8681:. "The Turks, on the other hand, posed a formidable threat: their penetration into Iranian lands was considerable, to such an extent that vast regions adapted their language. This process was all the more remarkable since, in spite of their almost uninterrupted political domination for nearly 1,500 years, the cultural influence of these rough nomads on Iran's refined civilization remained extremely tenuous. This is demonstrated by the mediocre linguistic contribution, for which exhaustive statistical studies have been made (Doerfer). The number of Turkish or Mongol words that entered Persian, though not negligible, remained limited to 2,135, i.e., 3 percent of the vocabulary at the most. These new words are confined on the one hand to the military and political sector (titles, administration, etc.) and, on the other hand, to technical pastoral terms. The contrast with Arab influence is striking. While cultural pressure of the Arabs on Iran had been intense, they in no way infringed upon the entire Iranian territory, whereas with the Turks, whose contributions to Iranian civilization were modest, vast regions of Iranian lands were assimilated, notwithstanding the fact that resistance by the latter was ultimately victorious. Several reasons may be offered."
7025:, p. 82. "The evolution of Persian as the culturally dominant language of major parts of the Near East, from Anatolia and Iran, to Central Asia, to northwest India until recent centuries, began with the political domination of these areas by dynasties originating in southwestern province of Iran, Pars, later Arabicised to Fars: first the Achaemenids (599–331 BC) whose official language was Old Persian; then the Sassanids (c. AD 225–651) whose official language was Middle Persian. Hence, the entire country used to be called Perse by the ancient Greeks, a practice continued to this day. The more general designation 'Iran(-shahr)" derives from Old Iranian aryanam (Khshathra)' (the realm) of Aryans'. The dominance of these two dynasties resulted in Old and Middle-Persian colonies throughout the empire, most importantly for the course of the development of Persian, in the north-east i.e., what is now Khorasan, northern Afghanistan, and Central Asia, as documented by the Middle Persian texts of the Manichean found in the oasis city of Turfan in Chinese Turkistan (
7422:"the language (ninth to thirteenth centuries), preserved in the literature of the Empire, is known as Classical Persian, due to the eminence and distinction of poets such as Roudaki, Ferdowsi, and Khayyam. During this period, Persian was adopted as the lingua franca of the eastern Islamic nations. Extensive contact with Arabic led to a large influx of Arab vocabulary. In fact, a writer of Classical Persian had at one's disposal the entire Arabic lexicon and could use Arab terms freely either for literary effect or to display erudition. Classical Persian remained essentially unchanged until the nineteenth century, when the dialect of Teheran rose in prominence, having been chosen as the capital of Persia by the Qajar Dynasty in 1787. This Modern Persian dialect became the basis of what is now called Contemporary Standard Persian. Although it still contains a large number of Arab terms, most borrowings have been nativized, with a much lower percentage of Arabic words in colloquial forms of the language."
6010:: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle Persian, and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
4148:, in his article "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic", estimates that about 20 percent of everyday vocabulary in current Persian, and around 25 percent of the vocabulary of classical and modern Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 25 percent of a text in literature. According to another source, about 40% of everyday Persian literary vocabulary is of Arabic origin. Among the Arabic loan words, relatively few (14 percent) are from the semantic domain of material culture, while a larger number are from domains of intellectual and spiritual life. Most of the Arabic words used in Persian are either synonyms of native terms or could be glossed in Persian.
5185:
12333:
1877:
4580:
4572:
2622:
12382:
5682:
5664:
5646:
5628:
5610:
5592:
2347:(which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some
763:
2455:
1798:, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings. Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE,
947:
96:
1728:
775:
12157:
2443:
4399:
13028:
2149:
3357:
2301:
11766:
11960:
11492:
3058:
4407:
1710:
descendant of Middle and Old
Persian. Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian. Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian."
1927:
Sassanid era (224–651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle
Persian is not attested until much later, in the 6th or 7th century. From the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle-period form only continuing in the texts of
856:
65:
2004:
7699:
period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in
Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers..
7676:
and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of
Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities."
4160:
by sultans and emirs with a Turkic background. The
Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.). New military and political titles were coined based partially on Middle Persian (e.g.
7732:); "Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69."
8290:
C Kerslake, Journal of
Islamic Studies (2010) 21 (1): 147–151. excerpt: "It is a comparison of the verbal systems of three varieties of Persian—standard Persian, Tat, and Tajik—in terms of the 'innovations' that the latter two have developed for expressing finer differentiations of tense, aspect, and
3683:
There are also some studies that consider quality and quantity to be both active in the
Iranian system (such as Toosarvandani 2004). That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, which often suggests that Modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative
2386:
Vardar
Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken. However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary. The difference
6992:
vi(2). Documentation. Excerpt 1: "Only the official languages Old, Middle, and New
Persian represent three stages of one and the same language, whereas close genetic relationships are difficult to establish between other Middle and Modern Iranian languages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect
8280:
V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The
Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac, 1913–38. Excerpt: "Like most Persian dialects, Tati is not very regular in
4159:
elements in the Persian language should also be mentioned, not only because of the political role a succession of Turkic dynasties played in Iranian history, but also because of the immense prestige Persian language and literature enjoyed in the wider (non-Arab) Islamic world, which was often ruled
1926:
Although the "middle period" of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century BC. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the
7679:
Chapter "Ottoman Historical Writing" by Tezcan, Baki. In Rabasa, José (ed.), 2012, The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211. "Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of
7675:
Chapter "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World" by Inan, Murat Umut. In Green, Nile (ed.), 2019, The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. "As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language
6026:
The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and
1709:
According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language" for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian is a direct
2066:, known as Dari. The region, which comprised the present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted
7709:
Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis "Gulistan", one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these title would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the
7698:
On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization...where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy...However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman
7454:
Persian language and culture were actually so popular and dominant in this period that in the late 14th century, Moḥammad (Meḥmed) Bey, the founder and the governing head of the Qaramanids, published an official edict to end this supremacy, saying that: "The Turkish language should be spoken in
6084:
Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary
5905:
All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian
5726:
of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to
3060:
2575:
gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent. Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in the extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages,
3065:
3063:
3059:
5986:
Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan,
4330:
Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian
2486:, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. For five centuries prior to the
8294:
3064:
2108:. He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in the
2668:
as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as
2746:
loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian".
2323:, who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of the Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan
1982:
used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While
2730:, all prominent names in the nationalist movement of the time. The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many
6326:
Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic
6879:). (...) Under the specific historical conditions that have been sketched above, the Dari (Middle) Persian of the 7th century was developed, within two centuries, to the Dari (New) Persian that is attested in the earliest specimens of NP poetry in the late 9th century.
3066:
3067:
3062:
5150:
applications. The orthography is not standardized, and varies among writers and even media (for example, typing 'aa' for the phoneme is easier on computer keyboards than on cellphone keyboards, resulting in smaller usage of the combination on cellphones).
5846:
There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in
6061:(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
6027:
the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001).
7717:, edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Charles Melville, page 437;"...Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
6723:
Seraji, Mojgan, Beáta Megyesi, and Joakim Nivre. "A basic language resource kit for Persian." Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012), 23–25 May 2012, Istanbul, Turkey. European Language Resources Association,
2045:
first appear in the 9th-century. The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as
5112:
of Persian into Latin, ISO 233-3, titled "Information and documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters – Part 3: Persian language – Simplified transliteration" but the transliteration scheme is not in widespread use.
8600:, Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"
8292:
6817:
was also in use in the eastern part of the empire, in Khorasan, where it is known that in the course of the Sasanian period Persian gradually supplanted Parthian and where no dialect that was not Persian survived. The passage thus suggests that
1452:
is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity. Iranian historian and linguist
1843:, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the
7064:
L. Paul (2005), "The Language of the Shahnameh in historical and dialectical perspective", p. 150: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian.",
2840:
All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The
4037:) word order. However, case endings (e.g. for subject, object, etc.) expressed via suffixes may allow users to vary word order. Verbs agree with the subject in person and number. Normal declarative sentences are structured as
8270:
V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. Houtsma et al., eds., The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 4 vols. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. Brill and London: Luzac,
2117:
The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional
3053:
Iranian Persian and Tajik have six vowels; Dari has 8. Iranian Persian has twenty-three consonants, but both Dari and Tajiki have twenty-four consonants. (due to the phonemic merger of /q/ and /ɣ/ in Iranian Persian).
2122:, a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century. In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on the Persian model:
6826:(Persian), but it is very likely that the language of the north, that is, the Persian used on former Parthian territory and also in the Sasanian capital, was distinguished from its congener by a new name,
2857:(in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of
7926:
5736:
4422:
4587:
There are several letters generally only used in Arabic loanwords. These letters are pronounced the same as similar Persian letters. For example, there are four functionally identical letters for
1336:. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which
3061:
10825:
5336:
4568:
is pronounced , while in Iranian Persian it is pronounced . This system is not used in mainstream Persian literature; it is primarily used for teaching and in some (but not all) dictionaries.
2637:
rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule, numerous
4510:
are usually not written, only the historically long ones are represented in the text, so words distinguished from each other only by short vowels are ambiguous in writing: Iranian Persian
2033:
Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable.
8778:
948:
97:
8734:
5252:
Hame-ye afrād-e bashar āzād be donyā mi āyand o heysiyat o hoquq-e shān bā ham barābar ast, hame andishe o vejdān dārand o bāyad dar barābare yekdigar bā ruh-e barādari raftār konand.
12299:
5290:
Hamai afrodi bashar ozod ba dunjo meoyand va haysiyatu huquqashon bo ham barobar ast, hamaashon andeshavu vijdon dorand va boyad dar barobari yakdigar bo rūhi barodarī raftor kunand.
5906:
languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole.
12321:
2505:
witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of the reign of Sultan
1429:, which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been used widely in English in recent decades, more often to refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name
1911:
of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed the
5275:Ҳамаи афроди башар озод ба дунё меоянд ва ҳайсияту ҳуқуқашон бо ҳам баробар аст, ҳамаашон андешаву виҷдон доранд ва бояд дар баробари якдигар бо рӯҳи бародарӣ рафтор кунанд.
5301:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
8536:
2509:
is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet
2867:
notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist.
9002:
8328:
It embraces Gilani, Talysh, Tabari, Kurdish, Gabri, and the Tati Persian of the Caucasus, all but the last belonging to the north-western group of Iranian language.
3684:
system of Classical Persian and a hypothetical future Iranian language, which will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature.
8980:
1972:. From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called
4142:
terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic, and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself.
6871:"the upper lands" in MP), had been partly Persianized already in late Sasanian times. Following Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, the variant of Persian spoken there was called
8758:
6993:
group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese.
2556:
in literature, Persian achieved prominence in the region during the following centuries. Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in
7916:
5987:
constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88).
2494:. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the
9148:
2407:, was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian".
12123:
13350:
12548:
12314:
12145:
11227:
9414:
8882:
6048:
4491:, it took approximately 200 years before Persians adopted the Arabic script in place of the older alphabet. Previously, two different scripts were used,
4134:
origin, New Persian contains a considerable number of Arabic lexical items, which were Persianized and often took a different meaning and usage than the
2104:
The first poems of the Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan. The first significant Persian poet was
8954:
6851:
12329:
7341:
Jackson, A. V. Williams. 1920. Early Persian poetry, from the beginnings down to the time of Firdausi. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp.17–19. (in
8075:
10100:
Modern Persian colloquial grammar: containing a short grammar, dialogues and extracts from Nasir-Eddin shah's diaries, tales, etc., and a vocabulary
9985:
The Persian interpreter: in three parts: A grammar of the Persian language. Persian extracts, in prose and verse. A vocabulary: Persian and English
2925:, spoken in parts of Azerbaijan, Russia, and Transcaucasia. It is classified as a variety of Persian. (This dialect is not to be confused with the
2371:), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern
1694:
In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of
5235:همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
5217:همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و حیثیت و حقوقشان با هم برابر است، همه اندیشه و وجدان دارند و باید در برابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند.
9191:
Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey
7415:
13415:
12307:
11754:
9120:
5181:
and the Persian script that had been used earlier. After 1939, materials published in Persian in the Persian script were banned in the country.
5105:
9646:
Second book of Persian, to which are added the Pandnámah of Shaikh Saádi and the Gulistán, chapter 1, together with vocabulary and short notes
8664:
e.g. The role of Azeri–Turkish in Iranian Persian, on which see John Perry, "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran",
9756:
A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations
9733:
A grammar of the Persian language: to which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a vocabulary, and translations
8718:
11732:
6900:
5719:
8088:
We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.
6693:
6313:
6142:
1137:
becoming a tradition in many eastern courts. It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the
12568:
11948:
11480:
10863:
10830:
10799:
10418:
8807:
7637:
7583:
7544:
7504:
6181:
2427:
532:
8142:
8001:
7968:
7827:
6652:
6223:
2391:). As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became the site of a flourishing
10789:
10458:
8575:
5313:
4088:
Persian makes extensive use of word building and combining affixes, stems, nouns, and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivational
2648:
The first official attentions to the necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of
2143:
1434:
520:
10415:
8237:
8203:
7395:
4269:
9035:
Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran
5739:: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan."
1995:(in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date.
3687:
The length distinction is still strictly observed by careful reciters of classic-style poetry for all varieties (including Tajik).
3496:
are merged into the diphthongs and (which are descendants of the diphthongs and in Early New Persian), instead of merging into
11926:
9714:
A grammar of the Persian language: To which is added, a selection of easy extracts for reading, together with a copious vocabulary
8341:
7441:
2664:
ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. This association officially declared that it used Persian and
1923:), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system.
13405:
12541:
12138:
11458:
10815:
6267:
5341:
4109:
4019:. In other words, in Persian, pronouns are gender-neutral. When referring to a masculine or a feminine subject, the same pronoun
9908:
6813:
was thus the language of the court and of the capital, Ctesiphon. On the other hand, it is equally clear from this passage that
6553:
6111:
4034:
2181:" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries.
1666:
for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard
1523:
8695:
8609:
John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani,
8596:
John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani,
2935:. Part of the Tat-Persian continuum, spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as by immigrant communities in Israel and New York.
2070:, which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use. New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from
12337:
10322:
9610:
9523:
9511:
9443:
9403:
9290:
9263:
9169:
9062:
9043:
8913:
8801:
8634:
8396:
8173:
7821:
7631:
7577:
7538:
7498:
7373:
7114:
7081:
7018:
6767:
6455:
6371:
5886:
5435:
5198:
3647:
3612:
3601:
3590:
3208:
1814:. The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian
10215:
10192:
10169:
10104:
10037:
9989:
9947:
9850:
9827:
9804:
9760:
9737:
9673:
9650:
9627:
9552:
9227:
9006:
8859:
8033:
7342:
7087:
6611:
6416:
5892:
1601:, meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital
12153:
10259:
10146:
8833:
8520:
10820:
6470:
5346:
4113:
3931:
2886:
1153:
in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages, the
873:
835:
9569:
9364:
9342:
9249:
5807:
5494:
4212:, Urdu, Bengali, and Hindi; the latter three through conquests of Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan invaders;
13395:
12534:
12131:
11747:
10794:
9918:
9486:
9330:
9311:
9199:
8069:
6646:
6605:
3218:
2890:
526:
8473:
4016:
2331:. It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are
13355:
10242:
10129:
9972:
9579:
9505:
9464:
9137:
9091:
8728:
8569:
8530:
8456:
8425:
8136:
8109:
8027:
7962:
7876:
7273:
6792:
6733:
Sahranavard, Neda, and Jerry Won Lee. "The Persianization of English in multilingual Tehran." World Englishes (2020).
6687:
6410:
6307:
6217:
6175:
5759:
5525:
4331:
colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase "thank you" may be expressed using the French word
2081:
The transition to New Persian was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the
919:
330:
17:
8755:
7474:: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, British Institute of Persian Studies, vol. 12 (1974), p. 175.
13400:
13390:
13360:
4499:(in Persian, Dīndapirak, or Din Dabire—literally: religion script), used for religious purposes, primarily for the
4204:; etc.) in the 20th century. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other
3867:
3796:
2537:, and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion.
