318:
on; the features become sharp and contracted, the eye sinks, the look is expressive of terror and wildness; the lips, face, neck, hands, and feet, and soon after the thighs, arms, and whole surface assume a leaden, blue, purple, black, or deep brown tint according to the complexion of the individual, varying in shade with the intensity of the attack. The fingers and toes are reduced in size, the skin and soft parts covering them are wrinkled, shrivelled and folded. The nails put on a bluish pearly white; the larger superficial veins are marked by flat lines of a deeper black; the pulse becomes either small as a thread, and scarcely vibrating, or else totally extinct. The skin is deadly cold and often damp, the tongue always moist, often white and loaded, but flabby and chilled like a piece of dead flesh. The voice is nearly gone; the respiration quick, irregular, and imperfectly performed. The patient speaks in a whisper. He struggles for breath, and often lays his hand on his heart to point out the seat of his distress. Sometimes there are rigid spasms of the legs, thighs, and loins. The secretion of urine is totally suspended; vomiting and purgings, which are far from being the most important or dangerous symptoms, and which in a very great number of cases of the disease, have not been profuse, or have been arrested by medicine early in the attack, succeed. It is evident that the most urgent and peculiar symptom of this disease is the sudden depression of the vital powers: proved by the diminished action of the heart, the coldness of the surface and extremities, and the stagnant state of the whole circulation.
183:
255:
306:, issued orders recommending as a preventive the burning of "decayed articles, such as rags, cordage, papers, old clothes, hangings...filth of every description removed, clothing and furniture should be submitted to copious effusions of water, and boiled in a strong ley (lye); drains and privies thoroughly cleansed by streams of water and chloride of lime...free and continued admission of fresh air to all parts of the house and furniture should be enjoined for at least a week".
430:
805:
Haeser remarked in this connexion that the infection which had been introduced during the first pandemic into the Dutch East Indies (now
Indonesia) and the Philippines, persisted there until 1830, and also claimed that in 1832 cholera reached the Swan River region of Australia, but showed no tendency
420:
During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. In France, doctors believed cholera was associated with the poverty of certain communities or poor environment. Russians believed the disease was contagious, although doctors did not understand how
266:
to the rest of Europe, claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. By 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns. Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland in
February 1831. There were reported to have been 250,000 cases of cholera and 100,000 deaths in Russia. In 1831, it is
194:
and spread throughout
Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it reached as far as China and the Mediterranean Sea before receding. Hundreds of thousands of people died as
301:
By early 1831, frequent reports of the spread of the pandemic in Russia prompted the
British government to issue quarantine orders for ships sailing from Russia to British ports. By late summer, with the disease appearing more likely to spread to Britain, its board of health, in accordance with the
162:
caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th-century, and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted
317:
Giddiness, sick stomach, nervous agitation, intermittent, slow, or small pulse, cramps beginning at the tops of the fingers and toes, and rapidly approaching the trunk, give the first warning. Vomiting or purging, or both these evacuations of a liquid like rice-water or whey, or barley-water, come
358:
1239:
In the summer of 1832, Irish immigrant Philip Duffy contracted 57 of his newly arrived countrymen to lay a stretch of railroad some 30 miles west of
Philadelphia. Within two months, all were dead, struck down in the global cholera pandemic that hit Philadelphia the same time they
218:
in India. From there, the disease spread along trade routes to cover most of India. By 1828, the disease had traveled to China. Cholera was also reported in China in 1826 and 1835, and in Japan in 1831. In 1829, Iran was apparently infected with cholera from
Afghanistan.
203:, which attracted European attention. This was the first of several cholera pandemics to sweep through Asia and Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. This first pandemic spread over an unprecedented range of territory, affecting many countries throughout Asia.
421:
it spread. The United States believed that cholera was brought by recent immigrants, specifically the Irish, and epidemiologists understand they were carrying disease from
British ports. Lastly, the British thought the disease might rise from divine intervention.
574:
carried the disease from Europe to North
America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. by ship traffic through
1179:
696:
More than any other acute infectious disease, cholera was a defining element of the nineteenth century. This was as true for those living on the
Japanese archipelago as for other people across the globe.
