25:
718:. The book was dedicated to the ruler (Beg) of the Chigil-Arslan tribes, named Il-Tirgüg, Ap-Burguchan, Alp-Tarhan . It was completed in Argu-Talas city (Altun Argu Talas). A postscript in the manuscript noted an Arslan Mengü that used the book. Talas had four Manichean cloisters: in the Chigil-balyk, Kashu, Ordu-kent and Yigyan-kent.
694:
In
Manichaeism, the lion, mighty and ruthless king of animals, is a central image. This demonstrates an imported ideology; the lion is not native to Central Asia, and so it originally did not have symbolic significance for the population there. The building found by the archaeologists, without traces
170:
deity of covenent, oath, and light, vaguely associated with the Sun. However, citing Gabain's 1931 and 1934 researches, Zuev cautions that neither Turkic-Buddhist texts, nor the Turkic-Manichaean literature and other sources containing information about Turkic
Manichaeism, give a genealogical meaning
362:
When the armies of Zu-l-Karnein reached Talas in the
Manichean country Argu, a heavy rainstorm formed thick mud. The road became impassable, and angry Zu-l-Karnein exclaimed in Persian: "In chi gil ast?!" – "What is this mud?! We cannot get out of it!" He ordered a building be erected on the spot
489:
state, occupying the
Zhetysu territories including regions around Issyk Kul to the north and east of the Karluks. They are described as possessing great riches and that their king "is one of themselves." It is also reported that "Some of them worship the Sun and the stars."
414:
dynasty (923–936) in
Northern China, elevating the Shatuo to a regnal clan. Among the Shatuo, the dragon cult was predominant. The annals noted that Shatuo prayers "followed the old tradition of the northern custom" near Thunder-mountain, at the Dragon Gate.
367:) lived near the township of Quyās lying beyond Barsghān and watered by the two Keykān rivers flowing into the Ili ... Another group of the tribe lived in the township of Chigil, near Ṭarāz, and a third one in the villages of the same name near Kāshgar.
363:
called Chigil. Turks in the area were called
Chigils. Nomadic Turks, who adopted the Chigil type of clothes were also called Chigils, from Djeyhun (Amu Darya) to the Chin (China). ... The nomad Chigil (as well as the
756:
During the Middle Ages, a city, Yar, is mentioned as located on the southern bank of lake Issyk-kul. This city is the capital of the leader of the Djikil (i.e. Chigil) tribe. The city retained its name in the form
497:, where they formed the main body of the troops. The power in the Karakhanid state was divided between the nobility of two tribal groups, Chigils and Yagma, which in the 9th century formed the nucleus of the
1283:
Zizhi
Tongjian, vol. 223 "沙陀姓朱耶，世居沙陀磧，因以為名。" tr. "The Shatuo is surnamed Zhuye. For generations they have been dwelling amid sandy slopes and dunes. So they use those as name"
591:). He was from the Chigil tribe and had the title Arslan Kara-Hakan. The western was the lesser Kagan, from the Yagma tribe, with the title Bogra Kara-Kagan and his court in
332:. However, the original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently: for example, 薄落職乙咥 may also be read as
1036:
Atwood, Christopher P. (2010). "The Notion of Tribe in
Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth". Miscellanea Asiatica: p. 602, n. 27 of 593–621.
706:, Manichaeism and the Lion is recorded in the Turco-Manichean "Sacred book of two fundamentals" (Iki jïltïz nom), fragments of which were found in 1907 at
2865:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
71:
687:
An Arab writer named Abū Dulaf reported to have found only a few
Christians among the Chigil, while most worshipped "the stars", in particular
1003:
1613:
1252:
749:
Many settlements recorded in medieval sources have names derived from the ethnonym Chigil, such as Chigil-kant and Chigil-balyk in
695:
of economic activities, served as a chapel of the inhabitants depicted in long robes: the
Chigils, whose symbol was a lion (Turk.
254:(1965) & Saguchi (1986), doubted the common scholarly identification of Chigils with Chuyue, from whom emerged the Shatuo as
1323:
Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century - Beginning of XI Century)" in
2886:
399:
247:. Both the Chiks and the Shatuo are mentioned together, apparently as two distinct groups, in the same Tanghuiyao chapter,
481:, united in the Karluk tribal union, and the history of these tribes, at least since the 9th century, is indivisible. The
986:
Ross, E. Denison "The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen's Final Danish Rendering" in
761:
till present. The various forms of this toponym (Shiyan, Shal, Chal) come from the Turkic ethnonym Chiyal (i.e. Chigil).