2544:
dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under
13410:
11941:
11473:
10856:
5261:
5170:
3843:
3407:
3399:
3327:
3235:
3143:
3126:
3012:
2565:
825:
6639:
Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice
4556:) in Persian. The reader must determine the word from context. The Arabic system of vocalization marks known as
2097:
is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of
13314:
10451:
7791:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
7772:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
7744:
Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". In
6952:
6926:
6248:
Lazard, Gilbert (1971). "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
5979:
5785:
3212:
231:
10896:
8886:
8310:
Borjian, Habib (2006). "Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans".
13365:
13259:
12967:
12644:
11740:
10390:
8502:
8388:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
7868:
3872:
3801:
557:
11762:
3581:. Therefore, contemporary Afghan Dari dialects are the closest to the vowel inventory of Early New Persian.
1169:. It also exerted some influence on Arabic, while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages.
588:
575:
13385:
13380:
10901:
10483:
10358:
6040:
4604:
3855:
3848:
3391:
3258:
3240:
3131:
9943:
A grammar of the Persian language; comprising a portion of the elements of Arabic inflexion [etc.]
9102:
8946:
8059:
6843:
4904:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4807:
4767:
4727:
4687:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3544:
3540:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
2173:. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and
2058:
religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital
1527:
1519:
1515:
12803:
12387:
11721:
10491:
9794:
7921:
7168:
6511:
6487:
5174:
4632:
4145:
3893:
3415:
3367:
3332:
3301:
3203:
3109:
1213:
512:
10375:
1605:, which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of
13375:
13370:
11934:
11466:
10849:
10078:
A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary
9114:
9083:
6482:
4618:
3938:
3784:
3772:
3344:
3254:
2870:
The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects:
2661:
2410:
Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day
9274:
7412:
4117:
1790:
According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in
13340:
12557:
12161:
11299:
11136:
10911:
10768:
10552:
10444:
10405:
9347:
9236:
6997:
New Persian, the descendant of Middle Persian and official language of Iranian states for centuries."
6526:
4630:
4616:
4602:
4590:
4588:
4488:
4249:
3969:
3961:
3908:
3879:
3860:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3263:
2071:
1674:
for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan. This consists of the individual languages Dari (
1411:
1321:
1119:
1115:
954:
226:
5681:
5663:
5645:
5627:
5609:
5591:
4562:
is also used in Persian, although some of the symbols have different pronunciations. For example, a
4487:, which uses different pronunciation and additional letters not found in Arabic language. After the
2192:. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids,
1713:
The known history of the Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods:
13345:
13249:
12655:
11956:
8496:
5135:
4245:
4217:
4004:
3971:
3821:
3423:
3375:
3315:
3223:
3114:
2344:
2123:
1188:
747:
11488:
10082:
10056:
A primer of Persian: containing selections for reading and composition with the elements of syntax
9892:
9454:
13309:
13082:
13036:
11364:
10891:
10742:
10607:
10060:
10015:
10011:
A concise dictionary, English-Persian: together with a simplified grammar of the Persian language
9696:
5376:
5125:
5099:
4462:
4205:
3808:
3789:
3777:
3148:
2970:
2922:
2653:
1904:
1329:
966:
724:
502:
365:
211:
157:
6447:
6440:
3364:
Historically, Persian distinguished length. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels (
2863:
2315:, took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia. They adopted the Persian language as the
2019:"New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian) is conventionally divided into three stages:
1459:
1016:
since 1999). It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within
12701:
11978:
11784:
10886:
10542:
10499:
8061:
The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire
6675:
6297:
5381:
4324:
4301:
4097:
3963:
3884:
3710:
2858:
2645:, and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology.
2506:
1333:
986:
962:
216:
31:
8791:
8624:
8386:
7621:
7567:
7528:
7488:
6165:
13292:
12112:
12029:
11716:
11445:
10715:
10430:
9323:
Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)
9301:
8413:
8126:
7952:
7811:
6892:
6634:
6400:
6207:
5147:
5078:
in shape and form is the traditional Arabic style that continues in the Nile Valley, namely,
3923:
3750:
3743:
2727:
2470:
The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe,
1884:
1736:
1297:
1103:
1087:
970:
767:
Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects)
430:
9529:
9387:
8559:
7995:
7623:
Rumi – Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi
6361:
6134:
5969:
1205:
13304:
13214:
12994:
12581:
12332:
12216:
12034:
11915:
11855:
11770:
11647:
11642:
11601:
11581:
11529:
11282:
11222:
11016:
8775:
8190:
7189:
Kent, R. G.: "Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon", page 6. American Oriental Society, 1950.
5318:
4265:
4237:
4046:
3813:
2926:
1832:
1756:
1285:
1166:
270:
9623:
The student's Persian and English dictionary, pronouncing, etymological, & explanatory
9456:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8229:
7392:
5184:
1964:
as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state,
8:
13319:
12625:
12591:
12263:
12253:
12107:
11987:
11877:
11438:
10980:
10933:
10730:
10005:
8611:
Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
8598:
Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
8418:
Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
7235:
4305:
4281:
3837:
2585:
2572:
2549:
2491:
2225:
2217:
2189:
1968:
came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the
1892:
1888:
1464:
1258:
375:
73:
12052:
10333:
10076:
10054:
10009:
9886:
9690:
6714:
Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975–1019.
5426:
Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher (eds.).
2929:
of northwestern Iran, which is a member of a different branch of the Iranian languages.)
2396:
1934:
Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian. The
1854:
Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was
13112:
13004:
12792:
12268:
12211:
11353:
11330:
11320:
11067:
10953:
10763:
10652:
9777:
9240:
9033:
7433:
5396:
5178:
4410:
4309:
4152:
4078:
4012:
4008:
3705:
3004:
2916:
2898:
2392:
2339:, which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the
2281:
2269:
2261:
2166:
1984:
1935:
1876:
1438:
1172:
Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the
1134:
1090:
on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in
1021:
928:
694:
335:
9712:
8756:
Andreas Tietze, Persian loanwords in Anatolian Turkish, Oriens, 20 (1967) pp- 125–168.
7983:
6822:
was actually a form of Persian, the common language of Persia. (...) Both were called
6271:
5557:
4437:. Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by
3641:) by position of articulation rather than by length. However, there are studies (e.g.
2714:
The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name
2621:
2387:
was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" (
2110:
1650:. It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general.
1074:
Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in
739:
13173:
13128:
13067:
13047:
12948:
12923:
12870:
12696:
12691:
12678:
12596:
12288:
12258:
12226:
12041:
11964:
11899:
11828:
11657:
11637:
11496:
11345:
11325:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11249:
11151:
11120:
11078:
11009:
10958:
10928:
10872:
10669:
10547:
10318:
10295:
10276:
10238:
10232:
10125:
9968:
9924:
9914:
9717:(2nd ed.). Printed for the author, sold by Allen & co. p. 114 & 158
9606:
9575:
9519:
9482:
9460:
9439:
9399:
9396:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran
9374:
9326:
9307:
9286:
9259:
9195:
9165:
9133:
9087:
9058:
9039:
8797:
8724:
8630:
8565:
8526:
8452:
8446:
8442:
8421:
8392:
8169:
8132:
8105:
8065:
8023:
7958:
7882:
7872:
7817:
7627:
7573:
7534:
7494:
7369:
7269:
7077:
7073:
Languages of Iran: Past and Present: Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie
7014:
6763:
6683:
6642:
6601:
6451:
6406:
6367:
6303:
6213:
6171:
5975:
5935:
5882:
5521:
5468:
5431:
5386:
5356:
5323:
4950:
The Persian alphabet also modifies some letters of the Arabic alphabet. For example,
4579:
4571:
4421:
4316:
4253:
4221:
4209:
4042:
3730:
3715:
3565:). On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and
3488:"strength" were lost. However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words,
3048:
2940:
2882:
2719:
2593:
2560:
through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the
2534:
2316:
2305:
2265:
2233:
2127:
2067:
1848:
1836:
1794:(where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called
1752:
1699:
1610:
1337:
1325:
1262:
1254:
1218:
1162:
1158:
1099:
1060:
989:
958:
221:
10409:
9244:
7850:
6103:
1835:
it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before the formation of the
831:
13224:
13219:
13164:
13145:
13138:
13133:
13107:
13099:
13055:
12977:
12906:
12882:
12843:
12787:
12763:
12753:
12718:
12687:
12673:
12515:
12505:
12495:
12485:
12480:
12465:
12460:
12440:
12404:
12236:
12231:
12221:
12191:
12175:
12091:
12076:
12046:
11996:
11865:
11838:
11812:
11700:
11695:
11687:
11667:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11591:
11554:
11539:
11374:
11335:
11270:
11210:
11205:
11190:
11184:
11168:
11162:
11156:
11114:
11022:
10963:
10948:
10773:
10725:
10636:
10592:
10570:
9515:
8319:
8198:
7250:
Nicholas Sims-Williams, "The Iranian Languages", in Steever, Sanford (ed.) (1993),
5927:
5460:
4658:
4496:
4480:
4474:
4442:
4438:
4233:
4229:
4213:
4156:
4050:
3725:
3700:
2999:
2994:
2944:
2842:
2735:
2723:
2649:
2638:
2589:
2518:
2502:
2479:
2433:
2312:
2273:
2249:
2229:
2098:
2086:
2075:
2063:
1748:
1467:'s Center for Iranian Studies, mentions the same concern in an academic journal on
1341:
1195:
1154:
1091:
1071:) in southwestern Iran. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages.
1029:
941:
887:
863:
704:
674:
406:
355:
340:
90:
9867:
9303:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
6545:
6022:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society
4021:
1827:. Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language,
13267:
13206:
13181:
13077:
12999:
12987:
12919:
12915:
12894:
12816:
12748:
12743:
12731:
12726:
12663:
12601:
12510:
12500:
12490:
12470:
12420:
12278:
12273:
12246:
12201:
12086:
12071:
12002:
11981:
11887:
11843:
11677:
11662:
11652:
11596:
11576:
11566:
11534:
11315:
11287:
11277:
11235:
11178:
11173:
11042:
11037:
10985:
10920:
10747:
10720:
10685:
10631:
10626:
10602:
10575:
10399:
10253:
10209:
10186:
10163:
10140:
10098:
10031:
9983:
9941:
9844:
9821:
9798:
9754:
9731:
9667:
9644:
9621:
9546:
9431:
9391:
9278:
9189:
9077:
9073:
8762:
8298:
8017:
7890:
7419:
7399:
7071:
7008:
6595:
6492:
5876:
5361:
5330:
5109:
5083:
5079:
4492:
4484:
4450:
4297:
4293:
4273:
4261:
4123:
3993:
3958:
3720:
3031:
2904:
2850:
2833:
2760:
2739:
2642:
2597:
2454:
2245:
2237:
2201:
2197:
2162:
2082:
1896:
1844:
1828:
1811:
1703:
1695:
1594:
1554:, exclusively. Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as
1468:
1454:
1301:
1246:
1223:
1095:
1052:
1041:
993:
664:
624:
442:
436:
385:
380:
315:
290:
203:
191:
8829:
8691:
6875:
and was based upon the one used in the Sasanian capital Seleucia-Ctesiphon (Ar.
6348:
The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized.
6078:
Davis, Richard (2006). "Persian". In Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.).
1702:(i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being the next period most officially around the
762:
13286:
13191:
13186:
13012:
12982:
12928:
12857:
12838:
12821:
12782:
12771:
12682:
12475:
12361:
12206:
12196:
11892:
11789:
11672:
11434:
11392:
11379:
11094:
11083:
11032:
10975:
10969:
10943:
10938:
10737:
10585:
10515:
9359:
9355:
9232:
8323:
8022:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
7858:
7722:
Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World
7688:
Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools....
5391:
5366:
5351:
5226:
5208:
5166:
5160:
4458:
4320:
4312:
4289:
4277:
4241:
4225:
4131:
4093:
3766:
3428:. At some point prior to the 16th century in the general area now modern Iran,
3017:
2854:
2816:
2743:
2686:
A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in a dictionary called
2522:
2487:
2379:(also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now
2320:
2277:
2221:
2209:
2185:
2170:
2090:
1974:
1928:
1880:
1871:
1859:
1727:
1501:
1372:
1250:
1201:
1138:
1107:
1048:
1037:
1009:
644:
484:
420:
396:
325:
300:
265:
186:
131:
77:
9079:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
8855:
8128:
A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume
6020:
Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006).
5931:
5464:
4433:
The vast majority of modern Iranian Persian and Dari text is written with the
4096:
from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by
2134:, and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian.
13334:
13196:
12932:
12865:
12736:
12708:
12668:
12634:
12615:
12366:
12283:
11571:
11559:
11340:
11294:
11215:
11105:
11088:
10699:
10662:
10657:
10612:
10597:
10395:
9585:
9378:
9351:
9164:. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies.
7990:
7854:
6478:
5939:
5815:
5723:
5472:
4434:
4342:(stressed, however, on the first syllable), the hybrid Persian-Arabic phrase
4257:
4089:
3901:
3284:
3026:
2984:
2912:
2894:
2874:
2657:
2630:
2605:
2601:
2557:
2495:
2332:
2300:
2257:
2205:
2193:
2174:
2119:
2051:
2042:
1969:
1956:
1791:
1763:(reigned 522–486 BC). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now
1593:
in English, it is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with
1406:
1293:
1289:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1146:
1118:). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the
1064:
1033:
684:
654:
350:
345:
12526:
7894:
7886:
2604:
in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious execution in
1390:
13244:
13150:
12953:
12887:
12826:
12797:
12620:
12607:
12156:
10313:
Windfuhr, Gernot L. (15 January 2009). "Persian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).
10036:
Vol. Part I.—Accidence. London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
9669:
The Persian primer, being an elementary treatise on grammar, with exercises
7954:
The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab
5371:
5014:
4507:
4446:
4426:
4007:, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and
3977:
3829:
2785:
2471:
2253:
2152:
1647:
1305:
1238:
1130:
1079:
1025:
148:
9872:(8 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and co. p. 230
9427:
7684:
Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic
6784:
6506:
6167:
A History of the Muslim World since 1260: The Making of a Global Community
5750:
5669:
5651:
5633:
5615:
5597:
5579:
5486:
4988:) even though the latter has been accepted in Arabic since the 1980s; and
3656:) that consider vowel length to be the active feature of the system, with
2442:
1839:
and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE.
1268:
There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including
1237:, are written in Persian. Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were
774:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
610:
12356:
11794:
11385:
10523:
10507:
10142:
A dictionary in Persian and English, with pronunciation (ed. by M.C. Sen)
8976:
7863:
5722:: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the
5139:
5087:
5002:
4990:
4643:). On the other hand, there are four letters that do not exist in Arabic
4127:
3296:
3279:
3198:
3164:
3104:
3092:
2809:
2561:
2541:
2289:
2241:
2178:
2055:
1732:
1722:
1628:), the standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as
1419:
as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century.
1387:
1111:
1056:
978:
869:
593:
580:
470:
414:
370:
260:
117:
9179:
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts".
8005:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.
7468:
Some thoughts on the sources for the Il-Khanid period of Persian history
4583:
A variant of the Iranian standard ISIRI 9147 keyboard layout for Persian
4315:. Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on
11060:
10826:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
9891:(9 ed.). Printed by W. Nicol, for Parbury, Allen, and Co. p.
9692:
A new grammar of the Persian tongue for the use of schools and colleges
9283:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana
8927:
Lazard, Gilbert (1956). "Charactères distinctifs de la langue Tadjik".
7917:"A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali"
7792:
7773:
7745:
7725:
5674:
5656:
5638:
5620:
5602:
5584:
5337:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
5121:
4564:
4454:
4398:
3737:
3339:
3289:
3247:
3169:
3138:
3097:
2829:
2825:
2545:
2483:
2475:
2415:
2328:
2285:
2213:
1908:
1807:
1787:. Old Persian is one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages.
