1371:
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555:(HE) shells. AP shells were designed to penetrate the hulls of heavily armoured warships and were mostly ineffective against infantry targets. Military analysts later estimated that if the guns had been well supplied with HE shells the Japanese attackers would have suffered heavy casualties, but the invasion would not have been prevented by this means alone. The guns of Singapore achieved their purpose in deterring a Japanese naval attack as the possibility of an expensive capital ship being sunk made it inadvisable for the Japanese to attack Singapore via the sea. The very fact that the Japanese chose to advance down from Thailand through Malaya to take Singapore was a testament for the respect the Japanese had for the coastal artillery at Singapore. However, the lack of HE shells rendered Singapore vulnerable to a land based attack from Malaya via the Johore straits.
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31:
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345:, featuring new rifled artillery and minefield defenses; most of the board's recommendations were implemented. Construction on these was initially slow, as new weapons and systems were developed from scratch, but was greatly hastened following the Spanish–American War of 1898. Shortly thereafter, in 1907, Congress split the field artillery and coast artillery into separate branches, creating a separate
1370:
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It is a commonly repeated misconception that
Singapore's large-calibre coastal guns were ineffective against the Japanese because they were designed to face south to defend the harbour against naval attack and could not be turned round to face north. In fact, most of the guns could be turned, and
170:
It was long held as a rule of thumb that one shore-based gun equaled three naval guns of the same caliber, due to the steadiness of the coastal gun which allowed for significantly higher accuracy than their sea-mounted counterparts. Land-based guns also benefited in most cases from the additional
515:
Fire from the smaller guns (57 mm to 150 mm) swept her decks and disabled her steering, and she received two torpedo hits before the fires reached her magazines and doomed her. As a result, the remainder of the invasion fleet reversed, the
Norwegian royal family, parliament and cabinet
1437:
268:
or weapons based on them, often supplemented by lighter weapons. In the late 19th century separate batteries of coastal artillery replaced forts in some countries; in some areas, these became widely separated geographically through the mid-20th century as weapon ranges increased. The amount of
336:
of coastal defenses began: the "First System" in 1794, the "Second System" in 1804, and the "Third System" or "Permanent System" in 1816. Masonry forts were determined to be obsolete following the
American Civil War, and a postwar program of earthwork defenses was poorly funded. In 1885 the
1410:
376:, Japanese forces had captured the vantage point on 203 Meter Hill overlooking Port Arthur harbor. After relocating heavy 11-inch (280 mm) howitzers with 500 pound (~220 kg) armor-piercing shells to the summit of the Hill, the Japanese bombarded the
380:
in the harbor, systematically sinking the
Russian ships within range. The Japanese were attacking the city and the Russian ships were trapped in the harbor due to mines, making this one of the few cases of coastal guns being employed in an offensive action.
429:, although hit 5 times by 11-inch (280 mm) shells, managed to move out of range of the guns. Stung by the fact that the Russian Pacific Fleet had been sunk by the army and not by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and with a direct order from Tokyo that the
845:
The
Scandinavian countries, with their long coastlines and relatively weak navies, continued in the development and installation of modern coastal artillery systems, usually hidden in well-camouflaged armored turrets (for example Swedish
1884:
See "Coast
Artillery Organization: A Brief Overview, Bolling W. Smith and William C. Gaines, in a 2008 update to "American Seacoast Defenses," Mark Berhow, Ed., CDSG Press, McLean, VA, 2004. An online version of this article can be found
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In practice, there is a distinction between artillery sited to bombard a coastal region and coastal artillery, which has naval-compatible targeting systems and communications that are integrated with the navy rather than the army.
247:
Coastal artillery fortifications generally followed the development of land fortifications; sometimes separate land defence forts were built to protect coastal forts. Through the middle 19th century, coastal forts could be
669:
in 1944, shore bombardment was given a high importance, using ships from battleships to destroyers and landing craft. For example, the
Canadians at Juno beach had fire support many times greater than they had had for the
289:
were used extensively, usually added to boom defences, with major warships often being equipped with them (to allow rapid deployment once the ship was anchored or moored) through early World War I. In World War I
236:, in the 16th century; when a colonial power took over an overseas territory, one of their first tasks was to build a coastal fortress, both to deter rival naval powers and to subjugate the natives. The
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emerged and soon became part of coastal artillery in some countries; with railway artillery in coast defence some type of revolving mount had to be provided to allow tracking of fast-moving targets.
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in the Tarawa atoll with numerous 203 mm (8-inch) coastal guns. In 1943, these were knocked out early in the battle with a combined USN naval and aerial bombardment.