668:. The Zhetysu area, a former Chigil territory, is rich with Christian and pre-Christian archaeological remains, and the
660:
The Chigil were known for their religious dedication. The first depictions of the Chigils describe them as adherents of
1551:
1535:
1519:
1503:
1445:
1341:
1297:
1237:
1129:
1113:
1090:
ed. Th. T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez. 19 (2012). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 104-108
792:
2896:
2891:
1892:
1562:
Sh. Kamoliddin, "Ancient Türkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia", Tashkent, Shark, 2006, p. 42 (in Russian, no ISBN)
2901:
602:
In the eleventh century the Chigils became independent. Kashgari writes that they consisted of three branches.
354:
proposed a folk etymology of Chigil, which he dated back to the time of the Zu-l-Karnein ("the "Bihorn", i.e.
1440:
S. G. Klyashtorny, T. I. Sultanov, "States And Peoples of the Eurasian Steppe", St. Petersburg, 2004, p.118,
1336:
S. G. Klyashtorny, T. I. Sultanov, "States And Peoples of the Eurasian Steppe", St. Petersburg, 2004, p.117,
157:
2427:
1606:
909:
Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 249, 146 (in Russian)
975:
Horses Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8-10th centuries)
1200:"Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"
2493:
1394:
721:
In the middle of the 7th century, Chigils, Chumuls and Karluks were united by the Western Turkic yabgu
2825:
2784:
1952:
1086:
Cheng, Fanyi. "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oğuric tribes" in
868:
Some remarks on the Turkicisation of the Mongols in post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe
343:
125:
50:
1992:
1917:
1681:
1674:
1599:
244:
2815:
1484:
Frenkel, Yehoshua (2004). "The Turks of the Eurasian Steppe". In Amitai, R.; Biran, M. (eds.).
67:
2471:
1766:
1179:. "Regions of the world. A Persian Geography 372 A. H. – 982 A. D." London, 1937, pp. 298–299
1147:, p. 301, note 4. Quyash ("Sun" in Turkish) is supposed to have lain on the left bank of the
1000:
681:
575:-speaking Khaganate was divided into two parts, eastern and western, each headed by its own
2810:
2147:
1771:
1651:
1580:
Sh. Kamoliddin, "Ancient Türkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia", Tashkent, Shark, 2006, p. 126
1530:
Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 207,
1498:
Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 193,
1356:. "Regions of the world. A Persian Geography 372 A. H. – 982 A. D." London, 1937, pp. 98–99
665:
289:
145:
1571:
Sh. Kamoliddin, "Ancient Türkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia", Tashkent, Shark, 2006, p. 92
857:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 145, 250
8:
2674:
1962:
1697:
494:
355:
236:
120:
lake area. They were considered to be descended from the tribe Chuyue, who were of mixed
780:
Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
2355:
2157:
2067:
1967:
1546:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 221,
1514:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 203,
1292:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 146,
1232:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 145,
1124:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 191,
1108:
Zuev, "Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 191,
395:
76:
1199:
1024:
382:沙陀, a Chuyue splinter group, were also a splinter group from Chigils. A Shatuo noble,
2513:
2412:
1873:
1731:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1441:
1337:
1293:
1233:
1125:
1109:
949:
788:
715:
447:
293:
2820:
2466:
2313:
2182:
2114:
2043:
1987:
1972:
1957:
1942:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1814:
1721:
1311:
1020:
977:, Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, 1960, p. 98, 113 of 93-139 (in Russian)
953:
932:
572:
552:
251:
198:
867:
820:婆娑 in Chinese texts; Ecsedy (1980) contended that 娑 (Suo), not 婆 (Po), was correct
672:
area is especially saturated with religious monuments and historical reports. the
2830:
2437:
2348:
2187:
2167:
2072:
2062:
2048:
1977:
1937:
1932:
1897:
1798:
1752:
1726:
1381:
Ecsedy, Ildikó "A Contribution to the History of Karluks in the T'ang Period" in
1007:
677:
652:, indicating that some Chigils migrated to Asia Minor after the Mongol invasion.
