People's Volunteer Army

104: 672:, the vice premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government at that time, suggested that the name "support army" might cause the international community to assume that China was sending soldiers as an act of direct aggression against the United States. Therefore, the army's name was modified to "volunteer army" while different unit designations and footings were used instead, to give the impression that China did not intend to declare war against the U.S. but rather that Chinese soldiers were only present on Korean battlefields as individual volunteers. On the other hand, some recent studies show that the change was not only Huang's advice. On 7 July 1950, the name had already been changed to "volunteer army" by Chinese Premier 1718:

They were masters of the art of camouflage. Their patrols were remarkably successful in locating the positions of the U.N. forces. They planned their attacks to get in the rear of these forces, cut them off from their escape and supply roads, and then send in frontal and flanking attacks to precipitate the battle. They also employed a tactic which they termed Hachi Shiki, which was a V-formation into which they allowed enemy forces to move; the sides of the V then closed around their enemy while another force moved below the mouth of the V to engage any forces attempting to relieve the trapped unit. Such were the tactics the Chinese used with great success at Onjong, Unsan, and Ch'osan, but with only partial success at Pakch'on and the Ch'ongch'on bridgehead.

2017:, by which both sides had pledged to abide, called for the immediate and complete exchange of all prisoners upon the conclusion of hostilities. This seemingly straightforward principle, however, disturbed many Americans. To begin with, UN prisoner-of-war camps held over 40,000 South Koreans, many of whom had been impressed into communist service and who had no desire to be sent north upon the conclusion of the war. Moreover, a considerable number of North Korean and Chinese prisoners had also expressed a desire not to return to their homelands. This was particularly true of the Chinese POWs, some of whom were anti-communists whom the communists had forcibly inducted during the Chinese Civil War into the PLA unit that was later transferred into Korea. 1739:, political and military officers formed a dual chain of command within the PVA, and this arrangement could be found as low as the company level. Political officers were in charge of the control and the morale of the troops, and they were often expected to act like role models in combat. Unlike other communist armies of the same period, although the political officers had authority over military officers on combat decisions, the military officers could issue orders without political officers' approval. Similarly, the line between military and political officers were often blurred in the PVA, since the political officers often had extensive military experiences while most military officers were senior Party members within a unit. 1996: 148: 1795:

comparison, only 34 percent of all US prisoners died under Japanese captivity during World War II. The Chinese have defended their actions by stating that all PVA soldiers during this period were also suffering mass starvation and diseases due to the lack of a competent logistics system. The UN POWs, however, pointed out that a lot of the Chinese camps were located near the Sino-Korean border, and claimed that the starvation was used to force the prisoners to accept the communist indoctrination programs. The starvation and the POW deaths finally stopped by the summer of 1951 after the armistice talks started.

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Fifth Phase Campaign, the main body of the 180th Division was encircled during a UN counterattack, and after days of hard fighting, the division was fragmented, and the regiments fled in all directions. Soldiers either deserted or were abandoned by their officers during failed attempts to wage guerrilla warfare without support from the local people. Finally, out of ammunition and food, some 5,000 soldiers were captured. The division commander and other officers who escaped were subsequently investigated and demoted on return to China.

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States official wrote a statement saying: "Those who cooperate with Communists and sign false confessions should be quickly removed from the army, not honored." In addition to threats and pressure by the U.S. government and military, prisoners of war also face great psychological pressure from the impact of their families. This may explain why many American prisoners of war accused "China of abusing prisoners of war" or why they recanted statements in favor of the People's Republic of China after returning home.

1732:(CCP) members expected to be punished more than non-Party soldiers for the same infraction. Beatings and abuses were forbidden by regulations. Although capital punishment was enforced for disobeying certain orders, it was rarely used in accordance with the Chinese traditions. Normally, public shamings and political indoctrination camps were the preferred methods for dealing with serious infractions such as desertion, and the punished were expected to return to frontline duty with their original units. 6488: 6500: 5460: 2307: 1575: 1404: 6512: 989: 2245: 2204: 2110: 509: 755: 1688:, ensuring a large local numerical superiority over their opponent. The initial PVA victories were a great morale booster for the PVA. However, by late 1951, overextended supply lines and superior UN firepower had forced a stalemate. The KPA that invaded in 1950 had been much better supplied and armed by the Soviets than the PVA had been. The main arms of the PVA were captured Japanese and Nationalist arms. 549: 890: 917: 4346: 736:

intervene. In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October, Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea. There was considerable resistance among many leaders, including senior military leaders, to confronting the U.S. in Korea. Mao strongly supported intervention, and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him. Mao appointed

2456:. It takes the form of a memoir written by the fictional character Yu Yuan, a man who eventually becomes a soldier in the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and who is sent to Korea to fight on the Communist side in the Korean War. The majority of the "memoir" is devoted to describing this experience, especially after Yu Yuan is captured and imprisoned as a POW. The novel captured the 1765:, the commander-in-chief of the UN forces, the positive evaluation of the Chinese Army's good treatment of prisoners is completely different from the KPA's policy of abusing prisoners. He positively praised the Chinese army as a disciplined army and a respectable enemy. During the Korean War, the US front-line combat forces also spoke highly of the fighting will of the PVA. 1367:—was surrounded by the PVA 80th and the 81st Divisions. Task Force Faith managed to inflict heavy casualties onto the PVA divisions, but in the end it was destroyed with 2,000 men killed or captured, and losing all vehicles and most other equipment. The destruction of Task Force Faith was considered by the PVA to be their biggest success of the entire Korean War. 4045:

brain but the effect comes only a certain time after their liberation, like the explosion of a delayed-action bomb. It is not hard to imagine the effect which 'education' and 're-education' has upon the Soviet citizen, who is exposed from the day he is born to 'brainwashing', bombarded every day, round the clock, by all the means of propaganda and persuasion.

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detachments. While one team cut off the escape route of the Americans, the others struck both the front and the flanks in concerted assaults. The attacks continued on all sides until the defenders were destroyed or forced to withdraw. The Chinese then crept forward to the open flank of the next platoon position, and repeated the tactics.

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agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

2076:". More and more stories of heroism by members of the PVA continue to be promoted by the PRC government even to this day, and appear in school textbooks. The willingness of China to assist North Korea against the United States, and the show of force they engaged in, heralded that China was once again becoming a major world power. 780:, Chairman Mao issued the order for the NEFF to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross. Mao redesignated the NEFF as the People's Volunteer Army. To enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Russia on 10 October. They conferred with the top Soviet leadership, which included Stalin, 2436:. The story is centered around a group of Chinese soldiers that were trapped in a tunnel for several days. Short of both food and water, they hold their grounds till the relief troops arrive. The movie's popularity is largely due to the fact it was one of the few movies that were not banned during the 1986:

In addition, Herbert Brownell Jr., the Attorney General of the United States, once said publicly that "if American prisoners of war cooperate with the Communist Party during their imprisonment in North Korea, they will face charges of treason that may carry out the death penalty. Moreover, the United

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further deterred the PRC from making any cross-strait invasion of Taiwan. The anti-communist atmosphere in the West in response to the Korean War and Cold War contributed to the unwillingness to diplomatically recognize the People's Republic of China by the United States until 1979. Today, diplomacy

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on 10 July 1951. Even during the peace negotiations, combat continued. For the UN forces, the goal was to recapture all of what had been South Korea before an agreement was reached in order to avoid loss of any territory and the PVA attempted similar operations. A major issue of the negotiations was

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fared better; though surrounded and forced to retreat, they inflicted heavy casualties on the PVA, who committed six divisions trying to destroy the Marines. Although the PVA were able to recapture much of North Korea during the Second Phase campaign, 40% of the PVA was rendered combat ineffective—a

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During the Korean War, captured American soldiers were subjected to prolonged interrogations and harangues by their captors, who often worked in relays and used the "good-cop, bad-cop" approach, alternating a brutal interrogator with a gentle one. It was all part of "Xi Nao," washing the brain. The

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published an article by Edward Hunter titled " 'Brain-Washing' Tactics Force Chinese into Ranks of Communist Party." It was the first printed use in any language of the term "brainwashing," which quickly became a stock phrase in Cold War headlines. Hunter, a CIA propaganda operator who worked under

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concluded that brainwashing (called "thought reform" by Lifton and "coercive persuasion" by Schein) had a transient effect. Both researchers found that the Chinese mainly used coercive persuasion to disrupt the ability of the prisoners to organize and maintain morale and hence to escape. By placing

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were conducted by the PVA to move the prisoners into permanent locations. Although the situation started to improve after permanent camps were established by January 1951, death by starvation still continued until April 1951. About 43 percent of all US POWs died from November 1950 to April 1951. In

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As the PVA rarely executed prisoners, the Chinese considered themselves to be more lenient and humane than the KPA. However, the Chinese were unprepared for the large influx of POWs after their entry into the war and a large number of prisoners were crowded into temporary camps for processing. Mass

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In a meeting on 13 October, the Politburo decided that China would intervene even in the absence of Soviet air support, basing its decision on a belief that superior morale could defeat an enemy that had superior equipment. Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October, Zhou met with Mao, Peng

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From official Chinese sources, PVA casualties during the Korean War were 390,000. This breaks down as follows: 110,400 KIA; 21,600 died of wounds; 13,000 died of sickness; 25,600 MIA/POW; and 260,000 more wounded. However, western and other sources estimate that about 400,000 Chinese soldiers were

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In the First Phase Offensive, highly skilled enemy light infantry troops had carried out the Chinese attacks, generally unaided by any weapons larger than mortars. Their attacks had demonstrated that the Chinese were well-trained disciplined fire fighters, and particularly adept at night fighting.