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reduced the role of coastal artillery in defending a country against air and sea attacks while also rendering fixed artillery emplacements vulnerable to enemy strikes.
1386:
356:. The force was used for setting up and defending advanced overseas bases, and its close ties to the Navy allowed it to man coast artillery around these bases.
1350:
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147:, reduced the primacy of cannons, battleships, and coastal artillery. In countries where coastal artillery has not been disbanded, these forces have acquired
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is an excellent example of a widely used coastal fort that mounted defensive artillery, in this case, muzzle-loading cannon. During the 19th century
602:. Beyond tying up besieging Japanese forces (who suffered severe supply shortages due to the inability to use Manila as a port), the forts allowed
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twice; one shell damaging the conning tower and navigation bridge, with the other penetrating below decks but failing to explode. Return fire from
1425:
321:. In the United Kingdom, in the later 19th and earlier 20th Centuries, the land batteries of the coastal artillery were the responsibility of the
313:). In English-speaking countries, certain coastal artillery positions were sometimes referred to as 'Land Batteries', distinguishing this form of
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in August 1944 ran into "Big Willie", a battery consisting of two prewar French turrets, equipped with the guns taken from the French battleship
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1398:
1295:
1834:
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landward defence provided began to vary by country from the late 19th century; by 1900 new US forts almost totally neglected these defences.
850:). In these countries the coastal artillery was part of the naval forces and used naval targeting systems. Both mobile and stationary (e.g.
492:, one of their most modern ships, to a combination of fire from various coastal artillery emplacements, including two obsolete German-made
202:
1518:
264:, the first three types often with detached gun batteries called "water batteries". Coastal defence weapons throughout history were heavy
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of the East" and the "Lion of the Sea". This perhaps compelled the
Japanese to launch their invasion of Singapore from the north, via
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46:. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by
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fired at her while sinking two
Japanese destroyers and damaging six other vessels. The Japanese had meanwhile lost the cruiser
35:
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1968:
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731:(Hedgerow), each with twenty-four bombs intended to detonate beach mines prematurely. Twenty-four Landing Craft Tank carried
333:
424:
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1505:
1221:
621:
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1380:. The fort housed a fixed battery, meant to serve as coastal artillery, as well as guarding against an overland attack.
719:, but the guns there had been moved to an inland position, unbeknownst to the Allies. In addition, there were modified
3660:
3445:
1844:
1747:
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1419:(possibly MkIIIMI) firing on a US Army coast defense mount, 1931. The weapon behind it is on a disappearing carriage.
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723:: eight "Landing Craft Gun", each with two 4.7-inch guns; four "Landing Craft Support" with automatic cannon; eight
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39:
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is an example of modern mobile coastal artillery. Poland also retains a coastal missile division armed with the
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1448:
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1951:
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Hamilton had experimented with an ironclad floating battery, and
Stevens had set up an ironclad land battery
1416:
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around Cherbourg. Battery Hamburg straddled the ship with a salvo of 240 mm shells, eventually hitting
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which also fired while they were on the run-in to the beach. Similar arrangements existed at other beaches.
175:-based coastal artillery also has a derivative role in international law and diplomacy, wherein a country's
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Operation Matador: World War II – Britain's Attempt to Foil the Japanese Invasion of Malaya and Singapore
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The evolution of coastal fortification design, between the 1790s and 1822, can be discerned between
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was defended by its famous large-caliber coastal guns, which included one battery of three
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escaped, and the Norwegian gold reserves were safely removed from the city before it fell.
1952:
Karig, Commander Walter; Burton, Lieutenant Earl; Freeland, Lieutenant Stephen L. (1946).
1715:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816–1867
587:, forcing her to withdraw, and temporarily repulsing Japanese efforts to take the island.
244:
also built hundreds of coastal fortresses in an attempt to counter Western naval threats.
8:
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were often used, or stored in peacetime to be available in wartime. With the rise of the
214:
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as an experimental coastal defense gun. This gun was built in 1811 as a component of the
189:
1784:
857:
In countries where coastal artillery has not been disbanded, these forces have acquired
504:, carrying 1,000 soldiers and leading a German invasion fleet. The first salvo from the
352:
In the first decade of the 20th century, the United States Marine Corps established the
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will have all the advantages of a land battery, combined with, the capability of motion
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One of the first recorded uses of coastal artillery was in 1381—during the war between
148:
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by scoring direct hits on her magazines, and scoring eleven hits on the light cruiser
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1340:(in the foreground), with multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, and the
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862:
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710:
709:; while eleven destroyers provided local fire support. The (equally old) battleship
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in six separate attacks on the sole remaining Russian battleship. After 3 weeks, the
314:
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129:
90:
71:
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about 950 meters distance, disabled the center propeller turbine and set her afire.
