, Pierre; Van de Peer, Yves; Andrade, Alan; Domingues, Douglas; Giuliano, Giovanni; Mueller, Lukas; Pereira, Luiz Filipe; Plaisance, Stephane; Poncet, Valerie; Rombauts, Stephane; Sankoff, David; Albert, Victor A.; Crouzillat, Dominique; de Kochko, Alexandre; Descombes, Patrick (2024).
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63:
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flowers. Flowers opening on sunny days result in the greatest number of berries. This can be problematic and deleterious, however, as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries; this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years, as the plant will favor the ripening
644:
takes approximately seven years to mature fully, and it does best with 1.0â1.5 metres (39â59 in) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. It is usually cultivated at an altitude between 1,300 and 1,500 m (4,300 and 4,900 ft), but there are plantations that grow it as low as sea
1425:
SalojÀrvi, Jarkko; Rambani, Aditi; Yu, Zhe; Guyot, Romain; Strickler, Susan; Lepelley, Maud; Wang, Cui; Rajaraman, Sitaram; Rastas, Pasi; Zheng, Chunfang; Muñoz, Daniella Santos; Meidanis, João; Paschoal, Alexandre Rossi; Bawin, Yves; Krabbenhoft, Trevor J.; Wang, Zhen Qin; Fleck, Steven J.; Aussel,
677:
On well-kept plantations, overflowering is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers only last a few days, leaving behind only the thick, dark-green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and
685:
The berries are oblong and about 1 cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means ripe and unripe
960:. Nearly all of the coffee that has been cultivated over the past few centuries originated from just a handful of wild plants from Yemen, and the coffee growing on plantations around the world contains less than 1% of the diversity in the wilds of Yemen alone.
772:
Blends consisting only of
Arabica are often labelled "100% Arabica" as a sign of quality. In 2023, several large coffee roasters dropped the "100% Arabica" declaration previously residing on some of their packages and started to blend less expensive
689:
The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11.0 lb) of dried beans, depending on the tree's individual character and the climate that season. The most valuable part of this
738:
modelling. Climate changeârising temperatures, longer droughts, and excessive rainfallâappears to threaten the sustainability of arabica coffee production, leading to attempts to breed new cultivars for the changing conditions.
312:. It is believed to be the first species of coffee to have been cultivated and is the dominant cultivar, representing about 60% of global production. Coffee produced from the less acidic, more bitter, and more highly
485:, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence; recent studies support it being naturalised. The species is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land, in many parts of
777:
coffee into the mix. To avoid making larger changes to the visual design of the package the
Arabica label was replaced by other labeling, keeping the previous ornamental design, thereby presenting a case of
909:
levels in
Ethiopia; prior to major deforestation, forest cover was thought to be between 25â31% of Ethiopia's total land surface, but has dropped to just 4%, and deforestation still continues. In addition,
1371:
702:, grows in the fruit at the tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes; the outer one is called the "parchment coat" and the inner one is called the "silver skin".
1321:
Lashermes, P.; Combes, M.-C.; Robert, J.; Trouslot, P.; D'Hont, A.; Anthony, F.; Charrier, A. (1 March 1999). "Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome".
573:, and later on found its way around the world. Other scholars believe that the coffee plant was introduced from Yemen, based on a Yemeni tradition that slips of both coffee and
967:
due to their temperature sensitivity, and some studies estimate that by 2050, over half of the land used for cultivating coffee could be unproductive. The more heat-tolerant
1769:
1372:
Yves Bawin, Tom
Ruttink, Ariane Staelens, Annelies Haegeman, Piet Stoffelen, JeanâClaude Ithe Mwanga Mwanga, Isabel RoldĂĄnâRuiz, Olivier Honnay, Steven B. Janssens (2020).
881:
plants contain 12 mg of caffeine per gram of dry mass, these mutants contain only 0.76 mg of caffeine per gram, but with a taste similar to normal coffee.
1210:
742:
Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of arabica coffee, and among the best known arabica coffee beans in the world are those from
648:
The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best with an average temperature between 15 and 24 °C (59 and 75 °F). Commercial
1646:
389:
1821:
Ecophysiological
Diversity of Wild Arabica Coffee Populations in Ethiopia: Growth, Water Relations and Hydraulic Characteristics Along a Climatic Gradient
3252:
1794:
Montane
Rainforest with Wild Coffea Arabica in the Bonga Region (SW Ethiopia): Plant Diversity, Wild Coffee Management and Implications for Conservation
1978:
van der Vossen, Herbert; Bertrand, Benoßt; Charrier, André (2015). "Next generation variety development for sustainable production of arabica coffee (
788:
1095:
713:, however, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter. The plants are vulnerable to damage in such poor growing conditions as cold or
1411:
3814:
611:
417:
are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6â12 cm (2.5â4.5 in) long and 4â8 cm (1.5â3 in) broad, glossy dark green. The
930:) may benefit from climate change and colonize higher altitudes that were formerly too cold for it, which can also impact coffee populations.
