49:
531:
271:
263:
101:
2513:
76:
2500:
383:
523:
623:
content. Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends. However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it
599:
variety is widely grown. In recent years, Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world's largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production. It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world's production),
439:(2.7% compared to arabica's 1.5%), and contains less sugar (3—7% compared to arabica's 6—9%). As it is less susceptible to pests and disease, robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.
1115:
Vignoli, J. A.; Bassoli, D. G.; Benassi, M. T. (2011). "Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material".
619:, it is cheaper to produce. Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its
2263:
1047:
608:(5%), and Uganda (5%). Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 69% of that is
2735:
2908:
2774:
2893:
2463:
1149:
2813:
1314:
2683:
817:
2748:
2696:
2233:
2933:
2913:
2903:
1517:
978:
Adolf, Engler; Germany), Königlicher
Botanischer Garten (Berlin; Germany), Königliches Botanisches Museum (Berlin (1895–1918).
1090:
1355:
1290:
1256:
1222:
1185:
962:
902:
424:
and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about 10 metres (30 feet) tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10—11 months for
2753:
865:
580:. It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by
1246:
925:
2412:
2938:
738:
1431:
2779:
48:
2722:
1403:
601:
17:
2831:
1397:
1381:
786:
761:
1863:
1572:
2675:
2662:
2597:
591:, where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, Africa,
588:
576:, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants, and is less susceptible to disease than
2839:
592:
2826:
2701:
2573:
2417:
2197:
1843:
605:
233:
979:
700:
2923:
2131:
638:). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.
2026:
1392:
1040:
1015:
1000:
2918:
2192:
2161:
1552:
1469:
475:
100:
2818:
2928:
2670:
366:
tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to
2623:
2187:
2740:
2657:
2535:
2473:
1911:
1765:
1697:
625:
2766:
1280:
892:
2278:
1873:
1809:
1345:
1175:
1027:
987:
952:
728:
350:
constituting most of the remainder. There are several differences between the composition of
217:
2792:
2141:
1921:
1212:
2631:
2438:
2041:
1577:
1537:
1474:
1424:
1322:
954:
The Coffee
Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development
8:
2478:
2336:
1858:
1625:
1454:
655:
632:
blends, at about 10–15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as
65:
2228:
2031:
677:
549:
plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste.
2865:
2483:
1740:
1712:
1597:
1510:
1505:
1155:. United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service. December 2019
1061:
841:
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304:
242:
95:
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1886:
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846:
734:
1941:
1926:
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395:
312:
270:
262:
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2011:
2898:
2584:
2517:
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2081:
1646:
1632:
1587:
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581:
499:
391:
308:
138:
1931:
1916:
2800:
2448:
2248:
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2218:
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2151:
2091:
2076:
1991:
1986:
1971:
1853:
1821:
1653:
1607:
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1567:
1561:
1532:
1500:
831:
648:
577:
558:
470:
425:
371:
346:
125:
1956:
1946:
929:
2887:
2761:
2504:
2468:
2316:
2253:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1735:
1725:
1638:
1617:
686:
85:
80:
1936:
1282:
Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable
Production: A Guidebook for Growers
874:
This article seems to have a mistake, using the word "diptenes" instead of "
2857:
2558:
2331:
2311:
2156:
2146:
2061:
2051:
1826:
1816:
1682:
503:
300:
850:
2709:
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2458:
2258:
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2036:
2016:
1976:
1804:
1772:
1755:
1692:
1612:
1592:
1387:
542:
511:
421:
351:
174:
1062:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"
2688:
2443:
2362:
2301:
2126:
2106:
2096:
2066:
2006:
1996:
1961:
1750:
1659:
634:
573:
487:
432:
980:"Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin"
615:
Since
Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than
2714:
2644:
2379:
2306:
2273:
2268:
2238:
2171:
2136:
1966:
1792:
1720:
875:
491:
398:
315:
184:
2529:
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2552:
2001:
1881:
1838:
1833:
1777:
1687:
1677:
629:
620:
562:
455:
436:
164:
151:
2727:
2649:
2021:
2618:
2321:
2213:
1981:
1901:
1702:
1244:
495:
451:
382:
31:
2636:
2592:
2499:
2341:
2121:
1782:
1730:
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538:
479:
464:
459:
341:
194:
2374:
2346:
2101:
2086:
2056:
1787:
1745:
628:. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian
507:
289:, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed
112:
522:
2396:
950:
669:
977:
1409:
534:
Traditional drying of coffee beans in
Kalibaru, Indonesia
982:. bd.1 (1895–1897). In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann.