273:
were also usually part of a protected harbor's defences. In the middle 19th century
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1997:
1808:
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996:
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In the United States, coastal artillery was established in 1794 as a branch of the
318:
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218:
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152:
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British 64 Pounder RML Gun on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort,
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naval and air strikes, especially around Zadar, Ĺ ibenik and Split, defeating the
322:
116:
were highly important to military affairs and generally represented the areas of
109:
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in the background, which used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover the area.
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were indeed fired at the invaders. However, the guns were supplied mostly with
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63:
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1869:. Illustrated Sydney News – via Trove – National Library of Australia.
1110:
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capabilities. In constricted waters, mobile coastal artillery armed with
808:. The range and power of these guns was such that the Allies dedicated a
702:
671:
650:
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was not to be allowed to escape, Admiral Togo sent in wave after wave of
298:
101:
2518:
778:
3916:
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809:
706:
646:
595:
385:
274:
181:
of "coastal waters" is recognized as under the nation or state's laws.
160:
3896:
2441:
1867:"The Great Ironclad Floating Gun Battery For Bay and Harbour Defences"
649:
and bunkers along the beaches, or sometimes slightly inland, to house
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3011:
2652:
2565:
2495:
2453:
2279:
2249:
2210:
2176:
1568:
1431:
Typical US Army World War II installation of a 16-inch casemated gun.
851:
732:
536:
501:
434:
282:
265:
253:
194:
172:
117:
86:
51:
1673:
https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/voyager/info/three_nautical_mile.html
746:
240 mm (9.4 in) shell from Battery Hamburg lands near USS
3809:
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1555:
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598:
fell to amphibious assault on 6 May 1942, nearly a month after the
261:
164:
125:
1892:
1717:(2nd ed.). McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 16–17, 24–34.
1551:
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980:
783:
442:
302:
197:(7.25 inch or 184 mm bore) and center-pivot mounting designed by
144:
47:
43:
1392:
Schematic of a coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret.
3946:
3300:
2866:
2804:
2748:
2726:
2703:
2696:
2572:
2555:
2387:
2219:
2201:
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1956:. New York/Toronto: Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. pp. 386–387.
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742:
505:
226:
222:
113:
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1643:
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241:
2050:
Coastal Artillery of Finland and Russia at Northern Fortress
531:
and one with two 15-inch (381 mm) guns. Prime Minister
2969:
2811:
2778:
2753:
2545:
2535:
2504:
2483:
698:
1807:
Civil War Forificiations Digital Research Library (2004).
727:, each with a single salvo of 1,100 5-inch rockets; eight
634:
Nazi Germany fortified its conquered territories with the
349:(CAC) The CAC was disbanded as a separate branch in 1950.
368:
Japanese 11-inch howitzer firing; shell visible in flight
2090:
Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II
1769:
Technological military dictionary, German-English-French
1742:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 180–181.
979:
and nearly a hundred other forts and batteries built in
2025:
2114:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. HMSO.
1935:
1933:
1931:
1916:
128:. The advent of 20th-century technologies, especially
2040:
Defenses along the Pacific Coast of the United States
1904:
1762:
1615:. Hong Kong: Marshall Cavendish International Asia.
869:
still can be used to deny the use of sea lanes. The
816:
to shelling the fort every day, with the battleship
594:
denied Manila harbor to the invading Japanese until
1928:
1230:Spanish Army Coastal Artillery, including eighteen
1034:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
500:. The BlĂĽcher had entered the narrow waters of the
496:280 mm (11 in) guns and equally obsolete
297:Coastal artillery could be part of the Navy (as in
171:protection of walls or earth mounds. The range of
1969:"The Other D-Day: The Invasion Of Southern France"
1782:
1443:A 9.2" RBL (two 6" RBLs are in background) of the
822:eventually silencing the guns on August 23, 1944.
697:were used to suppress shore batteries east of the
229:against an attack from the Castilian naval fleet.