918:
in
Ethiopia due to its high-temperature sensitivity, and estimates indicate that population could reduce by 50â80% with a 40â50% reduction in
3879:
4116:
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782:. In some case, the coffee is still advertised as "100% Arabica" in flyers in 2024, but is no longer declared so on the actual package.
3951:
4031:
735:
4071:
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1071:
1000:
1428:"The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars"
595:
and Java, are known for their heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from
4091:
3827:
3765:
3222:
1921:"The impact of climate change on indigenous arabica coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting future trends and identifying priorities"
1761:
1619:
1217:
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is estimated between 1.08 million and 543,000 years ago and is linked to changing environmental conditions in East Africa.
3524:
2384:
2017:
2081:
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containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit; sometimes, a third seed or one seed, a
4121:
1748:
1526:
1485:
1047:
377:, as it carries 4 copies of the 11 chromosomes (44 total) instead of the 2 copies of diploid species. Specifically,
2420:
1296:
Charrier, A.; Berthaud, J. (1985). "Botanical
Classification of Coffee". In Clifford, M. H.; Wilson, K. C. (eds.).
652:
mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike
532:
425:(commonly called a "cherry") 10â15 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically containing two
94:
3884:
3801:
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4076:
3907:
3969:
531:
Coffee has been produced in
Queensland and New South Wales of Australia, starting in the 1980s and 1990s. The
520:
in 1813, and it began to be extensively grown by about 1850. It was formerly more widely grown, especially in
4086:
2852:
2561:
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528:
and Gannoruwa Forest Reserves near Kandy, Sri Lanka, coffee shrubs are also a problematic invasive species.
4111:
3744:
3731:
2055:
1221:
350:
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Wild plants grow between 9 and 12 m (30 and 39 ft) tall, and have an open branching system; the
3977:
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1059:
524:, and it persists after cultivation in many areas. In some valleys, it is a highly invasive weed. In the
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922:
by 2088; climate change can also impact reproductive success. In addition, the main pest of coffee, the
889:
Although it has a huge wild population of 13.5 to 19.5 billion individuals throughout its native range,
3964:
3406:
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795:
21:
This article is about the species of coffee plant. For the Japanese specialty coffee house chain, see
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as an environmental weed for southeast Queensland due to its invasiveness in non-agricultural areas.
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1716:
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are white, 10â15 mm in diameter, and grow in axillary clusters. The seeds are contained in a
4106:
4061:
4056:
3956:
3739:
988:
905:
plant, it requires standing forest, making it highly susceptible to the historically significant
669:
produces small, white, highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles the sweet smell of
561:
scholars, who wrote that it was useful in prolonging their working hours. The Arab innovation in
525:
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1023:
3819:
3726:
3591:
3559:
3462:
2900:
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from Southwestern Ethiopia, with some historical considerations. Economic Botany 19: 136â151.
3920:
3267:
2862:
2798:
1845:
Prado, Sara Guiti; Collazo, Jaime A.; Stevenson, Philip C.; Irwin, Rebecca E. (14 May 2019).
1819:
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231:
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2526:
2463:
2413:
2309:
2231:
2178:
2121:
1932:
1909:"Coffee: The World in Your Cup." Seattle, WA: Burke Museum at the University of Washington.
1858:
8:
3542:
3467:
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2847:
2614:
2443:
1553:
1162:
923:
454:
442:
338:
79:
3217:
3020:
2313:
2265:
2235:
2182:
2125:
1936:
1862:
1456:
1427:
4003:
3472:
2729:
2701:
2586:
2499:
2494:
2335:
2204:
2147:
1999:
1955:
1920:
1887:
1846:
1586:
1393:
1354:
1240:
969:
894:
834:
709:, trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year-round. In parts of
342:
109:
3943:
3285:
2940:
2875:
2243:
1623:
3915:
3674:
3411:
3380:
3356:
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2591:
2516:
2484:
2468:
2453:
2448:
2356:
2349:
2327:
2247:
2196:
2139:
1960:
1892:
1874:
1825:
1798:
1744:
1513:
1481:
1397:
1373:
1346:
1338:
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1276:
919:
762:
548:
506:
2930:
2915:
2003:
1671:
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3442:
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3100:
2788:
2749:
2339:
2317:
2300:
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1991:
1950:
1940:
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1180:
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383:
318:
264:
62:
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3000:
4131:
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3506:
3373:
3070:
2635:
2621:
2576:
2511:
2406:
2388:
2022:
1945:
1847:"A comparison of coffee floral traits under two different agricultural practices"
1551:
1432:
1160:
596:
510:
301:
152:
3982:
2920:
2905:
1919:
Davis, Aaron P.; Gole, Tadesse Woldemariam; Baena, Susana; Moat, Justin (2012).