1268:
2904:
480:. Latta established from blood studies that a saline drip greatly improved the condition of patients and saved many lives by preventing dehydration. Latta died in 1833 of tuberculosis.
852:
While information for 1828 is indefinite, it is known that in 1829 cholera was rampant in
Afghanistan, penetrated into Persia, and was also present in the region of Bukhara and Chiva.
617:
The third cholera pandemic (1852β1860) originating in India, is known for its widespread geographical reach and high mortality rateβbeing the deadliest of 19th-century epidemics.
377:. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832, the epidemic reached
1171:
163:
through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera.
2775:
214:
Although not much is known about the journey of the cholera pandemic in east India, many believe that this pandemic began, like the first, with outbreaks along the
2940:
670:
182:
593:
AlβAdham, Ibrahim S.I.; Jaber, Nisrein; Ali Agha, Ahmed S.A.; Al-Remawi, Mayyas; Al-Akayleh, Faisal; Al-Muhtaseb, Najah; Collier, Philip J. (March 2024).
583:. Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.
1056:
1044:
3052:
2818:
2720:
2438:
1823:
397:
in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834. The pandemic prompted the passage of the landmark
2738:
2630:
2910:
2581:
1721:
494:
2934:
824:
777:
570:
and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the
2874:
2782:
2702:
2534:
17:
2850:
2880:
2444:
1808:
1716:
2844:
2228:
1952:
1838:
1798:
1783:
2569:
2474:
2402:
2347:
1828:
1155:
1003:
962:
904:
875:
753:
1431:
3157:
3152:
2824:
2768:
2593:
2540:
1803:
1793:
1327:
749:
2599:
2708:
2504:
2498:
2480:
2378:
2298:
2099:
1752:
1757:
2762:
2522:
2408:
2043:
1860:
1813:
1736:
1706:
282:
between 16 May and 20 August 1831; 4,734 people fell ill and 2,524 died. The epidemic of cholera brought to Poland and
2945:
2916:
2806:
2750:
2666:
1506:
1232:
1202:
652:
548:
246:(6 January). With 3,500 cases including 865 fatal ones in Orenburg province, the epidemic stopped by February 1830.
3137:
3132:
3058:
2862:
2732:
2696:
2684:
2587:
2510:
1818:
1778:
1726:
3142:
2928:
2922:
2892:
2812:
2714:
2654:
2617:
2605:
2516:
2341:
2127:
1731:
599:
127:
3040:
3028:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2886:
2830:
2800:
2788:
1833:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
679:
437:, 1832: The outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causes.
177:
31:
1374:"Dr Thomas Aitchison Latta (cl796-1833): pioneer of intravenous fluid replacement in the treatment of cholera"
2756:
2672:
2274:
630:
2726:
2546:
2432:
2426:
2335:
2022:
2017:
1788:
1464:
434:
955:
Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830β1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland
3162:
3110:
3104:
2898:
2868:
2678:
2648:
2528:
2304:
2037:
1711:
3147:
2690:
2359:
2329:
1906:
1773:
946:
2414:
2077:
1323:"Emerging viral threats and the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous: zooming out in times of Corona"
707:
543:
351:
3082:
3064:
2051:
2011:
1926:
1690:
1566:
867:
Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death on the Volga, 1823-1914
211:
Historians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830.
3088:
2992:
2986:
2353:
2286:
2268:
2092:
2003:
1292:"The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature"
594:
3034:
2980:
2794:
2385:
2371:
2188:
1998:
995:
571:
514:
398:
464:
As a result of the epidemic, the medical community developed a major advance, the intravenous
3016:
2974:
2552:
1985:
1499:
865:
1126:
1106:
1086:
313:, the board of health published a detailed description of the disease's symptoms and onset:
2623:
2420:
2365:
2280:
1029:
951:
Depesze z powstaΕczej Warszawy 1830β1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w KrΓ³lestwie Polskim
405:
c. 63) and the Nuisances Removal and Diseases Prevention Acts, 1848 and 1849, in England.
8:
2856:
2486:
2251:
2204:
2198:
1978:
668:
Johnston, William (May 2019). "Cholera and the Environment in Nineteenth-Century Japan".