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discipline minimized aerial detection. The PVA marched "dark-to-dark" (19:00–03:00), and aerial camouflage (concealing soldiers, pack animals, and equipment) was deployed by 05:30. Meanwhile, daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site. During daylight activity or marching, soldiers

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would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis and that the Soviet Air Force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not

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Dr Lifton draws attention to a fact of exceptional importance: the effect of 'brainwashing' and its methods is felt even by those whom he calls the 'apparent resisters', those who seem not to succumb to the intoxication. This study showed that they do assimilate what has been hammered into their

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Hoping to pressure the UN into abandoning South Korea, Mao ordered the PVA to attack the UN forces along the 38th parallel. On the last day of 1950, PVA/KPA forces attacked several ROK divisions along the parallel, breaching the UN defenses in the process. To avoid another encirclement, UN forces

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served as the acting commander and commissar after April 1952 following Peng's illness. The initial (25 October – 5 November 1950) units in the PVA included 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, 66th Corps; totalling 250,000 men. About 3 million Chinese civilian and military personnel had served in Korea

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during the counterattack has been considered to be the worst Chinese defeat during the entire Korean War. Roughly 3,000 men managed to escape (including the division commander and other high-ranking officers), but the majority of the division were killed or captured. During the final days of the

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In contrast with their KPA counterparts, executions committed by the PVA were rather few in number. According to author Kevin Mahoney in his study of the PVA, executions of POWs did occur during the heat of the battle. Most of the executions appeared to have been committed by the lower commands

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The by-product of the tight political control within the PVA is that it relied on the presence of the Party members within its ranks to be combat effective. A PVA unit could disintegrate once the Party members were either killed or wounded in action. Also, the tight political control created a

712:(PLA), one of the best-trained and best-equipped units in China, would be immediately transformed into the Northeastern Border Defense Army (NEBDA) to prepare for "an intervention in the Korean War if necessary". On 13 July, the CMCC formally issued the order to establish the NEBDA, appointing 1708:

of 1946–49. The Chinese generally attacked at night and tried to close in on a small troop position—generally a platoon—and then attacked it with local superiority in numbers. The usual method was to infiltrate small units, from a platoon of fifty men to a company of 200, split into separate

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The PVA assault caught the UN troops by surprise, and employing great skill and remarkable camouflage ability, the PVA concealed their numerical and divisional strength after the first engagement with the UN. After these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains. UN forces

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On 1 October the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea, and Kim sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention. At the same time, Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not directly

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On 30 June, five days after the outbreak of the war, Zhou decided to send a group of Chinese military intelligence personnel to North Korea to establish better communications with Kim as well as to collect firsthand materials on the fighting. One week later, on 7 July, Zhou and Mao chaired a

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China justified its entry into the war as a response to what it described as "American aggression in the guise of the UN". Chinese decision-makers feared that the American-led invasion of North Korea was part of a U.S. strategy to invade China ultimately. They were also worried about rising

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beliefs, instead behaving as though they did in order to avoid the plausible threat of extreme physical abuse. Both researchers also concluded that such coercive persuasion succeeded only on a minority of POWs, and that the end-result of such coercion remained very unstable, as most of the

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were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U.S., but they kept quiet to avoid any international and potential nuclear incidents. It has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never occurred south of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the

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agreed to intervene in Korea. On 4 August, with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted because of heavy U.S. naval presence, Mao had reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the PLA's Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force.

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When commanders reported that it was unlikely that the troops could reach combat-ready status so quickly, Mao moved his timetable back a little, but on August 18 he demanded that the NDA must be ready for combat before September 30. Historian Chen Jian is correct that Mao

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During the PVA's First Phase Offensive in the Korean War between October and November 1950, large quantities of captured U.S. weapons were widely used because of the availability of the required ammunition and the increasing difficulty of re-supplying across the

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In 2011, some former members of the PVA revisited North Korea. After the visit, they commented that they were "very sad" and dissatisfied with the post-war development of North Korea. " liberated them, but they're still struggling for freedom" said Qu Yingkui.

6689: 2181:, which had retreated to Taiwan, and had no plans to intervene in the Chinese Civil War. The start of the Korean War rendered untenable any policy that would have caused Taiwan to fall under PRC control. Truman's decision to send American forces to the 1983:, not brainwashing, caused western POWs to collaborate. He argued that the books of Hunter (whom he identified as a secret CIA "psychological warfare specialist" passing as a journalist) pushed the CIA brainwashing theory onto the general public. 1974:

invented the concept of "brainwashing" as a propaganda strategy to undercut communist claims that American POWs in Korean communist camps had voluntarily expressed sympathy for communism. Anthony stated that definitive research demonstrated that

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Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the planned attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no closer than 60 miles (97 km) from the battlefront. The

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The discipline of the PVA was strict by Western standards, a notable improvement when compared to the Nationalist and warlord armies that ruled the country from 1912 until 1949. Discipline was applied universally within the army, with the

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On 20 August Zhou informed the UN that "Korea is China's neighbor... The Chinese people cannot but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question". Thus, through neutral-country diplomats, China warned that in safeguarding Chinese

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The UN counterattack in the aftermath of the spring offensive stabilized the front roughly along the 38th parallel. The rest of the war involved little territory change, large-scale bombing of the population in the north, and lengthy

2012:

Truce negotiations, the chief stumbling block to the arrangement of a final armistice during the winter of 1951–1952 revolved around the exchange of prisoners. At first glance, there appeared to be nothing to argue about, since the

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either killed in action or died of disease, starvation, exposure, and accidents with around 486,000 wounded, out of around 3 million military personnel deployed in the war by China. Mao Zedong's oldest and only healthy son,

2072:. The PVA was the first Chinese army in a century that was able to withstand a Western army in a major conflict. They had earned a name "the most beloved people (最可爱的人)", which is from the essay written by Wei Wei in 1951, " 6725: 1703:

The Chinese had no air power and were armed only with rifles, machineguns, hand grenades, and mortars. Against the much more heavily armed Americans, they adapted a technique they had used against the Nationalists in the

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repatriation of POWs. The Chinese and North Koreans insisted on forcible repatriation, while the UN insisted on voluntary repatriation. The war continued until the Chinese and North Koreans eventually dropped this issue.

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About the name, there were various opinions. According to some scholars during the mid 1990s, after the PRC made the strategic decision to send soldiers to Korea, the first name of this army was "support army." However,

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in the Korean peninsula), the view that the Soviets had used them as proxies was shared in the Western bloc. China had to use Soviet loans originally intended to rebuild their shattered economy to pay for Soviet arms.

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the possibility of Chinese intervention and his desire to limit the scope of the Korean War. MacArthur reassured Truman that "if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter."

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and disruption, and then by offering them more comfortable situations such as better sleeping quarters, better food, warmer clothes or blankets, the Chinese did succeed in getting some of the prisoners to make

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there will probably have no military operation (for the NDA) in August, but (it) should be prepared for combat in early September. Every unit should be ready within this month in order to move to the front to

1321:. On the same day, the PVA crossed the Yalu River under strict secrecy. The initial PVA assault began on 25 October under the command of Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops (it was assumed at the time that 6653: 1929:

Thought reform contains elements which are evident in Chinese culture (emphasis on interpersonal sensitivity, learning by rote and self-cultivation); in methods of extracting confessions well known in the

1832:

integrity of the individual with regard to information processing, information retained in the mind and individual values. Chosen techniques included dehumanizing of individuals by keeping them in filth,

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in the process. In December 1950, Chinese forces captured Pyongyang. The city saw a massive evacuation of refugees alongside UN forces heading south in order to avoid the advancing PVA. The resulting

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conference discussing military preparations for the Korean Conflict. Another conference took place on 10 July. Here, it was decided that the Thirteenth Army Corps under the Fourth Field Army of the

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and Gao, and the group ordered 200,000 PVA troops to enter North Korea, which they did on 19 October. UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime, because their march and

1813:, who worked at the time both as a journalist and as a U.S. intelligence agent, wrote a series of books and articles on the allegations of Chinese mind control, which he coined as "brainwashing". 1545:

north of Seoul. On 15 May the PVA commenced the second impulse of the offensive and attacked the ROK and the X Corps in the east, and initially were successful, yet they were halted by 22 May.

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to power reinforced this fear. Later, the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened.

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The overextended PVA were forced to disengage and to recuperate for an extensive period of time, but the UN forces soon returned to the offensive. On 23 January 1951 the Eighth Army launched

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defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war. It was believed that the Chinese in North Korea used such techniques to disrupt the ability of captured troops to effectively

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in late December. Approximately 100,000 military personnel and material and another 100,000 North Korean civilians were loaded onto a variety of merchant and military transport ships.

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dragged on. But the result was that they still admitted the name, "People's Volunteer Army", in order to minimize the war within the Korean Peninsula and prevent escalation of the war.

