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long and 18 m (59 ft), built from brick and standing on a foundation around 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) above the ground, with a wooden staircase. Each of the four sides of the palace was defended by a watchtower that stood approximately 9 m (30 ft). After Nguyễn Ánh became emperor, he established his capital in Hue, and no longer used the palace, which was used by the governor of the southern region. The administration quarters continued to be used by the provincial mandarins and their paperwork was archived within. A cemetery stood at the western end of the citadel, with prominent mandarins being interred there, while the arsenal was located in the northeast section in six large buildings. Soldiers lived in huts that were built throughout the grounds of the citadel. White estimated that the fort was equipped with around 250 cannons, primarily made of brass.
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558:, the head of the inquiry, called for Duyet's posthumous prosecution, which resulted in 100 lashes being applied to his grave. Many of Duyệt's subordinates were arrested and 16 of his family members were executed. This action prompted the Duyệt's officials—fearful of their positions and security under the central system—to launch a revolt under the leadership of his adopted son Lê Văn Khôi. Historical opinion is divided with scholars contesting whether the humiliation of Duyệt or the loss of southern autonomy was the main catalyst.
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himself economically in preparation to fight the Tây Sơn. He used the newfound security to undertake agrarian reforms. Due to Tây Sơn naval raids on the rice crop, the area had been suffering long term rice shortages. Although the land was extremely fertile, the region was agriculturally underexploited because it had been occupied by
Vietnamese people only relatively recently. Nguyễn Ánh's programs resulted in large amounts of previously idle land being cultivated. Large surpluses of grain, taxable by the state, were generated.
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Following the capture of the citadel, Minh Mạng ordered its razing and replacement with a smaller square stone-built structure, that was more vulnerable to attacks. On
February 17, 1859, the citadel was captured during the French invasion after less than a day of battle and significant amounts of military supplies were seized. Realising that they did not have the capacity to hold the fort against Vietnamese attempts to recapture it, the French razed it with explosives, before withdrawing their troops.
447:, described the fortress as being "of square form, and each side is about half a mile in extent". Lieutenant John White of the United States Navy, travelling as a trade envoy for the United States, claimed to have seen only four of the eight gates, but Crawfurd wrote that "With the exception of the four principal gateways...the gates consist of four large and as many small ones". The four small gates observed by Crawfurd are in accord with the design principles of Vauban.
42:
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463:, Arroyo Chinois and the Arroyo de l'Avalanche. Crawfurd reported that the walls were made of earth that was "covered everywhere with a green sward". White estimated that the height of walls was around 6 m (20 ft). According to Crawfurd, the gateways were built from stone and lime, with the towers being of Chinese architecture with a double-canopied appearance. The approach towards the gates include a zig-zag in the glacis.
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advantage. As a result, the French decided to evacuate and destroy the fort. This was achieved on March 8. Captain
Deroulede used 32 chests of explosives. He also razed the citadel by setting the rice granary ablaze, along with the weapons and munitions. The resulting fire was improbably claimed to have smoldered for a further three years. The French withdrew to the outskirts of the city, before returning to central Vietnam.
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346:, a French priest who became his adviser and played a large part in his rise to power. Over the next few decades, there were continuous attacks and counterattacks by both sides and Saigon changed hands frequently. Eventually, Nguyễn Ánh was forced into exile at Bangkok. The Tây Sơn regularly raided the rice growing areas of the south during the harvesting season, confiscating the Nguyễns' supply of food.
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incorrectly, firing at excessively high angles. The cannons were not easily adjusted and thus the
Vietnamese firepower was misdirected and ineffective. At around 10:00, Captain Des Pallieres led 300 French soldiers in an infantry attack. They used bamboo ladders to scale the walls under artillery support from the river. The defenders were caught off guard by this manoeuvre and many fled in chaos.
566:, the newly appointed Governor-General who was overseeing the integration of the south into the central administration. All of the centrally appointed officials were killed or fled the citadel. Surprise attacks caught the imperial garrisons off guard and within three days, all six southern provinces were in the hands of Khoi's forces. Khoi convinced a French priest named
403:, the official records of the Nguyễn dynasty. However, such records are believed to have been written metaphorically, rather than literally. Two French maps of the city, drawn by de Puymanel and Jean-Marie Dayot—another senior officer—in 1799 and 1815 respectively, show a square-shaped design, with four main towers at the corners, and six outer half-towers, centered at
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its use in the revolt. The new citadel, rebuilt in 1836, was much smaller and was much more susceptible to enfilade bombardment from a nearby waterway. The length of the square sides was 475 m (1,558 ft), surrounded by 20 m (66 ft) high walls, made from granite rocks, brick and earth. The fort was surrounded by deep moats.
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style was the decoration of the gates, which
Finlayson noted as "handsome and ornamented in the Chinese style". White recalled that the gates were reinforced by iron, a style that was common in Europe. The citadel was bordered on three sides by pre-existing waterways, increasing its defensive capacity.