675:
810:
450:
grows indigenously in
Western and Central Africa from
408:, the plant is currently scientifically identified as
1114:
928:. The Coffee Barrister. 31 July 2016. Archived from
878:", and also seems to contradict the above reference.
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1091:"The disease that could change how we drink coffee"
926:"Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta"
813:"The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans"
1177:Insect pest management: field and protected crops
918:
701:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18290186A18539466.en
30:"Robusta" redirects here. For the satellite, see
2885:
1173:
1135:
1404:Jan 2008 ICO break down of Green Coffee exports
944:
568:Robusta has its origins in central and western
1217:. Savant Books & Publications. p. 7.
866:"Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart"
624:perceived "strength" and "finish", notably in
1425:
1398:Jan 2008 ICO break down of all Coffee exports
1206:
1204:
510:. This strain was subsequently used to breed
1088:
890:
322:, the plant is scientifically identified as
303:that has its origins in central and western
1393:The Difference Between Arabica and Robusta?
1089:Penarredonda, Jose Luis (6 November 2017).
886:
884:
565:, and as a filler in ground coffee blends.
1432:
1418:
1245:Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth (2010).
1201:
1167:
897:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 176–177.
863:
811:R Urgert and M B Katan (1 November 1996).
722:
720:
718:
74:
47:
1343:
1046:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
840:
830:
726:
699:
506:between robusta and arabica was found in
340:represents between 40% and 45% of global
2464:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
1350:. American Bar Association. p. 52.
1312:
1306:
1278:
1210:
1014:von, Linné, Carl; Lars, Salvius (1753).
881:
818:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
572:. It is easy to care for, has a greater
529:
521:
462:. It was not recognized as a species of
381:
269:
261:
2234:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1013:
730:Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv
715:
468:until 1897, over a hundred years after
428:to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.
14:
2886:
1518:List of countries by coffee production
1382:Comparison Chart of Robusta to Arabica
1084:
1082:
1016:"Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum"
951:Benoit Daviron; Stefano Ponte (2005).
787:"World Arabica coffee production 2022"
762:"World Robusta coffee production 2022"
517:
442:
2909:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa
2534:
2533:
1413:
1313:Reynolds, Richard (1 February 2006).
526:Unroasted (or 'green') robusta beans
435:than that of arabica, contains more
2894:IUCN Red List least concern species
1251:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 68.
1079:
687:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
553:beans, widely known by the synonym
24:
2413:United States Barista Championship
733:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 58.
676:Chadburn, H.; Davis, A.P. (2017).
25:
2950:
1375:
1150:"Coffee: World Markets and Trade"
2832:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747068-1
2512:
2511:
2498:
431:The robusta plant has a greater
412:, which has two main varieties,
326:, which has two main varieties,
99:
1337:
1279:Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2009).
1272:
1238:
1108:
1054:
1007:
971:
864:Gaia Vince (16 November 2005).
1129:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008
894:The Cultural History of Plants
857:
804:
779:
754:
377:
370:beans, most of it is used for
13:
1:
2934:Crops originating from Africa
2914:Flora of East Tropical Africa
2904:Flora of West Tropical Africa
1864:Single-serve coffee container
1347:The Little Book of Coffee Law
1321:. Coffee Geek. Archived from
662:
401:. Though widely known by the
1022:. Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
7:
641:
10:
2955:
2418:World Barista Championship
1844:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1439:
1285:. Wiley-VCH. p. 799.