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were above-strength. There was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of the military equipment. Some of the PLA's equipment was from the

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Heller's footnote explains the phrase "the means of propaganda and persuasion" as "he official name for the means of communication in the USSR. The accepted abbreviation is SMIP ."

728:

interpreted the communication as "a bald attempt to blackmail the UN", and dismissed it. Mao ordered that his troops should be ready for action by the end of August. Soviet leader

7143: 6595: 1824:") was originally used to describe methodologies of coercive persuasion used under the Maoist regime in China, which aimed to transform individuals with a reactionary imperialist 792:. Mao saw intervention as essentially defensive: "If we allow the U.S. to occupy all of Korea... we must be prepared for the U.S. to declare... war with China", he told Stalin. 7362: 6694: 1910:

individuals reverted to their previous condition soon after they left the coercive environment. In 1961, they both published books expanding on these findings. Schein published

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submachine gun, which was designated as the Type 50. In addition to surplus WWII Soviet arms, the Soviet Union also provided some WWII German small arms to the Chinese like the

691:. It also managed to deceive the U.S. intelligence and the UN about the size and nature of the Chinese forces that entered Korea. They later realized that the PVA was the PLA's 830:

were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared, until it flew away; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators. Such battlefield discipline allowed a three-

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After the war was over, of the PVA POWs held by UNC forces, 14,235 were transported to Taiwan. They began arriving in Taiwan on January 23, 1954 and were referred to as "

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for converting or initiating new members. Thought reform techniques are consistent with psychological principles but were not explicitly derived from such principles.

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rifle. Surplus Mauser ammunition were also supplied by the Soviet Union or were available from stocks left behind by the KMT forces who also used German ammunition.

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general dissatisfaction amongst the Chinese ranks. Constant political indoctrination and high peer pressure were required to maintain high morale for each soldier.

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on 6 March. The Eighth Army expelled the PVA/KPA troops from Seoul on 16 March, destroying much of the city with aerial and artillery bombardments in the process.

838:, Manchuria, to the combat zone in some 19 days. Another division night-marched a circuitous mountain route, averaging 29 km (18 mi) daily for 18 days. 7352: 2043:

described the soldiers as having 'unparalleled bravery, mass spirit and international heroism,' and describing the other help that the volunteer army provided.

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Besides the political officers, Party members and Party candidates also enforced political controls within the ranks. Squads were often divided into three-man

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The PVA counterattacked on 22 April 1951 in a major offensive with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon U.S.

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being produced by the PRC, based on the type of which had already been exported to and used in China since the 1930s and by UN troops during the Korean War.

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have suggested that Lifton's model of brainwashing may throw light on the use of mass propaganda in other communist states such as the former Soviet Union.

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fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea to find out what could be done to end the war. With the UN's and PVA's acceptance of India's proposal for an

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interpreted this withdrawal as a show of weakness; they thought that this initial attack was all that the Chinese forces were capable of undertaking.

7575: 7089: 7079: 6701: 716:, the commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps and one of the most talented commanders of the Chinese Civil War, to coordinate all preparation efforts. 7074: 6791: 6682: 6658: 6585: 6528: 285: 7158: 5034: 7148: 6774: 6342: 2056:

The legacy of the PVA is commemorated in the DPRK with the Cemetery of the Fallen Soldiers of the Chinese People's Volunteers Army, located in

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on 11 February, stopping X Corps' advance in the process. But without proper rest and recuperation, the new offensive soon fizzled out at the

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began to send more weapons and ammunition to the PRC, which started to produce licensed copies of some types of Soviet weapons, such as the

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Hunter and those who picked up the Chinese term used it to explain why, unlike in earlier wars, a relatively high percentage of American

1596: 1425: 1347:, the PVA overran several UN divisions and landed an extremely heavy blow into the flank of the remaining UN forces, decimating the U.S. 913:

attitudes. All ranks wore a cotton or woolen green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leaders' uniforms being different in cut.

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counterrevolutionary activity at home. MacArthur's public statements that he wanted to extend the Korean War into China, and return the

7473: 6580: 4132: 2809:, Volume 39, Issue 3, pp. 269–290. September 2014. Quote: "But Mao's eagerness to be a part of the Korean revolutionary cause against 1828:

into "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system. To that end the regime developed techniques that would break down the

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Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-Psychological Analysis of the "Brainwashing" of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists

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In a summary published in 1963, Edgar Schein gave a background history of the precursor origins of the brainwashing phenomenon:

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The ‘Mao suit’: how a military-style uniform changed the face of China – and clothed Australian prisoners during the Korean War

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retreated another 50 miles (80 km), but the overextended PVA were completely exhausted after months of nonstop fighting.

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Despite arguments on the changing from "People's Support Army" to "People's Volunteer Army", the name was also a homage to the

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alarmed the PRC government. The PRC had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the

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command, this army was officially a UN "police" force. In order to avoid an open war with the U.S. and other UN members, the

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between the Republic of China and mainland China remains strained, and mainland China continues to claim the sovereignty of

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Mind-control theories from the Korean War era came under criticism in subsequent years. According to forensic psychologist

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Prisoners-of-war (POWs) played a major role in the continuation of the war past 1951. The US accused China of implementing

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without the upper echelons' knowledge, and it is often carried out to prevent the future escapes or rescues of the POWs.

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Anthony, Dick (1999). "Pseudoscience and Minority Religions: An Evaluation of the Brainwashing Theories of Jean-Marie".

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Schein, Edgar (May 1956). "The Chinese Indoctrination Program for Prisoners of War: A Study of Attempted Brainwashing".

7016: 6784: 6352: 5491: 4000: 2918: 2889: 2790: 1672:, which is patrolled to this day by North Korean troops on one side and South Korean and American troops on the other. 1352: 4112:

Stephen L·Endicott，Germ Warfare and"Plausible Denial"：the Korean War，1952～1953，Modern China，Vol.5，No.1，Jan.1979，P87～89

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continued at home. On August 5, Mao telegraphed Gao Gang (高岗 1905–1954), the Commander and Commissar of the NDA, that

1750:, and within the meetings public shamings and criticisms were conducted to raise morale and to indoctrinate soldiers. 7367: 5847: 5091: 4989: 4964: 4856: 4833: 4810: 4751: 4728: 4705: 4686: 4663: 4591: 4568: 4474: 4432: 4401: 4337: 4037: 4008: 3974: 3856: 3824: 3682: 3516: 3367: 3287: 3239: 2700: 2671: 2637: 2386: 2372: 2354: 2288: 2231: 2177:

The Korean War also led to other long-lasting effects. Until the war, the US had largely abandoned the government of

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consisting of 850. However, many divisions sent to Korea were below-strength while the divisions stationed opposite

52: 7411: 6747: 6436: 5024: 956:

because of numerous UN-conducted air interdiction operations. In addition, there was also a local copy of the U.S.

800:

in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots; they would hold local air superiority against the

170: 3348:

Li Tso-Peng, "Strategy: One Against Ten, Tactics: Ten Against One." Foreign Languages Press, Peking 1966, pp. 4–5.

1664:, fighting ended 27 July 1953, by which time the front line was back around the proximity of the 38th parallel. A 6027: 5071: 5029: 2410: 2223: 1810: 1746:, with each fireteam led by a Party member or a Party candidate. Group meetings were frequently used to maintain 740:

commander of the Chinese forces in Korea. Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the

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evacuated Seoul on 3 January, and PVA/KPA forces recaptured the city on 4 January. Both the Eighth Army and the

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Farrar-Hockley, Anthony (June 1984). "A Reminiscence of the Chinese People's Volunteers in the Korean War".

1777:, coined "brainwashing", on US prisoners, while China refused to allow the US to repatriate POWs to Taiwan. 1511:

on 15 February. With the entire PVA incapable of any further offensive operations, the Eighth Army launched

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also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment.

1804: 1684:

behind UN lines to give the appearance of vast hordes. This, of course, was augmented by the PVA tactic of

1489: 1305: 1280: 1225: 1203: 1081: 5039: 2913:] (in Chinese). Vol. I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. p. 160. 2402:

about the Chinese soldiers serving in the Korean War. It is considered to be the most famous literary and

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Chinese and Koreans were making valiant attempts to convert the captives to the communist way of thought.

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and that the Chinese intervention was delayed in part due to reluctance on the part of Stalin and Kim."

1356: 1318: 1172: 1160: 1086: 1052: 617: 4469:] (in Chinese). Vol. I, II, III. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. 4063: 7265: 7121: 6605: 6420: 6309: 6216: 6066: 5971: 5653: 5633: 5561: 5551: 4640: 4514: 3105: 3003: 1669: 1665: 1260: 1245: 1177: 1140: 858: 805: 4994: 1790:

starvation and diseases soon swept through those camps during the winter of 1950–51, while numerous

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Peng, Dehuai (1984). "The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea". In Grimes, Sarah (ed.).

2592:"Identities of ten Chinese People's Volunteers martyrs confirmed - Ministry of National Defense" 2591: 2035:

To mark the 70th year of entry into the Korean War by the volunteers' army, North Korean leader

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on 19 October 1950 and completely withdrew by October 1958. The nominal commander and political

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The Day The Chinese Attacked: Korea, 1950: the Story of the Failure of America's China Policy

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The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy

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The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy

1382:

UN forces in northeast Korea withdrew to form a defensive perimeter around the port city of

7326: 7094: 6177: 6161: 6155: 5937: 5931: 5179: 4163: 4142: 3874:"Home by Ship: Reaction Patterns of American Prisoners of War Repatriated from North Korea" 3136: 1869: 1681: 1657: 1208: 1196: 1191: 816:

Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition but warned Zhou that the

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which fiercely resisted, blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the

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cover as a journalist, turned out a steady stream of books and articles on the subject.