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By 1800, the increased agricultural productivity allowed Nguyễn Ánh to support an army of more than 30,000 soldiers and a navy of more than 1,200 vessels. The surplus from the state granary was used to facilitate the importing of supplies for military purposes. Eventually, Nguyễn Ánh moved northwards
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Following the construction of the citadel, the Tây Sơn never again attempted to recapture the city—the building gave Nguyễn Ánh a further psychological advantage over his opponents. The citadel helped to secure the southern region, which allowed Nguyễn Ánh to implement domestic programs to strengthen
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The location was in complete fulfilment of the requirements of geomancy, with a north-west/south-east orientation. The three courses of water provided the "vital energy". As three waterways formed right angles, the square structure was the most suitable. The aspect of the citadel closest to a
Chinese
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In 1788, the Tây Sơn moved north to attack the Trịnh and unite
Vietnam. Nguyễn Ánh took advantage of the situation to return to southern Vietnam. After rebuilding his army, he recaptured Saigon on September 7, 1788. His grip on the south was enhanced by a group of Frenchmen and equipment that Pigneau
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led 500 French troops in hand-to-hand combat for seven hours, having used explosives to breach the citadel. At 14:00, the French seized control of the citadel. Two hours later, de
Genouilly declared the citadel as the new general headquarters of the French forces. The French seized a large arsenal.
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Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered that the citadel be dismantled in 1835. He then ordered that a new citadel be built in its place, which was still square-shaped, but only had four towers. The six outer towers in the original citadel were discarded. The destruction was seen as retribution for
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After Gia Long's death, Minh Mạng and Duyệt clashed frequently. As the southern governor, Duyet had significant autonomy, as only the centre of
Vietnam was under direct royal rule. Duyet was a supporter of Catholic missionaries, while Minh Mạng was a staunch Confucianist. Duyet often disobeyed Minh
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Nguyễn Ánh located his headquarters and palace inside the walls of the citadel. The palace itself was estimated by White to have covered an area of 3.25 hectares (8.0 acres), standing at the centre of the citadel on a green, enclosed by paling. The structure was approximately 30 m (98 ft)
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wrote that "the citadel of Saigon...is, in form, a parallelogram...I conjecture, from appearance, that the longest side of the square may be about three-quarters of a mile in length". George
Finlayson, a naturalist and surgeon who travelled to southern Vietnam as a member of a trade delegation from
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In mid-1834, the imperial forces managed to finally repel the Siamese invaders and gained the upper hand over the rebels, regaining control of the southern countryside and besieging the rebel fortress. Although Khôi died during the siege in November 1834, the rebels defending the citadel of Saigon
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On the night of May 18, 1833, Duyệt's supporters took control of the citadel, executing Nguyên and his subordinates. They then held a torch-lit ceremony at Duyệt's tomb, during which his adopted son Khôi formally rejected the imperial authority of Minh Mạng and declared his support for An Hoa, the
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Having seen Saigon slip from his hands on many occasions in the previous decade, Nguyễn Ánh was keen to strengthen his hold on the key southern city, turning it into his capital, and the base for his preparations for his planned conquest of the Tây Sơn and Vietnam. His enemies had regularly raided
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The two French maps of the citadel show a Vauban structure, as do the accounts of the trade delegates. According to Crawfurd, "the original plan appears to have been European, but left incomplete. It has a regular glacis, an esplanade, a dry ditch of considerable breadth, and regular ramparts and
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In 1833, his son Minh Mạng was faced with a rebellion led by Lê Văn Khôi, which started after the tomb of Khôi's father Lê Văn Duyệt was desecrated by imperial officials. The rebels took control of the citadel and the revolt continued until the imperial forces took control of the citadel in 1835.
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style "octagonal" citadel was built in 1790. Thereafter, the Tây Sơn never attacked southern Vietnam again, and the military protection allowed Nguyễn Ánh to get a foothold in the region. He used this to build an administration and strengthen his forces for a campaign that united Vietnam in 1802,
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sent 1,800 and 800 troops respectively, but French shelling prevented them from reaching the scene. This left the 5,800-strong local self-defence militia to combat the French. These militia engaged in ambushing French patrols near the citadel, as well as evacuating local inhabitants, in order to
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was responsible for the construction of fortifications. One of Nguyễn Ánh's first actions was to ask the French officers to design and oversee the construction of a modern European-style citadel in Saigon. The citadel was designed by Theodore Lebrun and de Puymanel and 30,000 people were used to
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to come and stay within the citadel, hoping that his presence would win over support from the local Catholics. Khoi's support of An Hoa was also calculated to gain Catholic support, because Canh had converted to Catholicism. He further called on Catholics to congregate in the citadel under his
459:, and commands the surrounding country." Lebrun and de Puymanel did not choose the site for the citadel, instead using the compound of a fort. The location was seen as ideal for such a purpose. It was of substantial elevation, with three sides bordered by natural waterways at right angles: the
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The French soldiers charged with holding the citadel soon became stretched by the guerrilla attacks on the military installation. De Genouilly had decided to withdraw some of his forces back to central Vietnam. In addition, the inland position of the French forces lessened their technological
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On February 17, 1859, the French warships opened fire on the citadel with artillery. This attack focused on the southeastern corner of the citadel, where most of the Vietnamese artillery had been installed. The Vietnamese artillery commanders had miscalculated and had set up their cannons
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Following the integration of southern Vietnam into the central administration, newly appointed imperial officials arrived in Saigon. The new mandarins carried out a detailed inquiry into Duyệt's rule and claimed that widespread corruption and abuse of power took place.