633:, had to give up their territory to the eastern nomadic groups. They migrated to
606:
351:
1424:"The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatuo Dynastic Myth"
1267:"The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth"
2866:
2749:
2498:
2253:
2177:
2119:
2038:
1982:
1947:
1922:
1907:
1838:
1665:
1630:
1622:
1365:
443:
423:
271:
240:
225:
141:
113:
2635:
2033:
2880:
2794:
2599:
2569:
2503:
2442:
2334:
2327:
2274:
2162:
2152:
1927:
1747:
1152:
884:
486:
438:, and "hundred" is not always a military team, but also a religious category
312:
Hamilton (1962) and Zuev (2002) saw the first reference to the Chigil as 職乙 (
40:
442:"hundred monk men" as is stated, for example, on a number of the Manichaean
2842:
2709:
2694:
2508:
2447:
2417:
2381:
2341:
2205:
2077:
2054:
1822:
1758:
1645:
726:
321:
233:
60:
136:
Sinologist Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Chinese transcription of Chigil, 處月
2846:
2729:
2724:
2668:
2172:
2088:
2015:
1884:
1865:
1688:
722:
661:
634:
435:
403:
375:
used to call "Chigil" all the Turks between the Oxus and Northern China.
372:
325:
263:
221:
167:
1423:
1266:
430:) a Zhuxie tribe"; Zuev further asserts that Zhuxie reflects the Turkic
2529:
1776:
1310:
Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View'
1248:
957:
707:
588:
478:
419:
411:
2714:
1858:
474:
156:(/t͡ɕʰɨʌˣ-mˠiɪt̚/)) as "abode of the Sun ", for Chinese 密 transcribed
2744:
2734:
2681:
2648:
2534:
2320:
2282:
2263:
2243:
2218:
2124:
1658:
1148:
614:
610:
596:
584:
383:
329:
117:
2854:
2699:
2643:
2629:
2614:
2589:
2579:
2549:
2238:
2225:
2211:
1792:
1486:
Mongols, Turks, and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world
1172:
750:
673:
407:
316:), whose Middle Chinese pronunciation was reconstructed by Zuev as
191:
2789:
2739:
2689:
2663:
2658:
2619:
2609:
2559:
2544:
2461:
2407:
2370:
2365:
2258:
2248:
2233:
2082:
1851:
1805:
1716:
1591:
684:, have a folk legend associating their descent from the Chigils.
638:
622:
580:
571:朱邪, the original tribal surname of the Shatuo ruling house. This
498:
1046:
Golden, Peter B. (2007). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipčaqs".
485:, compiled in 982–3 CE, describes the Chigils as members of the
2764:
2754:
2704:
2653:
2604:
2594:
2574:
2554:
2539:
2453:
2389:
2375:
2307:
2292:
2287:
2268:
2096:
2010:
1465:
Z. V. Togan, "Turkistan Tarihi", Istanbul, 1947, p. 60, note 80
990:, University of London, Vol. 5, No. 4 (1930). P. 873 of 861-876
711:
688:
645:
576:
511:
379:
378:
If the Chuyue in Chinese sources were indeed Chigils, then the
364:
282:
267:
162:
149:
121:
2862:
2759:
2719:
2624:
2584:
2302:
2297:
2129:
1844:
961:
733:, which, he contends, is identical with the Turkic-Manichean
703:
669:
630:
626:
618:
592:
470:
466:
347:
952:"赤馬。與迴紇(契)苾餘沒渾同類。印行。" tr. "The Chiks' horses, same stock as
579:. The eastern Kagan was the senior Kagan, with his court in
2858:
2850:
171:
in reference to the invocation of the Sun and Moon (Turk.
883:
Gumilyov L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967,
426:, Zuev states that "Shatuo is originally (or, at root, 本
304:"to stride out like a warrior", thus "warrior striders"
729:
uprising. Zuev reconstructs Helu's Old Turkic name as *
1188:
Malyavkin, 1974, p. 100; Li Fan, Ch. 425, p. 3458-3459
386:, was from the Shatuo Dragon tribe, bore the surname
116:
tribe known from the 7th century CE as living around
842:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
680:
Turkic tribe known for their steadfast adherence to
1410:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
204:). On the other hand, Alyılmaz (2017) etymologized
250:However, Atwood (2010), in light of researches by
186:Kamoliddin (2006) proposed that the ethnotoponym
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
2878:
1383:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
933:"On Plurality Category and Teaching in Turkish"
778:Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.