1356:19th-century coastal artillery guns preserved in
468:One of the three 28 cm main battery guns at
232:The use of coastal artillery expanded during the
4058:
1740:British & American Artillery of World War II
657:, and artillery ranging in size up to the large
2398:
888:played an important role in defending Croatian
2960:
2906:
2724:
2570:
2063:"TWENTIETH CENTURY BRITISH COAST DEFENCE GUNS"
1095:– consisted of five 15-inch (381 mm) guns
571:fired at the Japanese invasion fleet with six
3615:
3345:
3174:
3150:
2767:
2758:
2715:
2439:
2235:
2226:
2142:
1646:Fields of Battle: Terrain in Military History
1512:, at St. David's Battery, in Bermuda, in 2011
1492:in 1942, with two 9.2" (left) and two 6" guns
285:threat at the beginning of the 20th century,
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3715:
3706:
3697:
3286:
3261:
3237:
3198:
3189:
3141:
3127:
3098:
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2783:
2701:
2650:
2641:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2516:
2502:
2493:
2376:
2353:
2035:A brief history of the coast artillery corps
1832:
1224:, part of the fortification line protecting
36:fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands
2385:
2367:
2313:
2299:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
1191:Coastal artillery of the Dardanelles Strait
2149:
2135:
1954:Battle Report (Volume 2); The Atlantic War
757:On June 25, 1944, the American battleship
393:was destroyed, followed by the battleship
1712:
2112:War Against Japan: The Loss of Singapore
1644:Peter Doyle; Matthew R. Bennett (2002).
777:
741:
620:
592:Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays
463:
363:
341:recommended an extensive program of new
188:
57:
29:
884:in 1991, coastal artillery operated by
701:; cruisers targeted shore batteries at
70:. The weapon is possibly a German-made
14:
4059:
2068:. Fortress Study Group. Archived from
1966:
1864:
1836:Chickamauga: Bloody Battle In The West
1404:Coastal fortification with fixed guns.
763:engaged German shore batteries on the
441:was still afloat, having survived 124
155:, mobile coastal artillery armed with
2130:
2106:
2087:
1939:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1610:
1604:
1584:Seacoast defense in the United States
1029:Seacoast defense in the United States
1007:Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
665:before they could unload. During the
399:on December 7, 1904, the battleships
359:
1809:"Batteries, River and Coast Defense"
1737:
1550:at 7th coastal artillery battery at
916:
825:
715:was used to suppress the battery at
609:The Japanese defended the island of
423:on December 9, 1904. The battleship
3541:Weapons Storage and Security System
959:British coastal guns outside the UK
794:Allied efforts to take the port of
661:. The intent was to destroy Allied
85:concerned with operating anti-ship
24:
2156:
2060:
2026:Coast Defense Study Group homepage
203:Second System of US fortifications
25:
4088:
2019:
1579:Coastal defence and fortification
1304:under fire as the Oil Depot burns
575:, sinking the Japanese destroyer
27:Defensive military service branch
4040:
4039:
1539:
1517:
1497:
1482:
1456:
1436:
1424:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1369:
1349:
1327:
1309:
1294:
1275:
1252:
1232:38.1 cm /45 Model 1926 naval gun
1222:Peter the Great's Naval Fortress
902:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
782:Blockhouse for 152 mm gun, near
775:knocked out the German battery.
616:
1990:
1967:Burton, Earl (September 2004).
1960:
1945:
1878:
1024:U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps
871:Type 88 surface-to-ship missile
535:nicknamed the garrison as "The
454:
334:series of construction programs
2030:list of US forts and batteries
1858:
1839:. Pickle Partners Publishing.
1826:
1800:
1776:
1756:
1731:
1706:
1662:
1648:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
1637:
1447:(or the Examination Battery),
1200:German coastal battery Tirpitz
451:to a mine outside the harbor.
309:), or part of the Army (as in
13:
1:
3436:British "hedgehog" road block
1901:, pp. 442–443 & 527.
1630:
977:Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda
965:Castle Islands Fortifications
786:. Part of the complex called
604:interception of radio traffic
563:In December 1941, during the
1490:St. David's Battery, Bermuda
1083:Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)
882:Croatian War of Independence
519:
7:
3846:Cities with defensive walls
3431:Defensive fighting position
3346:
3151:
2961:
2907:
2768:
2759:
2725:
2716:
2571:
2056:The Artillery of Fort Adams
1813:Dictionary of Fortification
1789:. D. Van Nostrand. p.
1783:John Gross Barnard (1861).
1713:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
1599:Anti-ship ballistic missile
1562:
1525:75 mm turret gun model 1957
1449:St. David's Island, Bermuda
1136:South & Central America
911:
867:surface-to-surface missiles
725:Landing Craft Tank (Rocket)
157:surface-to-surface missiles
10:
4093:
1786:Notes on Sea-Coast Defence
1548:BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun
1245:
848:12 cm automatic turret gun
804:, each mounting a pair of
606:later decisive at Midway.