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bastion...The interior is neatly laid out and clean, and presents an appearance of European order and arrangement." Finlayson described the citadel as having been "constructed of late years, on the principles of European fortification. It is furnished with a regular
542:, the governor of southern Vietnam, came to a head after the death of the latter in 1831. Tension between the pair surfaced when Gia Long made Minh Mạng the heir to the throne. Duyet had opposed the succession, favouring the enthronement of a young son of the late
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in central Vietnam and attempted to proceed to the capital Hue. After becoming tied down, they sailed to the less defended south, targeting Saigon. The southern offensive started on February 10, 1859 with a naval bombardment of
338:. In 1777, the last of the Nguyễn lords was deposed and killed. His nephew Nguyễn Phúc Ánh was the most senior member of the Nguyễn family to have survived the Tây Sơn victory and conquest of Saigon in 1777. Nguyễn Ánh fled to
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Mạng's orders, and the emperor attempted to reduce the Duyet's autonomous power, which became easier with the general's death in 1831. The governor's post was abolished and the region was put under direct control.
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The design suggested by the French maps is corroborated by the accounts of British and American visitors who travelled to Saigon seeking trade deals for their respective countries in the 1820s. British trade envoy
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to the mouth of the Citadel of Saigon and opened fire with naval artillery from close range. The fort was manned by 1,000 soldiers and stored enough rice to feed 10,000 defenders for an entire year.
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635:, shot and sulphur were also seized. The Vietnamese material losses were estimated to be around 20 million francs. The citadel commander fled to another village before committing suicide.
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held out against imperial troops until September, 1835. The rebel commanders put to death. In all, between 500 and 2,000 citadel defenders were captured and executed, including Marchand.
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protection. Vietnamese priests went on to lead Catholic armies in fighting off imperial forces as well providing messengers to communicate with the world outside their besieged citadel.
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Mantienne, Frédéric (October 2003). "The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of the Nguyen".
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This included more than 200 cannons, 20,000 hand-held weapons such as firearms, pistols and swords, 100 tons of munitions, 80,000 tons of rice and 130,000 francs in cash.
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construct it in 1790. The townfolk and their mandarins were heavily taxed for the work, and the labourers were worked to the extent that it provoked a revolt.
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create an open space close to their target. The local militia were supported by wealthy southern landowners, who supplied them with food and resources.
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from its construction in 1790 until its destruction in February 1859. The citadel was only used once prior to its destruction, when it was captured by
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The French officers recruited by Pigneau were used to train Nguyễn Ánh's armed forces and introduce their technological expertise to the war effort.
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Most of the Vietnamese defence personnel were concentrated at the eastern gate of the citadel, where they stubbornly fought off the French.
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The citadel was not used during the rule of Gia Long and the only military action occurred after his son had ascended the throne as
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model. It was described as being of a Chinese style, designed in the octagonal form of a lotus flower, with eight gates in the
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615:. Within six days, the Europeans had levelled 12 Vietnamese fortresses and three river barriers. They then sailed along the
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237:) was a late 18th-century fortress that stood in Saigon (also known in the 19th century as Gia Định, now
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The stone and earth citadel eventually had a perimeter measuring 4,176 m (13,701 ft) in a
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Layout of the Citadel of Saigon after 1835. In this time, Citadel of Saigon was also called
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The process of Vietnam's colonisation began in 1858 when a Franco-Spanish force landed at
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and in 1802 he conquered all of Vietnam and became emperor, ruling under the name of
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434:. Louis Malleret said that "it is impossible to see any octagonal design in this".
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Layout of the original citadel. Before 1835, the citadel of Saigon was also called
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had recruited, although the magnitude of the aid has been the source of dispute.
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Rigault de Genouilly captured the citadel in a French attack in 1859.
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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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son of Prince Cảnh. On the same evening, Khoi's men assassinated
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The citadel of Saigon (1881) located in the northeast of the map
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Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
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Journal of an embassy to the courts of Siam and Cochin China
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1525:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International.
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The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874
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Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
530:), official administrative repertory of Nguyễn dynasty.
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Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
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in Vietnamese). This drawing was taken from the book
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The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai
538:. Years of tension between the monarch and General
1487:. Berkeley, California: University of California.