1151:; in Mongol times it was the camping place of
1607:
1088:Archivum Eurasiae Medii AeviARCHIVUM EURASIAE
900:, Almaty Daik Press. p. 221, 249 (in Russian)
613:, the Turks in northern Turkestan and in the
535:熾俟. Golden (1992) hesitantly identifies the
1474:Faruk Sumer, "Oguzlar", Ankara, 1967, p. 27
1456:Faruk Sumer, "Oguzlar", Ankara, 1967, p. 27
1075:Early Turks: Essays on History and Ideology
898:Early Turks: Essays on History and Ideology
772:Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology
342:According to medieval writers, the city of
1614:
1600:
988:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies
920:Ancient Türkic Toponyms of the Middle Asia
346:was at "a distance of a human voice" from
937:Journal of Education and Training Studies
543:處月. Meanwhile, Atwood (20101) identifies
208:as from plural and generalization suffix
1197:
1077:, Almaty Daik Press. p. 220 (in Russian)
1060:Hamilton J. "Toquz-Oghuz et On-Uyghur."
964:(resembles) (character) 行." (in Chinese)
664:. Later sources describe the Chigils as
1483:
1312:Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961-1100)
2879:
1421:
1412:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 197
1264:
1045:
1595:
644:There are presently four villages in
462:, is a category of dominating level.
1223:Xue Zongzheng, Ch. 32, p. 225, f. 4b
1010:"沙陁馬，印 阝" "Shatuo's horses, tamga 阝"
402:, first bestowed on Keyong's father
152:as "abode of the Moon "; whereas 處密
18:
1385:, Vol. 34, No. 1/3 (1980), p. 29-32
787:. Oxford University Press, (2005).
744:
175:). Confusingly, Zuev also compares
13:
1621:
753:, and Chigil in the Zhetysu area:
493:The Chigils were prominent in the
434:"hundred". The Chigil-Shatuo were
394:朱邪, and later adopted the surname
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
2913:
2857:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
1395:"Karluk Djabghu State (756-940)"
617:region, among them the Chigils,
587:(Buran fortress, near Tokmak in
23:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1540:
1524:
1508:
1492:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1434:
1422:Atwood, Christopher P. (2010).
1415:
1402:
1388:
1375:
1359:
1346:
1330:
1317:
1302:
1286:
1277:
1265:Atwood, Christopher P. (2010).
1258:
1242:
1226:
1217:
1191:
1182:
1166:
1157:
1134:
1118:
1102:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1048:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15
1039:
1030:
1013:
993:
980:
967:
939:, Vol. 5, No. 9; September 2017
827:
806:
942:
925:
922:, Tashkent, Shark, 2006, p. 74
912:
903:
890:
877:
860:
851:
834:
72:multilingual support templates
1:
764:
1327:94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian
1198:Barenghi, Maddalena (2019).
418:Paraphrasing a passage from
131:
7:
2887:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan
1587:
776:Chavannes, Édouard (1900),
682:Greek Orthodox Christianity
655:
477:tribes, the remains of the
350:. An 11th-century story by
148:): /t͡ɕʰɨʌˣ-ŋʉɐt̚/) may be
10:
2918:
785:The Turks in World History
307:
258:is phonetically closer to
2839:
2803:
2777:
2522:
2480:
2426:
2398:
2196:
2138:
2105:
2024:
2001:
1958:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
1831:
1785:
1740:
1709:
1638:
1629:
1408:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
220:), a people mentioned in
212:affixed onto tribal name
2826:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
2494:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
874:71(2). p. 129 of 121-144
799:
783:Findley, Carter Vaughn,
371:Kashghari says that the
1983:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
1639:Azerbaijani communities
1006:20 October 2023 at the
702:The connection between
555:; Atwood does not link
448:ancient Turkic writings
216:(OTrk. 𐰲𐰃𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣
2897:Extinct Turkic peoples
2892:Turkic peoples of Asia
2816:Crimean Tatar diaspora
1993:Western Thracian Turks
1928:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
795:; 0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
551:朱斯, also mentioned in
501:tribal union, besides
369:
2902:Turkic nomadic tribes
2523:Extinct Turkic groups
2481:Turkic minorities in
2428:Turkic minorities in
2399:Turkic minorities in
2197:Turkic minorities in
1675:Georgian Azerbaijanis
1488:. BRILL. p. 218.