558:
529:15-inch (381 mm) guns
311:English-speaking countries
184:
68:Dardanelles Fortified Area
4030:
3960:
3884:
3828:
3762:
3648:
3553:
3476:Hardened aircraft shelter
3451:Entry control point (ECP)
3363:
3274:
2990:
2983:
2415:
2164:
2092:. London: Penguin Books.
1998:"Altair Agencja Lotnicza"
1574:List of coastal artillery
1213:Swedish Coastal Artillery
569:Marine defense battalions
459:
384:On December 5, 1904, the
74:on a coast defense mount.
3973:Continuity of government
1611:Chung, Ong Chit (2011).
1013:United States of America
752:Bombardment of Cherbourg
323:Royal Garrison Artillery
217:—when the troops of the
108:, coastal artillery and
3795:Motte-and-bailey castle
3501:Missile launch facility
3496:Main line of resistance
2191:
2108:Kirby, Stanley Woodburn
1417:16-inch Navy MkIIMI gun
1019:Board of Fortifications
1002:Hobart coastal defences
211:Ferdinand I of Portugal
4077:Coastal fortifications
3871:Military installations
3735:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3616:
3287:
3262:
3238:
3228:Scarp and Counterscarp
3199:
3190:
3175:
3142:
3128:
3099:
3070:
3061:
3037:
2998:
2803:
2784:
2702:
2651:
2642:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2517:
2503:
2494:
2440:
2399:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2354:
2314:
2300:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2182:
1670:www.pacioos.hawaii.edu
1283:16-inch howitzer M1920
1260:RML 11 inch 25 ton gun
983:between 1612 and 1939.
806:340 mm naval guns
791:
754:
631:
508:defenders, fired from
477:Battle of Drøbak Sound
472:
369:
206:
193:50-pounder Model 1811
95:coastal fortifications
75:
55:
4072:Fortification weapons
3640:Floating water castle
3371:Admiralty scaffolding
2664:Fortified buildings (
2088:Smith, Colin (2006).
1833:Glenn Tucker (2015).
1738:Hogg, Ian V. (2002).
1289:, Virginia, USA 1942.
1157:Valdivian fort system
1078:Manila and Subic Bays
928:Admiralty Pier Turret
854:) systems were used.
781:
745:
735:self-propelled 105mm
729:Landing Craft Assault
624:
565:Battle of Wake Island
467:
367:
347:Coast Artillery Corps
275:underwater minefields
192:
159:can still be used to
81:is the branch of the
61:
33:
3983:Subterranean warfare
2936:Viking ring fortress
2054:John T. Duchesneau:
1764:George Floyd Duckett
969:Fort St. Catherine's
875:Naval Strike Missile
677:The old battleships
573:5-inch (127 mm) guns
551:(AP) shells and few
543:, in December 1941.
374:Siege of Port Arthur
343:U.S. harbor defenses
301:countries, war-time
40:St. George's Harbour
3800:Quadrangular castle
3536:Weapon storage area
2892:Quadrangular castle
1472:St. George's Island
1445:St. David's Battery
1152:Santa Clara Battery
973:St. David's Battery
644:reinforced concrete
510:Oscarsborg Fortress
498:Whitehead torpedoes
479:in April 1940, the
354:Advanced Base Force
287:anti-submarine nets
215:Henry II of Castile
3531:Underground hangar
3316:Fire control tower
3113:Gunpowder magazine
2541:Butter-churn tower
1605:Books and articles
1130:Battery Lothringen
1125:Cross-Channel guns
1116:Hanstholm fortress
1039:Battery Chamberlin
938:Cross-Channel guns
792:
765:Cotentin Peninsula
755:
659:40.6 cm naval guns
642:built a string of
632:
473:
370:
360:Russo-Japanese War
319:floating batteries
234:Age of Discoveries
207:
118:highest technology
76:
56:
4067:Coastal artillery
4054:
4053:
3978:Military urbanism
3912:Fortified gateway
3785:Concentric castle
3549:
3548:
3466:Fire support base
3306:Coastal artillery
3181:(Spanish America)
2775:
2617:Concentric castle
2099:978-0-14-101036-6
2002:www.altair.com.pl
1925:, pp. 24–26.