1350:The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam
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4152:Military installations established in the 1790s
4061:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
342:in the far south of the country, where he met
3844:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
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1523:The French conquest of Cochinchina, 1858–1862
391:(Citadel of Tortoise) because of this layout.
249:in 1833 and used in a revolt against Emperor
4127:Buildings and structures in Ho Chi Minh City
85:(This is for the 2nd (1836—1859) structure.)
354:the area and confiscated the rice harvest.
3085:House of People's Representatives of Annam
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1372:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1361:Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development
3851:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
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289:resulting in his coronation as Gia Long.
4056:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
2913:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2187:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
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2865:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
2855:History of Vietnam during World War I
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2263:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
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1485:Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925
1413:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
1394:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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2009:Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules d'Ariès
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1034:
1013:
1004:
995:
983:
965:
929:
897:
888:
868:
859:
827:
818:
798:
475:Impact on the Tây Sơn and the Nguyễn
170:Granite, brick, earth (1835 version)
1242:
1233:
1201:
1180:
1171:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1095:
1079:
850:
836:
747:
733:
724:
695:
578:
13:
3522:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
3487:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
1452:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1043:
1022:
768:
370:
261:which became the French colony of
14:
4168:
3584:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
3482:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
2776:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
1149:
759:
546:, the eldest of Gia Long's sons.
307:Central Vietnam was ruled by the
3818:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
3457:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
3058:Court of Imperial Entertainments
2897:French Indochina in World War II
2729:
2722:
2715:
2112:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon
1604:
1598:
1592:
1435:. New York City: Penguin Books.
668:
656:
528:Dai Nam Administrative Repertory
280:who ruled southern Vietnam, and
259:colonization of southern Vietnam
40:
4018:Orders, decorations, and medals
3462:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
3450:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1719:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1224:
1070:
789:
596:French invasion and destruction
357:
16:Fortress in Vietnam (1790–1859)
4122:1790 establishments in Vietnam
3668:Special administrative regions
780:
715:
686:
1:
3527:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
3095:Imperial Household Department
3073:Office of the National Altars
2793:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
2694:French protectorates of Annam
2551:French protectorate of Tonkin
1363:. New York City: McGraw Hill.
1336:
296:
3598:Prominent military personnel
3554:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
3068:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
2563:French colony of Cochinchina
2539:French protectorate of Annam
2122:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
1999:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
1568:
1411:A History of South-east Asia
680:
628:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
7:
3680:Principality of Thuận Thành
3163:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
1780:Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút
257:bombardment as part of the
10:
4173:
4157:Military history of Saigon
3948:French Indochinese piastre
3517:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
3467:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
3063:Court of the Imperial Stud
2880:Communist Party of Vietnam
2820:French conquest of Vietnam
2711:
2278:Communist Party of Vietnam
1534:. Oxford University Press.
1521:Nguyen, Thanh Thi (1992).
1506:. New York City: Praeger.
1460:Cambridge University Press
599:
587:Layout of the citadel 1867
495:
445:British East India Company
300:
4043:
4017:
3976:
3960:
3940:
3909:
3876:
3869:
3826:
3780:
3745:
3722:
3715:
3667:
3597:
3437:
3428:
3225:
3204:
3178:Provincial administration
3176:
3128:
3041:Ministries & agencies
3040:
2949:
2940:
2918:Vietnamese famine of 1945
2905:
2808:
2745:
2738:
2680:
2619:
2578:
2509:
2473:
2372:
2286:
2220:
2182:1940 Cochinchina uprising
2152:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2099:
2027:
1986:
1945:
1914:
1823:
1772:
1724:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
1711:
1675:
1639:
1613:
1590:
1576:
1468:10.1017/S0022463403000468
1354:. New York City: Praeger.
182:
174:
166:
158:
148:
140:
135:
123:
113:
108:
100:
89:
51:
39:
26:
21:
3716:Palaces & mausoleums
3497:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
3477:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
3053:Court of Judicial Review
2830:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
2028:Vietnamese personalities
1932:France–Vietnam relations
1532:A voyage to Cochin China
1502:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
455:, wet ditch, and a high
276:, which had toppled the
253:. It was destroyed in a
4071:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
3803:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
3687:Principality of Hà Tiên
3246:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2860:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
2258:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
2207:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1729:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1483:Marr, David G. (1970).
1409:Hall, D. G. E. (1981).
1368:Chapuis, Oscar (2000).
1168:Buttinger, pp. 322–324.
786:Buttinger, pp. 233–241.
4101:Vietnamese nationalism
3793:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
3564:Pacification of Tonkin
3492:Nduai Kabait rebellion
2870:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
2810:French protectorate(s)
2268:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
2127:Pacification of Tonkin
2094:independence movements
2004:Théogène François Page
1927:French colonial empire
1805:Chaophraya Aphaiphubet
1359:Cady, John F. (1964).
