90:
226:
71:
103:
288:
required to exercise exclusive authority on the territory. Although the levels of exclusive authority are interrupted on a case-by-case basis, with uninhabitable areas such as
Clipperton having a much lower bar than territory with a native population. France's continued claims of sovereignty over the island, even when Mexico made claims, was an important part of the arbitration going in their favor. As a further result of this ruling, nations which make claims on territory do not forfeit said territory when it is unoccupied or not actively developed.
174:
29:
279:, Mexico retained all of the Spanish territory including the adjacent islands and annexed lands. Additionally, Mexico had both geographic proximity and effective occupation of the island in the early 20th century. The core legal question was which principle was more important in international law: historical claim or effective occupation.
287:
An important result of the
Clipperton Island case was that the first nation to discover and prove unclaimed land exists has claim to said territory. This means that the occupation of a territory is not always a requirement for making a claim on it. Nations wishing to make a claim on territory are
181:
Clipperton Island, an uninhabited atoll in the
Pacific Ocean, became the subject of a territorial dispute between France and Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The island gained significant attention due to its strategic location in the Pacific Ocean and the potential for
186:
deposits, which were used to enhance fertilizer. Initially France, Mexico, the United
Kingdom and the United States all laid claims to Clipperton. Both the United Kingdom and United States dropped their claims to the island, leaving only France and Mexico.
201:
In 1897, a
Mexican expedition raised the Mexican flag on Clipperton as a way to strengthen their claim to Clipperton. In 1905, the Mexican government established a military garrison on the island, and later erected a lighthouse under the orders of
271:. Additionally, France had maintained its ownership of Clipperton when other nations had claimed or landed on Clipperton. Mexico made the claim that Clipperton had been discovered by the Spanish Navy and that the papal bull of
486:
164:
in 1931, who awarded the island to France. The case forms an important precedent in international law, particularly in matters of territorial sovereignty and the role of arbitration in resolving disputes between nations.
194:
took possession of
Clipperton for France. Upon arriving in the Kingdom of Hawaii, a notice of France's annexation of Clipperton was published on November 17, 1858, in a local newspaper in
252:
of abandoning the island, and the fact that she has not exercised her authority there in a positive manner does not imply the forfeiture of an acquisition already definitively perfected.
707:
352:"Laudo arbitral del rey de Italia VĂctor Manuel III, sobre la soberanĂa sobre la Isla de Clipperton (o Isla de la PasiĂłn) entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la RepĂşblica Francesa"
849:
1266:
Buderi, Charles L.O.; Ricart, Luciana T. (2018-05-15). "The Early
Seventeenth Century to the End of the Eighteenth Century: Were the Islands Still Terra Nullius?".
525:
516:
943:
699:
265:
France's argument for its ownership of
Clipperton was based on its 1858 claim and the formal annexation of the island and that the land was
1423:
240:
of Italy as arbiter. Nearly 22 years later, on
January 28, 1931, Victor Emmanuel rendered his decision, awarding the island to France.
1568:
1244:
1302:
1593:
1588:
857:
1406:
1285:
1173:
1066:
888:
833:
799:
749:
614:
445:
209:. By 1914, around 100 Mexican settlers had landed on the island to further establish Mexico's claim. Due to the start of the
1325:
1086:
910:
668:
440:
382:
511:
1303:"Fear and Loathing in the South Pole: The Need to Resolve the Antarctic Sovereignty Issue and a Framework for Doing It"
236:
On March 2, 1909, the two countries signed an agreement in Mexico to submit the dispute to arbitration, and selected
275:
in 1492 had given sovereignty of the island to Spain. Following Spain's recognition of Mexico in 1836 following the
1583:
1578:
1164:
Usuki, Eiichi (2021). "Japan's Claim to
Takeshima". In Huth, Paul K.; Kim, Sunwoong; Roehrig, Terence (eds.).
257:
237:
229:
203:
161:
1032:
779:
904:
Jean-Baptiste, Philippe; Fourré, Elise; Charlou, Jean-Luc; Donval, Jean-Pierre; Corrège, Thierry (2009).
276:
1168:. Maritime Cooperation in East Asia (1st ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff. p. 94.
547:
1573:
351:
225:
1272:. Queen Mary Studies in International Law. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff (published 2018).
1189:
1563:
730:"Was Rockall Conquered? An Application of the Law of Territory to a Rock in the North Atlantic Ocean"
383:"Arbitral Award on the Subject of the Difference Relative to the Sovereignty Over Clipperton Island"
260:, Arbitral Award on the Subject of the Difference Relative to the Sovereignty over Clipperton Island
601:, World Regional Geography Book Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 133–155,
22:
Arbitral Award on the Subject of the Difference Relative to the Sovereignty over Clipperton Island
905:
312:
307:
333:"Sentence arbitrale au sujet du différend relative à la Souveraineté sur l'île de Clipperton"
302:
297:
1269:
The Iran-UAE Gulf Islands Dispute: A Journey Through International Law, History and Politics
919:
657:(1st ed.). Boulder, Colorado, United States of America: Westview Press. pp. 8–9.