1724:978-1-7323916-1-1
1694:Missing or empty
1337:Ferry Island Fort
1242:
1241:
1056:Connaught Battery
863:anti-ship missile
826:Post-World War II
690:with the monitor
667:Normandy Landings
640:Organization Todt
533:Winston Churchill
411:and the cruisers
317:from for example
315:artillery battery
292:railway artillery
151:capabilities. In
130:military aviation
79:Coastal artillery
72:28 cm SK L/40 gun
16:(Redirected from
4084:
4043:
4042:
4036:
3927:National redoubt
3856:Fortified estate
3780:Circular rampart
3740:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3621:
3381:Anti-tank trench
3376:Air raid shelter
3351:
3311:Disappearing gun
3292:
3267:
3243:
3204:
3195:
3180:
3156:
3147:
3133:
3104:
3075:
3066:
3042:
3003:
2988:
2987:
2966:
2946:Bailey (or ward)
2912:
2817:Motte-and-bailey
2808:
2789:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2730:
2721:
2707:
2656:
2647:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2522:
2508:
2499:
2445:
2402:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2359:
2319:
2305:
2245:Circular rampart
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2103:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:on 14 April 2014
2074:
2067:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1626:
1594:Disappearing gun
1543:
1521:
1501:
1486:
1460:
1440:
1428:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1373:
1353:
1331:
1313:
1298:
1279:
1256:
1226:Saint Petersburg
997:Fort Queenscliff
943:Palmerston Forts
917:
279:controlled mines
219:King of Portugal
178:three-mile limit
153:littoral warfare
21:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4034:
4026:
3956:
3880:
3824:
3758:
3693:Imperial castle
3666:Coercion castle
3661:Coastal defence
3644:
3606:Promontory fort
3576:Hillside castle
3545:
3461:Fallout shelter
3426:Concertina wire
3406:Border security
3359:
3270:
2979:
2612:Coercion castle
2600:Cheval de frise
2582:Chemin de ronde
2430:Albarrana tower
2411:
2356:Schwedenschanze
2333:Promontory fort
2160:
2155:
2100:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:Gander, Terry.
2022:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1865:Rutter (1867).
1863:
1859:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1781:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1607:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1522:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1461:
1452:
1441:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1354:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1271:
1257:
1248:
1243:
1147:Fort Copacabana
1099:
948:Needles Battery
914:
886:Croatian forces
840:guided missiles
828:
625:A 38 cm gun of
619:
561:
549:armour-piercing
522:
462:
457:
362:
258:polygonal forts
187:
112:in the form of
110:naval artillery
66:redoubt of the
28:
23:
22:
18:Coast artillery
15:
12:
11:
5:
4090:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4010:Trench warfare
4007:
4005:Tunnel warfare
4002:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Fortifications
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3671:Counter-castle
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Border barrier
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Lowland castle
3588:
3583:
3581:Hilltop castle
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Electric fence
3453:
3448:
3446:Dragon's teeth
3443:
3441:Czech hedgehog
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3355:Wire obstacles
3352:
3343:
3341:Polygonal fort
3338:
3333:
3331:Martello tower
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Border outpost
3293:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3170:Polygonal fort
3167:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2776:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2708:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2662:
2660:Flanking tower
2657:
2648:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Counter-castle
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2417:Post-classical
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2407:Vitrified fort
2404:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Defensive wall
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:Fortifications
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2020:External links
2018:
2015:
2014:
1989:
1959:
1944:
1927:
1915:
1913:, p. 361.
1903:
1891:
1877:
1857:
1845:
1825:
1799:
1775:
1772:. p. 201.
1755:
1748:
1730:
1723:
1705:
1661:
1654:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:978-9814435444
1621:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1529:Femöre battery
1523:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1342:Martello tower
1333:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1218:Russian Empire
1215:
1210:
1197:
1195:Ottoman Empire
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1174:Fort Glanville
1171:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Fort Ostenburg
989:
984:
961:
960:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
923:
915:
913:
910:
834:the advent of
827:
824:
618:
615:
600:fall of Bataan
560:
557:
553:high explosive
521:
518:
461:
458:
456:
453:
361:
358:
339:Endicott Board
238:Martello tower
199:George Bomford
186:
183:
134:naval aviation
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:Urban warfare
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Civil defense
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Bastion forts
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3820:Z-plan castle
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:L-plan castle
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Bridge castle
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Refuge castle
3742:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Military base
3723:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Hunting lodge
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Moated castle
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Island castle
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:By topography
3552:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Submarine pen
3524:
3522:
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3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
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3481:Hesco bastion
3479:
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3209:
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3197:
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3188:
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3183:
3179:
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3173:
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3165:Place-of-arms
3163:
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3155:
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3149:
3146:
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3140:
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2807:
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2801:
2799:
2798:Machicolation
2796:
2794:
2793:L-plan castle
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2763:
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2552:
2549:
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2537:
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2529:
2527:
2526:Bridge castle
2524:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2489:Bent entrance
2487:
2485:
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2477:
2475:
2474:Battery tower
2472:
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2467:
2465:
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2452:
2450:
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2438:
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2425:Advanced work
2423:
2422:
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2418:
2414:
2408:
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2349:Refuge castle
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2101:
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2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1942:, p. 26.