374:
1459:
2837:
2744:
2492:
2323:
2292:
2085:
1852:
1409:
1349:
1322:
1224:
1131:
1111:
1091:
893:
838:
819:
791:
772:
629:
Meehan, C. D.; Markel, H. (2009). "Cholera, Historical". In Schaechter, Moselio (ed.).
489:
408:
In mid-1832, 57 Irish immigrants died who had been laying a stretch of railroad called
322:
From September 1831 to January 1832, a catastrophic cholera epidemic ravaged the lower
268:
1019:
Bosin, Yury V. (2009). "Russia, cholera riots of 1830β1831". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.).
3094:
2575:
2240:
2177:
2058:
1942:
1901:
1401:
1393:
1354:
1291:
1228:
1198:
1151:
1068:
1020:
999:
968:
958:
910:
900:
871:
843:
796:
648:
644:
465:
279:
200:
1413:
928:
369:, where it was carried by passengers on a ship from the Baltic. It also appeared in
3076:
2210:
2165:
2116:
1870:
1492:
1473:
1385:
1344:
1336:
1303:
1060:
833:
786:
683:
640:
608:
595:"Sporadic regional re-emergent cholera: a 19th century problem in the 21st century"
442:
402:
310:
2660:
2216:
2171:
2144:
2028:
1992:
1896:
1607:
1571:
1534:
1443:
254:
59:
757:
2152:
1957:
1916:
1340:
636:
563:
458:
409:
295:
263:
223:
1218:
3126:
3070:
2222:
2065:
1880:
1592:
1477:
1397:
1072:
1045:"The St. Petersburg Cholera Riot of 1831: Water Pollution and Social Tension"
914:
720:
612:
580:
394:
309:
Based on the reports of two English doctors who had observed the epidemic in
303:
291:
143:
82:
1389:
1865:
1612:
1597:
1587:
1460:"Epidemics in Nineteenth-Century British Towns: How Important was Cholera?"
1405:
1358:
1307:
972:
847:
800:
691:
469:
347:
283:
215:
147:
135:
78:
1373:
687:
513:
It first appeared in Quebec with the arrival on 28 April 1832 of the ship
3046:
2234:
1911:
1875:
1633:
1602:
386:
346:
was hit particularly hard, and all of their priests died in the plague.
2611:
2459:
1947:
1064:
366:
239:
235:
2107:
1921:
1617:
477:
370:
343:
323:
290:
authorities to close their borders to Russian transports. There were
342:, Iran, about half of the city's inhabitants died from cholera. The
2966:
2112:
2108:
339:
227:
226:
in 1829. On 26 August 1829, the first cholera case was recorded in
196:
412:, 30 miles west of Philadelphia. They had all contracted cholera.
1515:
576:
567:
390:
382:
365:
The epidemic reached Great Britain in October 1831, appearing in
357:
287:
243:
231:
191:
159:
48:
429:
354:
that there were only 1,500 Mandaean survivors after the plague.
1540:
461:, lambasting the poor response to the pandemic by authorities.
446:
445:
wrote a stage play inspired by the pandemic, which had reached
378:
327:
275:
139:
592:
112:
Unknown; 100,000 in Russia; 100,000 in France; 6,536 in London
473:
155:
151:
131:
1195:
The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866
933:
Dept. of Epidemiology University of California, Los Angeles
335:
331:
1484:
186:
Cholera dissemination across Asia and Europe in 1817β1831
1148:
The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history
1022:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1254:
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History
895:
Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History
562:
Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached
1434:
Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics
671:
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
986:
Tomasz StrzeΕΌek (1998). Kornelia Kompanowska (ed.).
1245:
892:
863:
298:caused by the government's anticholera measures.
206:
3124:
1372:Janakan, Gnananandan; Ellis, Harold (May 2013).
1256:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 214β219.
1057:Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society
267:estimated that up to 100,000 deaths occurred in
190:The first cholera pandemic (1817β24) began near
1296:Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms
985:
1049:Arcadia: Explorations in Environmental History
945:
3098:
2093:
1500:
1432:""Cholera Epidemics in the 19th Century" in
1371:
1289:
820:"Cholera studies. 1. History of the disease"
773:"Cholera studies. 1. History of the disease"
628:
1139:
2100:
2086:
1507:
1493:
1042:
890:
2281:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
1348:
1266:
1192:
1186:
857:
837:
825:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
817:
790:
778:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
770:
468:. It was developed from the work of Dr.