1099:Volin, 1960, p. 81-82
1027:Shatuo "沙陀，西突厥別部處月種也"
918:Kamoliddin, Shamshid
360:
2841:Central Asian (i.e.
2811:Azerbaijani diaspora
2148:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1786:Turkmen communities
1682:Western Azerbaijanis
1652:Iranian Azerbaijanis
1428:Miscellanea Asiatica
1271:Miscellanea Asiatica
1064:. No 250, 1962 p. 26
840:Golden, P.B. (1992)
666:Nestorian Christians
34:specify the language
32:This article should
16:Extinct Turkic tribe
1832:Turkish communities
1698:Javanshir Qizilbash
1073:Zuev, Yu.A. (2002)
896:Zuev, Yu.A. (2002)
770:Prof. Yu. A. Zuev,
567:處月, but instead to
495:Kara-Khanid Khanate
410:would found of the
358:) 4th century BCE:
356:Alexander the Great
324:tribe mentioned in
239:, as allies of the
2356:Siberian Bukharans
2158:Chaharmahali Turks
2139:Turkic minorities
2106:Turkic minorities
2025:Turkic minorities
1741:Kyrgyz communities
1710:Kazakh communities
866:Lee, J.Y. (2018) "
2874:
2873:
2773:
2772:
2684:
2677:
2638:
2514:Tatars of Romania
2487:
2456:
2413:Mongolian Kazakhs
2384:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2091:
2057:
1968:Palestinian Turks
1963:Montenegrin Turks
1887:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1761:
1732:Mongolian Kazakhs
1700:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1163:Kāshgharī, i, 330
1062:Journal Asiatique
931:Alyılmaz, Semra.
812:also rendered as
716:Albert von Le Coq
262:, the name of a "
166:, the all-seeing
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
2909:
2821:Turkish diaspora
2680:
2673:
2634:
2485:
2467:Karategin Uzbeks
2452:
2380:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2314:Astrakhan Tatars
2312:
2277:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2183:Iranian Turkmens
2115:Crimean Karaites
2087:
2053:
1953:Macedonian Turks
1918:Dodecanese Turks
1883:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1815:Iranian Turkmens
1813:
1804:
1797:
1757:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1398:Qazaqstan Tarihy
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1021:New Book of Tang
1017:
1011:
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
960:', Yumei-Huns'.
946:
940:
929:
923:
916:
910:
907:
901:
894:
888:
881:
875:
864:
858:
855:
849:
838:
821:
810:
745:Toponymic traces
741:"pure priest").
454:, as opposed to
292:derived it from
89:
86:
80:
65:
59:
55:
49:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2835:
2831:Kazakh diaspora
2799:
2769:
2518:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2438:Afghan Turkmens
2429:
2422:
2400:
2394:
2349:Siberian Tatars
2273:
2198:
2192:
2188:Iranian Kazakhs
2168:Khorasani Turks
2140:
2134:
2107:
2101:
2044:Chinese Kazakhs
2026:
2020:
2003:
2002:Turkic peoples
1997:
1898:Bulgarian Turks
1874:Abkhazian Turks
1827:
1799:Afghan Turkmens
1781:
1736:
1727:Iranian Kazakhs
1722:Chinese Kazakhs
1705:
1625:
1620:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1008:Wayback Machine
998:
994:
985:
981:
972:
968:
947:
943:
930:
926:
917:
913:
908:
904:
895:
891:
882:
878:
872:Acta Orientalia
865:
861:
856:
852:
839:
835:
830:
825:
824:
811:
807:
802:
767:
747:
658:
607:Mongol invasion
595:, and later in
469:, and also the
406:. Keyong's son
352:Mahmud Kashgari
310:
245:Latter Göktürks
243:and enemies of
134:
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2872:
2871:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Finnish Tatars
2496:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Crimean Tatars
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Chinese Uzbeks
2060:
2059:
2058:
2049:Chinese Kyrgyz
2046:
2041:
2039:Chinese Tatars
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1988:Tunisian Turks
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Romanian Turks
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Lebanese Turks
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Egyptian Turks
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Croatian Turks
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1879:Algerian Turks
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1753:Chinese Kyrgyz
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:Turkic peoples
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1491:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1433:
1430:(16): 593–621.