8:
1485:
245:
190:
On November 17, 1858, Lieutenant Victor Le Coat de Kervéguen on the French merchant ship
75:
1486:"Quick, before it Melts: Toward a Resolution of the Jurisdictional Morass in Antarctica"
923:
1466:
1361:
1353:
1225:
1122:
1114:
935:
755:
594:
575:
478:
470:
418:
410:
210:
1166:
The Dokdo/Takeshima dispute: South Korea, Japan and the search for a peaceful solution
563:
213:, supply ships ceased visiting the island and by 1917 many settlers had perished from
1540:
1458:
1402:
1365:
1345:
1281:
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1062:
884:
829:
795:
759:
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610:
579:
567:
482:
462:
422:
402:
272:
173:
157:
988:. Vol. 17, no. 39. Bristow, Nebraska, United States of America. p. 8.
969:. Vol. 124, no. 106. San Francisco, California, United States of America.
939:
1530:
1520:
1337:
1273:
1217:
1098:
970:
927:
883:(1st ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
787:
737:
602:
559:
454:
394:
135:
128:
206:
1535:
784:
Law of the Sea, From Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
734:
Bliainiris Éireannach an Dlà IdirnáisiúntaThe Irish Yearbook of International Law
123:
729:
676:
606:
332:
1326:"Discovery, Symbolic Annexation and Virtual Effectiveness in International Law"
931:
741:
1525:
1508:
1277:
791:
1557:
1544:
1509:"The Irrelevance of Non-recognition to Australia's Antarctic Territory Title"
1462:
1349:
1245:"Uninhabited Islands: Their Impact on the Ownership of the Oceans' Resources"
1110:
571:
466:
406:
267:
244:
There is no reason to suppose that France has subsequently lost her right by
1383:(2nd ed.). Cape Town, Republic of South Africa: JUTA Law. p. 118.
249:
702:[1858: Napoleon III launches the War of the Flags at Clipperton].
599:
The Geography, Nature and History of the Tropical Pacific and its Islands
1470:
1446:
700:"1858 : Napoléon III déclenche la guerre des drapeaux à Clipperton"
1357:
1229:
1205:
1150:
1118:
1059:
Islands, law and context: the treatment of islands in international law
965:
Crothers, R.A., ed. (1917-08-09). "Ten More Saved From Island Plague".
474:
414:
1267:
1188:
Arias, Juan de Dios; OlavarrĂa y Ferrari, Enrique de (1880) tomo IV
512:"Sovereignty Over Unoccupied Territories—The Western Sahara Decision"
1341:
1221:
1102:
458:
398:
881:
France's overseas frontier: départements et territoires d'outre-mer
195:
1424:"Canadian Claims to Territorial Sovereignty in the Arctic Regions"
906:"Gaining insight into Clipperton's lagoon hydrology using tritium"
778:
Remiro BrĂłtons, Antonio (2015-01-01), del Castillo, Lilian (ed.),
548:"A Phosphatized Trachyte from Clipperton Atoll (Northern Pacific)"
1061:. Elgar international law. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
984:
Hight, G.T., ed. (1918-02-14). "Tales of Horror Rivals Fiction".
903:
1142:
655:
The Antarctic Treaty system : politics, law, and diplomacy
214:
153:
149:
108:
95:
183:
70:
28:
1401:(7th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Univ. Press.
1003:
1206:"The Recognition of the Spanish Colonies by the Motherland"
639:. Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. October 15, 1898. p. 3.
57:
1080:
1078:
217:. The survivors were rescued, and returned to Mexico.
1075:
1381:
International law : a South African perspective
349:
380:
330:
1324:Heydte, Friedrich August Freiherr Von Der (1935).
1307:Temple International & Comparative Law Journal
648:
646:
1447:"Historic Title Over Land and Maritime Territory"
1139:
842:
517:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
1555:
595:"Pacific Islands and the Politics of Fertilizer"
1451:The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies
1392:
1390:
1084:
997:
995:
675:. Honolulu, Hawaii. 15 Jan 1859. Archived from
643:
505:
503:
434:
432:
878:
856:. The Clipperton Project. 2014. Archived from
777:
365:
282:
1087:"Title to Territory: Response to a Challenge"
828:] (in Spanish). Mexico: Bubok Editorial.
1387:
1265:
992:
500:
429:
337:Revue générale de droit international public
1513:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1372:
1141:
552:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
1056:
822:Clipperton, Una Historia de Honor y Gloria
16:1931 arbitration between France and Mexico
1534:
1524:
1415:
1203:
1001:
826:Clipperton, A History of Honour and Glory
438:
1242:
1057:Evans, Malcolm D.; Lewis, Reece (2023).