222:Cholera reached the southern tips of the
1269:"Pandemics Through Indian Literary Lens"
1125:
1105:
1085:
667:
428:
356:
262:The second cholera pandemic spread from
253:
181:
1457:
1290:Schiedermair, Joachim (December 2012).
1145:
899:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
864:Charlotte E. Henze (15 December 2010).
14:
3125:
1953:Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood
744:
742:
740:
495:Tennessee cholera epidemic (1849β1850)
2348:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
2081:
1488:
1320:
1251:
1018:
929:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37"
754:UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
750:"Asiatic Cholera Pandemic of 1826-37"
538:
536:
1458:Pelling, Margaret (April 26, 2022).
1328:Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy
870:. Taylor & Francis. p. 13.
737:
721:"Cholera β Cholera through history"
30:For the next cholera pandemic, see
24:
1424:
1267:Kumar Rai, Saurav (July 3, 2020).
1150:. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press.
994:]. Historyczne Bitwy. Warsaw:
533:
25:
3174:
1146:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010).
549:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
171:
3053:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
1182:from the original on 2013-07-06.
1135:. 21 October 1831. p. 2159.
1115:. 21 October 1831. p. 2160.
756:. August 6, 2001. Archived from
645:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00301-1
258:Cholera epidemic in Palermo 1835
2831:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
2128:List of epidemics and pandemics
1365:
1314:
1283:
1260:
1211:
1197:. University of Chicago Press.
1164:
1119:
1099:
1079:
1036:
1012:
979:
949:(1980). Robert Bielecki (ed.).
939:
921:
884:
600:Journal of Applied Microbiology
507:
122:(1826β1837), also known as the
1193:Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987).
811:
764:
713:
701:
661:
622:
586:
519:, which had come from Ireland.
207:Origins of the second pandemic
13:
1:
2156:
1440:CURIOSity Digital Collections
526:
435:New York City Board of Health
361:A French caricature from 1830
230:with reports of outbreaks in
27:Worldwide outbreak of cholera
1758:1992 (AerolΓneas Argentinas)
1465:Journal of Victorian Culture
1378:Journal of Medical Biography
1095:. 27 May 1831. p. 1027.
632:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
457:, 1835), he set his play in
274:The cholera epidemic struck
7:
3158:Disease outbreaks in Russia
3153:Disease outbreaks in France
2038:Love in the Time of Cholera
1824:2022β2024 (Southern Africa)
1514:
1043:Kraikovski, Alexei (2013).
710:, cbc.ca, December 2, 2008.
680:University of Hawai'i Press
544:"Cholera's seven pandemics"
483:
286:by Russian soldiers forced
10:
3179:
2941:2024 Latin American dengue
2721:Western African meningitis
2535:Pacific Northwest smallpox
1341:10.1007/s11019-020-09970-3
957:]. Warsaw: Czytelnik.
566:by 1830, then spread into
178:1817β1824 cholera pandemic
175:
166:
102:Unknown; 250,000 in Russia
70:Asia, Europe, the Americas
32:1846β1860 cholera pandemic
29:
2965:
2641:
2562:
2547:Buenos Aires yellow fever
2467:
2458:
2445:Philadelphia yellow fever
2415:Great Plague of Marseille
2409:Great Northern War plague
2403:Iceland smallpox epidemic
2395:
2316:
2261:
2250:
2187:
2143:
2136:
2123:
1970:
1935:
1889:
1851:
1766:
1745:
1699:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1580:
1562:
1555:
1529:
1522:
1220:The Ghosts of Duffy's Cut
708:Cholera's seven pandemics
424:
415:
352:Julius Heinrich Petermann
106:
96:
88:
74:
66:
54:
44:
39:
3111:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
3105:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
3065:Seventh cholera pandemic
2052:The Horseman on the Roof
1567:Oral rehydration therapy
500:
249:
124:Asiatic cholera pandemic
18:Cholera epidemic of 1831
3138:1830s disease outbreaks
3133:1820s disease outbreaks
3023:Fourth cholera pandemic
3005:Second cholera pandemic
2851:Γquateur province Ebola
2439:North American smallpox
2354:Great Plague of Seville
1784:2009 (Papua New Guinea)
1390:10.1258/jmb.2012.012004
1172:"Cholera in Sunderland"
725:Encyclopedia Britannica
330:regions of what is now
120:second cholera pandemic
40:Second cholera pandemic
3143:19th-century epidemics
3041:Sixth cholera pandemic
3029:Fifth cholera pandemic
3011:Third cholera pandemic
2999:First cholera pandemic
2981:Second plague pandemic
2541:Barcelona yellow fever
2386:Great Plague of Vienna
2372:Great Plague of London
2342:Massachusetts smallpox
1707:1832 (Lord Wellington)
1478:10.1093/jvcult/vcac019
1308:10.7146/rom.v1i1.15853
996:Dom Wydawniczy Bellona
818:Pollitzer, R. (1954).