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On 25 November the PVA struck again along the entire Korean front. In the west, at the

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had been inclined to send Chinese troops to Korea in later August and early September,

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Western sources often refer to the Chinese People's Volunteer Army by using the term

2171: 2060:. Wreaths and floral baskets are sent to commemorate their contributions to the war. 1959: 1931: 1834: 1705: 1493: 1295: 1265: 1155: 1145: 877: 817: 810: 721: 692: 688: 7466: 6120: 6077: 5951: 5923: 5917: 5819: 5782: 5748: 5721: 5673: 5591: 5576: 5556: 5536: 5352: 4984: 4979: 4087: 3990: 3937: 3933: 3885: 3232:

Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal: The Autobiographical Notes of Peng Dehuai (1898-1974)

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For many Chinese, the Korean War is generally regarded as an honorable struggle in

1902: 1516: 1512: 1360: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1057: 1030: 1000: 854: 424: 6289: 4914: 4067:. Vol. 4 (14th (revised) ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 91. 3234:. Translated by Zheng, Longpu. Foreign Languages Press Beijing. pp. 474–475. 600:, the PVA was separately constituted in order to prevent an official war with the 7461: 6839: 6829: 6428: 6390: 6193: 6071: 5804: 5787: 5753: 5716: 5663: 5638: 5628: 5345: 5279: 5274: 5173: 5014: 4720: 4560: 3996:

Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism; a Study of "Brainwashing" in China

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Formidable enemies : the North Korean and Chinese Soldier in the Korean War

2695:]. Vol. I. Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House. 776:

On 8 October, the day after UN troops crossed the 38th parallel and began their

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On 20 May the Eighth Army counterattacked the exhausted PVA/KPA forces in the

901:, which was what the PVA soldiers typically used for communications in battle. 732:, by contrast, was reluctant to escalate the war with a Chinese intervention. 7559: 6244: 5611: 5318: 5268: 4636: 4444:

China's Road to the Korean War: the Making of the Sino-American Confrontation

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Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese-American Confrontations, 1949–1958

3779:

Browning, Michael (March 14, 2003). "Was Kidnapped Utah Teen Brainwashed?".

2091:. Although Chinese had their own reasons to enter the war (i.e. a strategic 2084:(毛岸英), was a PVA officer during the war, and was killed by a UN air strike. 1355:

was the longest retreat of an American unit in history. In the east, at the

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statements. Nevertheless, the majority of prisoners did not actually adopt

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Red Wings Over the Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War in Korea

4742:

Enter the Dragon: China's Undeclared War Against the U.S. in Korea 1950–51

4497: 4205:"Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un sends flower baskets in honour of CPV martyrs" 1861:) prior to conducting certain ceremonies or entering certain holy places. 695:(NEFF), with other PLA formations transferred under NEFF's command as the 5380: 5313: 5225: 4678: 2615: 2567:"China welcomes return of CPV soldiers' remains for 10 consecutive years" 2036: 1877: 1791: 1736: 1393: 910: 763: 737: 613: 519: 334: 330: 326: 314: 260:(English: "Resist U.S. aggressors and aid Korea, to defend our homeland") 229: 2741: 2717: 5459: 5255: 5249: 4897: 2483: 2403: 2081: 1934:(13th century) and elaborated through the centuries, especially by the 1332: 953: 905:

The PVA soldier was reasonably well clothed, in keeping with the PLA's

758:

Three commanders of the PVA during the Korean War. From left to right:

741: 724:, they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea. U.S. President 696: 676:

on his manuscript about the decision of the army's clothing and flags.

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Goncharov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich; Lewis, John Wilson; Xue, Litai (1993).

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and other institutions for producing value change; in methods used by

1383: 508: 398: 373: 7391: 6415: 6017: 5386: 5236: 2444: 2009: 1906: 933: 906: 759: 621: 609: 537: 515: 473: 318: 4773:. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Combined Arms Center. Archived from 4396:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army. 2306: 2273:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2138:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1574: 1403: 983: 6857: 5391: 4673:

Ryan, Mark A.; Finkelstein, David M.; McDevitt, Michael A. (2003).

4329:

United States Army in the Korean War: Truce Tent and Fighting Front

4121:

New York Times，Aug.15,1953;Canadian Far Eastern Newsletter，Nov.1953

3358:

Ryan, Mark A.; Finkelstein, David M.; McDevitt, Michael A. (2003).

2628:

Ryan, Mark A.; Finkelstein, David M.; McDevitt, Michael A. (2003).

2473: 1743: 1483: 1322: 1008: 993: 929: 767: 713: 625: 589:. Although all units in the PVA were actually transferred from the 555: 480: 445: 322: 2783:

Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953

988: 948:-made weapons were also purchased on the open market by the PRC. 7499: 7321: 6363: 5116: 4349:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3674:

The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control

2805:

Sheng, Michael. "Mao's Role in the Korean Conflict: A Revision".

1825: 1649: 968: 835: 2904: 2875: 1639:

Chinese troops in Korea depicted on a 1952 Chinese postage stamp

1503:

Hoping to regain the initiative, the PVA counterattacked at the

754: 7405: 4822:

Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953

4488:

The Chinese Communist Army in Action: the War and its Aftermath

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Roy Appleman further clarified the initial Chinese tactics as:

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China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation

3320:

Chinese Question Role in Korean War, from POW-MIA InterNetwork

3204:

Centrefire automatic submachine gun - Type 50 (PPSh-41) - 1953

2939: 1522: 889: 548: 6561: 4866: 3280:

The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944–1972

1821: 916: 894: 605: 530: 135: 4460: 3052: 3050: 3028: 2845: 2686: 2452:, who has long lived in the United States and who writes in 2003: 1976: 944:

or were captured from the Kuomintang military forces. Some

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China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation

1375:

loss which they could not recover from until the start of

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PVA forces used rapid attacks on the flanks and rear and

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Military units and formations of China in the Korean War

2785:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 390. 2755: 2718:"China's Changing Aims during the Korean War, 1950—1951" 2051: 1564: 4672: 4281:"Who are the Most Beloved People?(谁是最可爱的人)(In Chinese)" 3591: 3357: 2627: 1492:, attacking the unprepared PVA/KPA forces south of the 4631:. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Combined Arms Center. 4032:. Translated by David Floyd. London: Collins Harvill. 3555: 2970: 1872:

and resist their imprisonment. British radio operator

1552:, inflicting heavy losses. The destruction of the PVA 1394:

Third Phase Campaign (31 December 1950–8 January 1951)

963:

Later on, after the first year of the Korean War, the

581:), was the armed expeditionary forces deployed by the 6476: 4230:"CPV performs distinguished services on Korean front" 4028:

Cogs in the Soviet Wheel: The Formation of Soviet Man

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was in charge, but this notion had been disproved).

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Military units and formations disestablished in 1994

3633: 3608: 3606: 3069: 2905:Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000). 2876:Chinese Military Science Academy (September 2000). 2618:(沈志华) (2000). 《抗美援朝战争决策中的苏联因素》. 《当代中国史研究》, 1, 28–39. 1333:

Second Phase campaign (25 November–24 December 1950)

7505:

China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation

4509:

Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War

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Chinese Reds Enter the Korean War - The Big Picture

1805:

Brainwashing § The Korean War and brainwashing

1722: 7375:Academic institutions of the armed forces of China 4794: 4739: 4675:Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience Since 1949 4622:"Chapter 2: the Chinese Communist Forces in Korea" 4533: 4506: 4485: 4368: 4025: 3844: 3618: 3567: 3360:Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949 2630:Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949 1999:Chinese POWs captured by US Marines, December 1950 1695:had this to say about Chinese tactics in his book 683:that had helped the Chinese communists during the 281:Battle Hymn of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army 7586:Military units and formations established in 1950 4767:Enemy Tactics, Techniques and Doctrine Korea 1951 4656:Psywar: Psychological Warfare in Korea, 1950–1953 4504: 4332:. United States Army Center of Military History. 4199: 4197: 3603: 984:First Phase campaign (25 October–5 November 1950) 834:army to march the 460 km (286 mi) from 7557: 3964: 3508:《The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War》 2687:PLA Military Science Academy (September 2000). 2511:, a title which was synonymous with the Chinese 1484:Fourth Phase Campaign (30 January–21 April 1951) 2406:piece produced by China during the Korean War. 1896:the prisoners under conditions of physical and 639:Chinese People's Volunteer Army order of battle 6616:Information operations and information warfare 4467:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 4425:The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950–1953 4194: 3751:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. 3362:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 126. 3157: 2911:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 2882:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 2693:History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 2020: 1798: 853:(KPA) in September/October 1950 following the 27:Communist Chinese forces during the Korean War 6544: 4882: 4139:United States Army Center of Military History 4077: 3953:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism 3912:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism 3545: 3543: 3530: 3528: 3061:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStokesbury1990 ( 3039:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarnouinYu2006 ( 2950:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarnouinYu2006 ( 2837:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBarnouinYu2006 ( 2766:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStokesbury1990 ( 2398:) is the title of an essay by Chinese writer 2063: 1916:Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism 1857:custom of "cleansing/washing the heart" (洗心, 387: 362: 3865: 3748:Brainwashing: The Science of Thought Control 3470: 3468: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3393:. p. 719. CMH Pub 202-1. Archived from 2869: 2722:The Journal of American-East Asian Relations 744:, they might cross it and invade China; the 7021:Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers: 4760: 3080:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAppleman1998 ( 2898: 2335:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2232:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2087:The war also contributed to the decline of 1841:, psychological harassment, inculcation of 1603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1523:Fifth Phase Campaign (22 April–22 May 1951) 1432:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7474:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 6551: 6537: 6411:Impact on the economy of the United States 4889: 4875: 4629:A Historical Perspective on Light Infantry 3847:Wind Between the Worlds: Captured in Tibet 3540: 3525: 3504: 3056: 3034: 2981:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCumings2005 ( 2964: 2945: 2933: 2863: 2851: 2832: 2774: 2761: 2432:) is a famous Chinese war movie about the 1768: 536:Second commander and commissar of the PVA 102: 7358:National University of Defense Technology 4619: 4366: 4321: 4319: 4312:The Cold War, The Korean War: An Overview 3465: 3430: 3409: 3153: 3151: 3149: 2373:Learn how and when to remove this message 2355:Learn how and when to remove this message 2289:Learn how and when to remove this message 2154:Learn how and when to remove this message 1656:On 29 November 1952 U.S. President-elect 1623:Learn how and when to remove this message 1452:Learn how and when to remove this message 702: 554:Third commander and commissar of the PVA 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 7576:Expatriate military units and formations 5458: 4554: 4427:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 4389: 3778: 3597: 3561: 3075: 2632:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 125. 2004:Anti-communist POWs in communist service 1994: 1634: 1463: 987: 915: 888: 753: 45:This article includes a list of general 7510:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 4714: 4600: 4492:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4446:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4393:South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu 4071: 3839: 3807: 3549: 3534: 3474: 3459: 3447: 3424: 3390:South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu 2976: 869:, citing national security interests. 664:(PLA) under the name "volunteer army". 14: 7558: 4483: 4461:PLA Military Science Academy (2000). 4325: 4316: 4057: 4023: 3989: 3923: 3917: 3871: 3741: 3256:"Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950" 3146: 3093: 3091: 2780: 2170:" (反共義士). In Taiwan January 23 became 1938:; in methods of organizing corrective 1780: 1686:maximizing their forces for the attack 6532: 5061:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 4870: 4842: 4819: 4792: 4737: 4717:Communist Logistics in the Korean War 4653: 3663: 3639: 3307: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2052:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1565:Stalemate (10 June 1951–27 July 1953) 1012: 876:to discuss with UN Commander General 5040:65th Infantry Regiment (Puerto Rico) 4577: 4531: 4441: 3651: 3627: 3612: 3585: 3573: 3382: 3229: 3097: 2995: 2715: 2333:adding citations to reliable sources 2300: 2238: 2197: 2103: 2099: 1601:adding citations to reliable sources 1568: 1430:adding citations to reliable sources 1397: 1013: 31: 18:Chinese People's Volunteer Army 7149:Reform and Organizational Structure 4695: 4658:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 4375:. New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc. 4278: 3088: 2661: 2541:"Тараптардың күштері және шығындар" 2533: 24: 7581:Expeditionary units and formations 7545:Authorized defense products dealer 7154:International Military Cooperation 7017:Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base 4134:The Korean War: Years of Stalemate 4130: 4001:University of North Carolina Press 3714: 2989: 2646: 1883:After the war, two studies of the 863:UN September 1950 counteroffensive 51:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 7602: 7368:PLA Air Force Aviation University 6396:Allegations of biological warfare 6386:North Korea–South Korea relations 5994:UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive 5092:Medical support in the Korean War 3385:"Chapter XXXIX, The Big Question" 3187:. July 26, 2023. Antonia Finnane 2448:is a novel by the Chinese author 2213:This section has multiple issues. 1691:Historian and Korean War veteran 1550:UN May-June 1951 counteroffensive 849:The collapse of the North Korean 7412:The Science of Military Strategy 6560: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6437:United Nations Memorial Cemetery 6038:Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953 5775:(25 October 1950 – January 1951) 5709:(15 September – 30 October 1950) 4344: 3872:Lifton, Robert J. (April 1954). 2387:Who are the Most Beloved People? 2305: 2243: 2202: 2108: 2074:Who are the Most Beloved People? 1918:. More recent writers including 1887:of American prisoners of war by 1723:Discipline and political control 1573: 1402: 1301:Berlin Outposts and Boulder City 920:Typical firearms used by the PVA 547: 529: 507: 466:Chung-kuo Jen-min Chih-yüan-chün 410:"China People Volunteering Army" 146: 128: 36: 6910:Rocket Force corps of engineers 5860:Combat around the 38th parallel 4305: 4272: 4247: 4222: 4168: 4157: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4051: 4017: 3983: 3958: 3833: 3801: 3772: 3735: 3708: 3657: 3498: 3480: 3376: 3351: 3342: 3338:GlobalSecurity.org – Korean War 3331: 3313: 3301: 3273: 3248: 3223: 3211: 3197: 3174: 3130: 2799: 2662:Roe, Patrick C. (May 4, 2000). 2411:Battle on Shangganling Mountain 2221:or discuss these issues on the 1990: 1345:Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River 486: 7520:Seven Sons of National Defence 6401:American and British defectors 5415:Republic of Korea Armed Forces 4896: 4849:Texas A&M University Press 3938:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023044 3878:American Journal of Psychiatry 2709: 2680: 2621: 2609: 2584: 2559: 2509:Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) 2501: 2489:Soviet Union in the Korean War 2428: 2395: 2039:visited the cemetery in 2020. 1500:by X Corps in central Korea. 924:The nominal strength of a PLA 465: 451: 437: 388: 363: 13: 1: 7134:National Defense Mobilization 5497:(25 June – 15 September 1950) 4746:. New York: Newmarket Press. 4484:George, Alexander L. (1967). 3494:. A Da Capo paperback. 1986年. 2522: 893:Uniform of the PVA. Note the 632: 108:People's Volunteer Army badge 7455:Mountain Eagle Commando Unit 5035:Arkansas Army National Guard 4715:Shrader, Charles R. (1995). 4620:McMichael, Scott R. (1987). 4371:Korea: the First War We Lost 4367:Alexander, Bevin R. (1986). 4141:. p. 17. Archived from 2527: 1515:on 21 February, followed by 1496:. This was followed up with 1317:On 19 October Pyongyang was 884: 643: 7: 7353:National Defence University 7348:Academy of Military Science 7129:Training and Administration 6611:Weapons of mass destruction 5440:United States Seventh Fleet 4907:25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 3721:Online Etymology Dictionary 3505:Halberstam, David (2007年). 