3938:
3437:
3237:
3232:
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3155:
3140:
3080:
3065:
2980:
2975:
2960:
2842:
2810:
2642:
2596:
2571:
2556:
2521:
2489:
2351:
The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug
1870:
1446:
1010:
911:
751:
731:
570:
494:
394:
322:) makes up most of the remaining coffee production. The natural populations of
139:
2945:
2935:
2381:
2031:
1995:
977:
as the dominant coffee species in cultivation in order to guard against this.
4025:
3840:
3493:
3457:
3305:
3242:
2895:
2885:
2880:
2724:
2714:
2627:
2606:
2027:
1878:
1558:
1342:
1171:
1143:
1125:
906:
898:
779:
706:
490:
354:
247:
99:
26:
3930:
2925:
623:
3995:
3614:
3320:
3300:
3145:
3135:
3050:
3040:
2815:
2805:
2671:
2331:
2251:
2200:
2143:
1964:
1896:
1374:"Phylogenomic analysis clarifies the evolutionary origin of Coffea arabica"
1350:
945:
803:
575:
466:
401:
copies of two different genomes. This hybridization event at the origin of
1334:
3866:
3778:
3623:
3447:
3247:
3060:
3025:
3005:
2965:
2793:
2761:
2744:
2681:
2601:
2581:
1654:
Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka
949:
941:
938:
726:
It is expected that a medium-term depletion of indigenous populations of
678:
finally darkening to a glossy, deep red. At this point, they are called "
600:
470:
313:
188:
819:
3757:
3432:
3351:
3290:
3115:
3095:
3085:
3055:
2995:
2985:
2950:
2739:
2648:
902:
755:
462:
22:
2376:
1389:
3783:
3713:
3368:
3295:
3262:
3257:
3227:
3160:
3125:
2955:
2781:
2709:
957:
953:
828:
759:
691:
588:
370:
309:
198:
3585:
3576:
2322:
2295:
2191:
2166:
2134:
2107:
1717:"Assessment of invasive naturalized plants in south-east Queensland"
3990:
3608:
2990:
2870:
2827:
2822:
2766:
2676:
2666:
858:
852:
840:
699:
679:
649:
478:
446:
178:
165:
3806:
3718:
3010:
3687:
3310:
3202:
2970:
2890:
2691:
2294:
Silvarolla, Maria B.; Mazzafera, Paulo; Fazuoli, Luiz C. (2004).
2106:
Silvarolla, Maria B.; Mazzafera, Paulo; Fazuoli, Luiz C. (2004).
1298:
Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage
1120:
862:
774:
714:
670:
592:
554:
45:
3705:
3488:
3330:
3110:
2771:
2719:
2536:
2429:
1138:
1106:
937:
relies on conserving healthy populations of wild coffee in the
877:
naturally contains very little caffeine. While beans of normal
846:
807:
710:
695:
517:
486:
430:
418:
359:
305:
208:
2167:"Plant biochemistry: A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee"
2108:"Plant biochemistry: A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee"
1977:
682:", which fruit they then resemble, and are ready for picking.
3518:
3363:
3335:
3090:
3075:
3045:
2776:
2734:
1320:
566:
562:
502:
498:
482:
422:
381:
is itself the result of a hybridization between the diploids
126:
1762:"Intro to Arabica Coffee - Is 100% Arabica the Best Coffee?"
1552:
Moat, J.; O'Sullivan, R. J.; Gole, T.; Davis, A. P. (2020).
1161:
Moat, J.; O'Sullivan, R.J.; Gole, T.W.; Davis, A.P. (2020).
3385:
2266:"Climate change: Future-proofing coffee in a warming world"
1154:
1014:
565:
of making a brew from roasted beans spread first among the
558:
426:
414:
326:
are restricted to the forests of South Ethiopia and Yemen.
288:
267:
2293:
2164:
2105:
1844:
2398:
2165:
Silvarolla, M. B.; Mazzafera, P.; Fazuoli, L. C. (2004).
282:
276:
2382:
Understanding the difference between Arabica and Robusta
1275:(Second ed.). Elsevier Academic Press. p. 21.
1424:
1644:
1469:
1467:
717:, and they are also more vulnerable to pests than the
1300:. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. p. 14.