588:
531:
524:Dai Nam Nhat Thong Chi
507:
422:10.78278°N 106.69806°E
401:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
392:
327:
234:[tʰâːnʒaːdîˀn]
224:
212:[tʰâːnʂâjɣɔ̂n]
207:
104:20 m (66 ft)
3834:Imperial Academy, Huế
3781:Society & culture
3205:French administration
3110:Ministry of Education
2923:Abdication of Bảo Đại
2630:independence movement
1946:Campaigns and battles
1773:Siamese interventions
1693:Imperial Academy, Huế
586:
513:
505:
378:
325:
4137:Cochinchina campaign
4066:House of Nguyễn Phúc
3839:Imperial examination
3730:Imperial City of Huế
3574:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
3569:Thái Nguyên uprising
3559:Yên Thế Insurrection
3532:Cochinchina campaign
2157:Thái Nguyên uprising
2142:Yên Thế Insurrection
2117:Cochinchina Campaign
2019:Louis Adolphe Bonard
1987:French personalities
1978:Capture of Vĩnh Long
1908:Cochinchina campaign
1824:Vietnamese mandarins
1759:Laurent André Barisy
1530:White, John (1824).
215:) also known as the
191:Cochinchina Campaign
73:10.7866°N 106.7016°E
4132:Citadels in Vietnam
4051:Domain of the Crown
3941:Colonial currencies
3896:Khải Định Thông Bảo
3753:Thien Tho Mausoleum
3507:Ja Thak Wa uprising
3502:Katip Sumat's Jihad
3472:Ja Lidong rebellion
3090:Imperial Clan Court
2875:Le Travail movement
2746:Sovereign Việt Nam
2202:First Indochina War
2162:Bazin assassination
1994:Charles de Montigny
1973:Capture of Biên Hòa
1810:Chaofa Talaha (Pok)
1785:Cambodian rebellion
1744:Olivier de Puymanel
427:10.78278; 106.69806
418: /
364:Olivier de Puymanel
217:Citadel of Gia Định
69: /
3861:Tonkin Free School
3697:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
3542:Garnier Expedition
3512:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
3271:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
3251:Jean Marie Despiau
2420:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
2344:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
2253:Tonkin Free School
1764:Jean Marie Despiau
1688:Imperial City, Huế
1433:Vietnam: A History
1198:Mantienne, p. 526.
1076:McLeod, pp. 24–29.
1067:Buttinger, p. 241.
1040:Mantienne, p. 530.
1019:Mantienne, p. 525.
948:Mantienne, p. 524.
914:Mantienne, p. 523.
885:Mantienne, p. 522.
865:Mantienne, p. 521.
795:Hall, pp. 426–429.
756:Buttinger, p. 266.
712:Mantienne, p. 520.
589:
532:
520:Citadel of Phoenix
508:
498:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
492:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
393:
383:(Citadel of Eight
344:Pigneau de Behaine
336:Bình Định Province
328:
187:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
114:Controlled by
4142:Former star forts
4109:
4108:
3956:
3955:
3901:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
3776:
3775:
3692:Sip Song Chau Tai
3663:
3662:
3655:Trương Minh Giảng
3645:Nguyễn Tri Phương
3589:August Revolution
3424:
3423:
3401:Trương Minh Giảng
3351:Nguyễn Tri Phương
3168:Vietnamese dragon
2936:
2935:
2850:Hanoi Poison Plot
2800:Văn Thân movement
2783:Citadel of Saigon
2704:Empire of Vietnam
2639:
2638:
2364:Nguyễn Trung Trực
2299:Nguyễn Quang Bích
2243:Empire of Vietnam
2212:Geneva Conference
2192:August Revolution
2172:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
2137:Hanoi Poison Plot
2058:
2057:
2040:Nguyễn Trung Trực
2035:Nguyễn Tri Phương
1968:Capture of Mỹ Tho
1922:Citadel of Saigon
1874:
1873:
1851:Nguyễn Văn Trương
1712:French supporters
1683:Citadel of Saigon
1667:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần
1584:Tây Sơn rebellion
1513:978-0-275-93562-7
1344:Buttinger, Joseph
962:Crawfurd, p. 224.
926:Crawfurd, p. 223.