1755:
inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the
1740:
1083:
1017:
982:
480:
424:
153:
137:
127:
5117:
2533:. Dobhashi Bengali was patronised and given official status under the
2148:
1514:("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars. The phonemic shift from
13087:
13027:
12455:
11882:
11242:
10617:
10384:
10096:
9474:
9398:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 321–326.
9285:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 636–637.
5687:(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
5131:
4285:
3322:
3230:
3121:
2965:
2951:
2932:
2463:
2447:
2380:
2101:
were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time.
2059:
2012:
1667:
1659:
1602:
1375:
1174:
1075:
732:
714:
603:
567:
549:
360:
10841:
10424:
10168:. Printed for the author at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 226.
10075:
Richardson, John (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins; David Hopkins (eds.).
6948:
6922:
5781:
4011:, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no
3356:
1946:, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of
1821:
1815:
1396:
13060:
12560:
12010:
11544:
11195:
10436:
10368:
Assembly for the Expansion of the Persian Language official website
10367:
9438:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 34–35.
7994:
7231:
7026:
2849:(in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan),
2553:
2526:
2437:
2411:
2372:
2343:, a glorification of Selim I. After a period of several centuries,
2161:"Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of
2131:
2007:
1840:
1760:
1269:
1179:
1150:
1142:
843:
498:
167:
10691:
10402:. Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Beroukhim, 1934–1936. uchicago.edu
9055:
The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period
8783:
8384:
7715:
Persian Historiography: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 10
7164:
6073:
6071:
6069:
2327:, despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of
1912:
12876:
12450:
11765:
11415:
11047:
11002:
8414:"The Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not?"
8230:"TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN"
4558:
4500:
4414:
3310:
2400:
2367:
2362:
2349:
2324:
1855:
1776:
1772:
1606:
1281:
839:
8774:
L. Johanson, "Azerbaijan: Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish" in
8474:"Persian computational morphology: A unification-based approach"
7268:. Vol. 12 (New Edition, Supplement ed.). p. 432.
5124:
in the 1920s and 1930s. The alphabet was phased out in favor of
4479:
Modern Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian are written using the
4406:
4138:
original. Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include
4057:. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word
3976:
have merged into , as a voiced velar fricative when positioned
2683:; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention.
1125:
Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of
12445:
12351:
11848:
11586:
11549:
11200:
11054:
11027:
9130:
A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar: Handbook of Oriental Studies
8979:. International Organization for Standardization. 14 May 2010.
8019:
The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)
7393:
Turkic-Iranian contact areas: historical and linguistic aspects
6066:
6024:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1912.
5562:
4135:
2731:
2665:
2634:
2404:
2376:
2284:. Persian was the only non-European language known and used by
2105:
1768:
1402:
1277:
1126:
1068:
492:
173:
163:
9072:
Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In
8692:"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"
7797:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7778:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7750:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7730:
The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
7490:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
6597:
Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order
2050:, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of
1706:, and New era being the period afterward down to present day.
1573:
The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named
1526:
in the Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme
1504:), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term
1405:" (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day
1114:
scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see
1028:. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the
911:
902:
899:
13254:
12430:
11860:
9649:(2 ed.). Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 120.
9162:
The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis
8789:
8046:
The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.
7848:
7040:
The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa
7010:
The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa
6745:
The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge
6471:
6019:
5143:
4973:
4962:
4139:
3629:) are currently distinguished from their short counterparts (
2954:
database proposes the following phylogenetic classification:
2846:
2577:
2510:
2414:) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them
1784:
1565:
1381:
1357:
9436:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/1: Dārā(b)–Dastūr al-Afāżel
4848:
Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound
3071:
Persian spoken by an Iranian. Recorded in the United States.
1509:
1495:
896:
12425:
11959:
11870:
11499:
11491:
11369:
10580:
10359:
Academy of Persian Language and Literature official website
10097:
Rosen, Friedrich; Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh (Shah of Iran) (1898).
8483:. p. 1. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013
8391:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125.
7471:
7455:
courts, palaces, and at official institutions from now on!"
4054:
2989:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2581:
2094:
1851:
that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.
1780:
1764:
1273:
1183:
1001:
974:
634:
474:
465:
410:
320:
295:
143:
121:
112:
9849:(5 ed.). Murray and Highley, J. Sewell. p. 194.
6359:
6135:"Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation"
4379:
meaning "I am" in Persian), or by the pure Persian phrase
3504:. Examples of the exception can be found in words such as
3306:
2881:), spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian provinces of
2395:
linguistic and literary culture. The 16th-century Ottoman
908:
842:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8416:. In Éva Ágnes Csató; Bo Isaksson; Carina Jahani (eds.).
7867:(Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust,
7482:
7480:
6209:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
2361:
Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held
2003:
1806:, presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of
1538:
The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from
8481:
Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science: MCCS-00-320
8434:
8124:
7264:
Jeremias, Eva M. (2004). "Iran, iii. (f). New Persian".
5858:
Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in
64:
9512:
Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12
8830:"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages"
8648:
8646:
7657:
7655:
7603:
7601:
7102:
6250:
Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky
6243:
6241:
3980:
and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop otherwise.
8261:, p. 4: "Tat-Persian spoken in the East Caucasus"
7477:
7387:
7385:
6402:
Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India
4402:
Example showing Nastaʿlīq's (Persian) proportion rules
2755:
There are three standard varieties of modern Persian:
2490:, Persian was widely used as a second language in the
10412:. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892. uchicago.edu
10191:. Printed at the Baptist Mission Press. p. 276.
8368:
8366:
8364:
8362:
7323:
7299:
7145:
6097:
6095:
6093:
5250:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4385:
4365:
4348:
4199:
4188:
4177:
4166:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1442:
1423:
1312:
might also be used to refer to a speaker of Persian.
920:
53:
12377:
9736:(4th ed.). Wm. H. Allen & Co. p. 238.
8643:
7864:
Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
7652:
7598:
7121:
6600:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 6, 81.
6380:
6238:
4976:
get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that
4359:
3984:• /n/ turns to /ŋ/ in words that ن comes before گ ک
2184:
Persian during this time served as lingua franca of
893:
9574:(2nd ed.). Ferdosi International Publication.
8720:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
8717:Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (March 2012).
8451:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. p. xvii.
7813:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
7382:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7133:
6291:
6289:
5918:Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan".
5715:
5713:
5451:Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan".
5288:
5165:The Cyrillic script was introduced for writing the
4015:in modern Persian, and pronouns are not marked for
3617:), the three vowels traditionally considered long (
3539:) is still preserved as well as the distinction of
1639:
1623:
890:
10431:Basic Persian language course (book + audio files)
9341:
9226:
8901:
8359:
8163:
7029:). This led to certain degree of regionalisation".
6867:. Khorasan, the homeland of the Parthians (called
6439:
6090:
5808:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"
5749:
5425:
2911:), spoken mainly in southern Iranian provinces of
2600:. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian
1584:
1508:. In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym
9626:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 558.
8514:
8512:
8465:
7752:. University of California Press. pp. 85–86.
7680:culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court."
7311:
7214:
7212:
7199:
7197:
7195:
6337:
6335:
6299:Encyclopedia of literary translation into English
2696:), which was completed in the future and renamed
13332:
9672:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 94.
7914:
7724:, Murat Umut Inan, page 92 (note 27), edited by
7569:The Ashgate Research Companion to Border Studies
7368:(4th Revised ed.). Scarecrow. p. 105.
7282:
6674:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth, eds. (2013).
6360:Vafa, A; Abedinifard, M; Azadibougar, O (2021).
6286:
6261:
6259:
5710:
5539:
5537:
4364:being "thankful" in Arabic, commonly pronounced
2074:northern and northern Iranian languages such as
1448:is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that
973:predominantly spoken and used officially within
10139:Sen, Ramdhun (1841). Madhub Chunder Sen (ed.).
9419:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
9275:"Esmāʿīl, b. Aḥmad b. Asad Sāmānī, Abū Ebrāhīm"
9211:Persian Grammar: history and state of its study
9153:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
6539:
6537:
6438:Windfuhr, Gernot (1987). Comrie, Berard (ed.).
5971:Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe
4100:– two existing words combining into a new one.
4033:Persian adheres mainly to Subject-Object-Verb (
3584:According to most studies on the subject (e.g.
1122:, since then adopting the Perso-Arabic script.
9388:"Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey"
8509:
8342:"Vowel system of Contemporary Iranian Persian"
8064:. Oxford University Press (USA). p. 239.
7957:. University of California Press. p. 35.
7526:
7209:
7192:
7069:
6984:
6982:
6593:
6332:
5852:
5844:. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p. 205.
5106:International Organization for Standardization
3600:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPisowicz1985 (
2280:, and also many Mughal successors such as the
2029:Contemporary Persian (19th century to present)
1063:(550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of
12556:
12542:
12315:
12139:
11942:
11748:
11474:
10857:
10452:
10391:Persian language tutorial books for beginners
9885:Jones, Sir William (1828). Samuel Lee (ed.).
9866:Jones, Sir William (1823). Samuel Lee (ed.).
9225:Bosworth, C. E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995).
9224:
8716:
8378:
7810:Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012).
7809:
7799:. University of California Press. p. 85.
7780:. University of California Press. p. 86.
7335:
6256:
5878:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5534:
5232:
5214:
5019:
5007:
4983:
4977:
4967:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4870:
4861:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4644:
4638:
4624:
4610:
4596:
4551:
4380:
4371:
4343:
4332:
4194:
4183:
4172:
4161:
3589:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSamareh1977 (
3557:
3548:
3531:
3522:
3513:However, in Dari, the archaic distinction of
3505:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
2701:
2691:
2674:
2421:
1987:(eighth century) still distinguished between
1658:The international language-encoding standard
1559:
1193:
935:
47:
9695:. Irish Presbyterian Mission Press. p.
8929:Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris
8557:
8471:
7565:
7527:Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
7391:Johanson, Lars, and Christiane Bulut. 2006.
6673:
6594:Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012).
6534:
6446:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
6431:
6366:. US: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–14.
6201:
6199:
5720:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
5197:The following text is from Article 1 of the
5073:
4995:
4955:
4354:
4337:
3611:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNajafi2001 (
2525:folk, based on a Persian model and known as
1533:
798: Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 speakers
30:"Farsi" redirects here. For other uses, see
10800:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
10425:How Persian Alphabet Transits into Graffiti
10081:. Printed for F. and C. Rivingson. p.
9965:Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision
9642:
9417:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
9151:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
8920:
8420:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 79–96.
8405:
8385:International Phonetic Association (1999).
6979:
6531:, s.v. "Persian", draft revision June 2007.
6405:. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13.
5273:
3646:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHayes1979 (
3360:The vowel phonemes of modern Tehran Persian
2548:rule over the northwestern frontier of the
2428:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
2157:, an influential work in Persian literature
1820:itself coming directly from the older word
1633:
1617:
1366:
1360:
533:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
13351:Languages attested from the 6th century BC
12549:
12535:
12322:
12308:
12146:
12132:
11949:
11935:
11755:
11741:
11481:
11467:
10864:
10850:
10790:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
10459:
10445:
10410:A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary
10297:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10278:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10255:A pocket dictionary of English and Persian
10074:
9913:. Institut Français de Recherche en Iran.
9365:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9250:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
9119:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8227:
7946:
7944:
7113:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (
6742:
6577:Iran-Shenasi: A Journal of Iranian Studies
6082:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 602–603.
5690:
5314:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
5216:
4661:adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet:
3510:(bright). Numerous other instances exist.
2718:. It was established by the initiative of
2568:and the decline of Persian in South Asia.
2144:List of Persian-language poets and authors
1578:
1435:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
804: Between 100,000 and 500,000 speakers
773:
761:
521:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
63:
12345:Official and national language (Dialects)
10331:
10230:
10053:Ranking, George Speirs Alexander (1907).
9967:(illustrated ed.). RoutledgeCurzon.
9643:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji; Saʻdī (1880).
9548:A concise grammar of the Persian language
9452:
9339:
8626:The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
8518:
8440:
8009:
6682:(3rd ed.). Routledge. p. 1339.
6196:
6101:
6041:"Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5835:
5833:
4270:List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4118:Iranian languages § Comparison table
1020:, as well as within other regions with a
810: Between 25,000 and 100,000 speakers
10312:
9503:
9412:
9320:
9272:
9208:
8912:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmith1989 (
8790:George L. Campbell; Gareth King (2013).
8258:
8118:
7989:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7572:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 409.
7263:
7070:Weber, Dieter; MacKenzie, D. N. (2005).
6967:
6844:"Persian Language: i: Early New Persian"
6543:
6437:
5870:
5868:
5737:Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
5428:Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars
5421:
5419:
5417:
5183:
5108:has published a standard for simplified
4852:. This letter is no longer used, as the
4578:
4570:
4420:
4405:
4397:
4083:
3653:
3596:
3355:
3056:
2620:
2453:
2441:
2299:
2147:
2002:
1875:
1726:
816: Fewer than 25,000 speakers to none
10816:List of English words of Persian origin
10332:Wollaston, (Sir) Arthur Naylor (1882).
10119:
10052:
9939:
9775:
9600:
9373:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75.
9159:
9103:"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"
8947:"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"
8558:Yousef, Saeed; Torabi, Hayedeh (2013).
8309:
8099:
7950:
7941:
7486:
7218:
7203:
7183:
7151:
7108:
6989:
6973:
6757:
6632:
6587:
6341:
6038:
5967:
5342:List of English words of Persian origin
4110:List of English words of Persian origin
3585:
2939:More distantly related branches of the
2845:(in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan),
2611:
2571:Beginning in 1843, though, English and
2062:and the northeastern Iranian region of
2026:Classical Persian (10th–18th centuries)
1055:(224–651 CE), itself a continuation of
874:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
836:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
13333:
10293:
10274:
10251:
10029:
10004:
9988:. Printed by L. Hodgson. p. 143.
9981:
9906:
9752:
9729:
9710:
9688:
9665:
9619:
9567:
9544:
9425:
9187:
9071:
8926:
8810:from the original on 27 September 2015
8603:
8411:
8339:
8057:
8015:
7849:Abu Musa Mohammad Arif Billah (2012).
7705:Picturing History at the Ottoman Court
7661:
7626:. Oneworld Publications. p. 340.
7607:
7434:"Persian authors of Asia Minor part 1"
7431:
7363:
7357:
7329:
7305:
7006:
6782:
6363:Persian Literature as World Literature
6302:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1057.
6295:
6265:
6247:
6164:Egger, Vernon O. (16 September 2016).
6102:de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015).
6007:
5992:
5952:
5839:
5830:
5515:
3607:
12530:
12338:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
12303:
12127:
11930:
11736:
11462:
10871:
10845:
10440:
10433:– USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
10237:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers.
10033:A grammar of the Persian language ...
9884:
9865:
9842:
9819:
9793:
9473:
9299:
9218:
9146:
9127:
9052:
8907:
8698:from the original on 17 November 2017
8652:
8622:
8561:Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook
8372:
8240:from the original on 25 February 2021
8228:Aliev, Bahriddin; Okawa, Aya (2010).
7830:from the original on 11 February 2020
7756:
7640:from the original on 26 February 2020
7619:
7444:from the original on 17 November 2020
7317:
7127:
7090:from the original on 17 November 2016
6929:from the original on 16 February 2022
6890:
6795:from the original on 24 November 2020
6614:from the original on 13 February 2020
6419:from the original on 13 February 2020
6398:
6386:
6226:from the original on 17 November 2016
6205:
6163:
6145:from the original on 17 November 2016
6077:
5917:
5874:
5865:
5788:from the original on 16 February 2022
5575:
5573:
5550:
5497:from the original on 17 November 2014
5450:
5430:. Multilingual Matters. p. 169.
5414:
5199:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5116:Another Latin alphabet, based on the
4122:While having a lesser influence from
3642:
2356:
2023:Early New Persian (8th/9th centuries)
940:
89:
10466:
10195:from the original on 3 December 2020
10014:. London: Trübner & Co. p.
9962:
9946:. Vol. 2. Calcutta: T. Watley.
9385:
9107:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
9100:
9031:
8209:from the original on 25 October 2012
8145:from the original on 9 February 2018
7971:from the original on 9 February 2018
7790:
7771:
7743:
7694:Persian Historiography and Geography
7533:. Infobase Publishing. p. 322.