1266:
963:
Climate change also serves as a threat to cultivated
285:
1603:
279:
273:
1743:, Naval Intelligence Division, London 2005, p. 490
1647:"Udawattakele: 'A Sanctuary Destroyed From Within'"
1464:
645:level and as high as 2,800 m (9,200 ft).
638:accounts for 60% of the world's coffee production.
587:began in 1699 through the spread of Yemen's trade.
270:
2348:
2222:Rosner, Hillar y (October 2014). "Saving Coffee".
1918:
1645:Nyanatusita, Bhikkhu; Dissanayake, Rajith (2013).
1573:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18289789A174149937.en
1205:
1203:
1186:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18289789A174149937.en
914:may have a major effect on growing areas for wild
901:due to numerous threats it faces. Due to being an
2347:Weinberg, Bennet Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001).
1267:Söndahl, M. R.; van der Vossen, H. A. M. (2005).
583:('the two twigs') in Yemen in pre-Islamic times.
4023:
1587:Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,
1532:
1295:
1714:
1512:. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 12.
1473:
1200:
674:of berries to the detriment of its own health.
2346:
1817:
2414:
2215:
1715:Batianoff, George N.; Butler, Don W. (2002).
1604:Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964).
1271:. In Illy, Andrea; Viani, Rinantonio (eds.).
1077:Fermented coffee (green) seeds without hulls.
933:The conservation of the genetic variation of
553:The first written record of coffee made from
25:. For methods of preparation of a drink, see
1410:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
944:of Yemen. Genetic research has shown coffee
453:is grown in dozens of countries between the
1784:
465:shrub. It has also been recovered from the
436:
2421:
2407:
2296:"A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee"
1269:"The plant: Origin, production and botany"
1253:Meyer, Frederick G. 1965. Notes on wild
694:is the beans inside. Each berry holds two
557:coffee beans (botanical seeds) comes from
88:
61:
44:
2321:
2190:
2133:
2079:
1954:
1944:
1886:
1608:. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 17.
1599:
1597:
1571:
1455:
1445:
1184:
3453:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
2082:"Americans Wake Up and Smell the Coffee"
2080:Fabricant, Florence (2 September 1992).
1811:
1759:
1507:
948:is threatening the genetic integrity of
818:
622:
610:
3223:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
2053:
2044:Edition 2071. Print edition p. 140
1790:
1547:
1545:
1273:Espresso Coffee: The Science of Quality
1218:United States Department of Agriculture
4024:
2507:List of countries by coffee production
2221:
1695:
1594:
606:
585:Arabica coffee production in Indonesia
3590:
3589:
2402:
1510:The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition
1474:Martinez-Torres, Maria Elena (2006).
516:The coffee tree was first brought to
3895:b08f56a7-5f04-4db7-9c25-d30a6e16d488
3525:
1760:Marchant, Andrew (4 February 2023).
1698:"Coffee eradication wins weed award"
1620:"Coffea arabica (PIER species info)"
1542:
1378:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
823:Structure of coffee berry and beans:
802:plantation in São João do Manhuaçu,
662:prefers to be grown in light shade.
4117:Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka
2054:Fussell, Betty (5 September 1999).
1696:Cripps, Sally (21 September 2015).
1559:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1172:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1089:Fermented and roasted coffee seeds.
349:after studying a specimen from the
13:
4047:Flora of Northeast Tropical Africa
3402:United States Barista Championship
2287:
665:Two to four years after planting,
14:
4143:
2370:
2244:10.1038/scientificamerican1014-68
1772:from the original on 1 March 2023
1211:"Coffee: World Markets and Trade"
4032:IUCN Red List endangered species
3970:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747038-1
3568:
3551:
3534:
3501:
3500:
3487:
1824:. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 10.
1137:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
999:
987:
787:
686:berries are collected together.
533:Wet Tropics Management Authority
263:
113:
4072:Crops originating from Ethiopia
2258:
2158:
2099:
2073:
2047:
2010:
1971:
1912:
1903:
1838:
1797:. Cuvillier Verlag. p. 4.
1753:
1734:
1708:
1689:
1664:
1638:
1612:
1580:
1501:
4092:Agriculture in Central America
2030:. 31 July 2008. Archived from
1791:Schmitt, Christine B. (2006).
1741:Western Arabia and the Red Sea
1533:Charrier & Berthaud (1985)
1418:
1365:
1323:Molecular and General Genetics
1314:
1289:
1260:
1247:
1224:. 16 June 2017. Archived from
505:, and assorted islands in the
408:
1:
4067:Crops originating from Africa
4042:Flora of East Tropical Africa
2853:Single-serve coffee container
1148:
1053:Fresh coffee seeds ("beans").