506:Emperor Minh Mạng
332:Tây Sơn rebellion
200:Citadel of Saigon
196:
195:
78:10.7866; 106.7016
22:Citadel of Saigon
4164:
4147:Forts in Vietnam
3886:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
3874:
3873:
3798:Đại Nam thực lục
3720:
3719:
3630:Nguyễn Văn Thành
3625:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
3438:Battles and wars
3435:
3434:
3416:Philippe Vannier
3411:Nguyễn Văn Tường
3301:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
3296:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
3236:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
3212:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
3151:Provincial flags
2947:
2946:
2835:Hanoi Exhibition
2813:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
2743:
2742:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2596:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
2532:Governor-General
2527:French Indochina
2415:Nguyễn Thần Hiến
2400:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
2287:Uprising Leaders
2132:Bãi Sậy uprising
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
1963:Battle of Ky Hoa
1953:Siege of Tourane
1937:French Indochina
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1846:Nguyễn Văn Thành
1739:Jean-Marie Dayot
1734:Philippe Vannier
1698:Tomb of Gia Long
1657:Nguyễn Phúc Luân
1652:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh
1608:
1602:
1596:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1498:
1479:
1458:(3). Singapore:
1446:
1424:
1405:
1383:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1264:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1147:
1144:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
981:
978:
963:
960:
949:
946:
927:
924:
915:
912:
895:
892:
886:
883:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
766:
763:
757:
754:
745:
742:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
693:
692:McLeod, pp. 2–8.
690:
672:
660:
579:Second structure
556:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
433:
432:
430:
429:
428:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
239:Ho Chi Minh City
236:
214:
109:Site information
84:
83:
81:
80:
79:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
44:
35:
19:
18:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4039:
4013:
3972:
3952:
3936:
3905:
3865:
3822:
3772:
3758:Khiêm Mausoleum
3741:
3711:
3659:
3640:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
3620:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
3593:
3547:Sino-French War
3537:Tonkin campaign
3420:
3376:Tôn Thất Thuyết
3361:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
3346:Phan Thanh Liêm
3341:Phan Thanh Giản
3336:Phan Đình Phùng
3316:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
3221:
3217:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
3200:
3172:
3124:
3036:
2932:
2906:Japanese period
2901:
2812:
2804:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2688:Sovereign state
2676:
2670:
2640:
2635:
2625:Wars in Vietnam
2621:
2615:
2574:
2505:
2469:
2460:Phan Văn Trường
2425:Nguyễn Thái Học
2373:Revolutionaries
2368:
2359:Đinh Công Tráng
2349:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2329:Phan Đình Phùng
2314:Nguyễn Hữu Huân
2282:
2216:
2107:Siege of Saigon
2095:
2089:
2059:
2054:
2045:Phan Thanh Giản
2023:
2014:Léonard Charner
1982:
1958:Siege of Saigon
1941:
1910:
1905:
1875:
1870:
1819:
1768:
1749:Théodore Lebrun
1707:
1671:
1662:Nguyễn Phúc Mân
1635:
1609:
1588:
1572:
1567:
1514:
1495:
1443:
1429:Karnow, Stanley
1421:
1402:
1380:
1339:
1334:
1330:Nguyen, p. 185.
1329:
1325:
1321:Nguyen, p. 184.
1320:
1313:
1309:Nguyen, p. 183.
1308:
1304:
1300:Nguyen, p. 182.
1299:
1295:
1291:Nguyen, p. 181.
1290:
1286:
1282:Nguyen, p. 180.
1281:
1270:
1266:Nguyen, p. 179.
1265:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:Chapuis, p. 48.
1229:
1225:
1221:Nguyen, p. 178.
1220:
1216:
1211:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
979:
966:
961:
952:
947:
930:
925:
918:
913:
898:
893:
889:
884:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
846:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
769:
764:
760:
755:
748:
743:
734:
729:
725:
720:
716:
711:
696:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
664:
661:
604:
602:Siege of Saigon
598:
581:
568:Joseph Marchand
500:
494:
477:
426:
424:
420:
417:
412:
409:
407:
405:
404:
373:
371:First structure
360:
305:
299:
274:Tây Sơn dynasty
153:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh
77:
75:
71:
68:
63:
60:
58:
56:
55:
47:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:Thoại Hà Canal
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3910:Currency units
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
3888:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3707:Trấn Tây Thành
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Yên Bái mutiny
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Trương Tấn Bửu
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Trần Trọng Kim
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
3363:
3358:
3356:Thân Văn Nhiếp
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Phạm Thận Duật
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
3308:
3306:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3256:Hoàng Cao Khải
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2752:thời độc lập,
2740:
2736:
2735:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2673:Nguyễn dynasty
2669:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Huỳnh Công Tấn
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Hoàng Cao Khải
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2517:Albert Sarraut
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2455:Phan Chu Trinh
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Nguyễn An Ninh
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Hoàng Hoa Thám
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn
2321:
2319:Phan Xích Long
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Nguyễn dynasty
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:Yên Bái mutiny
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Trương Tấn Bửu
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1815:Chao Inthavong
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Sura Singhanat
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1480:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1400:
1388:Crawfurd, John
1384:
1378:
1365:
1356:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1284:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1239:McLeod, p. 91.
1232:
1223:
1214:
1200:
1188:
1186:McLeod, p. 31.
1179:
1177:McLeod, p. 14.
1170:
1148:
1146:McLeod, p. 30.
1126:
1124:McLeod, p. 28.
1117:
1115:McLeod, p. 16.