2467: 2460:and was a finalist for the 2269:the claims made and adding 2134:the claims made and adding 2027:Aftermath of the Korean War 2021:Aftermath of the Korean War 1799:Allegations of mind control 1468:Chinese infantrymen in the 1363:—a 3,000 man unit from the 1353:UN retreat from North Korea 618:ceasefire agreement in 1953 575:Chinese People's Volunteers 348:People's Volunteer Army 10: 7607: 7450:Snow Leopard Commando Unit 6262:Korean Armistice Agreement 6107:(July 1951 – 27 July 1953) 5430:United Nations contingents 4826:University Press of Kansas 4654:Pease, Stephen E. (1992). 4422: 4359: 4255:"Chinese martyrs honoured" 2781:Offner, Arnold A. (2002). 2064:People's Republic of China 2024: 2015:Geneva Conventions of 1949 1802: 1675: 1668:was established along the 1526: 1388:evacuation was carried out 1357:Battle of Chosin Reservoir 1336: 998: 978: 778:offensive into North Korea 658:People's Republic of China 636: 593:(PLA) under the orders of 583:People's Republic of China 487:Zunggwok Janman Zijyungwan 438:Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhìyuànjūn 136:People's Republic of China 7528: 7482: 7425: 7383: 7340: 7309: 7283: 7231: 7172: 7058: 7051: 7007: 6999:Information Support Force 6989: 6971: 6941: 6934: 6895: 6848: 6746: 6631: 6624: 6573: 6450: 6378: 6333: 6275: 6099: 6046: 6002: 5857: 5767: 5699: 5489: 5453: 5445:Korean People's Air Force 5435:United States Eighth Army 5400: 5292: 5140: 5084: 5050: 4943: 4936: 4923:Korea divided (1945–1949) 4913: 4904: 4820:Zhang, Shu Guang (1995). 4793:Zhang, Shu Guang (1992). 4578:Lech, Raymond B. (2000). 4555:Kinkhead, Eugene (1981). 4540:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4515:Stanford University Press 4259:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp 4234:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp 4209:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp 4176:"志愿军老兵重返朝鲜谈感受：他们水深火热很痛心" 3969:. New York: W.W. Norton. 3965:Schein, Edgar H. (1971). 3677:. New York: Times Books. 3106:Stanford University Press 3004:Stanford University Press 2419: 2046: 1876:and British army Colonel 1670:Military Demarcation Line 1021: 859:Pusan Perimeter offensive 693:North East Frontier Force 497: 479: 472: 458: 452:ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊㄓˋ ㄩㄢˋㄐㄩㄣ 444: 430: 423: 418: 414: 406: 381: 356: 352: 347: 308: 303: 293: 276: 265: 251: 235: 225: 217: 192: 184: 158: 141: 123: 117:1950–1958 (combat troops) 113: 101: 96: 7399:August First Film Studio 6922:Special operations units 6885:special operations units 6819:special operations units 6738:Special operations units 6567:People's Liberation Army 4843:Zhang, Xiaoming (2004). 4803:Cornell University Press 4696:Roe, Patrick C. (2000). 4462: 4423:Blair, Clay Jr. (2003). 4061:(1963). "Brainwashing". 4024:Heller, Mikhail (1988). 3490:[美]李奇微：《朝鲜战争回忆录》 3104:. Stanford, California: 3002:. Stanford, California: 2906: 2877: 2688: 2513:People's Liberation Army 2494: 2479:People's Liberation Army 2193: 1529:Chinese spring offensive 1377:Chinese spring offensive 710:People's Liberation Army 685:Second Sino-Japanese War 662:People's Liberation Army 652:(UNC) forces were under 591:People's Liberation Army 383:Traditional Chinese 7566:People's Volunteer Army 7009:Joint Logistics Support 6905:Missile operation units 4738:Spurr, Russell (1988). 4601:Mahoney, Kevin (2001). 4326:Hermes, Walter (1992). 4092:10.1023/A:1022081411463 4080:Social Justice Research 4064:Encyclopædia Britannica 3817:Oxford University Press 3696:In September 1950, the 3191:August 5, 2023, at the 3098:Zhao, Suisheng (2022). 2996:Zhao, Suisheng (2022). 2807:Twentieth Century China 2434:Battle of Triangle Hill 1914:, and Lifton published 1809:During the Korean War, 1769:Prisoners-of-war (POWs) 1730:Chinese Communist Party 1470:Battle of Triangle Hill 958:Thompson submachine gun 932:comprising 3,000 and a 874:traveled to Wake Island 567:People's Volunteer Army 358:Simplified Chinese 153:Chinese Communist Party 97:People's Volunteer Army 66:more precise citations. 7164:Offices Administration 5702:United Nations Command 5492:North Korean offensive 5482: 4965:Belgium and Luxembourg 4584:University of Illinois 4390:Appleman, Roy (1992). 3890:10.1176/ajp.110.10.732 3207:Royal Armouries Museum 3035:Barnouin & Yu 2006 2946:Barnouin & Yu 2006 2833:Barnouin & Yu 2006 2174:(自由日) in their honor. 2000: 1964: 1763:Matthew Bunker Ridgway 1720: 1711: 1640: 1472: 1339:Second Phase Offensive 996: 942:Imperial Japanese Army 928:was 9,500 men, with a 921: 902: 771: 703:Decisions to enter war 650:United Nations Command 119:1954–1994 (delegation) 7435:People's Armed Police 7332:Type 97 Service Dress 7317:Xingkong (camouflage) 7139:Discipline Inspection 7117:Equipment Development 6325:Panmunjom Declaration 5865:(January – June 1951) 5462: 4928:Prelude to war (1950) 4646:on November 16, 2010. 4532:Hoyt, Edwin. (1990). 2547:on September 29, 2013 2168:Anti-Communist Heroes 2089:Sino-Soviet relations 1998: 1936:Russian secret police 1927: 1847:group social pressure 1816:The Chinese term 洗腦 ( 1715: 1701: 1638: 1509:Battle of Chipyong-ni 1490:Operation Thunderbolt 1467: 1365:7th Infantry Division 1349:2nd Infantry Division 1319:captured by UN forces 1076:Fourth Phase Campaign 1042:Second Phase Campaign 991: 919: 892: 872:On 15 October Truman 757: 681:Korean Volunteer Army 637:Further information: 208:Expeditionary warfare 188:Combined armed forces 7445:Special police units 7363:Army Command College 7327:Type 99 (camouflage) 5770:Chinese Intervention 5410:Korean People's Army 5180:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5085:Medical (non-combat) 4557:In Every War But One 4164:Operation Big Switch 4145:on December 14, 2007 2948:, pp. 146, 149. 2515:during the Cold War. 2329:improve this section 1658:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1597:improve this section 1426:improve this section 1134:Fifth Phase Campaign 1064:Third Phase Campaign 1025:First Phase Campaign 851:Korean People's Army 629:throughout the war. 514:First commander and 7417:Defense White Paper 7122:Manned Space Agency 7090:Intelligence Bureau 6991:Information Support 6320:Northern Limit Line 6315:Korean DMZ Conflict 5474:South Korean, U.S., 5455:Military operations 5293:Military commanders 4847:. College Station: 4442:Chen, Jian (1996). 4410:on November 2, 2013 4059:Schein, Edgar Henry 3397:on November 2, 2013 3282:by Bevin Alexander 3220:Imperial War Museum 3160:The China Quarterly 2811:American aggressors 2716:Chen, Jian (1992). 2438:Cultural Revolution 2041:The Pyongyang Times 1960:primitive societies 1912:Coercive Persuasion 1839:sensory deprivation 1781:United Nations POWs 1648:, which started in 1505:Battle of Hoengsong 1372:1st Marine Division 1127:Operation Dauntless 802:F-80 Shooting Stars 245:Most Beloved People 200:Defend North Korea 7144:Strategic Planning 6963:Deep Space Network 6085:Blockade of Wonsan 5483: 5478:and United Nations 5285:Vyacheslav Molotov 4698:The Dragon Strikes 4605:. Presidio Press. 4131:Birtle, Andrew J. 3325:2007-10-23 at the 3037:, pp. 147–48. 2854:, pp. 355–56. 2664:The Dragon Strikes 2571:english.www.gov.cn 2458:PEN/Faulkner Award 2254:possibly contains 2119:possibly contains 2001: 1898:social deprivation 1820:, literally "wash 1666:demilitarized zone 1646:peace negotiations 1641: 1473: 997: 922: 903: 782:Vyacheslav Molotov 772: 604:. The PVA entered 573:), officially the 7553: 7552: 7515:Poly Technologies 7440:China Coast Guard 7279: 7278: 7047: 7046: 6930: 6929: 6785:aircraft carriers 6526: 6525: 6461:Korean War images 6370:Television series 6343:Documentary films 6271: 6270: 6108: 6055: 6011: 5866: 5848:1st and 2nd Wonju 5799:Ch'ongch'on River 5776: 5710: 5689:2nd Naktong Bulge 5644:1st Naktong Bulge 5498: 5338:Douglas MacArthur 5212:Louis St. Laurent 5199:Winston Churchill 5141:Political leaders 5080: 5079: 4954:Republic of Korea 4612:978-0-89141-738-5 4547:978-0-07-030632-5 4524:978-0-8047-2115-8 4513:. Palo Alto, CA: 4453:978-0-231-10025-0 4382:978-0-87052-135-5 4279:Wei, Wei (1951). 3813:Captured in Tibet 3758:978-0-19-920478-6 3715:Harper, Douglas. 3669:"8. Brainwashing" 3588:, pp. 2, 57. 3383:Appleman, Roy E. 3296:978-0-313-28008-5 3115:978-1-5036-3415-2 3013:978-1-5036-3415-2 2383: 2382: 2375: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2299: 2298: 2291: 2256:original research 2236: 2172:World Freedom Day 2164: 2163: 2156: 2121:original research 2100:Republic of China 1932:Papal Inquisition 1835:sleep deprivation 1706:Chinese civil war 1633: 1632: 1625: 1498:Operation Roundup 1462: 1461: 1454: 1314: 1313: 1048:Ch'ongch'on River 878:Douglas MacArthur 844:Kuomintang regime 811:Sino-Soviet split 766:(1950–1952); and 722:national security 689:Chinese Civil War 501: 500: 493: 492: 425:Standard Mandarin 340: 339: 221:+3 million troops 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 7598: 7467:Maritime Militia 7232:Military regions 7112:Logistic Support 7060:Central Military 7056: 7055: 6981:Cyberspace Force 6939: 6938: 6918: 6734: 6726:Chemical defense 6722: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6629: 6628: 6565: 6564: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6470: 6300:Prisoners of war 6200:White Horse Hill 6132:Heartbreak Ridge 6106: 6053: 6049:Naval operations 6009: 5966:Spring offensive 5864: 5820:Task Force Faith 5813:Chosin Reservoir 5774: 5708: 5704:Counteroffensive 5496: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5470: 5375: 5361: 5355: 5353:Mark Wayne Clark 5348: 5340: 5331: 5302: 5263: 5244: 5220: 5206: 5187: 5168: 5149: 4941: 4940: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4839: 4816: 4800: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4780:on July 23, 2011 4779: 4772: 4757: 4745: 4734: 4719:. Westport, CT: 4711: 4692: 4669: 4647: 4645: 4639:. Archived from 4626: 4616: 4597: 4574: 4559:. Westport, CT: 4551: 4539: 4528: 4512: 4501: 4491: 4480: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406:. Archived from 4386: 4374: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4323: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4293:on March 3, 2016 4289:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4182:on March 1, 2017 4178:. Archived from 4172: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3850: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3743:Taylor, Kathleen 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3723:. Dictionary.com 3712: 3706: 3705: 3693: 3691: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3463: 3462:, pp. 36–37 3457: 3451: 3445: 3428: 3422: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3185:The Conversation 3178: 3172: 3171: 3155: 3144: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3025: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2824: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2659: 2644: 2643: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2543:. 