832:10.1177/014107689608901107
420:. The plant has a shallow
29:
2542:
2492:
2431:
2405:
2355:
2287:
2206:
2180:
1872:
1711:
1670:
1546:
1488:
1447:
1388:Robusta Coffee in Vietnam
1344:Robertson, Carol (2010).
1211:Miyanari, Walter (2008).
1174:A. Rami Horowitz (2004).
957:. Zed Books. p. 51.
318:. Though widely known as
286:C. canephora var. robusta
248:
241:
223:
216:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
55:
46:
41:
2939:Plants described in 1897
1470:International Coffee Day
1406:(archived 22 March 2008)
1400:(archived 31 March 2012)
1384:(archived 24 March 2009)
1180:. Springer. p. 41.
694:: e.T18290186A18539466.
557:, are used primarily in
474:. It is also reportedly
390:Robusta is a species of
2264:Historical coffeehouses
1248:Food Flavour Technology
27:Species of coffee plant
2474:Coffee vending machine
1698:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1035:Cite journal requires
995:Cite journal requires
626:Italian coffee culture
535:
527:
387:
386:Robusta coffee flowers
275:
267:
2279:Viennese coffee house
1810:Karlsbad coffee maker
891:Mark Nesbitt (2005).
533:
525:
385:
307:. It is a species of
273:
265:
2439:Coffee and doughnuts
2042:Indian filter coffee
1475:Single-origin coffee
2479:Used coffee grounds
1214:Aloha Coffee Island
1095:BBC: In depth, Food
656:Coffea charrieriana
518:Cultivation and use
514:-resistant plants.
443:Native distribution
66:Conservation status
2484:Sustainable coffee
2181:Organization lists
2142:RĂĽdesheimer Kaffee
1922:Café com cheirinho
1511:Sustainable coffee
1506:Shade-grown coffee
727:J. Dagoon (2005).
570:sub-Saharan Africa
536:
528:
388:
305:sub-Saharan Africa
299:) is a species of
276:
268:
2881:
2880:
2788:Open Tree of Life
2536:Taxon identifiers
2527:
2526:
2505:Coffee portal
2423:World Brewers Cup
2047:Ipoh white coffee
1528:Coffee wastewater
1496:Coffee production
1480:Third-wave coffee
1357:978-1-60442-985-5
1325:on 13 August 2007
1315:"Robusta's Rehab"
1292:978-3-527-32286-2
1258:978-1-4443-1778-7
1224:978-0-615-18348-0
1187:978-3-540-20755-9
964:978-1-84277-457-1
932:on 20 August 2016
904:978-0-203-02090-6
344:production, with
260:
259:
255:
209:C. canephora
89:
16:(Redirected from
2946:
2924:Flora of Nigeria
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2678:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2598:coffea-canephora
2588:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:Coffea canephora
2563:
2562:
2561:
2544:Coffea canephora
2531:
2530:
2518:Category: Coffee
2515:
2514:
2503:
2502:
2454:Coffee leaf rust
2327:Dandelion coffee
2193:Coffee companies
2032:Gassosa al caffè
1800:Espresso machine
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1369:
1368:
1366:
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1341:
1335:
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1304:
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1044:
1038:
1033:
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1023:
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1005:
1004:
998:
993:
991:
983:
975:
969:
968:
948:
942:
941:
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937:
922:
916:
915:
913:
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888:
879:
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844:
834:
808:
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801:
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783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
724:
713:
712:
710:
708:
703:
680:Coffea canephora
673:
589:grown in Vietnam
547:Coffea canephora
484:French Polynesia
410:Coffea canephora
324:Coffea canephora
280:Coffea canephora
253:
229:
227:Coffea canephora
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
58:Coffea canephora
51:
39:
38:
21:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2919:Flora of Angola
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
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2773:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
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2713:
2708:
2700:
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2669:
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2635:
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2617:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2497:
2488:
2427:
2401:
2356:Serving vessels
2351:
2283:
2202:
2176:
2082:Latte macchiato
1952:Caffè macchiato
1868:
1707:
1666:
1551:
1542:
1523:Coffee roasting
1484:
1443:
1438:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
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1307:
1297:
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1259:
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1202:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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1136:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1008:
996:
994:
985:
984:
976:
972:
965:
949:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
905:
889:
882:
862:
858:
825:(11): 618–623.