7366:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan
7293:
7230:
7206:, vi(2). Documentation. Old Persian.
7139:
6903:from the original on 1 February 2020
6841:
6783:Lazard, Gilbert (17 November 2011).
6743:Richardson, Charles Francis (1892).
6544:Jazayeri, M. A. (15 December 1999).
6141:. Vol. XIII. pp. 348–366.
6047:. Vol. XIII. pp. 344–377.
5027:The letters different in shape are:
4061:and precedes prepositional phrases:
3680:phonologically short or monomoraic.
3668:phonologically long or bimoraic and
2295:
2137:
2036:
1978:, which was actually but one of the
1698:; Old era being sometime around the
1579:
1047:Modern Persian is a continuation of
10821:List of French loanwords in Persian
10211:A dictionary in English and Persian
10207:
10188:A dictionary in English and Persian
10184:
10165:A dictionary in Persian and English
10161:
10138:
9601:Delshad, Farshid (September 2007).
8564:. New York: Routledge. p. 37.
8131:. Mittal Publications. p. 87.
8125:Menon, A.S.; Kusuman, K.K. (1990).
7165:"Roland G. Kent, Old Persian, 1953"
6949:"639 Identifier Documentation: tgk"
6923:"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"
6680:Compendium of the World's Languages
6266:Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008).
6184:from the original on 2 October 2022
6132:
5895:from the original on 2 October 2022
5782:"639 Identifier Documentation: fas"
5774:
5762:from the original on 5 January 2022
5518:Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union
5347:List of French loanwords in Persian
5188:Tajiki advertisement for an academy
5074:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4978:
4968:
4956:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4871:
4862:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4645:
4639:
4625:
4611:
4597:
4552:
4495:, used for Middle Persian, and the
4483:which is a modified variant of the
4468:
4413:'s personal handwriting, a typical
4381:
4372:
4355:
4344:
4333:
4195:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4114:List of French loanwords in Persian
3558:
3549:
3532:
3523:
3506:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
2702:
2692:
2675:
2513:; a poem which can be found in the
2383:, in the northern part of Greece).
2292:and in his journeys through China.
1751:, Old Persian is attested in royal
1560:
936:
48:
24:
13291:Languages between parentheses are
11444:Languages between parentheses are
10795:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
10421:, ucla.edu (archived 20 July 2006)
10294:Tucker, William Thornhill (1850).
10275:Tucker, William Thornhill (1850).
10252:Tucker, William Thornhill (1801).
10218:from the original on 10 March 2021
10172:from the original on 10 March 2021
10107:from the original on 10 March 2021
10040:from the original on 10 March 2021
9992:from the original on 10 March 2021
9950:from the original on 10 March 2021
9853:from the original on 10 March 2021
9830:from the original on 10 March 2021
9807:from the original on 10 March 2021
9763:from the original on 10 March 2021
9740:from the original on 10 March 2021
9689:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875).
9676:from the original on 10 March 2021
9666:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1879).
9653:from the original on 10 March 2021
9620:Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1880).
9555:from the original on 10 March 2021
9507:Etymological Dictionary of Persian
9496:
8957:from the original on 17 March 2019
8862:from the original on 29 April 2011
8836:from the original on 18 March 2021
8737:from the original on 10 March 2021
8578:from the original on 10 March 2021
8539:from the original on 10 March 2021
8346:Variation in Persian Vowel Systems
8188:
8078:from the original on 1 August 2020
7915:Sarah Anjum Bari (12 April 2019).
7586:from the original on 1 August 2020
7547:from the original on 1 August 2020
7530:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
7051:Barbara M. Horvath, Paul Vaughan,
6854:from the original on 17 March 2019
6696:from the original on 10 March 2021
6655:from the original on 10 March 2021
6556:from the original on 25 April 2017
6504:
6316:from the original on 10 March 2021
6051:from the original on 23 April 2020
5955:Tajikistan in the new Central Asia
5570:
5520:. London: Routledge. p. 362.
4575:Persian typewriter keyboard layout
4503:but sometimes for Middle Persian.
2709:
2660:in 1871. After Naser ed Din Shah,
1589:) since 1958. Also referred to as
1024:history in the cultural sphere of
792: More than 1,000,000 speakers
527:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
439:(2nd century BC to 7th century AD)
25:
13427:
10352:
10262:from the original on 3 April 2013
10149:from the original on 3 April 2013
9888:A grammar of the Persian language
9869:A grammar of the Persian language
9846:A grammar of the Persian language
9823:A grammar of the Persian language
9800:A grammar of the Persian language
9779:A grammar of the Persian language
9630:from the original on 23 July 2016
8880:
8793:Compendium of the World Languages
8104:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6.
7929:from the original on 21 June 2020
7507:from the original on 27 July 2020
7354:Jackson, A. V. Williams.pp.17–19.
7171:from the original on 19 July 2017
6955:from the original on 2 March 2021
6842:Paul, Ludwig (19 November 2013).
6791:. Vol. VII. pp. 34–35.
6114:from the original on 10 June 2019
5881:. Psychology Press. p. 518.
5842:Islam and Politics in Afghanistan
5173:in the late 1930s, replacing the
5154:
5093:
4171:for "army", instead of the Uzbek
4130:and its core vocabulary being of
3937:
3930:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3749:
3742:
2679:) for "railway", were printed in
2521:dialect emerged among the common
2041:New Persian texts written in the
1960:. This is the origin of the name
1865:
1482:Etymologically, the Persian term
1315:
13026:
12380:
12331:
12155:
11958:
11764:
11490:
11418:(unknown further classification)
10416:UCLA Language Materials Project:
10103:. Luzac & C.̊. p. 400.
9910:Grammaire du persan contemporain
9907:Lazard, Gilbert (January 2006).
8995:
8983:from the original on 6 June 2011
8969:
8939:
8874:
8848:
8822:
8768:
8749:
8710:
8684:
8677:Xavier Planhol, "Land of Iran",
8671:
8658:
8616:
8590:
8551:
8333:
8303:
8284:
8274:
8264:
8252:
8221:
8182:
8157:
6805:It is derived from the word for
5680:
5662:
5644:
5626:
5608:
5590:
4463:romanization systems for Persian
3452:. Thus, older contrasts such as
3404:) along with three short vowels
2633:, the dialect that is spoken in
2616:
1915:construction, expressed through
1328:, which make up a branch of the
886:
854:
12053:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
10231:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
10122:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
10059:. The Clarendon Press. p.
8441:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
8093:
8051:
8036:from the original on 4 May 2019
7908:
7842:
7803:
7784:
7737:
7667:
7613:
7559:
7520:
7460:
7425:
7405:
7348:
7257:
7244:
7224:
7157:
7058:
7045:
7032:
7000:
6941:
6915:
6884:
6835:
6776:
6751:
6736:
6727:
6717:
6708:
6667:
6626:
6568:
6519:
6498:
6464:
6392:
6353:
6157:
6126:
6032:
6013:
5961:
5946:
5911:
5800:
5742:
5730:
5171:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
2688:Words of Scientific Association
2629:In the 19th century, under the
1433:is still more widely used. The
1036:, and within Tajikistan in the
755:> 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
13406:Southwestern Iranian languages
13295:of the language on their left.
11448:of the language on their left.
10831:Persian language in South Asia
10562:
10400:New Persian–English dictionary
10030:Platts, John Thompson (1894).
10008:(1883). Guy Le Strange (ed.).
9963:Mace, John (18 October 2002).
9551:(Oxford University ed.).
9453:Litvinsky, B. A., ed. (1996).
9306:. Cambridge University Press.
9132:. Vol. 2. Boston: Brill.
9025:
8340:Miller, Corey (January 2012).
6637:. In Schiffman, Harold (ed.).
6346:. Cambridge University Press.
6268:"Persian Loan Words in Arabic"
5860:Media Insight Central Asia #27
5509:
5479:
5444:
5274:
5138:. It is most commonly used in
4506:In the modern Persian script,
4393:
4264:; Afro-Asiatic languages like
4025:is used (pronounced "ou", ū).
2478:. Following the Turko-Persian
1998:
1716:
1634:
1488:derives from its earlier form
1051:, an official language of the
13:
1:
13416:Subject–object–verb languages
10335:An English-Persian dictionary
9545:Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857).
9479:History of Iranian Literature
9032:Frye, Richard Nelson (1984).
9003:"Smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil"
8885:. Bashgah.net. Archived from
8668:, Vol. 5 (2001), pp. 193–200.
8472:Megerdoomian, Karine (2000).
7869:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
7816:. A&C Black. p. 18.
7487:de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994).
7042:, Taylor & Francis, p. 82
6641:. Leiden: Brill. p. 94.
6252:. Edinburgh University Press.
6080:Medieval Islamic Civilization
6039:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006).
5547:, Routledge 2009, p. 417–418.
5177:that had been used since the
4945:
4103:
4072:
4003:Suffixes predominate Persian
3998:
3690:
2399:(died 1572), who hailed from
2311:A branch of the Seljuks, the
1759:, dating to the time of King
1086:. Old Persian is attested in
189:: 72 million (2017–2021)
10475:
9568:Dahlén, Ashk (April 2014) .
9194:. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd.
8519:Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997).
8281:its characteristic features"
7696:, Bertold Spuler, page 68, "
7566:Wastl-Walter, Doris (2011).
7076:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6891:Perry, John (20 July 2009).
5407:
4652:
4461:). There also exist several
4323:, particularly as spoken in
3085:Tehrani Persian vowel chart
3042:
2853:(in Southern Iran), and the
2750:
2584:(also historically known as
2540:Following the defeat of the
1823:
1816:
1653:
1585:
1566:
1510:
1496:
1391:
1356:is an English derivation of
1344:are the most widely spoken.
7:
12388:United Arab Emirates portal
12023:Official minority languages
11722:Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language
10317:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
10315:The World's Major Languages
9843:Jones, Sir William (1801).
9820:Jones, Sir William (1797).
9759:. W.H. Allen. p. 238.
9321:de Blois, Francois (2004).
8164:نگار داوری اردکانی (1389).
7922:The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
7707:, Emine Fetvacı, page 31, "
7620:Lewis, Franklin D. (2014).
7252:The Indo-European Languages
6760:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
6512:Online Etymology Dictionary
6442:The World's Major Languages
6342:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953).
5307:
5289:
5251:
5192:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4386:
4366:
4360:
4349:
4256:, and, to a lesser extent,
4200:
4189:
4178:
4167:
2375:, Bosnia and Herzegovina),
2234:Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia
1640:
1624:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1443:
1424:
1320:Persian is a member of the
1214:The Conference of the Birds
1194:
54:
10:
13432:
10743:Romanized Persian alphabet
10385:Persian Language Resources
10381:(archived 9 December 2012)
10376:Persian language Resources
10234:An Introduction to Persian
9776:Ibrâhîm, Muḥammad (1841).
9340:de Bruijn, J.T.P. (1978).
9084:Cambridge University Press
8448:An Introduction to Persian
8443:"The Phonology of Persian"
8324:10.1163/157338406780346005
7710:newly converted young men.
7402:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
7364:Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011).
7221:, vi(1). Earliest Evidence
6762:. Routledge. p. 324.
6747:. Dodd, Mead. p. 541.
6472:
5974:. Routledge. p. 201.
5812:Islamic Parliament of Iran
5158:
5097:
4472:
4425:The word "Persian" in the
4107:
4076:
4041:: sentences have optional
3991:
3987:
3046:
2887:Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
2652:, were under the reign of
2608:and speak a Dari dialect.
2431:
2425:
2422:Use in Indian subcontinent
2141:
1891:from between 293 and 297.
1869:
1720:
1689:
1397:
1382:
196:Total (L1+L2): 130 million
29:
13396:Languages of the Caucasus
13277:
13237:
13205:
13172:
13163:
13121:
13098:
13046:
13035:
13024:
12966:
12941:
12905:
12856:
12762:
12717:
12654:
12643:
12580:
12567:
12413:
12397:
12375:
12344:
12184:
12168:
12162:Languages of Turkmenistan
12100:
12077:Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)
12064:
12022:
11971:
11908:
11821:
11805:
11777:
11709:
11686:
11630:
11522:
11506:
11425:
11408:
11308:
11144:
11135:
10994:
10919:
10910:
10879:
10808:
10782:
10769:Middle Persian literature
10756:
10708:
10678:
10645:
10561:
10553:Western Iranian languages
10535:
10474:
10406:Steingass, Francis Joseph
10364:(archived 30 August 2009)
10120:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989).
9940:Lumsden, Matthew (1810).
9516:Brill Academic Publishers
9504:Asatrian, Garnik (2010).
9209:Windfuhr, Gernot (1979).
9160:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2000).
8761:11 September 2007 at the
8501:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
8355:– via ResearchGate.
8297:17 September 2013 at the
8191:"Persian, Dari and Tajik"
8168:. روایت فتح. p. 33.
8100:Clawson, Patrick (2004).
8058:Fenech, Louis E. (2013).
6893:"Tajik ii. Tajik Persian"
6758:Strazny, Philipp (2013).
6635:"Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki"
6527:Oxford English Dictionary
5932:10.1080/02634939608400946
5707:, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
5465:10.1080/02634939608400946
5234:
5233:
5215:
4542:"chrome" are all spelled
4508:historically short vowels
4370:in Persian, and the verb
4338:
4053:followed by a compulsory
4028:
4020:
3343:
3331:
3305:
3253:
3217:
3207:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3075:
2891:Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari
2078:and especially Parthian.
1618:
1534:Standard varieties' names
1412:Oxford English Dictionary
1365:, the adjectival form of
1221:, and the miscellanea of
1120:Muslim conquest of Persia
1116:Middle Persian literature
822:
772:
760:
746:
730:
601:
565:
547:
542:
511:
458:Official language in
456:
451:
393:
309:
281:
253:
200:
182:
105:
85:
62:
46:
41:
13356:Languages of Afghanistan
13250:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
12065:Other minority languages
10300:. J. Madden. p. 145
10281:. J. Madden. p. 145
9571:Modern persisk grammatik
9481:. Springer Netherlands.
9300:Crone, Patricia (2012).
9273:Bosworth, C. E. (1998).
9188:Spuler, Bertold (2003).
8629:. OUP USA. p. 352.
8623:Owens, Jonathan (2013).
7861:; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.).
7007:Comrie, Bernard (2003).
5402:
5136:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1646:) since the time of the
1437:has maintained that the
1386:), a Hellenized form of
1334:Indo-Iranian subdivision
1189:Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám
1059:, which was used in the
963:Indo-Iranian subdivision
955:Western Iranian language
194:: 38 million (2021–2022)
27:Western Iranian language
13401:Languages of Uzbekistan
13391:Languages of Tajikistan
13361:Languages of Azerbaijan
13310:Languages of Azerbaijan
9982:Moises, Edward (1792).
9753:Forbes, Duncan (1876).
9730:Forbes, Duncan (1869).
9711:Forbes, Duncan (1844).
9343:"Iran, vii.—Literature"
9258:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
9147:Perry, John R. (2011).
9128:Perry, John R. (2005).
8666:Iran & the Caucasus
8613:, Routledge, 2005. p.97
8412:Jahani, Carina (2005).
8312:Iran & the Caucasus
8002:Encyclopædia Britannica
7432:Yazıcı, Tahsin (2010).
7038:Comrie, Bernard (1990)
6809:(court, lit., "gate").
6633:Spooner, Brian (2012).
6488:A Greek–English Lexicon
6108:Encyclopædia Britannica
5516:Akiner, Shirin (1986).
5377:Romanization of Persian
5231:
5213:
5100:Romanization of Persian
4972:); words using various
4489:Arab conquest of Persia
4206:Indo-European languages
4126:and other languages of
3521:(respectively known as
2941:Iranian language family
2832:. It is written in the
2780:, and by minorities in
1905:grammatical conjugation
1735:inscription written in
1686:for Tajik, separately.