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
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1853:
1848:
1846:9781786251152
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1795:land battery.
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1749:1-85367-478-8
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1688:
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1671:
1665:
1657:
1655:1-4020-0433-8
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1473:
1469:
1468:Fort Victoria
1465:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Batterie Vara
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:Atlantic Wall
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
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1081:
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985:
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934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
920:
919:
918:
909:
905:
903:
899:
898:Yugoslav Navy
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
820:
815:
814:heavy cruiser
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
789:
788:Ligurian Wall
785:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
753:
749:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:landing craft
718:
717:Pointe du Hoc
714:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
689:
688:
683:
682:
675:
673:
668:
664:
663:landing craft
660:
656:
655:antitank guns
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
636:Atlantic Wall
630:
629:
628:Batterie Todt
623:
617:Atlantic Wall
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
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579:
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570:
566:
556:
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538:
534:
530:
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517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
486:
485:heavy cruiser
483:lost the new
482:
478:
471:
466:
452:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
387:
382:
379:
378:Russian fleet
375:
366:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:bastion forts
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
200:
196:
191:
182:
180:
179:
174:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
91:gun batteries
88:
84:
80:
73:
69:
65:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4038:
3993:Siege engine
3961:Other topics
3885:Related word
3851:Defense line
3815:Tower castle
3770:Bastion fort
3754:Urban castle
3682:Ganerbenburg
3680:
3635:Water castle
3611:Ridge castle
3596:Marsh castle
3411:Bomb shelter
3391:Belgian gate
3364:20th century
3305:
3275:19th century
3213:Retrenchment
3185:Punji sticks
3094:Entrenchment
3089:Device Forts
3056:Counterguard
2991:Early modern
2921:Tower castle
2857:Powder tower
2832:Outer bailey
2744:Inner bailey
2718:Gulyay-gorod
2686:Ganerbenburg
2684:
2680:Fujian tulou
2622:Corner tower
2561:Chamber gate
2531:Bridge tower
2379:Trou de loup
2111:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2045:Fort Carroll
2005:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1976:
1973:Sea Classics
1972:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1708:
1696:|title=
1676:. Retrieved
1669:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1612:
1546:3 abandoned
1360:fortress in
1335:
1320:
1316:
1301:
1236:
1169:Fort Denison
1105:Nazi Germany
1098:
1066:Fort Amherst
1051:York Redoubt
953:Ness Battery
933:Tyne Turrets
906:
879:
856:
844:
836:jet aircraft
832:World War II
829:
817:
799:
793:
772:
768:
759:
756:
747:
711:
693:
685:
680:
676:
651:machine guns
633:
626:
608:
589:
582:
576:
562:
545:
523:
514:
488:
474:
455:World War II
447:
438:
430:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
371:
351:
327:
307:Soviet Union
299:Scandinavian
296:
246:
231:
208:
176:
169:
138:jet aircraft
122:capital cost
106:World War II
99:
83:armed forces
78:
77:
3892:Castle town
3749:Toll castle