1414:
1401:
1387:
1374:
1358:
1354:Hudud al-'Ālam
1345:
1329:
1316:
1301:
1285:
1276:
1273:(16): 600–604.
1257:
1241:
1225:
1216:
1190:
1181:
1177:Hudud al-'Ālam
1165:
1156:
1133:
1117:
1101:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1038:
1029:
1012:
992:
979:
966:
941:
924:
911:
902:
889:
876:
859:
850:
832:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
804:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
781:
774:
766:
763:
746:
743:
657:
654:
483:Hudud al-'Ālam
424:Zizhi Tongjian
328:, compiled by
309:
306:
272:Gansu province
241:Yenisei Kyrgyz
158:Middle Iranian
142:Middle Chinese
133:
130:
126:Western Turkic
92:
91:
70:. Knowledge's
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2914:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2869:territories).
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Black Klobuks
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2486:(exc. Russia)
2479:
2473:
2472:Afghan Kyrgyz
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:Mishar Tatars
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:in Uzbekistan
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Serbian Turks
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Kosovan Turks
1936:
1934:
1933:Israeli Turks
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Cypriot Turks
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Bosnian Turks
1891:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Afghan Kyrgyz
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1552:9985-4-4152-9
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:9985-4-4152-9
1533:
1527:
1521:
1520:9985-4-4152-9
1517:
1511:
1505:
1504:9985-4-4152-9
1501:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1446:5-85803-255-9
1443:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:Minorsky, V.
1349:
1343:
1342:5-85803-255-9
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:Gumilyov, L.
1305:
1299:
1298:9985-4-4152-9
1295:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:9985-4-4152-9
1235:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:., iii, 132,
1142:
1137:
1131:
1130:9985-4-4152-9
1127:
1121:
1115:
1114:9985-4-4152-9
1111:
1105:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:Tang Huiyao,
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:Tang Huiyao,
945:
938:
934:
928:
921:
915:
906:
899:
893:
886:
880:
873:
869:
863:
854:
847:
843:
837:
833:
819:
815:
809:
805:
794:
793:0-19-516770-8
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
773:
769:
768:
762:
760:
754:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
676:, a distinct
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
487:Karluk Yabghu
484:
480:
476:
473:, one of the
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:monuments of
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
413:
409:
405:
404:Zhuxie Chixin
401:
400:Tang emperors
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
368:
366:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:land, country
200:
196:
193:
190:contains the
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
88:
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2564:
2509:Lipka Tatars
2382:Tozhu Tuvans
2342:Volga Tatars
2055:Akto Turkmen
1948:Libyan Turks
1908:Cretan Turks
1823:Akto Turkmen
1772:Tajik Kyrgyz
1759:Akto Turkmen
1646:Azerbaijanis
1576:
1567:
1558:
1542:
1526:
1510:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1348:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1260:
1253:Xin Wudaishi
1244:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1120:
1104:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
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1041:
1032:
1019:
1015:
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969:
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936:
927:
919:
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871:
862:
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836:
817:
813:
808:
784:
777:
771:
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748:
738:
734:
730:
725:in his anti-
720:
701:
697:Arslan, Bars
696:
693:
686:
659:
649:
643:
604:
601:
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564:
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556:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
506:
502:
492:
482:
479:Orkhon Turks
465:Chigils and
464:
459:
455:
451:
439:
431:
427:
417:
391:
387:
377:
370:
361:
341:
337:
333:
317:
313:
311:
301:
297:
290:H. W. Bailey
285:
278:
276:
266:" among the
259:
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234:Bilge Qaghan
229:
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68:ISO 639 code
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2730:Toquz Oghuz
2669:Oghuz Turks
2636:Sir-Kıvchak
2430:Afghanistan
2173:Qarai Turks
2089:Tor Uyghurs
2068:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2016:Karakalpaks
1885:Kouloughlis
1689:Karapapakhs
1213:(1): 57–58.