1108:
1106:McLeod, p. 24.
1094:
1092:McLeod, p. 29.
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1021:
1012:
1010:White, p. 224.
1003:
1001:White, p. 225.
994:
992:White, p. 221.
982:
980:White, p. 220.
964:
950:
928:
916:
896:
887:
867:
858:
856:McLeod, p. 11.
849:
847:Karnow, p. 77.
835:
826:
817:
797:
788:
779:
777:Karnow, p. 75.
767:
758:
746:
732:
723:
714:
694:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
674:
667:
665:
662:
655:
600:Main article:
597:
594:
580:
577:
564:Nguyen Van Que
496:Main article:
493:
490:
476:
473:
381:Thành Bát Quái
372:
369:
359:
356:
298:
295:
225:Thành Gia Định
194:
193:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
118:Nguyễn dynasty
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:Vĩnh Tế Canal
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3768:Ứng Mausoleum
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3735:Meridian Gate
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Phan Văn Thúy
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Hoàng Kế Viêm
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Tôn Thất Đính
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Phan Văn Thúy
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Ngô Đình Khôi
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Ngô Đình Diệm
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Hoàng Kế Viêm
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Đăng đàn cung
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:Collaborators
2577:
2569:
2568:Administrator
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:Administrator
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:Administrator
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:French rulers
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Vũ Hồng Khanh
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Phan Bội Châu
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Lương Văn Can
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:Organisations
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Đỗ Thanh Nhơn
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1703:Vĩnh Tế Canal
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:Capital works
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:Trần Thị Đang
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1494:0-520-01813-3
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:0-670-84218-4
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:0-333-24163-0
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1401:0-19-582698-1
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:0-313-31170-6
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1058:Hall, p. 431.
1055:
1049:McLeod, p. 9.
1046:
1037:
1031:McLeod, p. 8.
1028:
1026:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
987:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
959:
957:
955:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
923:
921:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
894:Cady, p. 284.
891:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
862:
853:
844:
842:
840:
833:Cady, p. 283.
830:
824:Hall, p. 429.
821:
815:Hall, p. 430.
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
792:
783:
774:
772:
765:McLeod, p. 7.
762:
753:
751:
744:Cady, p. 282.
741:
739:
737:
730:Hall, p. 423.
727:
721:Hall, p. 426.
718:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
689:
685:
671:
666:
659:
654:
653:
652:
648:
645:
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636:
634:
629:
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614:
609:
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576:
572:
569:
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559:
557:
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547:
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541:
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529:
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517:
512:
504:
499:
489:
487:
481:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
448:
446:
441:
440:John Crawfurd
435:
431:
402:
398:
390:
386:
382:
377:
368:
365:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:erupted from
333:
330:In 1771, the
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
304:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
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266:
264:
260:
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248:
244:
240:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
209:
208:Thành Sài Gòn
205:
201:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:Built by
147:
143:
139:
134:
131:in 1859 siege
130:
127:Destroyed by
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
82:
54:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4044:Other topics
3763:An Mausoleum
3610:Lê Văn Duyệt
3445:Tây Sơn wars
3391:Đặng Huy Trứ
3386:Trần Cao Vân
3286:Ngô Đình Khả
3241:Cao Xuân Dục
3136:Coat of arms
3100:Quốc Tử Giám
3080:Hàn lâm viện
2885:Phú Riềng Đỏ
2782:
2761:Nguyễn lords
2750:(Nhà Nguyễn
2465:Trần Cao Vân
2445:Nguyễn Thành
2440:Nguyễn Quyền
2385:Trần Quý Cáp
2354:Cầm Bá Thước
2334:Tống Duy Tân
2304:Võ Duy Dương
2177:World War II
2111:
1921:
1841:Lê Văn Duyệt
1831:Chu Văn Tiếp
1682:
1631:Lê Ngọc Bình
1621:Tống Thị Lan
1597:
1531:
1522:
1503:
1484:
1455:
1451:
1432:
1410:
1391:
1369:
1360:
1349:
1326:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1248:Marr, p. 44.
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1212:Marr, p. 27.
1182:
1173:
1120:
1111:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1015:
1006:
997:
890:
861:
852:
829:
820:
791:
782:
761:
726:
717:
688:
649:
637:
625:
621:
617:Saigon River
605:
590:
573:
560:
552:
548:
540:Lê Văn Duyệt
533:
527:
523:
519:
515:
482:
478:
469:
465:
461:Saigon River
449:
436:
400:
394:
388:
380:
361:
358:Construction
352:
348:
329:
317:Mekong Delta
309:Nguyễn lords
306:
291:
278:Nguyễn lords
267:
255:French naval
216:
199:
197:
183:Battles/wars
136:Site history
3615:Lê Văn Khôi
3396:Trương Định
3120:Viện cơ mật
3033:(1925–1945)
3027:(1916–1925)
3021:(1907–1916)
3015:(1889–1907)
3009:(1885–1889)
3003:(1884–1885)
2997:(1883–1884)
2979:(1847–1883)
2973:(1841–1847)
2967:(1820–1841)
2961:(1802–1820)
2845:Duy Tân Hội
2700:(1883–1945)
2690:(1802–1883)
2606:Nguyễn Thân
2591:Trần Bá Lộc
2522:Jean Decoux
2450:Tạ Thu Thâu
2430:Hồ Chí Minh
2309:Trương Định
2238:Duy Tân Hội
2147:World War I
2050:Trương Định
1462:: 519–534.