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Truman 5166: 5147: 5136: 5086: 5076: 5046: 4932: 4909: 4900: 4895: 4865: 4859: 4836: 4813: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4731: 4721:Greenwood Press 4708: 4689: 4666: 4643: 4624: 4613: 4594: 4580:Broken Soldiers 4571: 4561:Greenwood Press 4548: 4525: 4477: 4464: 4454: 4435: 4413: 4411: 4404: 4383: 4362: 4357: 4345: 4340: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4076: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4040: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3999:. Chapel Hill: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3963: 3959: 3922: 3918: 3902: 3900: 3884:(10): 732–739. 3870: 3866: 3859: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3806: 3802: 3782:Palm Beach Post 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3709: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3431: 3423: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3327:Wayback Machine 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3193:Wayback Machine 3179: 3175: 3162:(98): 287–304. 3156: 3147: 3135: 3131: 3116: 3096: 3089: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3057:Stokesbury 1990 3055: 3048: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3014: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2965:Halberstam 2007 2963: 2959: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2934:Halberstam 2007 2932: 2928: 2921: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2864:Halberstam 2007 2862: 2858: 2852:Halberstam 2007 2850: 2846: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2762:Stokesbury 1990 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2660: 2647: 2640: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2470: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2326: 2310: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2179:Chiang Kai-shek 2160: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2125: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2070:Chinese history 2066: 2058:Hoechang County 2054: 2049: 2029: 2023: 2006: 1993: 1948:religious sects 1807: 1801: 1783: 1771: 1759:The Korean War, 1725: 1693:Bevin Alexander 1678: 1629: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1594: 1578: 1567: 1531: 1525: 1486: 1458: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1423: 1407: 1396: 1341: 1335: 1315: 1310: 1246:Jackson Heights 1204:2nd Maryang-san 1185:1st Maryang-san 1017: 1014: 1007: 1005:Battle of Unsan 999:Main articles: 986: 981: 887: 790:Georgy Malenkov 786:Lavrentiy Beria 774: 773: 726:Harry S. Truman 705: 646: 641: 635: 612:of the PVA was 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 552: 543: 542: 541: 534: 525: 524: 523: 512: 407:Literal meaning 343: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 310: 283: 269: 259: 258: 242: 210: 206: 204:Northeast China 201: 199: 180: 147: 145: 129: 127: 118: 109: 88: 77: 71: 68: 58:Please help to 57: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7604: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7237: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7109: 7107:Political Work 7104: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7080:General Office 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6947: 6945: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6880:Airborne Corps 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6854: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6666:Armored forces 6663: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6475: 6474: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6256:Samichon River 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6233:Pork Chop Hill 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6005:Air operations 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5867: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5547:Suwon Airfield 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:Kaesong–Munsan 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5193:Clement Attlee 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5097:Czechoslovakia 5090: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5027: 5025:United Kingdom 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4945:United Nations 4938: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4840: 4834: 4817: 4811: 4801:. Ithaca, NY: 4790: 4758: 4752: 4735: 4729: 4712: 4706: 4693: 4687: 4677:. Armonk, NY: 4670: 4664: 4651: 4617: 4611: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4552: 4546: 4529: 4523: 4502: 4481: 4475: 4458: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4338: 4315: 4304: 4286:People's Daily 4271: 4246: 4221: 4193: 4167: 4156: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4086:(4): 421–456. 4070: 4050: 4038: 4016: 4009: 3982: 3975: 3957: 3932:(2): 149–172. 3916: 3864: 3857: 3832: 3825: 3800: 3785:. Palm Beach. 3771: 3757: 3734: 3717:"brainwashing" 3707: 3683: 3656: 3654:, p. 146. 3644: 3642:, p. 168. 3632: 3617: 3602: 3600:, p. 141. 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3539: 3524: 3517: 3497: 3479: 3464: 3452: 3429: 3408: 3375: 3368: 3350: 3341: 3330: 3312: 3310:, p. 152. 3300: 3272: 3247: 3240: 3222: 3210: 3196: 3173: 3145: 3129: 3114: 3108:. p. 32. 3087: 3068: 3059:, p. 102. 3046: 3027: 3012: 3006:. p. 32. 2988: 2979:, p. 266. 2969: 2967:, p. 361. 2957: 2938: 2936:, p. 360. 2926: 2920:978-7801373908 2919: 2897: 2891:978-7801373908 2890: 2868: 2866:, p. 359. 2856: 2844: 2835:, p. 144. 2825: 2798: 2792:978-0804747745 2791: 2773: 2754: 2708: 2701: 2679: 2672: 2645: 2638: 2620: 2608: 2596:eng.mod.gov.cn 2583: 2558: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2462:Pulitzer Prize 2381: 2380: 2363: 2362: 2313: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2296: 2251: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2162: 2161: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2065: 2062: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2025:Main article: 2022: 2019: 2005: 2002: 1992: 1989: 1920:Mikhail Heller 1874:Robert W. Ford 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1782: 1779: 1770: 1767: 1724: 1721: 1677: 1674: 1631: 1630: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1554:180th Division 1527:Main article: 1524: 1521: 1485: 1482: 1460: 1459: 1410: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1306:Samichon River 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:Nevada Complex 1278: 1276:Pork Chop Hill 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 985: 982: 980: 977: 886: 883: 752: 751: 704: 701: 645: 642: 634: 631: 553: 546: 545: 544: 535: 528: 527: 526: 513: 506: 505: 504: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 483: 477: 476: 474:Yue: Cantonese 470: 469: 462: 456: 455: 448: 442: 441: 434: 428: 427: 421: 420: 419:Transcriptions 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 385: 379: 378: 360: 354: 353: 350: 349: 341: 338: 337: 312: 306: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 278: 274: 273: 267: 263: 262: 253: 249: 248: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 179: 178: 173: 168: 162: 160: 156: 155: 143: 139: 138: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 99: 98: 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7603: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:Vice-Chairmen 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586:Modernization 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6245:Outpost Harry 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6227:Outpost Vegas 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6206:Triangle Hill 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Bowling Alley 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5485: 5469:Soviet forces 5465:North Korean, 5461: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5367:Choi Yong-kun 5364: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319:Chung Il-kwon 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5269:Joseph Stalin 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5030:United States 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4860: 4858:1-58544-201-1 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4835:0-7006-0723-4 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4812:0-8014-2751-7 4808: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4776: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4753:1-55704-008-7 4749: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4732: 4730:0-313-29509-3 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4707:0-89141-703-6 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4688:0-7656-1087-6 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4665:0-8117-2592-8 4661: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4593:0-252-02541-5 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4570:0-313-23113-3 4566: 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SLG Books. 3849: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3826:0-19-581570-X 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3686: 3684:0-8129-0773-6 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3630:, p. 73. 3629: 3624: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3599: 3598:Kinkhead 1981 3594: 3587: 3582: 3576:, p. 38. 3575: 3570: 3564:, p. 94. 