771:Pollitzer, R. (1954).
613:10.1093/jambio/lxae055
438:
399:Public Health Act 1848
362:
320:
259:
242:(2 January 1830), and
187:
3017:Third plague pandemic
2975:First plague pandemic
2769:Western African Ebola
2679:Chikungunya outbreaks
2631:Malaysian Nipah virus
2499:Great Plains smallpox
1986:Memories and Vagaries
1722:1849-1850 (Tennessee)
1271:. Peepul Tree Stories
1032:. pp. 2877β2878.
760:on February 23, 2024.
688:10.1353/ach.2019.0005
432:
360:
315:
257:
185:
150:, as well as east to
3077:Russian flu pandemic
2819:Angolan yellow fever
2570:San Francisco plague
2523:Broad Street cholera
2421:Great Plague of 1738
1861:Chicago cholera myth
1809:2018β2019 (Zimbabwe)
1753:1913 (Romanian Army)
1252:Hayes, J.N. (2005).
1030:Blackwell Publishing
2983:(1348β19th century)
2911:New Zealand measles
2739:Darfur yellow fever
2582:LA pneumonic plague
2199:Plague of Justinian
1979:Mastro-don Gesualdo
1971:Cultural depictions
1829:2023 (South Africa)
1794:2012 (Sierra Leone)
1737:1854 (Broad Street)
1321:Zwart, Hub (2020).
891:J. N. Hays (2005).
455:Den indiske Cholera
433:Hand bill from the
3163:Epidemics in India
2993:Influenza pandemic
2987:Influenza pandemic
2935:Bangsamoro measles
2917:Singaporean dengue
2881:Pacific NW measles
2875:Philippine measles
2863:Madagascar measles
2845:Kerala Nipah virus
2838:Saudi Arabian MERS
2751:Singaporean dengue
2697:Zimbabwean cholera
2667:Singaporean dengue
2511:Copenhagen cholera
2493:Groningen epidemic
2287:Influenza pandemic
2269:Influenza pandemic
1839:2023β2024 (Zambia)
1799:2014β2015 (Africa)
1225:Praeger Publishers
1132:The London Gazette
1112:The London Gazette
1092:The London Gazette
998:. pp. 11β12.
639:. pp. 24β29.
635:(Third ed.).
552:. December 2, 2008
490:History of cholera
451:The Indian Cholera
439:
363:
344:Mandaean community
260:
188:
130:that reached from
3148:Cholera pandemics
3120:
3119:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2893:Kuala Koh measles
2807:South Korean MERS
2795:Polio declaration
2783:Madagascar plague
2715:Gujarat hepatitis
2703:Madagascar plague
2655:Midwest monkeypox
2606:Yugoslav smallpox
2576:Manchurian plague
2517:Stockholm cholera
2454:
2453:
2241:Sweating sickness
2229:Japanese smallpox
2178:Plague of Cyprian
2117:disease outbreaks
2075:
2074:
1966:
1965:
1943:Broad Street Pump
1902:Waldemar Haffkine
1847:
1846:
1804:2016β2022 (Yemen)
1727:1853 (Copenhagen)
1642:
1641:
1551:
1550:
1157:978-1-59333-621-9
1005:978-83-11-08793-4
964:978-83-07-00254-5
906:978-1-85109-658-9
877:978-0-203-83397-1
403:11 & 12 Vict.