4102:Agriculture in South America
4082:Agriculture in the Caribbean
2377:World Checklist of Rubiaceae
2056:"The World Before Starbucks"
2018:"Os melhores grĂŁos do mundo"
1946:10.1371/journal.pone.0047981
1222:Foreign Agricultural Service
1101:Unroasted ("green") coffee (
730:may occur, due to projected
461:. It is commonly used as an
441:Endemic to the southwestern
351:Botanic Gardens of Amsterdam
7:
4127:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1114:
357:placed it in its own genus
329:
10:
4150:
3407:World Barista Championship
2833:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
2428:
1871:10.1038/s41598-019-43753-y
1724:Plant Protection Quarterly
1447:10.1038/s41588-024-01695-w
980:
884:
814:
631:, dating from around 1880.
546:
542:
20:
4052:Endemic flora of Ethiopia
3598:
3481:
3420:
3394:
3344:
3276:
3195:
3169:
2861:
2700:
2659:
2535:
2477:
2436:
1996:10.1007/s10681-015-1398-z
1566:: e.T18289789A174149937.
1179:: e.T18289789A174149937.
1131:National symbols of Yemen
839:4: Parchment coat (hull,
237:
230:
110:Scientific classification
108:
86:
77:
69:
60:
52:
43:
36:
4122:Plants described in 1753
2459:International Coffee Day
1606:Tropical Trees of Hawaii
1508:Hoffmann, James (2018).
952:because it exposes wild
437:Distribution and habitat
3253:Historical coffeehouses
2355:. New York: Routledge.
1818:Taye Kufa Obso (2006).
1702:Queensland Country Life
1065:Fermented coffee seeds.
833:3: Silver skin (testa,
477:is also found on Mount
16:Species of coffee plant
3463:Coffee vending machine
2687:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
2387:20 August 2016 at the
866:
744:Jamaican Blue Mountain
632:
620:
4097:Agriculture in Mexico
4077:Agriculture in Brazil
3268:Viennese coffee house
2799:Karlsbad coffee maker
1676:AgriFutures Australia
1335:10.1007/s004380050965
822:
627:Botanical drawing of
626:
615:Botanical drawing of
614:
373:species of the genus
296:), also known as the
4087:Agriculture in China
3428:Coffee and doughnuts
3031:Indian filter coffee
2464:Single-origin coffee
1041:Fresh coffee fruits.
893:is still considered
393:, thus making it an
4112:Ethiopian Highlands
3468:Used coffee grounds
2314:2004Natur.429..826S
2236:2014SciAm.311d..68R
2224:Scientific American
2183:2004Natur.429..826S
2126:2004Natur.429..826S
1937:2012PLoSO...747981D
1863:2019NatSR...9.7331P
1480:. Ohio University.
994:Coffee germinating.
928:Hypothenemus hampei
607:Cultivation and use
455:Tropic of Capricorn
80:Conservation status
3473:Sustainable coffee
3170:Organization lists
3131:RĂŒdesheimer Kaffee
2911:Café com cheirinho
2500:Sustainable coffee
2495:Shade-grown coffee
2394:CoffeeResearch.org
2086:The New York Times
2060:The New York Times
1851:Scientific Reports
1626:on 21 October 2012
1241:Cornell University
1231:on 8 December 2017
970:Coffea stenophylla
924:coffee berry borer
867:
633:
621:
390:Coffea eugenioides
343:Antoine de Jussieu
341:scientifically by
308:and madder family
300:, is a species of
4019:
4018:
3916:Open Tree of Life
3592:Taxon identifiers
3516:
3515:
3494:Coffee portal
3412:World Brewers Cup
3036:Ipoh white coffee
2517:Coffee wastewater
2485:Coffee production
2469:Third-wave coffee
2362:978-0-415-92722-2
2026:(in Portuguese).
1831:978-3-86727-990-1
1804:978-3-86727-043-4
1519:978-1-78472-429-0
1390:10.1111/jse.12694
1307:978-0-7099-0787-9
1282:978-0-12-370371-2
1144:Coffee portal
920:area of occupancy
748:Colombian Supremo
591:coffees, such as
549:History of coffee
347:Jasminum arabicum
254:
253:
103:
4139:
4012:
4011:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3985:
3973:
3972:
3960:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3934:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3910:
3898:
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3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
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3849:
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3810:
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3774:
3773:
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3748:
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3722:
3721:
3709:
3708:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3644:
3643:
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3633:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3563:from Wikispecies
3556:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3507:Category: Coffee
3504:
3503:
3492:
3491:
3443:Coffee leaf rust
3316:Dandelion coffee
3182:Coffee companies
3021:Gassosa al caffĂš
2789:Espresso machine
2423:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2366:
2354:
2343:
2325:
2282:
2281:
2279:
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2256:
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2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2103:
2097:
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2071:
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2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2034:on 5 August 2008
2014:
2008:
2007:
1982:L.): A review".