1678:) and Iranian Persian (
1471:, rejecting the use of
1371:, itself deriving from
1347:
1330:Indo-European languages
1149:in South Asia, and the
967:Indo-European languages
786: Official language
13411:Stress-timed languages
10563:Dialects and varieties
10543:Indo-Iranian languages
9413:Jeremiás, Éva (2011).
8765:(accessed August 2016)
8166:برنامهریزی زبان فارسی
8016:Grewal, J. S. (1990).
7686:, B. Fortna, page 50;"
7398:2 October 2011 at the
7266:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6296:Classe, Olive (2000).
6212:. BRILL. p. XXX.
6133:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor.
5968:Cordell, Karl (1998).
5382:List of link languages
5189:
4584:
4576:
4449:, is written with the
4430:
4418:
4403:
4325:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4302:Austronesian languages
4284:indirectly especially
3361:
3072:
2973:(including Armeno-Tat)
2893:some western parts of
2859:mutual intelligibility
2626:
2507:Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah
2467:
2451:
2308:
2158:
2016:
1938:of Middle Persian was
1900:
1858:, the language of the
1744:
1479:in foreign languages.
1367:
1361:
1040:, a derivative of the
1032:, a derivative of the
862:This article contains
824:This article contains
753:58-AAC (Wider Persian)
32:Farsi (disambiguation)
12398:Semiofficial language
12113:Kurdish Sign Language
11806:Semiofficial language
11717:Persian Sign Language
10716:Old Persian cuneiform
10519:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
10208:Sen, Ramdhun (1833).
10185:Sen, Ramdhun (1833).
10162:Sen, Ramdhun (1829).
9181:Encyclopaedia Iranica
9101:Paul, Ludwig (2000).
8525:. London: Routledge.
8234:Encyclopaedia Iranica
7438:Encyclopaedia Iranica
6976:vi(2). Documentation.
6479:Liddell, Henry George
6206:Holes, Clive (2001).
5953:Jonson, Lena (2006).
5840:Olesen, Asta (1995).
5705:The Iranian Languages
5545:The Iranian Languages
5187:
5036:Persian style letter
4952:alef with hamza below
4601:), three letters for
4582:
4574:
4424:
4409:
4401:
4084:Native word formation
4047:prepositional phrases
3359:
3070:
2959:Farsic–Caucasian Tat
2728:Mohammad Ali Foroughi
2624:
2457:
2450:, India, 18th century
2445:
2303:
2151:
2006:
1885:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1879:
1737:Old Persian cuneiform
1730:
1322:Western Iranian group
1088:Old Persian cuneiform
1012:(officially known as
1004:(officially known as
996:(officially known as
987:mutually intelligible
971:pluricentric language
927:), also known by its
431:Old Persian cuneiform
13366:Languages of Bahrain
13315:Languages of Georgia
13305:Languages of Armenia
12035:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
11916:Arabic Sign Language
11771:Languages of Bahrain
11439:historical languages
10006:Palmer, Edward Henry
9386:Frye, R. N. (2004).
9213:. Walter de Gruyter.
9086:. pp. 595–633.
8776:Encyclopedia Iranica
8679:Encyclopedia Iranica
7996:"Ranjit Singh"
7418:29 June 2018 at the
7240:. pp. IV.v.2–9.
6897:Encyclopædia Iranica
6848:Encyclopædia Iranica
6789:Encyclopædia Iranica
6550:Encyclopædia Iranica
6399:Green, Nile (2012).
6139:Encyclopædia Iranica
6104:"Persian literature"
6045:Encyclopædia Iranica
5920:Central Asian Survey
5875:Baker, Mona (2001).
5491:Encyclopædia Iranica
5453:Central Asian Survey
5319:Indo-European copula
5298:English translation
5033:Arabic style letter
2943:include Kurdish and
2897:, and some parts of
2864:Encyclopædia Iranica
2861:. Nevertheless, the
2698:Katouzian Dictionary
2662:Mozaffar ed Din Shah
2612:Contemporary Persian
2488:British colonization
2093:(874–999). Abbas of
1991:(i.e. Parthian) and
1757:Behistun Inscription
1530:in Standard Arabic.
1460:Encyclopædia Iranica
1409:). According to the
1167:Indo-Aryan languages
779:Persian linguasphere
232:Southwestern Iranian
13386:Languages of Russia
13381:Languages of Kuwait
13320:Languages of Russia
12108:Iraqi Sign Language
11988:Mesopotamian Arabic
10731:Persian calligraphy
10484:Proto-Indo-European
9532:on 27 December 2010
9426:Lazard, G. (1994).
7466:John Andrew Boyle,
7053:Community languages
6575:"Zaban-i Nozohur".
6085:European languages.
5128:in the late 1930s.
5118:New Turkic Alphabet
4629:), two letters for
4615:), two letters for
4282:Dravidian languages
4250:Caucasian languages
3273:
3158:
3086:
2650:Persian orthography
2492:Indian subcontinent
2319:of the empire. The
2190:Indian subcontinent
2188:and of much of the
1889:Paikuli inscription
1546:, by names such as
1524:influence of Arabic
1465:Columbia University
1259:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
924:-zhən, -shən
74:Persian calligraphy
12804:Caucasian Albanian
12414:Minority languages
12185:Minority languages
12169:Official languages
11972:Official languages
11822:Minority languages
11631:Minority languages
11523:Regional languages
10764:Persian literature
10511:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
10492:Proto-Indo-Iranian
10427:, Persian Graffiti
9795:Jones, Sir William
9603:Anthologia Persica
9588:on 11 October 2017
9219:General references
9053:Kuhrt, A. (2013).
9009:on 22 January 2010
5818:on 27 October 2016
5751:"Persian, Iranian"
5703:Windfuhr, Gernot:
5543:Windfuhr, Gernot:
5397:Language geography
5190:
5179:October Revolution
4856:-sound changed to
4585:
4577:
4431:
4419:
4411:Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
4404:
4079:Persian vocabulary
4013:grammatical gender
3362:
3272:Tajik vowel chart
3271:
3156:
3084:
3073:
2899:Khuzestan Province
2627:
2468:
2460:Takht-e Shah Jahan
2452:
2357:Use in the Balkans
2309:
2282:Nizam of Hyderabad
2270:Emirate of Bukhara
2262:Khanate of Bukhara
2159:
2017:
1901:
1862:liturgical texts.
1810:in the records of
1745:
1129:on writing in the
1094:-derived scripts (
990:standard varieties
942:[fɒːɾˈsiː]
91:[fɒːɾˈsiː]
13376:Languages of Iraq
13371:Languages of Iran
13328:
13327:
13287:extinct languages
13233:
13232:
13159:
13158:
13022:
13021:
12962:
12961:
12524:
12523:
12297:
12296:
12121:
12120:
11965:Languages of Iraq
11924:
11923:
11778:Official language
11730:
11729:
11688:Working languages
11507:Official language
11456:
11455:
11404:
11403:
11131:
11130:
10873:Iranian languages
10839:
10838:
10694:
10646:Language features
10548:Iranian languages
10536:Language families
10528:
10520:
10512:
10504:
10496:
10488:
10324:978-0-415-35339-7
9612:978-3-8325-1620-8
9525:978-90-04-18341-4
9445:978-1-56859-019-6
9405:978-0-933273-89-4
9292:978-1-56859-055-4
9265:978-90-04-09834-3
9183:. Vol. XIII.
9171:978-0-7286-0314-1
9115:cite encyclopedia
9064:978-1-136-01694-3
9045:978-3-406-09397-5
8803:978-1-136-25846-6
8723:. A&C Black.
8636:978-0-19-976413-6
8398:978-0-521-63751-0
8189:Beeman, William.
8175:978-600-6128-05-4
7857:; Miah, Sajahan;
7823:978-1-4411-5127-8
7633:978-1-78074-737-8
7579:978-0-7546-7406-1
7540:978-1-4381-1025-7
7500:978-92-3-102813-7
7375:978-0-8108-7815-0
7083:978-3-447-05299-3
7020:978-1-134-93257-3
6769:978-1-135-45522-4
6583:(I): 27–30. 1992.
6505:Harper, Douglas.
6457:978-0-19-506511-4
6373:978-1-501-35420-5
5888:978-0-415-25517-2
5678:(27th ed., 2024)
5660:(27th ed., 2024)
5642:(27th ed., 2024)
5624:(27th ed., 2024)
5606:(27th ed., 2024)
5588:(27th ed., 2024)
5558:"Kuwaiti Persian"
5437:978-1-84769-637-3
5387:Dialect continuum
5357:Parthian language
5333:, Western Persian
5324:Iranian languages
5305:
5304:
5225:Iranian Persian (
5207:Iranian Persian (
5134:is Persian using
5070:
5069:
4943:
4942:
4846:
4845:
4151:The inclusion of
3951:
3950:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3269:
3268:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3157:Dari vowel chart
3154:
3153:
3068:
3049:Persian phonology
2720:Reza Shah Pahlavi
2681:Soltani Newspaper
2654:Naser ed Din Shah
2535:Sultans of Bengal
2317:official language
2306:Ottoman miniature
2296:Use in Asia Minor
2266:Khanate of Kokand
2138:Classical Persian
2068:Parthian language
2037:Early New Persian
1837:Achaemenid Empire
1792:Southwestern Iran
1700:Achaemenid Empire
1457:, founder of the
1326:Iranian languages
1263:Forugh Farrokhzad
1219:Attar of Nishapur
1061:Achaemenid Empire
1008:since 1964), and
957:belonging to the
870:rendering support
850:
849:
832:rendering support
828:phonetic symbols.
616:Individual codes:
513:Regulated by
433:(525 BC – 330 BC)
271:Early New Persian
18:Classical Persian
16:(Redirected from
13423:
13341:Persian language
13170:
13169:
13044:
13043:
13030:
12652:
12651:
12578:
12577:
12558:Languages of the
12551:
12544:
12537:
12528:
12527:
12390:
12385:
12384:
12383:
12336:
12335:
12324:
12317:
12310:
12301:
12300:
12160:
12159:
12148:
12141:
12134:
12125:
12124:
12072:Gorani (Hawrami)
11963:
11962:
11951:
11944:
11937:
11928:
11927:
11769:
11768:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11734:
11733:
11622:Khorasani Turkic
11495:
11494:
11483:
11476:
11469:
11460:
11459:
11300:Zoroastrian Dari
11142:
11141:
10917:
10916:
10866:
10859:
10852:
10843:
10842:
10774:Tajik literature
10726:Persian alphabet
10690:
10571:Standard Persian
10526:
10518:
10510:
10502:
10494:
10486:
10468:Persian language
10461:
10454:
10447:
10438:
10437:
10380:
10372:
10363:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10328:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10271:
10269:
10267:
10248:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10135:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10026:
10024:
10022:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9978:
9959:
9957:
9955:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9923:. Archived from
9903:
9901:
9899:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9726:
9724:
9722:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9685:
9683:
9681:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9639:
9637:
9635:
9616:
9605:. Logos Verlag.
9597:
9595:
9593:
9584:. Archived from
9564:
9562:
9560:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9528:. Archived from
9492:
9470:
9449:
9432:Yarshater, Ehsan
9422:
9409:
9392:Yarshater, Ehsan
9382:
9345:
9336:
9317:
9296:
9279:Yarshater, Ehsan
9269:
9241:Heinrichs, W. P.
9230:
9214:
9205:
9184:
9175:
9156:
9143:
9124:
9118:
9110:
9097:
9074:Frye, Richard N.
9068:
9049:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9005:. Archived from
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8977:"ISO 233-3:1999"
8973:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8924:
8918:
8917:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8878:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8787:
8781:
8772:
8766:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8688:
8682:
8675:
8669:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8641:
8640:
8620:
8614:
8607:
8601:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8516:
8507:
8506:
8500:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8478:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8307:
8301:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8208:
8199:Brown University
8195:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8083:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8041:
8013:
8007:
8006:
7998:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7951:Mir, F. (2010).
7948:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7769:
7754:
7753:
7741:
7735:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7484:
7475:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7429:
7423:
7409:
7403:
7389:
7380:
7379:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7346:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7297:
7291:
7280:
7279:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7207:
7201:
7190:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7111:, pp. 80–1.
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7062:
7056:
7049:
7043:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7004:
6998:
6986:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6861:
6859:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:( of the court).
6802:
6800:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6541:
6532:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6502:
6496:
6475:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6445:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6270:. Archived from
6263:
6254:
6253:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6203:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6099:
6088:
6087:
6075:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5990:
5989:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5872:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5837:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5814:. Archived from
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5717:
5708:
5701:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5667:
5666:
5649:
5648:
5631:
5630:
5613:
5612:
5595:
5594:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5554:
5548:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5423:
5292:
5284:transliteration
5277:
5276:
5260:Iranian Persian
5254:
5246:transliteration
5239:
5238:
5236:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5204:
5203:
5077:
5076:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5011:
5010:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4959:
4958:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4809:
4797:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4729:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4664:
4663:
4659:Persian alphabet
4648:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4555:
4554:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4497:Avestan alphabet
4481:Persian alphabet
4475:Persian alphabet
4469:Persian alphabet
4443:Turkic languages
4389:
4384:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4214:Turkic languages
4203:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4024:
3978:intervocalically
3975:
3967:
3941:
3934:
3896:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3753:
3746:
3695:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3605:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3274:
3270:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3159:
3155:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3069:
2843:Hazaragi dialect
2724:Hekmat e Shirazi
2722:, and mainly by
2705:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2678:
2677:
2625:Persian dialects
2566:British conquest
2503:Bengal Sultanate
2434:Persian and Urdu
2313:Sultanate of Rum
2288:at the Court of
2274:Khanate of Khiva
2230:Sultanate of Rum
2154:Kalilah va Dimna
2132:Dobhashi Bengali
2099:Hanzala Badghisi
2087:Saffarid dynasty
1883:text written in
1826:
1819:
1749:written language
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1446:
1427:
1401:), which means "
1400:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1199:
1030:Persian alphabet
952:
951:
950:
944:
939:
938:
923:
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
858:
857:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
777:
765:
742:
722:
712:
702:
692:
682:
675:Hazaragi dialect
672:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
614:– inclusive code
613:
606:
597:
591:
584:
578:
570:
561:
560:
552:
407:Persian alphabet
399:
206:
101:
100:
99:
93:
67:
57:
51:
50:
39:
38:
21:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13425:
13424:
13422:
13421:
13420:
13346:Culture of Iran
13331:
13330:
13329:
13324:
13298:
13273:
13268:Shirvani Arabic
13229:
13201:
13182:Karachay-Balkar
13155:
13117:
13094:
13038:
13031:
13018:
12970:
12958:
12937:
12901:
12852:
12758:
12713:
12647:
12639:
12602:Judaeo-Georgian
12584:
12571:
12563:
12555:
12525:
12520:
12409:
12393:
12386:
12381:
12379:
12373:
12340:
12330:
12328:
12298:
12293:
12247:Iranian Persian
12180:
12164:
12154:
12152:
12122:
12117:
12096:
12060:
12018:
11967:
11957:
11955:
11925:
11920:
11904:
11817:
11801:
11773:
11763:
11761:
11731:
11726:
11705:
11682:
11626:
11518:
11502:
11489:
11487:
11457:
11452:
11451:
11421:
11400:
11304:
11127:
10990:
10906:
10875:
10870:
10840:
10835:
10804:
10778:
10752:
10748:Persian Braille
10721:Pahlavi scripts
10704:
10686:Persian grammar
10674:
10641:
10603:Kuwaiti Persian
10557:
10531:
10470:
10465:
10387:, parstimes.com
10378:
10370:
10361:
10355:
10350:
10341:
10339:
10325:
10303:
10301:
10284:
10282:
10265:
10263:
10245:
10221:
10219:
10198:
10196:
10175:
10173:
10152:
10150:
10132:
10124:. L. Reichert.
10110:
10108:
10087:
10085:
10065:
10063:
10043:
10041:
10020:
10018:
9995:
9993:
9975:
9953:
9951:
9930:
9928:
9921:
9897:
9895:
9875:
9873:
9856:
9854:
9833:
9831:
9810:
9808:
9784:
9782:
9766:
9764:
9743:
9741:
9720:
9718:
9701:
9699:
9679:
9677:
9656:
9654:
9633:
9631:
9613:
9591:
9589:
9582:
9558:
9556:
9535:
9533:
9526:
9499:
9497:Further reading
9489:
9467:
9446:
9421:. Brill Online.