3563: 3562:Kinkhead 1981 3558: 3552:, p. 106 3551: 3546: 3544: 3537:, p. 105 3536: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3518:9781401300524 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3369:0-7656-1087-6 3365: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288:0-313-28008-8 3285: 3281: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3241:0-8351-1052-4 3237: 3233: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3076:Appleman 1998 3072: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2769: 2764:, p. 83. 2763: 2758: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2702:7-80137-390-1 2698: 2694: 2683: 2675: 2673:0-89141-703-6 2669: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2639:0-7656-1087-6 2635: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429:Shanggan Ling 2425: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2374: 2359: 2356: 2348: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2314:This section 2312: 2308: 2303: 2302: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2252:This section 2250: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2183:Taiwan Strait 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2155: 2147: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2117:This section 2115: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1903:anti-American 1899: 1894: 1890: 1889:Robert Lifton 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1811:Edward Hunter 1806: 1796: 1793: 1792:death marches 1787: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1757:According to 1755: 1751: 1749: 1748:unit cohesion 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1582:This section 1580: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1411:This section 1409: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291:Outpost Harry 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Outpost Vegas 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Triangle Hill 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231:Outpost Kelly 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1011: 1006: 1002: 995: 990: 976: 974: 973:Karabiner 98k 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 918: 914: 912: 908: 900: 896: 891: 882: 879: 875: 870: 868: 867:38th parallel 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 839: 837: 833: 828: 822: 819: 814: 812: 807: 803: 799: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 765: 761: 756: 750: 747: 743: 739: 733: 731: 730:Joseph Stalin 727: 723: 717: 715: 711: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 671: 665: 663: 660:deployed the 659: 655: 654:United States 651: 648:Although the 640: 630: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:United States 599: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 557: 550: 539: 532: 521: 517: 510: 496: 484: 482: 478: 475: 471: 463: 461: 457: 449: 447: 443: 435: 433: 429: 426: 422: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 397: 394: 391: 386: 384: 380: 375: 372: 369: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 346: 342:Military unit 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313: 307: 302: 299: 296: 292: 287: 282: 279: 275: 268: 264: 257: 254: 250: 246: 241: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 198: 197:Combined arms 195: 191: 187: 183: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 161: 157: 154: 144: 140: 137: 126: 122: 116: 112: 105: 100: 95: 86: 83: 75: 65: 61: 55: 54: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7537: 7427:Paramilitary 7404: 7397: 7390: 7384:Publications 7341:Institutions 7291:Ground Force 7159:Audit Office 7095:Guard Bureau 6814:Marine Corps 6756:Organization 6466: 6459: 6454: 6430: 6422: 6362: 6285:Memorial Day 6260: 6243: 6231: 6204: 6192: 6160: 6141: 6119: 6115:Bloody Ridge 6100: 6083: 6076: 6062:Korea Strait 6047: 6003: 5987:Soyang River 5965: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5924: 5916: 5887:Twin Tunnels 5879: 5872: 5858: 5846: 5840:Chaegunghyon 5827: 5818: 5812: 5798: 5768: 5722: 5700: 5634:P'ohang-dong 5622: 5552:Air Campaign 5532:Korea Strait 5504: 5490: 5476:Commonwealth 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5335: 5328: 5324:Paik Sun-yup 5306: 5299: 5267: 5260: 5248: 5241: 5232:Pak Hon-yong 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5191: 5184: 5172: 5165: 5161:Shin Song-mo 5155:Syngman Rhee 5153: 5146: 5132:West Germany 5087:participants 5072:Soviet Union 5066: 5059: 5052:Eastern Bloc 5020:South Africa 4952: 4937:Belligerents 4906: 4844: 4824:. Lawrence: 4821: 4796: 4782:. Retrieved 4775:the original 4766: 4741: 4716: 4700:. Presidio. 4697: 4674: 4655: 4641:the original 4628: 4602: 4579: 4556: 4535: 4508: 4487: 4466: 4443: 4424: 4412:. Retrieved 4408:the original 4392: 4370: 4328: 4307: 4295:. Retrieved 4291:the original 4284: 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4258: 4249: 4237:. Retrieved 4233: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4208: 4184:. Retrieved 4180:the original 4170: 4159: 4147:. Retrieved 4143:the original 4133: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4062: 4053: 4043: 4027: 4019: 3997: 3994: 3985: 3966: 3960: 3951: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3901:. Retrieved 3881: 3877: 3867: 3846: 3835: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3747: 3737: 3725:. Retrieved 3720: 3710: 3697: 3695: 3690:December 30, 3688:. Retrieved 3673: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3615:, p. 2. 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3550:Mahoney 2001 3535:Mahoney 2001 3511:. Hyperion. 3507: 3500: 3489: 3482: 3477:, p. 37 3475:Mahoney 2001 3460:Mahoney 2001 3455: 3450:, p. 36 3448:Mahoney 2001 3427:, p. 35 3425:Mahoney 2001 3399:. Retrieved 3395:the original 3389: 3378: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3333: 3315: 3303: 3279: 3275: 3263:. Retrieved 3259: 3250: 3231: 3225: 3213: 3199: 3176: 3159: 3132: 3100: 3071: 3030: 2998: 2991: 2977:Cumings 2005 2972: 2960: 2941: 2929: 2910: 2900: 2881: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2828: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2782: 2776: 2757: 2745:. Retrieved 2725: 2721: 2711: 2692: 2682: 2666:. Presidio. 2663: 2629: 2623: 2611: 2599:. Retrieved 2595: 2586: 2574:. Retrieved 2570: 2561: 2551:February 10, 2549:. 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Sharpe 4582:. Chicago: 3815:. Oxford : 3727:January 15, 3665:Marks, John 3298:p. 117 3260:BBC Archive 2747:January 26, 2728:(1): 8–41. 2616:Shen Zhihua 2037:Kim Jong-un 2008:During the 1878:James Carne 1849:. The term 1761:written by 1737:Soviet Army 1386:, where an 1236:White Horse 1226:Bunker Hill 1141:Imjin River 1102:Chipyong-ni 1082:Thunderbolt 911:egalitarian 909:origin and 806:F-86 Sabres 764:Peng Dehuai 738:Peng Dehuai 616:before the 614:Peng Dehuai 585:during the 558:(1952–1953) 522:(1950–1952) 520:Peng Dehuai 518:of the PVA 335:Song Shilun 331:Han Xianchu 327:Hong Xuezhi 315:Peng Dehuai 294:Engagements 284: [ 236:Nickname(s) 230:North Korea 226:Garrison/HQ 64:introducing 7560:Categories 7538:Korean War 7100:Guard Unit 7062:Commission 6973:Cyberspace 6956:astronauts 6773:Branches: 6429:Operation 6421:Operation 6295:War crimes 6290:Casualties 6183:Sui-ho Dam 6178:Hill Eerie 6162:Polecharge 6156:Haktang-ni 6033:Sui-ho Dam 5938:Courageous 5932:Maehwa-san 5256:Zhou Enlai 5250:Mao Zedong 4915:Background 4898:Korean War 4297:October 2, 3991:Lifton, RJ 3926:Psychiatry 3699:Miami News 3640:Zhang 1995 3308:Zhang 1995 3265:August 22, 3124:1332788951 3022:1332788951 2523:References 2484:Korean War 2404:propaganda 2396:《谁是最可爱的人？》 2263:improve it 2218:improve it 2128:improve it 2082:Mao Anying 1837:, partial 1613:April 2024 1478:US X Corps 1442:April 2024 1209:Hill Eerie 1198:Polecharge 1192:Haktang-ni 954:Yalu River 742:Yalu River 697:Korean War 674:Zhou Enlai 633:Background 598:Mao Zedong 587:Korean War 460:Wade–Giles 311:commanders 304:Commanders 298:Korean War 142:Allegiance 47:references 7392:PLA Daily 7301:Air Force 7266:Guangzhou 7234:(defunct) 7194:Hong Kong 7052:Structure 7039:Zhengzhou 6943:Aerospace 6840:South Sea 6830:North Sea 6802:Naval Air 6792:Submarine 6714:Engineers 6678:Artillery 6646:Equipment 6641:Structure 6596:Equipment 6455:See also: 6416:MiG Alley 6305:Armistice 6277:Aftermath 6188:Old Baldy 6137:Han River 6127:Punchbowl 6102:Stalemate 6091:Han River 6018:MiG Alley 5959:Dauntless 5902:3rd Wonju 5892:Hoengsong 5835:Uijeongbu 5829:3rd Seoul 5744:Pyongyang 5729:2nd Seoul 5679:Tabu-dong 5669:Nam River 5587:Kum River 5582:Chochiwon 5572:Pyongtaek 5542:Uijeongbu 5517:1st Seoul 5512:Chuncheon 5420:Australia 5387:Chen Geng 5237:Kim Chaek 4960:Australia 4637:0887-235X 4463:《抗美援朝战争史》 4264:March 18, 4239:March 18, 4214:March 18, 4149:August 9, 4100:140454555 3993:(1989) . 3950:Cited in 3909:Cited in 3903:March 30, 3791:1528-5758 3652:Lech 2000 3628:Lech 2000 3613:Lech 2000 3586:Lech 2000 3574:Lech 2000 2734:1058-3947 2689:《抗美援朝战争史》 2601:April 20, 2576:April 20, 2528:Citations 2445:War Trash 2316:does not 2267:verifying 2224:talk page 2132:verifying 2010:Panmunjom 1907:Communist 1744:fireteams 1735:Like the 1662:armistice 1584:does not 1558:60th Army 1494:Han River 1413:does not 1214:Old Baldy 1167:Stalemate 1107:3rd Wonju 1097:Hoengsong 1070:3rd Seoul 994:mess kits 934:battalion 907:guerrilla 885:Equipment 760:Chen Geng 746:Politburo 644:Formation 622:Chen Geng 610:commissar 538:Chen Geng 516:commissar 319:Chen Geng 256:抗美援朝，保家卫国 176:Air Force 7241:Shenyang 7218:Northern 7189:Southern 7176:Commands 7174:Theater 7070:Chairman 7035:Shenyang 6868:airbases 6863:aircraft 6858:Aviation 6835:East Sea 6828:Fleets: 6807:aircraft 6761:Weaponry 6707:aircraft 6702:Aviation 6654:Infantry 6625:Branches 6606:Generals 6469:Cold War 6239:3rd Hook 6217:2nd Hook 6212:1st Hook 6143:Commando 6028:Strangle 5945:Tomahawk 5907:Chuam-ni 5734:Hill 282 5607:Hwanggan 5602:Yongdong 5522:Gorangpo 5506:Pokpoong 5472: • 5463: • 5392:Deng Hua 5010:Thailand 4980:Ethiopia 4975:Colombia 4784:July 27, 4764:(1951). 4414:July 29, 4186:March 2, 3946:13323141 3898:13138750 3843:(1997). 3811:(1990). 3745:(2006). 3667:(1979). 3401:July 29, 3323:Archived 3189:Archived 2742:23613365 2474:Cold War 2468:See also 1870:organize 1539:IX Corps 1323:Lin Biao 1286:3rd Hook 1261:2nd Hook 1256:1st Hook 1179:Commando 1151:Hwacheon 930:regiment 926:division 897:and the 861:and the 832:division 768:Deng Hua 762:(1952); 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