809:
805:
795:
793:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
760:
759:
755:
745:
743:
741:
725:
716:
706:
704:
674:
670:
665:
644:
582:coffea liberica
520:
500:Lesser Antilles
445:
392:flowering plant
380:
309:flowering plant
237:
231:
225:
212:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
42:Robusta coffee
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Flora of Sudan
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:wfo-0000910571
2862:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2719:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
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2628:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2579:
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2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
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2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Coffee service
2446:
2441:
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2429:
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2407:
2403:
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2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Coffee cupping
2246:
2244:Coffee culture
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:Bikini barista
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:Wiener Melange
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Turkish coffee
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Liqueur coffee
2089:
2084:
2079:
2077:Kurdish coffee
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
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649:Coffea arabica
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559:instant coffee
555:Coffea robusta
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471:Coffea arabica
444:
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406:Coffea robusta
379:
376:
372:instant coffee
347:Coffea arabica
338:Coffea robusta
320:Coffea robusta
297:robusta coffee
295:, or commonly
292:Coffea robusta
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2406:Competitions
2392:Tasse à café
2229:Coffee break
2198:Coffeehouses
2188:Bakery cafés
2157:White coffee
2147:Tenom coffee
2052:Irish coffee
1932:Café de olla
1917:Café au lait
1859:Vacuum maker
1827:Coffee syrup
1817:French press
1683:Caffeic acid
1652:
1645:
1631:
1626:Charrieriana
1624:
1560:
1361:. Retrieved
1346:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1281:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1247:
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1228:. Retrieved
1213:
1191:. Retrieved
1176:
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1157:. Retrieved
1120:
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1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1069:. Retrieved
1066:apps.kew.org
1065:
1056:
1028:cite journal
1019:
1009:
988:cite journal
973:
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946:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
920:
908:. Retrieved
893:
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859:
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794:. Retrieved
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769:. Retrieved
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744:. Retrieved
729:
705:. Retrieved
691:
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671:
654:
647:
633:
616:
614:
609:
596:
595:, where the
586:
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554:
551:C. canephora
550:
546:
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469:
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448:C. canephora
447:
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430:
418:C. c. nganda
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352:coffee beans
345:
337:
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301:coffee plant