9406:
9360:Bosworth, C. E.
9333:
9314:
9293:
9266:
9233:Bosworth, C. E.
9221:
9202:
9178:
9172:
9155:. Brill Online.
9140:
9112:
9111:
9094:
9065:
9046:
9028:
9023:
9022:
9012:
9010:
9001:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8975:
8974:
8970:
8960:
8958:
8945:
8944:
8940:
8925:
8921:
8911:
8906:
8902:
8892:
8890:
8889:on 23 July 2011
8879:
8875:
8865:
8863:
8854:
8853:
8849:
8839:
8837:
8828:
8827:
8823:
8813:
8811:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8773:
8769:
8763:Wayback Machine
8754:
8750:
8740:
8738:
8731:
8715:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8676:
8672:
8663:
8659:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8621:
8617:
8608:
8604:
8595:
8591:
8581:
8579:
8572:
8556:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8533:
8517:
8510:
8497:cite conference
8494:
8493:
8486:
8484:
8476:
8470:
8466:
8459:
8439:
8435:
8428:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8383:
8379:
8371:
8360:
8350:
8348:
8338:
8334:
8308:
8304:
8299:Wayback Machine
8289:
8285:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8193:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8162:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8139:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8098:
8094:
8081:
8079:
8072:
8056:
8052:
8039:
8037:
8030:
8014:
8010:
7988:
7984:
7974:
7972:
7965:
7949:
7942:
7932:
7930:
7913:
7909:
7899:
7897:
7879:
7859:Khanam, Mahfuza
7847:
7843:
7833:
7831:
7824:
7808:
7804:
7789:
7785:
7770:
7757:
7742:
7738:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7653:
7643:
7641:
7634:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7599:
7589:
7587:
7580:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7548:
7541:
7525:
7521:
7510:
7508:
7501:
7485:
7478:
7465:
7461:
7447:
7445:
7430:
7426:
7420:Wayback Machine
7413:iranchamber.com
7410:
7406:
7400:Wayback Machine
7390:
7383:
7376:
7362:
7358:
7353:
7349:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7283:
7276:
7262:
7258:
7249:
7245:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7193:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7091:
7084:
7063:
7059:
7050:
7046:
7037:
7033:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6987:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6906:
6904:
6889:
6885:
6857:
6855:
6840:
6836:
6798:
6796:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6756:
6752:
6741:
6737:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6690:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6649:
6631:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6608:
6592:
6588:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6542:
6535:
6524:
6520:
6503:
6499:
6493:Perseus Project
6469:
6465:
6458:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6413:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6344:Persian grammar
6340:
6333:
6319:
6317:
6310:
6294:
6287:
6277:
6275:
6264:
6257:
6246:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6220:
6204:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6178:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6100:
6091:
6076:
6067:
6054:
6052:
6037:
6033:
6018:
6014:
6006:
5993:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5951:
5947:
5916:
5912:
5898:
5896:
5889:
5873:
5866:
5857:
5853:
5838:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5718:
5711:
5702:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5670:Bukhori dialect
5668:
5661:
5650:
5643:
5632:
5625:
5614:
5607:
5598:Iranian Persian
5596:
5589:
5578:
5571:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5424:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5362:Persian Braille
5331:Iranian Persian
5310:
5283:
5245:
5244:Iranian Persian
5195:
5163:
5157:
5110:transliteration
5102:
5096:
4948:
4860:, e.g. archaic
4801:že (zhe or jhe)
4655:
4485:Arabic alphabet
4477:
4471:
4451:Cyrillic script
4396:
4276:, particularly
4246:Karachay-Balkar
4218:Ottoman Turkish
4120:
4106:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4031:
4001:
3996:
3994:Persian grammar
3990:
3959:Iranian Persian
3714:
3693:
3645:
3610:
3599:
3588:
3078:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3040:
2981:Eastern Farsic
2834:Cyrillic script
2824:) is spoken in
2808:) is spoken in
2793:Eastern Persian
2776:) is spoken in
2770:Western Persian
2761:Iranian Persian
2753:
2716:Academy of Iran
2712:
2710:Pahlavi dynasty
2619:
2614:
2496:Mughal emperors
2440:
2430:
2424:
2359:
2345:Ottoman Turkish
2298:
2238:Delhi Sultanate
2163:medieval Persia
2146:
2140:
2128:Chagatai Turkic
2124:Ottoman Turkish
2111:Kalila wa Dimna
2089:(860–903), and
2083:Tahirid dynasty
2039:
2001:
1985:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
1980:writing systems
1950:", Old Persian
1897:Iraqi Kurdistan
1874:
1868:
1845:Armenian people
1831:, according to
1812:Shalmaneser III
1725:
1719:
1704:Sasanian Empire
1696:Iranian history
1692:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1619:форси́и тоҷикӣ́
1616:Tajik Persian (
1552:Western Persian
1548:Iranian Persian
1536:
1455:Ehsan Yarshater
1350:
1318:
1302:Afghan Pashtuns
1247:Simin Behbahani
1182:, the works of
1053:Sasanian Empire
1042:Cyrillic script
994:Iranian Persian
992:, respectively
969:. Persian is a
946:
945:
921:
907:
889:
885:
879:
878:
877:
868:Without proper
859:
855:
830:Without proper
818:
817:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
799:
795:
793:
789:
787:
783:
780:
768:
756:
754:
738:
718:
717:
708:
707:
698:
697:
688:
687:
678:
677:
668:
667:
665:Bukhori dialect
658:
657:
648:
647:
638:
637:
628:
627:
625:Iranian Persian
618:
617:
615:
609:
602:
587:
586:
585:
574:
573:
566:
556:
555:
548:
538:
490:
459:
452:Official status
447:
443:Persian Braille
437:Pahlavi scripts
400:
395:
316:Iranian/Western
305:
291:Iranian Persian
284:
277:
256:
249:
227:Western Iranian
207:
204:Language family
202:
195:
190:
178:
95:
94:
81:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13429:
13419:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13326:
13325:
13323:
13322:
13317:
13312:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13296:
13289:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13264:
13263:
13262:
13257:
13247:
13241:
13239:
13235:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13228:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13211:
13209:
13203:
13202:
13200:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13178:
13176:
13167:
13161:
13160:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13142:
13141:
13136:
13125:
13123:
13119:
13118:
13116:
13115:
13110:
13104:
13102:
13096:
13095:
13093:
13092:
13091:
13090:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13052:
13050:
13041:
13033:
13032:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13017:
13016:
13009:
13008:
13007:
13002:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12974:
12972:
12964:
12963:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12956:
12951:
12945:
12943:
12939:
12938:
12936:
12935:
12926:
12912:
12910:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12892:
12891:
12890:
12880:
12868:
12862:
12860:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12846:
12841:
12833:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12819:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12808:
12807:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12774:
12768:
12766:
12760:
12759:
12757:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12740:
12739:
12729:
12723:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12711:
12706:
12705:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12685:
12676:
12671:
12660:
12658:
12649:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12637:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:
12623:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12604:
12588:
12586:
12575:
12565:
12564:
12554:
12553:
12546:
12539:
12531:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12417:
12415:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12407:
12401:
12399:
12395:
12394:
12392:
12391:
12376:
12374:
12372:
12371:
12370:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12348:
12346:
12342:
12341:
12327:
12326:
12319:
12312:
12304:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12250:
12249:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12188:
12186:
12182:
12181:
12179:
12178:
12172:
12170:
12166:
12165:
12151:
12150:
12143:
12136:
12128:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12101:Sign languages
12098:
12097:
12095:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12068:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12056:
12044:
12039:
12038:
12037:
12026:
12024:
12020:
12019:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12007:
11994:
11993:
11992:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11968:
11954:
11953:
11946:
11939:
11931:
11922:
11921:
11919:
11918:
11912:
11910:
11909:Sign languages
11906:
11905:
11903:
11902:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11841:
11836:
11825:
11823:
11819:
11818:
11816:
11815:
11809:
11807:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11792:
11781:
11779:
11775:
11774:
11760:
11759:
11752:
11745:
11737:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11724:
11719:
11713:
11711:
11710:Sign languages
11707:
11706:
11704:
11703:
11698:
11692:
11690:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11673:Zargari Romani
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11634:
11632:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11537:
11532:
11526:
11524:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11510:
11508:
11504:
11503:
11486:
11485:
11478:
11471:
11463:
11454:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11442:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11412:
11410:
11406:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11396:
11393:Middle Persian
11389:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11357:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11312:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11291:
11290:
11280:
11275:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11253:
11246:
11239:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11220:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11188:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11159:
11154:
11148:
11146:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11123:
11111:
11110:
11109:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11086:
11064:
11057:
11052:
11051:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11035:
11025:
11020:
11013:
11006:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10925:
10923:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10897:Middle Iranian
10894:
10889:
10883:
10881:
10877:
10876:
10869:
10868:
10861:
10854:
10846:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10812:
10810:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10760:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10738:Tajik alphabet
10735:
10734:
10733:
10723:
10718:
10712:
10710:
10709:Writing system
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10697:
10696:
10695:
10682:
10680:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10567:
10565:
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10539:
10537:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10521:
10516:Middle Persian
10513:
10505:
10497:
10489:
10480:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10464:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10428:
10422:
10413:
10403:
10396:Haim, Soleiman
10393:
10388:
10382:
10373:
10365:
10354:
10353:External links
10351:
10349:
10348:
10329:
10323:
10310:
10291:
10272:
10249:
10243:
10228:
10205:
10182:
10159:
10145:(2 ed.).
10136:
10130:
10117:
10094:
10072:
10050:
10027:
10002:
9979:
9973:
9960:
9937:
9920:978-2909961378
9919:
9904:
9882:
9863:
9840:
9826:(4 ed.).
9817:
9803:(3 ed.).
9791:
9773:
9750:
9727:
9708:
9686:
9663:
9640:
9617:
9611:
9598:
9580:
9565:
9542:
9524:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9488:978-9401034814
9487:
9471:
9465:
9450:
9444:
9423:
9410:
9404:
9383:
9348:van Donzel, E.
9337:
9332:978-0947593476
9331:
9318:
9313:978-1107642386
9312:
9297:
9291:
9270:
9264:
9237:van Donzel, E.
9220:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9206:
9201:978-9971774882
9200:
9185:
9176:
9170:
9157:
9144:
9138:
9125:
9098:
9092:
9069:
9063:
9050:
9044:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9020:
8994:
8968:
8951:Iranica Online
8938:
8919:
8900:
8873:
8847:
8821:
8802:
8782:
8767:
8748:
8729:
8709:
8683:
8670:
8657:
8642:
8635:
8615:
8602:
8589:
8570:
8550:
8531:
8508:
8464:
8457:
8433:
8426:
8404:
8397:
8377:
8358:
8332:
8318:(2): 243–258.
8302:
8283:
8273:
8263:
8251:
8220:
8181:
8174:
8156:
8137:
8117:
8110:
8092:
8071:978-0199931453
8070:
8050:
8028:
8008:
7993:, ed. (1911).
7991:Chisholm, Hugh
7982:
7963:
7940:
7907:
7877:
7855:Islam, Sirajul
7841:
7822:
7802:
7783:
7755:
7736:
7734:
7733:
7718:
7712:
7702:
7691:
7681:
7677:
7666:
7651:
7632:
7612:
7597:
7578:
7558:
7539:
7519:
7499:
7476:
7459:
7424:
7404:
7381:
7374:
7356:
7347:
7334:
7332:, p. 597.
7322:
7310:
7308:, p. 596.
7298:
7281:
7274:
7256:
7243:
7223:
7208:
7191:
7182:
7156:
7144:
7142:, p. 103.
7132:
7130:, p. 197.
7120:
7101:
7082:
7057:
7055:, 1991, p. 276
7044:
7031:
7019:
6999:
6978:
6966:
6940:
6914:
6883:
6834:
6775:
6768:
6750:
6735:
6726:
6716:
6707:
6688:
6666:
6648:978-9004201453
6647:
6625:
6607:978-1934536568
6606:
6586:
6567:
6546:"Farhangestān"
6533:
6518:
6497:
6463:
6456:
6430:
6411:
6391:
6389:, p. 284.
6379:
6372:
6352:
6331:
6308:
6285:
6274:on 20 May 2011
6255:
6237:
6218:
6195:
6176:
6156:
6125:
6089:
6065:
6031:
6012:
5991:
5980:
5960:
5957:. p. 108.
5945:
5926:(2): 213–216.
5910:
5887:
5864:
5862:, August 2002.
5851:
5829:
5799:
5773:
5741:
5729:
5709:
5689:
5634:Tajik language
5569:
5549:
5533:
5526:
5508:
5478:
5459:(2): 213–216.