1975:
1969:
1968:
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1712:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1660:(5 & 6): 44.
1651:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1554:"Coffea arabica"
1549:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1505:
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1498:
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1494:
1471:
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1207:
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1142:
1141:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1003:
991:
791:
767:Ethiopian Sidamo
655:Coffea canephora
579:were planted at
459:Tropic of Cancer
384:Coffea canephora
295:
294:
291:
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287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
243:
118:
117:
97:
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33:
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4015:
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3994:
3989:
3981:
3976:
3968:
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3942:
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3929:
3927:
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3914:
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3901:
3893:
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3878:
3870:
3865:
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3852:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3751:
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3738:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:sister projects
3523:at Knowledge's
3517:
3512:
3486:
3477:
3416:
3390:
3345:Serving vessels
3340:
3272:
3191:
3165:
3071:Latte macchiato
2941:CaffĂš macchiato
2857:
2696:
2655:
2540:
2531:
2512:Coffee roasting
2473:
2432:
2427:
2389:Wayback Machine
2373:
2363:
2323:10.1038/429826a
2290:
2288:Further reading
2285:
2275:
2273:
2272:. 19 April 2021
2264:
2263:
2259:
2220:
2216:
2192:10.1038/429826a
2163:
2159:
2135:10.1038/429826a
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1754:
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1735:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1694:
1690:
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1678:
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1669:
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1649:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1550:
1543:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1472:
1465:
1433:Nature Genetics
1423:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1370:
1366:
1319:
1315:
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1201:
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1099:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1029:Coffee flowers.
1027:
1018:
1004:
995:
992:
983:
887:
857:7: Outer skin (
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
824:
817:
812:
811:
810:
797:
792:
609:
597:Central America
551:
545:
535:has classified
439:
429:, often called
411:
345:, who named it
332:
302:flowering plant
266:
262:
250:
245:
239:
226:
223:C. arabica
112:
104:
93:
89:
82:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Bale Mountains
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Flora of Sudan
4059:
4057:Flora of Kenya
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:wfo-0000910097
4000:
3987:
3974:
3961:
3948:
3935:
3931:Coffea_arabica
3925:
3912:
3899:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3850:
3837:
3824:
3811:
3798:
3788:
3775:
3762:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3671:
3667:Coffea_arabica
3658:
3645:
3635:
3630:Coffea arabica
3620:
3604:
3602:
3600:Coffea arabica
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3565:
3548:
3521:Coffea arabica
3519:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3497:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Coffee service
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3348:
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3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Coffee cupping
3235:
3233:Coffee culture
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:Bikini barista
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:Wiener Melange
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Turkish coffee
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Liqueur coffee
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Kurdish coffee
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Dalgona coffee
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2961:Coffee cabinet
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2931:CaffĂš corretto
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Café con leche
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2843:Turkish coffee
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:Instant coffee
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2786:
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2657:
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2618:
2611:
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2604:
2599:
2594:
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2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2522:Decaffeination
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Organic coffee
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
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2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
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2440:
2438:
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2403:
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2396:
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2379:
2372:
2371:External links
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2257:
2214:
2157:
2098:
2072:
2046:
2009:
1980:Coffea arabica
1970:
1931:(11): e47981.
1911:
1902:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1783:
1752:
1733:
1707:
1688:
1663:
1637:
1611:
1593:
1589:Coffea arabica
1579:
1541:
1525:
1518:
1500:
1486:
1477:Organic Coffee
1463:
1440:(4): 721â731.
1417:
1384:(5): 953â963.
1364:
1329:(2): 259â266.
1313:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1259:
1255:Coffea arabica
1246:
1199:
1165:Coffea arabica
1152:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
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1021:
1019:
1007:Coffea arabica
1005:
998:
996:
993:
986:
982:
979:
912:climate change
886:
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875:Coffea arabica
816:
813:
800:Coffea arabica
794:
793:
786:
785:
784:
732:global warming
636:Coffea arabica
617:Coffea arabica
608:
605:
547:Main article:
544:
541:
537:Coffea arabica
495:Southeast Asia
475:Coffea arabica
451:Coffea arabica
438:
435:
410:
407:
403:Coffea arabica
395:allotetraploid
379:Coffea arabica
369:is one of the
367:Coffea arabica
335:Coffea arabica
331:
328:
324:Coffea arabica
316:robusta bean (
298:Arabica coffee
258:Coffea arabica
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251:
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241:Coffea arabica
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54:Coffea arabica
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38:Coffea arabica
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3597:
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3580:from Wikidata
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3495:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:Canned coffee
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Cereal coffee
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Barley coffee
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:Coffee palace
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:CaffĂš sospeso
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:White Russian
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Frappé coffee
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:CĂ phĂȘ sữa ÄĂĄ
2899:
2897:
2896:Black Russian
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Beaten coffee
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2863:Coffee drinks
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Brewed coffee
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Arabic coffee
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Blue Mountain
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2527:Home roasting
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:(6994): 826.