544:Prince Cảnh
526:(literally
516:Thành Phụng
425: /
413:106°41′53″E
313:Trịnh lords
263:Cochinchina
247:Lê Văn Khôi
159:In use
129:French Navy
76: /
64:106°42′06″E
52:Coordinates
4116:Categories
3878:Cash coins
3326:Phạm Quỳnh
3261:Hoàng Diệu
3226:Prominent
3013:Thành Thái
3007:Đồng Khánh
2942:Government
2766:Đàng Trong
2491:Thành Thái
2410:Ngô Đức Kế
2092:Vietnamese
1915:Background
1861:Võ Di Nguy
1800:Chaofa Tan
1754:De Forçant
1337:References
410:10°46′58″N
301:See also:
297:Background
282:Nguyễn Ánh
221:Vietnamese
204:Vietnamese
175:Demolished
61:10°47′12″N
4096:Việt gian
4035:Kim Khánh
3968:Hương ước
3827:Education
3702:Trấn Ninh
3228:mandarins
3196:Tổng Trấn
3048:Censorate
3025:Khải Định
2995:Kiến Phúc
2971:Thiệu Trị
2965:Minh Mạng
2890:Việt Minh
2825:Cần Vương
2748:/ Đại Nam
2294:Phạm Bành
2273:Việt Minh
2228:Cần Vương
1647:Minh Mạng
1476:162778534
1390:(1967) .
681:Citations
640:Vĩnh Long
633:Saltpetre
536:Minh Mạng
389:Thành Quy
251:Minh Mạng
167:Materials
162:1790–1859
124:Condition
4091:Tôn Thất
3977:Treaties
3870:Currency
3813:Khăn vấn
3430:Military
3191:Tuần phủ
3001:Hàm Nghi
2989:Hiệp Hòa
2959:Gia Long
2951:Emperors
2771:Nam tiến
2681:Overview
2486:Hàm Nghi
2474:Emperors
2395:Cường Để
1570:Gia Long
1431:(1997).
1346:(1958).
613:Vũng Tàu
486:Gia Long
385:Trigrams
303:Gia Long
3723:Palaces
3276:Lê Chất
3129:Symbols
3115:Nội các
3031:Bảo Đại
3019:Duy Tân
2983:Dục Đức
2840:Đông Du
2754:茹阮𥱯獨立)
2739:History
2611:Lê Hoan
2501:Bảo Đại
2496:Duy Tân
2233:Đông Du
1866:Võ Tánh
608:Da Nang
457:rampart
340:Hà Tiên
243:Vietnam
229:Chữ Hán
93:Square
33:Vietnam
4010:(1884)
4004:(1883)
3998:(1874)
3996:Saigon
3992:(1863)
3986:(1862)
3984:Saigon
3788:Áo dài
3675:Champa
3186:Đề Đốc
3105:Lục bộ
2991:(1883)
2985:(1883)
2977:Tự Đức
2706:(1945)
2698:Tonkin
2675:topics
2481:Tự Đức
2100:Events
1790:Rama I
1640:Family
1577:Events
1510:
1491:
1474:
1439:
1417:
1398:
1376:
644:Mỹ Tho
453:glacis
397:Vauban
286:Vauban
270:Saigon
231:: 嘉定城
101:Height
95:Vauban
29:Saigon
3746:Tombs
3146:Flags
1614:Wives
1472:S2CID
387:) or
141:Built
3961:Laws
3932:Tiền
3927:Quán
3922:Mạch
2696:and
1508:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1374:ISBN
642:and
443:the
198:The
178:1859
144:1790
90:Type
4025:Bai
4008:Huế
4002:Huế
3990:Huế
3917:Văn
1464:doi
265:.
241:),
4118::
1470:.
1456:34
1454:.
1314:^
1271:^
1253:^
1203:^
1191:^
1151:^
1129:^
1097:^
1081:^
1024:^
985:^
967:^
953:^
931:^
919:^
899:^
870:^
838:^
800:^
770:^
749:^
735:^
697:^
488:.
227:;
223::
206::
189:,
31:,
2665:e
2658:t
2651:v
2084:e
2077:t
2070:v
1900:e
1893:t
1886:v
1562:e
1555:t
1548:v
1516:.
1497:.
1478:.
1466::
1445:.
1423:.
1404:.
1382:.
518:(
219:(
202:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