3718:Lustschloss
3700:Kaiserpfalz
3630:Spur castle
3625:Rock castle
3566:Hill castle
3561:Cave castle
3521:Spider hole
3421:Bremer wall
3386:Barbed tape
3282:Barbed wire
2956:Witch tower
2926:Tower house
2916:Toll castle
2902:Shield wall
2822:Murder hole
2711:Guard tower
2328:Pincer gate
2275:Faussebraye
1818:14 December
1358:Suomenlinna
1264:Fort George
1179:Fort Pearce
987:Fort Siloso
892:coast from
880:During the
750:during the
703:Ver-sur-Mer
672:Dieppe Raid
481:German navy
475:During the
372:During the
163:the use of
102:Middle Ages
4061:Categories
3917:Gatekeeper
3737:Ordensburg
3709:Landesburg
3516:Sentry gun
3471:Flak tower
3401:Blast wall
3321:Gun turret
3218:Sally port
3123:Kotta mara
3063:Couvreface
3027:Breastwork
3022:Blockhouse
3000:Abwurfdach
2951:Watchtower
2941:Wall tower
2897:Shell keep
2847:Portcullis
2842:Peel tower
2827:Neck ditch
2786:Landesburg
2734:Half tower
2692:Gate tower
2637:Drawbridge
2479:Battlement
2395:Wagon fort
2238:Chengqiang
1983:2009-06-23
1979:(9): 60–70
1940:Chung 2011
1923:Chung 2011
1911:Kirby 1954
1899:Smith 2006
1678:2023-06-01
1631:References
1589:Gun laying
1508:, and two
1287:Fort Story
1088:Fort Mills
1061:Cape Spear
859:amphibious
810:battleship
707:Moulineaux
596:Corregidor
470:Oscarsborg
439:Sevastopol
435:destroyers
431:Sevastopol
426:Sevastopol
386:battleship
305:, and the
277:and later
266:naval guns
254:star forts
225:to defend
149:amphibious
4020:Guerrilla
3763:By design
3511:Revetment
3326:Land mine
3257:Star fort
3084:Crownwork
3079:Covertway
3012:Barricade
2653:Embrasure
2566:Chartaque
2496:Bergfried
2454:Arrowslit
2280:Gatehouse
2250:City gate
2211:Castellum
2177:Acropolis
1569:Artillery
1510:9.2" RBLs
1204:Constanța
1163:Australia
1093:Singapore
922:In the UK
852:100 56 TK
737:howitzers
681:Ramillies
674:in 1942.
647:pillboxes
537:Gibraltar
525:Singapore
520:Singapore
506:Norwegian
502:Oslofjord
443:torpedoes
283:submarine
262:sea forts
195:Columbiad
173:gunpowder
165:sea lanes
100:From the
89:or fixed
87:artillery
52:New World
4045:Category
4035:See also
3922:Loophole
3810:Ringwork
3805:Ringfort
3730:Obstacle
3571:Hillfort
3491:Loophole
3289:Barbette
3264:Tenaille
3247:Sea fort
3177:Presidio
3137:Magazine
3118:Hornwork
3051:Cavalier
3046:Casemate
3039:Caponier
2882:Ringwork
2770:Detinets
2739:Hoarding
2644:Enceinte
2519:Bretèche
2464:Bartizan
2459:Barbican
2435:Alcazaba
2363:Stockade
2343:Ringfort
2323:Palisade
2295:Landwehr
2290:Hillfort
2120:58958687
2110:(1954).
2007:29 March
1766:(1848).
1687:cite web
1563:See also
1556:Portugal
1464:9.2" RBL
1362:Helsinki
912:Examples
894:Yugoslav
890:Adriatic
801:Provence
687:Warspite
448:Takasago
408:Peresvet
396:Retvizan
145:missiles
126:materiel
3952:Vedette
3942:Schloss
3907:Festung
3902:Dungeon
3897:Château
3841:Castles
3649:By role
3506:Pillbox
3336:Outpost
3252:Station
3240:Schanze
3223:Sandbag
3208:Redoubt
3192:Ravelin
3160:Palanka
3144:Orillon
3130:Lunette
3072:Coupure
3017:Bastion
3007:Arsenal
2975:Zwinger
2887:Roundel
2877:Ricetto
2852:Postern
2837:Outwork
2761:Kremlin
2632:Curtain
2607:Citadel
2591:Chemise
2551:Caltrop
2469:Bastion
2442:Alcázar
2338:Rampart
2316:Oppidum
2309:Nuraghe
2255:Crannog
2229:Castros
2165:Ancient
2079:5 March
1476:Bermuda
1451:in 2011
1378:Bermuda
1317:Pallada
1302:Pallada
1268:Bermuda
1246:Gallery
1208:Romania
981:Bermuda
900:in the
784:Camogli
694:Roberts
559:Pacific
489:BlĂĽcher
414:Pallada
390:Poltava
303:Germany
223:cannons
185:History
114:cannons
64:Ottoman
50:in the
48:England
44:Bermuda
3947:Trench
3937:Picket
3348:Sangar
3301:Bunker
3233:Sconce
3153:Ostrog
3101:Flèche
2984:Modern
2963:Yagura
2931:Turret
2867:Reduit
2805:Merlon
2749:Kasbah
2727:Gusuku
2704:Glacis
2697:Gabion
2666:church
2573:Chashi
2556:Castle
2400:Laager
2388:Vallum
2345:(Rath)
2220:Castra
2202:Burgus
2172:Abatis
2118:
2096:
1843:
1746:
1721:
1652:
1619:
1533:Sweden
1506:6" RBL
1321:Pobeda
1237:
1142:Callao
1045:Canada
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