2307:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:(6994): 826.
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(6994): 826.
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2033:
2029:
2028:Editora Abril
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1766:Make Espresso
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:0-7103-1034-X
1746:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1487:9780896802476
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Maraba coffee
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1105:) seeds from
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
984:
978:
976:
972:
971:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
907:deforestation
904:
900:
899:IUCN Red List
896:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
864:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
825:1: Center cut
821:
809:
805:
801:
796:
790:
783:
781:
780:shrinkflation
776:
770:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
687:
683:
681:
675:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:
651:
646:
643:
639:
637:
630:
625:
619:, around 1860
618:
613:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
540:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Latin America
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
327:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
260:
259:
249:
244:
242:
236:
233:
232:Binomial name
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:Tracheophytes
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
107:
101:
96:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
39:
35:
32:
28:
27:Arabic coffee
24:
19:
3599:
3575:
3558:
3546:from Commons
3541:
3520:
3499:
3485:
3395:Competitions
3381:Tasse à café
3218:Coffee break
3187:Coffeehouses
3177:Bakery cafés
3146:White coffee
3136:Tenom coffee
3041:Irish coffee
2921:Café de olla
2906:Café au lait
2848:Vacuum maker
2816:Coffee syrup
2806:French press
2672:Caffeic acid
2641:
2634:
2620:
2615:Charrieriana
2613:
2550:
2549:
2350:
2305:
2299:
2274:. Retrieved
2269:
2260:
2230:(4): 68â73.
2227:
2223:
2217:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2049:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2023:Revista Veja
2021:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1905:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1820:
1813:
1793:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1765:
1755:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1614:
1605:
1588:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1476:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1406:cite journal
1381:
1377:
1367:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1239:– via
1233:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1190:. Retrieved
1176:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1135:
1102:
1006:
974:
973:may replace
968:
964:
962:
934:
932:
927:
915:
890:
888:
878:
874:
868:
804:Minas Gerais
799:
771:
741:
727:
725:
718:
704:
688:
684:
676:
666:
664:
659:
653:
647:
641:
640:
635:
634:
628:
616:
580:
574:
552:
536:
530:
526:Udawattakele
515:
481:in northern
474:
467:Boma Plateau
450:
440:
412:
402:
398:
388:
382:
378:
374:
366:
365:
358:
346:
334:
333:
323:
319:C. canephora
317:
297:
257:
256:
255:
240:
238:
222:
221:
209:
172:
159:
146:
133:
70:
53:
37:
31:
18:
3867:NatureServe
3779:iNaturalist
3624:Wikispecies
3448:Coffee wars
3278:Substitutes
3248:Coffeehouse
3061:Kopi tubruk
3026:Iced coffee
3006:Frappuccino
2976:Café Cubano
2966:Coffee milk
2946:CaffĂš mocha
2936:CaffĂš crema
2794:French drip
2762:Drip coffee
2745:Coffeemaker
2702:Preparation
2682:Coffee bean
2587:Maracaturra
1857:(1): 7331.
1730:(1): 27â34.
1681:2 September
1192:19 November
1009:growing at
950:wild coffee
946:cultivation
942:rainforests
939:Afromontane
734:, based on
715:low pH soil
601:East Africa
509:and in the
471:South Sudan
409:Description
314:caffeinated
189:Gentianales
153:Angiosperms
4026:Categories
3939:Plant List
3433:Coffee bag
3352:Coffee cup
3291:Barley tea
3116:Raf coffee
3096:Marocchino
3086:Long black
3056:Kopi luwak
2996:Flat white
2986:Egg coffee
2951:Cappuccino
2926:Café Touba
2838:Percolator
2740:Chorreador
2660:Components
2592:Maragogipe
2478:Production
2449:Fair trade
1990:(2): 244.
1535:, p.