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283:(especially
279:
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266:Ripe berries
250:
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158:
145:
132:
119:
57:
36:
2710:iNaturalist
2568:Wikispecies
2459:Coffee wars
2289:Substitutes
2259:Coffeehouse
2072:Kopi tubruk
2037:Iced coffee
2017:Frappuccino
1987:Café Cubano
1977:Coffee milk
1957:Caffè mocha
1947:Caffè crema
1805:French drip
1773:Drip coffee
1756:Coffeemaker
1713:Preparation
1693:Coffee bean
1598:Maracaturra
1363:13 December
1298:13 December
1264:13 December
1230:13 December
1100:23 November
707:19 November
512:coffee rust
476:naturalized
426:the berries
422:root system
378:Description
175:Gentianales
139:Angiosperms
56:Berries of
2888:Categories
2801:Plant List
2444:Coffee bag
2363:Coffee cup
2302:Barley tea
2127:Raf coffee
2107:Marocchino
2097:Long black
2067:Kopi luwak
2007:Flat white
1997:Egg coffee
1962:Cappuccino
1937:Café Touba
1849:Percolator
1751:Chorreador
1671:Components
1603:Maragogipe
1489:Production
1460:Fair trade
1319:CoffeeGeek
876:diterpenes
796:19 January
771:19 January
663:References
617:C. arabica
610:C. arabica
574:crop yield
541:made from
502:. In 1927
488:Costa Rica
433:crop yield
368:C. arabica
364:C. robusta
360:C. robusta
356:C. arabica
2806:kew-45464
2676:200022077
2663:200022077
2380:Demitasse
2307:Barleycup
2274:Latte art
2269:Kopi tiam
2239:CoffeeCon
2207:Lifestyle
2172:Yuenyeung
2137:Ristretto
1967:Carajillo
1887:Americano
1793:ristretto
1761:Cold brew
1721:AeroPress
1578:Bonifieur
1553:varieties
1455:Economics
1329:5 January
1193:23 August
602:Indonesia
492:Nicaragua
399:Rubiaceae
316:Rubiaceae
203:Species:
185:Rubiaceae
109:Kingdom:
2858:27900017
2853:Tropicos
2767:18290186
2741:11165657
2728:747068-1
2553:Wikidata
2337:Maya nut
2112:Mazagran
2002:Espresso
1882:Affogato
1839:Moka pot
1834:Knockbox
1778:Espresso
1688:Caffeine
1678:Cafestol
1647:Racemosa
1633:Liberica
1071:1 August
936:2 August
791:Statista
766:Statista
642:See also
630:espresso
621:pyrazine
563:espresso
504:a hybrid
498:and the
456:Tanzania
437:caffeine
254:L.Linden
243:Synonyms
181:Family:
165:Asterids
152:Eudicots
86:IUCN 3.1
2689:2895528
2637:1109728
2619:Ecocrop
2322:Chicory
2214:Barista
2132:Red eye
2117:Moretta
1982:Cortado
1902:Bicerin
1703:Kahweol
1654:Robusta
1608:Molokai
1583:Bourbon
1568:Benguet
1562:Arabica
1548:Species
1465:History
910:22 July
851:9135590
842:1295997
746:22 July
604:(13%),
597:conilon
545:of the
496:Jamaica
452:Liberia
403:synonym
394:in the
328:robusta
311:in the
274:Flowers
191:Genus:
171:Order:
113:Plantae
84: (
32:ROBUSTA
2899:Coffea
2845:158002
2819:COCA39
2814:PLANTS
2793:104739
2754:506060
2593:ARKive
2582:APDB:
2559:Q47532
2516:
2368:sleeve
2342:Postum
2122:Oliang
2027:Garoto
1783:doppio
1741:Chemex
1731:Jebena
1639:Barako
1618:Sagada
1588:Geisha
1448:Topics
1441:Coffee
1354:
1289:
1255:
1221:
1184:
961:
901:
849:
839:
737:
539:Coffee
480:Borneo
465:Coffea
460:Angola
396:family
342:coffee
332:nganda
313:family
234:Pierre
196:Coffea
2780:49390
2736:IRMNG
2715:64345
2702:11092
2650:COFCA
2585:86685
2432:Misc.
2385:spoon
2375:Cezve
2347:Qishr
2102:Lungo
2087:Latte
2057:Karsk
2022:GalĂŁo
1788:lungo
1766:nitro
1746:Cezve
1159:8 May
1153:(PDF)
635:crema
606:India
543:beans
508:Timor
354:from
159:Clade
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
2827:POWO
2775:NCBI
2762:IUCN
2749:ITIS
2723:IPNI
2697:GRIN
2684:GBIF
2645:EPPO
2611:WVXV
2397:Zarf
2332:Inka
2312:Caro
2062:Kopi
1897:Bica
1660:Sulu
1613:S795
1593:Kona
1550:and
1365:2011
1352:ISBN
1331:2010
1300:2011
1287:ISBN
1266:2011
1253:ISBN
1232:2011
1219:ISBN
1195:2011
1182:ISBN
1161:2020
1102:2017
1073:2017
1048:link
1041:help
1001:help
959:ISBN
938:2016
912:2011
899:ISBN
847:PMID
798:2023
773:2023
748:2011
735:ISBN
709:2021
692:2017
416:and
358:and
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