280:November Uprising
199:, including many
195:a result of this
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
3170:
3100:
2887:New York measles
2841:
2801:Indian swine flu
2789:Odisha hepatitis
2779:
2733:Pakistani dengue
2685:Pakistani dengue
2634:
2600:WrocΕaw smallpox
2553:Hong Kong plague
2487:Caragea's plague
2465:
2464:
2382:
2275:Mexican smallpox
2259:
2258:
2211:Plague of Sheroe
2166:Plague of Athens
2161:
2158:
2141:
2140:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2012:The Painted Veil
1887:
1886:
1871:Cholera Hospital
1814:2020 (Bengaluru)
1732:1853 (Stockholm)
1717:1833 (Lexington)
1651:
1650:
1627:Fluoroquinolones
1560:
1559:
1527:
1526:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1418:
1417:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1065:10.5282/rcc/5299
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1009:
983:
977:
976:
943:
937:
936:
925:
919:
918:
898:
888:
882:
881:
861:
855:
854:
841:
815:
809:
808:
806:to spread there.
794:
768:
762:
761:
746:
735:
734:
732:
731:
717:
711:
705:
699:
698:
665:
659:
658:
626:
620:
619:
590:
584:
560:
558:
557:
540:
520:
511:
443:Henrik Wergeland
311:Saint Petersburg
201:British soldiers
128:cholera pandemic
99:
37:
36:
21:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
2953:
2836:
2774:
2757:Swansea measles
2709:Bolivian dengue
2637:
2629:
2618:Indian smallpox
2588:Croydon typhoid
2558:
2450:
2391:
2377:
2312:
2253:
2246:
2217:Plague of Amwas
2190:
2183:
2172:Antonine Plague
2159:
2132:
2119:
2106:
2076:
2071:
2029:The Seventh Sin
1993:Death in Venice
1962:
1931:
1927:Henry Whitehead
1897:Gaspard Goyrand
1885:
1843:
1834:2023 (Zimbabwe)
1779:2008 (Zimbabwe)
1762:
1741:
1695:
1638:
1622:
1608:Chloramphenicol
1576:
1547:
1535:Vibrio cholerae
1518:
1513:
1448:
1446:
1444:Harvard Library
1430:
1427:
1425:Further reading
1422:
1421:
1370:
1366:
1319:
1315:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1187:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1140:
1124:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1006:
984:
980:
965:
944:
940:
927:
926:
922:
907:
889:
885:
878:
862:
858:
816:
812:
769:
765:
748:
747:
738:
729:
727:
719:
718:
714:
706:
702:
666:
662:
655:
627:
623:
591:
587:
561:
555:
553:
542:
541:
534:
529:
524:
523:
512:
508:
503:
486:
441:Norwegian poet
427:
418:
252:
209:
180:
174:
169:
109:
98:Confirmed cases
97:
60:Vibrio cholerae
55:Bacteria strain
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3092:
3086:
3085:(1981βpresent)
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2937:(2023βpresent)
2932:
2929:Jamaica dengue
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2825:Yemeni cholera
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2776:DR Congo Ebola
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2481:Maltese plague
2478:
2475:Ottoman plague
2471:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2433:Persian Plague
2430:
2427:Russian plague
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2379:Maltese plague
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:Maltese plague
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:Italian plague
2333:
2330:Maltese plague
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2299:Maltese plague
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2153:Hittite plague
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Filippo Pacini
1914:
1909:
1907:George Johnson
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:2022 (Lebanon)
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:(2): 346β355.
1455:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1364:
1335:(4): 589β602.