964:
592:
224:
172:
1483:
1249:Ocean Development and International Law
1210:The Hispanic American Historical Review
1140:Pope Alexander VI (25 September 1493).
879:Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John (1992).
1556:
1378:
1323:
819:
727:
697:
339:(in French). 3rd Series (VI): 129–132.
1506:
1396:
1330:American Journal of International Law
1163:
1091:American Journal of International Law
983:
946:from the original on 13 February 2020
786:, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 318–336,
652:
545:
509:
446:American Journal of International Law
387:American Journal of International Law
160:. The dispute was adjudicated by the
1421:
1300:
911:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
635:"Mysterious Island in the Pacific".
1004:"The Legal Regime of Archipelagoes"
13:
1444:
1204:Robertson, William Spence (1918).
489:from the original on 10 April 2023
381:Victor Emmanuel III (April 1932).
14:
1605:
1490:Cornell International Law Journal
673:The Pacific Commercial Advertiser
564:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1898.054.01-04.20
528:from the original on 16 July 2022
710:from the original on 1 June 2023
101:
88:
69:
27:
1569:1931 in international relations
1500:
1477:
1438:
1317:
1294:
1259:
1236:
1197:
1182:
1157:
1133:
1085:Schwarzenberger, Georg (1957).
1050:
1025:
977:
958:
897:
872:
813:
771:
736:, Hart Publishing, p. 65,
721:
691:
661:
1594:Territorial disputes of Mexico
1589:Territorial disputes of France
628:
586:
539:
343:
324:
220:
33:1930s map of Clipperton Island
1:
1399:Textbook on International Law
698:Pardon, Daniel (2020-05-15).
350:Vittorio Emanule III (1932).
318:
177:Location of Clipperton Island
168:
593:Goldberg, Walter M. (2018),
441:"The Clipperton Island Case"
439:Dickinson, Edwin D. (1933).
331:Victor-Emmanuel III (1932).
258:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
7:
607:10.1007/978-3-319-69532-7_6
291:
283:Impact on international law
277:Mexican War of Independence
148:was an arbitration between
10:
1610:
1507:Scott, Shirley V. (2021).
1033:"ITALY: Clipperton Island"
932:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.03.017
742:10.5040/9781509950904.0007
653:Myhre, Jeffrey D. (1986).
248:, since she never had the
42:January 28, 1931
1526:10.1017/S0020589321000051
1278:10.1163/9789004236196_006
1243:Van Dyke, Jon M. (1982).
850:"About Clipperton Island"
820:Arnaud, Gabriela (2015).
792:10.1163/9789004283787_020
116:
81:
64:
53:
38:
26:
21:
546:Teall, J. J. H. (1898).
238:King Victor Emmanuel III
156:over the sovereignty of
1584:Legal history of Mexico
1579:Legal history of France
1149:(in Latin) – via
1008:Saskatchewan Law Review
510:Smith, Mark A. (1977).
313:Senkaku Islands dispute
308:Liancourt Rocks dispute
1484:Johnson, Eric (1976).
1397:Dixon, Martin (2013).
1002:McConnell, WH (1970).
986:The Bristow Enterprise
967:San Francisco Bulletin
780:"19 About the Islands"
263:
233:
178:
146:Clipperton Island case
1536:1959.4/unsworks_75052
1379:Dugard, John (1999).
854:ClippertonProject.com
728:Derrig, RĂán (2021),
303:Kuril Islands dispute
298:Island of Palmas Case
242:
228:
176:
1445:Ma, Xuechan (2017).
1301:Tray, Kevin (2008).
1422:Head, Ivan (1963).
924:2009ECSS...83...39J
669:"Empire of France!"
230:Victor Emmanuel III
76:Victor Emmanuel III
1428:McGill Law Journal
860:on 17 January 2014
359:Gobierno de MĂ©xico
234:
211:Mexican Revolution
179:
1574:International law
1408:978-0-19-957445-2
1287:978-90-04-23618-9
1175:978-90-04-44789-9
1068:978-1-80220-763-7
890:978-0-521-39061-3
835:978-84-686-8274-7
801:978-90-04-28378-7
751:978-1-5099-5087-4
637:Otago Daily Times
616:978-3-319-69531-0
158:Clipperton Island
142:
141:
1601:
1564:1931 in case law
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971:Associated Press
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558:(1–4): 230–233.
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1103:10.2307/2195709
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679:on 27 June 2023
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1519:(2): 491–503.
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1336:(3): 448–471.
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1144:Dudum siquidem
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1097:(2): 308–324.
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524:(1): 135–159.
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1005:
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987:
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973:. p. 10.
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706:(in French).
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