1493:26 January
1235:8 December
1149:References
975:C. arabica
965:C. arabica
935:C. arabica
916:C. arabica
903:understory
895:endangered
891:C. arabica
879:C. arabica
760:Guatemalan
756:Costa Rica
728:C. arabica
720:C. robusta
667:C. arabica
660:C. arabica
642:C. arabica
629:C. arabica
589:Indonesian
463:understory
337:was first
95:Endangered
3944:kew-45400
3745:200022076
3732:200022076
3369:Demitasse
3296:Barleycup
3263:Latte art
3258:Kopi tiam
3228:CoffeeCon
3196:Lifestyle
3161:Yuenyeung
3126:Ristretto
2956:Carajillo
2876:Americano
2782:ristretto
2750:Cold brew
2710:AeroPress
2567:Bonifieur
2542:varieties
2444:Economics
1984:Euphytica
1879:2045-2322
1398:234481707
1343:0026-8925
958:cultivars
954:genotypes
851:6: Pulp (
835:epidermis
829:endosperm
827:2: Bean (
692:cash crop
650:cultivars
567:Egyptians
507:Caribbean
443:highlands
371:polyploid
363:in 1737.
339:described
310:Rubiaceae
217:Species:
199:Rubiaceae
123:Kingdom:
23:% Arabica
3996:27900016
3991:Tropicos
3928:PalDat:
3872:2.155161
3846:18289789
3820:11107021
3807:747038-1
3609:Wikidata
3326:Maya nut
3101:Mazagran
2991:Espresso
2871:Affogato
2828:Moka pot
2823:Knockbox
2767:Espresso
2677:Caffeine
2667:Cafestol
2636:Racemosa
2622:Liberica
2385:Archived
2332:15215853
2276:24 April
2270:BBC News
2252:25314878
2201:15215853
2144:15215853
2004:17384126
1965:23144840
1925:PLOS ONE
1897:31089179
1770:Archived
1672:"Coffee"
1457:11018527
1351:10102360
1115:See also
859:pericarp
853:mesocarp
841:endocarp
700:peaberry
680:cherries
593:Sumatran
479:Marsabit
457:and the
447:Ethiopia
355:Linnaeus
330:Taxonomy
195:Family:
179:Asterids
166:Eudicots
100:IUCN 3.1
56:flowers
3921:1001050
3854:MoBotPF
3758:2895345
3706:1109554
3688:Ecocrop
3311:Chicory
3203:Barista
3121:Red eye
3106:Moretta
2971:Cortado
2891:Bicerin
2692:Kahweol
2643:Robusta
2597:Molokai
2572:Bourbon
2557:Benguet
2551:Arabica
2537:Species
2454:History
2340:4428420
2310:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
2209:4428420
2179:Bibcode
2152:4428420
2122:Bibcode
2091:29 July
2065:29 July
2038:29 July
1956:3492365
1933:Bibcode
1888:6517588
1859:Bibcode
1776:1 March
1630:15 July
1359:7978085
1121:Kahweol
981:Gallery
897:on the
885:Threats
863:exocarp
815:Strains
775:Robusta
763:Antigua
752:TarrazĂș
723:plant.
696:locules
671:jasmine
555:roasted
543:History
511:Pacific
433:beans.
419:flowers
397:, with
304:in the
205:Genus:
185:Order:
127:Plantae
98: (
4132:Coffee
4037:Coffea
3952:PLANTS
3892:NZOR:
3859:286663
3771:300141
3641:153019
3638:APDB:
3615:Q47685
3505:
3357:sleeve
3331:Postum
3111:Oliang
3016:Garoto
2772:doppio
2730:Chemex
2720:Jebena
2628:Barako
2607:Sagada
2577:Geisha
2437:Topics
2430:Coffee
2359:
2338:
2330:
2301:Nature
2250:
2207:
2199:
2171:Nature
2150:
2142:
2113:Nature
2002:
1963:
1953:
1895:
1885:
1877:
1828:
1801:
1747:
1516:
1484:
1454:
1396:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1304:
1279:
1107:Brazil
1011:Olinda
871:strain
847:Pectin
808:Brazil
765:, and
711:Brazil
518:Hawaii
487:Africa
431:coffee
415:leaves
375:Coffea
360:Coffea
306:coffee
210:Coffea
73:fruit
3957:COAR2
3903:NZPCN
3885:13443
3833:35190
3815:IRMNG
3794:20403
3791:IPA:
3784:64342
3719:COFAR
3654:73054
3543:Media
3421:Misc.
3374:spoon
3364:Cezve
3336:Qishr
3091:Lungo
3076:Latte
3046:Karsk
3011:GalĂŁo
2777:lungo
2755:nitro
2735:Cezve
2336:S2CID
2205:S2CID
2148:S2CID
2000:S2CID
1720:(PDF)
1650:(PDF)
1394:S2CID
1355:S2CID
1229:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
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