1313:
1282:
1259:
1244:
1233:
1210:
1203:
1185:
1163:
1156:
1138:
1118:
1098:
1078:
1035:
1011:
1004:
978:
963:
947:Raymond Durand
938:
920:
905:
883:
876:
856:
810:
763:
736:
712:
700:
660:
653:
637:Academic Press
621:
585:
531:
530:
528:
525:
522:
521:
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
485:
482:
459:Colonial India
426:
423:
417:
414:
389:in Canada and
296:Russian Empire
251:
248:
238:(5 December),
234:(7 November),
224:Ural Mountains
208:
205:
176:Main article:
173:
172:First pandemic
170:
168:
165:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
76:
75:First outbreak
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3097:(2019βpresent
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:Hong Kong flu
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:Tonga measles
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:Samoa measles
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:Haiti cholera
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:Iraqi cholera
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:Indian dengue
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:Guam smallpox
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:Naples Plague
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:London plague
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:London plague
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:London plague
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:Plague of 664
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2066:The Ghost Map
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1881:Cholera riots
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:2010s (Haiti)
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Cotrimoxazole
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1449:September 17,
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1275:September 17,
1270:
1263:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1234:0-275-98727-2
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1204:0-226-72677-0
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1176:UK Parliament
1173:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Warszawa 1831
982:
974:
970:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
934:
930:
924:
916:
912:
908:
902:
897:
896:
887:
879:
873:
869:
868:
860:
853:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
814:
807:
802:
798:
793:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
767:
759:
755:
751:
745:
743:
741:
726:
722:
716:
709:
704:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
664:
656:
654:9780123739445
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
625:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
589:
582:
581:New York City
578:
573:
569:
565:
551:
550:
545:
539:
537:
532:
518:
517:
510:
506:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
431:
422:
413:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:New York City
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
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2923:Uganda Ebola
2642:21st century
2624:Surat plague
2594:NYC smallpox
2563:20th century
2468:19th century
2396:18th century
2317:17th century
2283:(1545, 1576)
2262:16th century
2205:Roman Plague
2174:(165β180 AD)
2168:(429β426 BC)
2115:and notable
2064:
2057:
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2010:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1866:Cholera belt
1712:1832 (Sligo)
1691:1961βpresent
1665:
1613:Furazolidone
1598:Erythromycin
1588:Tetracycline
1533:
1469:
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1447:. Retrieved
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1384:(2): 70β74.
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216:Ganges Delta
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148:the Americas
136:Western Asia
123:
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117:
79:Ganges Delta
58:
3113:(2023β2024)
3107:(2022β2023)
3091:(2009β2010)
3079:(1977β1979)
3073:(1968β1970)
3067:(1961β1975)
3061:(1957β1958)
3055:(1919β1930)
3049:(1918β1920)
3047:Spanish flu
3043:(1899β1923)
3037:(1889β1890)
3035:Russian flu
3031:(1881β1896)
3025:(1863β1879)
3019:(1855β1860)
3013:(1852β1860)
3007:(1829β1851)
3001:(1816β1826)
2995:(1557β1559)
2925:(2022β2023)
2913:(2019β2020)
2907:(2019β2020)
2905:DRC measles
2859:(2018β2020)
2827:(2016β2022)
2815:(2015β2016)
2771:(2013β2016)
2765:(2013β2014)
2763:Chikungunya
2729:(2010β2019)
2723:(2009β2010)
2705:(2008β2017)
2699:(2008β2009)
2663:(2003β2005)
2651:(2002β2004)
2633:(1998β1999)
2614:(1972β1973)
2578:(1910β1911)
2572:(1900β1904)
2537:(1862β1863)
2507:(1847β1848)
2501:(1837β1838)
2483:(1813β1814)
2477:(1812β1819)
2447:(1793β1798)
2441:(1780β1782)
2429:(1770β1772)
2417:(1720β1722)
2411:(1710β1712)
2405:(1707β1708)
2381:(1675β1676)
2374:(1665β1666)
2356:(1647β1652)
2350:(1633β1644)
2338:(1629β1631)
2307:(1592β1593)
2301:(1592β1593)
2295:(1563β1564)
2289:(1557β1559)
2243:(1485β1551)
2237:(1346β1353)
2235:Black Death
2160: 1330
1958:Duffy's Cut
1912:Robert Koch
1876:Cholera pit
1774:2007 (Iraq)
1634:Norfloxacin
1603:Doxycycline
1581:Antibiotics
1127:"No. 18863"
1107:"No. 18863"
1087:"No. 18807"
992:Warsaw 1831
466:saline drip
410:Duffy's Cut
387:Nova Scotia
302:prevailing
278:during the
3127:Categories
2857:Kivu Ebola
2612:London flu
2059:Contagious
1948:Cefn Golau
1302:(1): 125.