5443:
5436:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5392:Geolinguistics
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Persian metres
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Middle Persian
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5212:
5194:
5191:
5175:Latin alphabet
5167:Tajik language
5161:Tajik alphabet
5159:Main article:
5156:
5155:Tajik alphabet
5153:
5120:, was used in
5098:Main article:
5095:
5094:Latin alphabet
5092:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5034:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:Isolated form
4885:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:Isolated form
4668:
4654:
4651:
4526:"generosity",
4473:Main article:
4470:
4467:
4459:Tajik alphabet
4417:Persian script
4395:
4392:
4321:Serbo-Croatian
4278:Bahrani Arabic
4132:Middle Persian
4105:
4102:
4094:form new words
4085:
4082:
4077:Main article:
4074:
4071:
4039:(S) (PP) (O) V
4030:
4027:
4017:natural gender
4000:
3997:
3992:Main article:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3077:
3074:
3047:Main article:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2962:Caucasian Tat
2956:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2902:
2855:Tehrani accent
2838:
2837:
2813:
2802:Afghan Persian
2789:
2752:
2749:
2711:
2708:
2703:فرهنگ کاتوزیان
2693:لغت انجمن علمی
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2552:. Employed by
2531:mixed language
2523:Bengali Muslim
2515:Divan of Hafez
2458:Persian poem,
2446:Persian poem,
2426:Main article:
2423:
2420:
2403:in modern-day
2389:Rumili Farsisi
2358:
2355:
2304:Persian on an
2297:
2294:
2186:Greater Persia
2139:
2136:
2091:Samanid Empire
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2000:
1997:
1954:, New Persian
1929:Zoroastrianism
1893:Slemani Museum
1881:Middle Persian
1872:Middle Persian
1870:Main article:
1867:
1866:Middle Persian
1864:
1783:, Turkey, and
1721:Main article:
1718:
1715:
1691:
1688:
1670:uses the code
1662:uses the code
1655:
1652:
1625:forsi-i tojikī
1591:Afghan Persian
1535:
1532:
1522:is due to the
1502:Middle Persian
1349:
1346:
1317:
1316:Classification
1314:
1286:Iranian Azeris
1255:Rahi Mo'ayyeri
1251:Sohrab Sepehri
1202:Nizami Ganjavi
1135:Persian poetry
1049:Middle Persian
1038:Tajik alphabet
1010:Tajiki Persian
959:Iranian branch
872:, you may see
860:
853:
852:
851:
848:
847:
834:, you may see
820:
819:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
778:
770:
769:
766:
758:
757:
752:
750:
744:
743:
736:
728:
727:
645:Tajik language
607:
599:
598:
571:
563:
562:
553:
545:
544:
543:Language codes
540:
539:
537:
536:
530:
524:
517:
515:
509:
508:
507:
506:
489:
488:
478:
468:
462:
460:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
446:
445:
440:
434:
428:
421:Tajik alphabet
418:
403:
401:
397:Writing system
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
311:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
296:Afghan Persian
293:
287:
285:
283:Standard forms
282:
279:
278:
276:
275:
274:
273:
266:Middle Persian
259:
257:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
210:
208:
201:
198:
197:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
161:
151:
146:
141:
135:
125:
115:
109:
107:
106:Native to
103:
102:
87:
83:
82:
68:
60:
59:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13428:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13338:
13336:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13300:
13299:
13294:
13290:
13288:
13284:
13281:
13280:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13265:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13252:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13240:
13236:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13208:
13204:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13130:
13127:
13126:
13124:
13120:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13097:
13089:
13086:
13085:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13059:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13034:
13029:
13015:
13014:
13010:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12993:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12946:
12944:
12940:
12934:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12904:
12896:
12893:
12889:
12886:
12885:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12878:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12836:
12834:
12828:
12825:
12824:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12801:
12800:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12780:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12765:
12761:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12666:
12665:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12653:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12636:
12633:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12614:
12610:
12609:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12598:
12595:
12594:
12593:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12552:
12547:
12545:
12540:
12538:
12533:
12532:
12529:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12418:
12416:
12412:
12406:
12403:
12402:
12400:
12396:
12389:
12378:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12353:
12350:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12334:
12325:
12320:
12318:
12313:
12311:
12306:
12305:
12302:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12248:
12245:
12244:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12189:
12187:
12183:
12177:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12158:
12149:
12144:
12142:
12137:
12135:
12130:
12129:
12126:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12067:
12063:
12055:
12054:
12050:
12049:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12031:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12021:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12006:
12004:
12000:
11999:
11998:
11995:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11961:
11952:
11947:
11945:
11940:
11938:
11933:
11932:
11929:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11907:
11901:
11898:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11876:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11854:
11850:
11847:
11845:
11842:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11820:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11804:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11767:
11758:
11753:
11751:
11746:
11744:
11739:
11738:
11735:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11708:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11693:
11691:
11689:
11685:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11629:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11498:
11493:
11484:
11479:
11477:
11472:
11470:
11465:
11464:
11461:
11447:
11443:
11440:
11436:
11432:
11429:
11428:
11424:
11417:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11407:
11395:
11394:
11390:
11388:
11387:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11365:Caucasian Tat
11363:
11362:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11307:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11251:
11247:
11245:
11244:
11240:
11238:
11237:
11233:
11229:
11226:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11134:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11107:
11103:
11097:
11096:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11075:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11065:
11063:
11062:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11007:
11005:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10997:
10993:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10971:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10924:
10922:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10909:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10887:Proto-Iranian
10885:
10884:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10867:
10862:
10860:
10855:
10853:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10787:
10785:
10783:Organizations
10781:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10755:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10728:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10707:
10701:
10700:Tajik grammar
10698:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10681:
10677:
10671:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10616:
10614:
10613:Judeo-Persian
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10525:
10522:
10517:
10514:
10509:
10506:
10503:(c. 1500 BCE)
10501:
10500:Proto-Iranian
10498:
10495:(c. 2000 BCE)
10493:
10490:
10487:(c. 3000 BCE)
10485:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10462:
10457:
10455:
10450:
10448:
10443:
10442:
10439:
10432:
10429:
10426:
10423:
10420:
10417:
10414:
10411:
10407:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10386:
10383:
10377:
10374:
10369:
10366:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10338:. W. H. Allen
10337:
10336:
10330:
10326:
10320:
10316:
10311:
10299:
10298:
10292:
10280:
10279:
10273:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10250:
10246:
10244:0-936347-29-5
10240:
10236:
10235:
10229:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10206:
10194:
10190:
10189:
10183:
10171:
10167:
10166:
10160:
10148:
10144:
10143:
10137:
10133:
10131:3-88226-413-6
10127:
10123:
10118:
10106:
10102:
10101:
10095:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10073:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10051:
10039:
10035:
10034:
10028:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10003:
9991:
9987:
9986:
9980:
9976:
9974:0-7007-1695-5
9970:
9966:
9961:
9949:
9945:
9944:
9938:
9927:on 3 May 2012
9926:
9922:
9916:
9912:
9911:
9905:
9894:
9890:
9889:
9883:
9871:
9870:
9864:
9852:
9848:
9847:
9841:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9818:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9792:
9781:
9780:
9774:
9762:
9758:
9757:
9751:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9728:
9716:
9715:
9709:
9698:
9694:
9693:
9687:
9675:
9671:
9670:
9664:
9652:
9648:
9647:
9641:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9618:
9614:
9608:
9604:
9599:
9587:
9583:
9581:9789197988674
9577:
9573:
9572:
9566:
9554:
9550:
9549:
9543:
9531:
9527:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9466:9789231032110
9462:
9458:
9457:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9366:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9344:
9338:
9334:
9328:
9325:. Routledge.
9324:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9298:
9294:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9251:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9145:
9141:
9139:90-04-14323-8
9135:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9108:
9104:
9099:
9095:
9093:0-521-20093-8
9089:
9085:
9082:. Cambridge:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9057:. Routledge.
9056:
9051:
9047:
9041:
9038:. C.H. Beck.
9037:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8923:
8915:
8909:
8904:
8888:
8884:
8883:"Bashgah.net"
8877:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8796:. Routledge.
8795:
8794:
8786:
8780:
8777:
8771:
8764:
8760:
8757:
8752:
8736:
8732:
8730:9781441151278
8726:
8722:
8721:
8713:
8697:
8693:
8687:
8680:
8674:
8667:
8661:
8655:, p. 99.
8654:
8649:
8647:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8619:
8612:
8606:
8599:
8593:
8577:
8573:
8571:9781136283888
8567:
8563:
8562:
8554:
8538:
8534:
8532:0-415-02311-4
8528:
8524:
8523:
8515:
8513:
8504:
8498:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8460:
8458:0-936347-29-5
8454:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8437:
8429:
8427:0-415-30804-6
8423:
8419:
8415:
8408:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8381:
8374:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8306:
8300:
8296:
8293:
8291:modality..."
8287:
8277:
8267:
8260:
8259:Windfuhr 1979
8255:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8192:
8185:
8177:
8171:
8167:
8160:
8144:
8140:
8138:9788170992141
8134:
8130:
8129:
8121:
8113:
8111:1-4039-6276-6
8107:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8077:
8073:
8067:
8063:
8062:
8054:
8047:
8035:
8031:
8029:0-521-63764-3
8025:
8021:
8020:
8012:
8004:
8003:
7997:
7992:
7986:
7970:
7966:
7964:9780520262690
7960:
7956:
7955:
7947:
7945:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7911:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7878:984-32-0576-6
7874:
7870:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7845:
7829:
7825:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7779:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7751:
7747:
7740:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7664:, p. 69.
7663:
7658:
7656:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7616:
7610:, p. 68.
7609:
7604:
7602:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7562:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7523:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7483:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7456:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7411:according to
7408:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7377:
7371:
7367:
7360:
7351:
7344:
7343:Public Domain
7338:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7314:
7307:
7302:
7295:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7277:
7275:90-04-13974-5
7271:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7247:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7186:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7154:, p. 53.
7153:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7110:
7105:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7013:. Routledge.
7012:
7011:
7003:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6975:
6970:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6779:
6771:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6746:
6739:
6730:
6720:
6711:
6695:
6691:
6689:9781136258466
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6528:
6522:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6483:Scott, Robert
6480:
6476:
6467:
6459:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6434:
6418:
6414:
6412:9780199088751
6408:
6404:
6403:
6395:
6388:
6383:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6336:
6328:
6315:
6311:
6309:1-884964-36-2
6305:
6301:
6300:
6292:
6290:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6225:
6221:
6219:90-04-10763-0
6215:
6211:
6210:
6202:
6200:
6183:
6179:
6177:9781315511078
6173:
6170:. Routledge.
6169:
6168:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6062:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5869:
5861:
5855:
5848:
5843:
5836:
5834:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5725:
5724:lingua franca
5721:
5716:
5714:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5652:Aimaq dialect
5647:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5527:0-7103-0188-X
5523:
5519:
5512:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5439:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5017:
5016:
5005:
5004:
5000:) changes to
4993:
4992:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4960:) changes to
4953:
4939:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:Initial form
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4842:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:Initial form
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4650:
4634:
4620:
4606:
4592:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4534:"cream", and
4533:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4435:Arabic script
4428:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4391:
4388:
4387:sepās-gozāram
4378:
4368:
4362:
4351:
4340:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:; as well as
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4191:
4180:
4169:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4146:John R. Perry
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:agglutination
4080:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3995:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3655:
3654:Windfuhr 1979
3649:
3644:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3597:Pisowicz 1985
3592:
3587:
3582:
3564:
3555:
3538:
3529:
3511:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3358:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3055:
3050:
3033:
3032:Western Farsi
3030:
3028:
3027:Judeo-Persian
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:Tati language
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:Fars Province
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:Tajik Persian
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:Qajar dynasty
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Qajar dynasty
2623:
2617:Qajar dynasty
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:Hasht Bihisht
2334:
2333:Idris Bidlisi
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:Mughal Empire
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:lingua franca
2172:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:lingua franca
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:Arabic script
2034:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:Arabic script
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:P. O. Skjærvø
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1669:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1626:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Iranian Kurds
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Ahmad Shamlou
1240:
1236:
1235:Saadi Shirazi
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Arabic script
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
943:
933:
930:
926:
925:
916:
883:
875:
871:
867:
865:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
821:
776:
771:
764:
759:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
734:
729:
726:
725:Caucasian Tat
723: –
721:
716:
713: –
711:
706:
703: –
701:
696:
693: –
691:
686:
685:Judeo-Persian
683: –
681:
676:
673: –
671:
666:
663: –
661:
656:
655:Aimaq dialect
653: –
651:
646:
643: –
641:
636:
633: –
631:
626:
623: –
621:
612:
608:
605:
600:
595:
590:
582:
577:
572:
569:
564:
559:
554:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
529:(Afghanistan)
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
516:
514:
510:
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
461:
455:
450:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
416:
412:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
392:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
366:Caucasian Tat
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Judeo-Persian
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
308:
302:
301:Tajik Persian
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
286:
280:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
262:
258:
252:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:Indo-European
209:
205:
199:
193:
188:
185:
181:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
108:
104:
98:
92:
88:
86:Pronunciation
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
13282:
13266:
13245:Kalmyk Oirat
13151:Pontic Greek
13072:
13011:
12875:
12802:
12608:Old Georgian
12606:
12585:(Kartvelian)
12572:
12435:
12241:
12081:
12051:
12009:
12001:
11986:
11833:
11513:
11497:Languages of
11430:
11391:
11384:
11359:
11352:
11248:
11241:
11234:
11183:
11161:
11113:
11104:
11093:
11073:
11066:
11059:
11015:
11008:
11001:
10968:
10809:Other topics
10619:
10467:
10379:(in Persian)
10371:(in Persian)
10362:(in Persian)
10340:. Retrieved
10334:
10314:
10302:. Retrieved
10296:
10283:. Retrieved
10277:
10264:. Retrieved
10254:
10233:
10220:. Retrieved
10210:
10197:. Retrieved
10187:
10174:. Retrieved
10164:
10151:. Retrieved
10141:
10121:
10109:. Retrieved
10099:
10086:. Retrieved
10077:
10064:. Retrieved
10055:
10042:. Retrieved
10032:
10019:. Retrieved
10010:
9994:. Retrieved
9984:
9964:
9952:. Retrieved
9942:
9929:. Retrieved
9925:the original
9909:
9896:. Retrieved
9887:
9874:. Retrieved
9868:
9855:. Retrieved
9845:
9832:. Retrieved
9822:
9809:. Retrieved
9799:
9783:. Retrieved
9778:
9765:. Retrieved
9755:
9742:. Retrieved
9732:
9719:. Retrieved
9713:
9700:. Retrieved
9691:
9678:. Retrieved
9668:
9655:. Retrieved
9645:
9632:. Retrieved
9622:
9602:
9590:. Retrieved
9586:the original
9570:
9557:. Retrieved
9547:
9534:. Retrieved
9530:the original
9506:
9478:
9455:
9435:
9418:
9395:
9370:
9363:
9322:
9302:
9282:
9255:
9254:Volume VIII:
9248:
9210:
9190:
9180:
9161:
9152:
9129:
9106:
9078:
9054:
9034:
9011:. Retrieved
9007:the original
8997:
8985:. Retrieved
8971:
8959:. Retrieved
8950:
8941:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8903:
8891:. Retrieved
8887:the original
8876:
8864:. Retrieved
8850:
8838:. Retrieved
8824:
8812:. Retrieved
8792:
8785:
8770:
8751:
8739:. Retrieved
8719:
8712:
8700:. Retrieved
8686:
8678:
8673:
8665:
8660:
8625:
8618:
8610:
8605:
8597:
8592:
8580:. Retrieved
8560:
8553:
8541:. Retrieved
8521:
8485:. Retrieved
8480:
8467:
8447:
8436:
8417:
8407:
8387:
8380:
8349:. Retrieved
8345:
8335:
8327:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8286:
8276:
8266:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8233:
8223:
8211:. Retrieved
8197:
8184:
8165:
8159:
8147:. Retrieved
8127:
8120:
8102:Eternal Iran
8101:
8095:
8087:
8080:. Retrieved
8060:
8053:
8045:
8038:. Retrieved
8018:
8011:
8000:
7985:
7973:. Retrieved
7953:
7931:. Retrieved
7920:
7910:
7900:20 September
7898:. Retrieved
7862:
7844:
7832:. Retrieved
7812:
7805:
7796:
7786:
7777:
7749:
7739:
7729:
7721:
7714:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7683:
7669:
7642:. Retrieved
7622:
7615:
7588:. Retrieved
7568:
7561:
7549:. Retrieved
7529:
7522:
7509:. Retrieved
7489:
7467:
7462:
7453:
7446:. Retrieved
7437:
7427:
7407:
7365:
7359:
7350:
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7265:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7236:
7226:
7219:Skjærvø 2006
7204:Skjærvø 2006
7185:
7173:. Retrieved
7159:
7152:Schmitt 2000
7147:
7135:
7123:
7109:Schmitt 2008
7104:
7092:. Retrieved
7072:
7066:
7060:
7052:
7047:
7039:
7034:
7009:
7002:
6994:
6990:Skjærvø 2006
6974:Skjærvø 2006
6969:
6957:. Retrieved
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6917:
6905:. Retrieved
6896:
6886:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6856:. Retrieved
6847:
6837:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6804:
6797:. Retrieved
6788:
6778:
6759:
6753:
6744:
6738:
6729:
6719:
6710:
6698:. Retrieved
6679:
6669:
6657:. Retrieved
6638:
6628:
6616:. Retrieved
6596:
6589:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6549:
6525:
6521:
6510:
6500:
6486:
6466:
6441:
6433:
6421:. Retrieved
6401:
6394:
6382:
6362:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6325:
6320:28 September
6318:. Retrieved
6298:
6276:. Retrieved
6272:the original
6249:
6228:. Retrieved
6208:
6186:. Retrieved
6166:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6138:
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6107:
6083:
6079:
6060:
6053:. Retrieved
6044:
6034:
6025:
6021:
6015:
5985:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5948:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5904:
5897:. Retrieved
5877:
5859:
5854:
5845:
5841:
5820:. Retrieved
5816:the original
5811:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5755:
5744:
5732:
5704:
5673:
5655:
5637:
5619:
5601:
5583:
5561:
5552:
5544:
5517:
5511:
5499:. Retrieved
5490:
5481:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5427:
5372:Persian name
5287:
5249:
5196:
5164:
5130:
5115:
5103:
5071:
5064:
5050:
5026:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4961:
4951:
4949:
4937:
4893:Medial form
4847:
4840:
4800:
4760:
4720:
4676:Medial form
4656:
4586:
4563:
4557:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4478:
4447:Central Asia
4432:
4427:Book Pahlavi
4376:
4350:motešakkeram
4329:
4150:
4144:
4121:
4087:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4002:
3983:
3952:
3686:
3682:
3586:Samareh 1977
3583:
3569:merged with
3563:Wāw-e ma'rūf
3562:
3554:Wāw-e majhūl
3553:
3537:Yā-ye ma'rūf
3536:
3528:Yā-ye majhūl
3527:
3512:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3470:"milk", and
3467:
3458:
3448:merged into
3436:merged into
3363:
3052:
2949:
2938:
2908:
2878:
2869:
2862:
2839:
2821:
2815:
2805:
2801:
2798:Dari Persian
2797:
2791:
2786:Persian Gulf
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2715:
2713:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2647:
2628:
2570:
2564:, preceding
2550:subcontinent
2539:
2530:
2514:
2500:
2482:conquest of
2472:Central Asia
2469:
2459:
2409:
2388:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2310:
2242:Shirvanshahs
2226:Khwarazmians
2183:
2160:
2153:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2080:
2054:and used in
2047:
2040:
2032:
2018:
2011:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1903:The complex
1902:
1853:
1803:
1802:(along with
1799:
1795:
1789:
1746:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1657:
1648:Soviet Union
1641:
1629:
1615:
1598:
1590:
1574:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1505:
1481:
1472:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1376:
1353:
1351:
1319:
1309:
1267:
1239:Nima Yooshij
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1187:
1173:
1171:
1131:Muslim world
1124:
1104:inscriptions
1080:Central Asia
1073:
1046:
1026:Greater Iran
1013:
1005:
1002:Dari Persian
997:
931:
881:
880:
864:Persian text
861:
823:
748:Linguasphere
731:
535:(Tajikistan)
491:
321:Dari/Eastern
236:
217:Indo-Iranian
149:Turkmenistan
69:
36:
13215:Azerbaijani
12217:Azerbaijani
12030:Neo-Aramaic
11582:Mazanderani
11530:Azerbaijani
11386:Old Persian
11223:Mazanderani
11017:Khwarezmian
10902:New Iranian
10892:Old Iranian
10618:Judeo-Tat (
10524:New Persian
10508:Old Persian
9931:18 February
9592:18 February
9356:Pellat, Ch.