832:(3): 432.
785:(3): 436.
730:2020-12-10
556:2008-12-11
527:References
516:Constantia
367:Sunderland
240:Menzelinsk
236:Buguruslan
3089:Swine flu
3059:Asian flu
2977:(541β767)
2946:Argentina
2231:(735β737)
2225:(664β689)
2219:(638β639)
2213:(627β628)
2201:(541β542)
2191:classical
2180:(250β266)
2113:epidemics
2109:Pandemics
2023:2006 film
2018:1934 film
1936:Memorials
1922:John Snow
1686:1899β1923
1681:1881β1896
1676:1863β1875
1671:1846β1860
1666:1826β1837
1661:1817β1824
1654:Pandemics
1647:Outbreaks
1618:Virstatin
1556:Treatment
1398:0967-7720
1073:2199-3408
915:606929770
478:Edinburgh
375:Newcastle
371:Gateshead
324:Euphrates
92:1826β1837
3095:COVID-19
3083:HIV/AIDS
2661:Bird flu
1523:Bacteria
1414:32188771
1406:24585745
1359:32737743
1227:. 2006.
1180:Archived
848:13160764
801:13160764
484:See also
340:Shushtar
288:Prussian
228:Orenburg
197:pandemic
126:, was a
67:Location
2145:Ancient
1853:History
1572:Vaccine
1516:Cholera
1350:7394271
973:7732541
839:2542143
792:2542143
577:Detroit
568:Finland
476:, near
391:Detroit
383:Ontario
294:in the
269:Hungary
244:Belebey
232:Bugulma
192:Kolkata
167:History
160:Cholera
134:across
49:Cholera
45:Disease
2989:(1510)
2967:Global
2948:(2024)
2931:(2023)
2919:(2020)
2901:(2019)
2895:(2019)
2889:(2019)
2883:(2019)
2877:(2019)
2871:(2019)
2865:(2018)
2853:(2018)
2847:(2018)
2840:(2018)
2833:(2017)
2821:(2016)
2809:(2015)
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2791:(2014)
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2759:(2013)
2753:(2013)
2747:(2012)
2741:(2012)
2735:(2011)
2717:(2009)
2711:(2009)
2693:(2007)
2687:(2006)
2681:(2006)
2675:(2006)
2669:(2005)
2657:(2003)
2626:(1994)
2620:(1974)
2608:(1972)
2602:(1963)
2596:(1947)
2590:(1937)
2584:(1924)
2555:(1894)
2549:(1871)
2543:(1870)
2531:(1856)
2525:(1854)
2519:(1853)
2513:(1853)
2505:Typhus
2495:(1829)
2489:(1813)
2460:Modern
2435:(1772)
2423:(1738)
2388:(1679)
2368:(1656)
2362:(1655)
2344:(1633)
2332:(1623)
2326:(1603)
2277:(1520)
2271:(1510)
2254:modern
1890:People
1541:El Tor
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447:Norway
425:Legacy
416:Causes
385:, and
379:Quebec
328:Tigris
276:Warsaw
264:Russia
146:, and
140:Europe
108:Deaths
2252:Early
2207:(590)
2189:Post-
2137:Local
2004:opera
1767:2000s
1746:1900s
1700:1800s
1410:S2CID
1026:(PDF)
990:[
953:[
678:(1).
607:(3).
501:Notes
474:Leith
449:. In
350:told
338:. In
250:1830s
156:Japan
152:China
132:India
89:Dates
2813:Zika
2745:MERS
2649:SARS
2044:film
1999:film
1451:2024
1402:PMID
1394:ISSN
1355:PMID
1277:2024
1240:did.
1229:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1069:ISSN
1000:ISBN
969:OCLC
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911:OCLC
901:ISBN
872:ISBN
844:PMID
797:PMID
649:ISBN
579:and
393:and
373:and
336:Iran
334:and
332:Iraq
326:and
154:and
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