9245:Lecomte, G.
9109:. New York.
9026:Works cited
9013:13 December
8779:Iranica.com
8582:18 November
8543:18 November
8244:27 February
7793:Green, Nile
7774:Green, Nile
7746:Green, Nile
7662:Spuler 2003
7608:Spuler 2003
7330:Lazard 1975
7306:Lazard 1975
7175:5 September
6995:Excerpt 2:
6951:. Sil.org.
6925:. Sil.org.
6327:literature.
6230:4 September
6149:30 December
6008:Lazard 1975
5792:25 February
5784:. Sil.org.
5766:25 February
5088:South Sudan
4991:teh marbuta
4890:Final form
4878:'language'
4673:Final form
4394:Orthography
4280:; and even
4128:Mesopotamia
4098:compounding
3924:Approximant
3608:Najafi 2001
3479:"quick" vs
3461:"lion" vs.
2810:Afghanistan
2576:especially
2562:Sikh Empire
2542:Hindu Shahi
2397:Aşık Çelebi
2341:Salim-Namah
2290:Kublai Khan
2218:Karakhanids
2179:Persianized
2177:under the "
2085:(820–872),
2056:Zoroastrian
1999:New Persian
1936:native name
1860:Zoroastrian
1767:, Romania (
1733:Old Persian
1723:Old Persian
1717:Old Persian
1682:). It uses
1597:. The term
1415:, the term
1388:Old Persian
1308:. The term
1108:Zoroastrian
1057:Old Persian
979:Afghanistan
838:instead of
471:Afghanistan
415:Afghanistan
376:Madaklashti
261:Old Persian
255:Early forms
118:Afghanistan
72:written in
13335:Categories
12995:Circassian
12656:Avar–Andic
12626:Mingrelian
12264:Lithuanian
12254:Belarusian
11856:Indo Aryan
11648:Circassian
11061:Sarghulami
10981:Yazghulami
10934:Ishkashimi
10757:Literature
10653:Vocabulary
10527:(from 800)
9475:Rypka, Jan
9459:. UNESCO.
9369:Volume IV:
9228:"Sāmānids"
8935:: 117–186.
8908:Smith 1989
8856:"DAGESTAN"
8653:Perry 2005
8373:Perry 2005
8149:13 January
7975:13 January
7834:21 October
7728:, (title:
7726:Nile Green
7644:21 October
7590:21 October
7493:. UNESCO.
7318:Perry 2011
7128:Kuhrt 2013
6877:al-Madāʾen
6700:30 October
6659:30 October
6387:Perry 2005
5981:0415173124
5822:18 January
5756:Ethnologue
5675:Ethnologue
5657:Ethnologue
5639:Ethnologue
5621:Ethnologue
5603:Ethnologue
5585:Ethnologue
5501:7 November
5169:under the
5122:Tajikistan
4946:Variations
4455:Tajikistan
4361:motešakker
4306:Indonesian
4108:See also:
4104:Influences
4073:Vocabulary
4005:morphology
3999:Morphology
3691:Consonants
3643:Hayes 1979
3547:(known as
2971:Muslim Tat
2830:Uzbekistan
2826:Tajikistan
2606:Qajar Iran
2586:Hindustani
2573:Hindustani
2529:; meaning
2484:South Asia
2476:South Asia
2432:See also:
2416:Ahmed Sudi
2393:Persianate
2329:Shia Islam
2286:Marco Polo
2214:Ghaznavids
2167:literature
2142:See also:
1909:declension
1808:Lake Urmia
1753:Achaemenid
1741:Persepolis
1310:Persophone
1112:Manichaean
1100:Manichaean
1084:South Asia
1022:Persianate
1018:Uzbekistan
983:Tajikistan
481:Tajikistan
425:Tajikistan
371:Armeno-Tat
154:Azerbaijan
140:(as Tajik)
138:Uzbekistan
128:Tajikistan
13293:varieties
13285:indicate
13113:Ukrainian
13088:Judeo-Tat
13005:Kabardian
12968:Northwest
12813:Southern
12793:Tabasaran
12648:(Caspian)
12645:Northeast
12592:Karto-Zan
12569:Caucasian
12456:Malayalam
12421:Larestani
12269:Tabasaran
12212:Ukrainian
11883:Malayalam
11878:Dravidian
11446:varieties
11433:indicate
11354:Pahlavani
11346:Bakhtiari
11331:Kuhmareyi
11321:Bashkardi
11243:Old Azeri
10954:Sanglechi
10670:Phonology
9379:758278456
9352:Lewis, B.
9149:"Persian"
8866:2 January
8840:2 January
8702:2 January
7895:30677644M
7851:"Persian"
7294:Paul 2000
7254:, p. 129.
7140:Frye 1984
6865:Northeast
6676:"Persian"
6560:3 October
5940:0263-4937
5727:Persian."
5473:0263-4937
5408:Citations
5209:Nastaʿlīq
5132:Fingilish
5072:However,
4653:Additions
4382:سپاسگزارم
4367:moččakker
4310:Malaysian
4286:Malayalam
4190:sarlaškar
4063:(S) (O +
3838:Fricative
3711:Post-alv.
3559:واو معروف
3550:واو مجهول
3533:یای معروف
3524:یای مجهول
3043:Phonology
3005:Pahlavani
2966:Judeo-Tat
2952:Glottolog
2933:Judeo-Tat
2917:Hormozgan
2751:Varieties
2546:Ghaznavid
2517:today. A
2480:Ghaznavid
2464:Agra Fort
2448:Agra Fort
2381:Giannitsa
2250:Afsharids
2060:Ctesiphon
2013:Shahnameh
1800:Parsuwash
1796:Parsuwash
1668:ISO 639-3
1660:ISO 639-1
1654:ISO codes
1603:Ctesiphon
1469:Iranology
1362:Persiānus
1352:The term
1332:in their
1207:The Divān
1196:Panj Ganj
1175:Shahnameh
1076:West Asia
985:in three
733:Glottolog
715:Judeo-Tat
695:Pahlavani
604:ISO 639-3
568:ISO 639-2
550:ISO 639-1
361:Judeo-Tat
336:Pahlavani
170:; as Tat)
78:Nastaʿlīq
13301:See also
13255:Assyrian
13129:Armenian
13068:Ossetian
13061:Kurmanji
13039:European
12971:(Pontic)
12949:Khinalug
12924:Khwarshi
12909:(Didoic)
12835:Western
12779:Eastern
12697:Chamalal
12692:Godoberi
12679:Bagvalal
12597:Georgian
12561:Caucasus
12506:Mandarin
12289:Ossetian
12259:Georgian
12227:Armenian
12042:Armenian
12011:Kurmanji
11979:Standard
11900:Armenian
11658:Georgian
11643:Assyrian
11638:Armenian
11545:Kurmanji
11375:Hazaragi
11326:Garmsiri
11266:Sangsari
11261:Lasgerdi
11250:Parthian
11228:Tabaroid
11196:Kurmanji
11152:Ashtiani
11121:Yaghnobi
11079:Ossetian
11068:Scythian
11043:Southern
11038:Northern
11010:Bactrian
10959:Sarikoli
10929:Bartangi
10593:Hazaragi
10260:Archived
10216:Archived
10193:Archived
10170:Archived
10147:Archived
10105:Archived
10038:Archived
9990:Archived
9948:Archived
9851:Archived
9828:Archived
9805:Archived
9797:(1783).
9761:Archived
9738:Archived
9674:Archived
9651:Archived
9628:Archived
9553:Archived
9477:(1968).
9371:Iran–Kha
9362:(eds.).
9247:(eds.).
8981:Archived
8961:18 March
8955:Archived
8860:Archived
8834:Archived
8808:Archived
8759:Archived
8741:23 April
8735:Archived
8696:Archived
8576:Archived
8537:Archived
8295:Archived
8271:1913–38.
8238:Archived
8213:30 March
8204:Archived
8143:Archived
8076:Archived
8034:Archived
7969:Archived
7927:Archived
7887:52727562
7828:Archived
7720:Chapter
7638:Archived
7584:Archived
7551:18 April
7545:Archived
7511:18 April
7505:Archived
7442:Archived
7416:Archived
7396:Archived
7237:Anabasis
7232:Xenophon
7169:Archived
7088:Archived
7027:Sinkiang
6953:Archived
6927:Archived
6901:Archived
6869:abaršahr
6858:18 March
6852:Archived
6793:Archived
6694:Archived
6653:Archived
6612:Archived
6554:Archived
6507:"Persia"
6417:Archived
6314:Archived
6224:Archived
6182:Archived
6143:Archived
6112:Archived
6049:Archived
5893:Archived
5786:Archived
5760:Archived
5495:Archived
5308:See also
5193:Examples
5126:Cyrillic
4982:becomes
4867:/zaβaːn/
4841:ge (gāf)
4761:če (che)
4518:"worm",
4441:and the
4345:متشکّرَم
4317:Albanian
4304:such as
4266:Assyrian
4254:Georgian
4252:such as
4222:Chagatai
4216:such as
4210:Armenian
4208:such as
4201:daryābān
4153:Mongolic
4067:) (PP) V
4043:subjects
3706:Alveolar
3013:Bukharic
3009:Tajikic
3000:Hazaragi
2883:Lorestan
2784:and the
2671:rāh-āhan
2594:Kashmiri
2554:Punjabis
2527:Dobhashi
2438:Dobhashi
2412:Istanbul
2373:Sarajevo
2350:madrasas
2321:Ottomans
2278:Ottomans
2246:Safavids
2210:Timurids
2202:Ziyarids
2198:Tahirids
2165:used in
2064:Khorasan
2008:Ferdowsi
1919:(modern
1849:language
1847:spoke a
1841:Xenophon
1761:Darius I
1611:Parthian
1398:𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿
1270:Persians
1224:Gulistan
1209:of Hafez
1180:Ferdowsi
1163:Georgian
1159:Armenian
1151:Pashtuns
1143:Anatolia
1139:Ottomans
953:), is a
844:Help:IPA
740:fars1254
499:Dagestan
341:Hazaragi
310:Dialects
183:Speakers
168:Dagestan
13283:Italics
13225:Turkmen
13220:Turkish
13174:Kipchak
13139:Western
13134:Eastern
13108:Russian
13073:Persian
13056:Kurdish
13048:Iranian
12883:Chechen
12877:Arshtin
12871:Vainakh
12844:Tsakhur
12754:Kubachi
12688:Botlikh
12674:Akhvakh
12573:(areal)
12516:Swahili
12496:Tagalog
12486:Russian
12481:Balochi
12466:Punjabi
12461:Bengali
12451:Kannada
12441:Cebuano
12436:Persian
12405:English
12362:Emirati
12242:Persian
12237:Lezgian
12232:Kurdish
12222:Baluchi
12192:Russian
12176:Turkmen
12092:Shabaki
12082:Persian
12047:Turkish
11997:Kurdish
11866:Punjabi
11839:Balochi
11834:Persian
11829:Iranian
11813:English
11790:Bahrani
11701:Russian
11696:English
11668:Jadgali
11617:Semnani
11612:Turkmen
11607:Qashqai
11592:Balochi
11540:Kurdish
11514:Persian
11435:extinct
11431:Italics
11416:Badeshi
11360:Persian
11336:Kumzari
11278:Taleshi
11271:Sorkhei
11256:Semnani
11211:Kordali
11191:Kurdish
11185:Gorgani
11163:Daylami
11157:Balochi
11137:Western
11115:Sogdian
11074:Alanian
11048:Wanetsi
11033:Central
11023:Parachi
11003:Avestan
10964:Shughni
10949:Roshani
10912:Eastern
10880:History
10679:Grammar
10637:Dehwari
10632:Sistani
10627:Bukhori
10576:Iranian
10476:History
10419:Persian
9434:(ed.).
9394:(ed.).
9281:(ed.).
9256:Ned–Sam
9076:(ed.).
8987:13 July
8893:13 July
8881:Pasad.
8522:Persian
8082:29 July
8040:29 July
7933:2 March
7795:(ed.).
7776:(ed.).
7748:(ed.).
7517:, p 734
7094:20 June
6959:5 March
6933:5 March
6907:22 July
6799:22 July
6618:22 July
6491:at the
6448:523–546
6423:10 July
6188:12 June
6118:10 July
6055:10 July
5899:20 June
5580:Persian
5270:Tajiki
5237:
4876:/zæbɒn/
4646:پ چ ژ گ
4598:ز ذ ض ظ
4559:harakat
4501:Avestan
4493:Pahlavi
4439:Russian
4415:cursive
4234:Turkmen
4230:Turkish
4196:دریابان
4179:qoʻshin
4140:Islamic
4051:objects
3988:Grammar
3953:Notes:
3731:Glottal
3716:Palatal
3285:Central
2995:Dehwari
2978:Farsic
2945:Balochi
2851:Basseri
2788:states.
2766:Persian
2736:Russian
2676:راهآهن
2656:of the
2639:Russian
2590:Punjabi
2519:Bengali
2466:, India
2401:Prizren
2368:Rumelia
2363:Balkans
2325:Selim I
2222:Seljuqs
2076:Sogdian
2072:eastern
1993:Persian
1989:Pahlavi
1975:Pahlavi
1887:on the
1856:Avestan
1777:Bahrain
1773:Armenia
1690:History
1607:Parthia
1556:Persian
1540:Persian
1506:Persian
1450:Persian
1439:endonym
1431:Persian
1417:Persian
1354:Persian
1342:Balochi
1338:Kurdish
1324:of the
1294:Balochs
1282:Hazaras
1147:Mughals
1133:, with
1106:and in
1096:Pahlavi
1092:Aramaic
998:Persian
965:of the
961:of the
929:endonym
882:Persian
840:Unicode
781:Legend
705:Dehwari
592: (
579: (
386:Sistani
381:Kuwaiti
356:Dehwari
331:Bukhori
237:Persian
222:Iranian
42:Persian
13260:Bohtan
13238:Others
13165:Turkic
13146:German
13122:Others
13100:Slavic
13078:Talysh
13000:Adyghe
12988:Abkhaz
12978:Abazgi
12942:Others
12929:Hinukh
12920:Hunzib
12916:Bezhta
12907:Tsezic
12895:Ingush
12817:Budukh
12788:Lezgin
12776:Samur
12764:Lezgic
12749:Kaitag
12744:Itsari
12732:Dargwa
12727:Chirag
12719:Dargin
12702:Karata
12511:Telugu
12501:Nepali
12491:Somali
12471:Sindhi
12446:Pashto
12367:Shihhi
12352:Arabic
12279:Dungan
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