848:(9). p. 199
846:Turcologica
739:arïg dïntar
723:Ashina Helu
662:Manichaeism
635:Transoxania
553:Xiu Tangshu
436:Manichaeans
373:Oghuz Turks
326:Book of Sui
237:inscription
222:Tang Huiyao
179:to Persian
168:Zoroastrian
2881:Categories
1777:Van Kyrgyz
1659:Shahsevans
1249:Ouyang Xiu
1207:Asia Major
973:Zuev, Yu.
828:References
765:References
708:Kara-Khoja
639:Kashgharia
605:After the
589:Kyrgyzstan
456:otuz oglan
420:Sima Guang
412:Later Tang
270:in modern
232:) and, in
2804:Diasporas
2745:Xueyantuo
2735:Uriankhai
2682:Pechenegs
2675:Turkomans
2649:Kutrigurs
2321:Kryashens
2283:Kumandins
2264:Karachays
2244:Besermyan
2219:Telengits
2125:Krymchaks
2108:in Crimea
2073:Ili Turks
1666:Küresünni
1370:Turkestan
714:oasis by
615:Tien Shan
611:Turkestan
597:Samarkand
585:Balasagun
330:Wei Zheng
318:tšįək-iət
218:Çik bodun
183:"forty".
132:Etymology
128:origins.
118:Issyk Kul
112:) were a
85:July 2021
2855:Turkmens
2843:Turkmeni
2700:Saragurs
2644:Kurykans
2630:Kipchaks
2615:Keraites
2600:Göktürks
2590:Dughlats
2580:Dingling
2550:Berendei
2401:Mongolia
2371:Tofalars
2335:Nağaybäk
2239:Bashkirs
2226:Tubalars
2212:Chelkans
2206:Altaians
2027:in China
1859:Tahtacıs
1852:Muhacirs
1793:Turkmens
1588:See also
1366:Barthold
1255:. Vol. 4
1173:Minorsky
1153:Chagatay
1050:: 15–16.
1025:Vol. 218
1004:Archived
751:Xinjiang
674:Gagauzes
656:Religion
547:熾俟 with
539:熾俟 with
408:Li Cunxu
334:Boluozhi
277:As for *
260:Chunghyl
252:Tenishev
230:t͡ɕʰiᴇk̚
192:morpheme
160:theonym
2867:Ottoman
2851:Iranian
2847:Afghani
2795:Mughals
2790:Hazaras
2740:Utigurs
2715:Türgesh
2690:Onogurs
2664:Nushibi
2659:Naimans
2620:Khazars
2610:Karluks
2565:Chigils
2560:Bulgars
2545:Barsils
2483:Europe
2462:Ansarlu
2408:Khotons
2366:Teleuts
2259:Dolgans
2254:Chuvash
2249:Chulyms
2234:Balkars
2178:Qashqai
2163:Khalajs
2141:in Iran
2083:Uyghurs
1806:Ansarlu
1717:Kazakhs
1631:Peoples
1001:Vol. 72
958:(Qi)bis
954:Uyghurs
950:Vol. 72
710:in the
648:called
623:Karluks
581:Kashgar
523:?) and
521:Tashlyk
517:Tashili
475:Türgesh
460:otuz er
450:. Thus
444:Yenisei
398:of the
320:, as a
308:History
150:calqued
77:See why
2863:Syrian
2785:Abdals
2778:Others
2765:Yabaku
2755:Yueban
2705:Shatuo
2695:Sabirs
2654:Merkit
2605:Kangly
2595:Esegel
2575:Cumans
2555:Bulaqs
2540:Basmyl
2504:Gagauz
2454:Timuri
2448:Aimaqs
2443:Afshar
2390:Yakuts
2376:Tuvans
2308:Tatars
2303:Soyots
2293:Nogais
2288:Kumyks
2275:Koibal
2269:Khakas
2199:Russia
2153:Afshar
2097:Yugurs
2011:Uzbeks
1866:Yörüks
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650:Chigil
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573:Karluk
569:Zhuxie
565:Chuyue
563:朱斯 to
541:Chuyue
531:?) or
503:Mouluo
499:Karluk
452:yüz er
440:yüz er
392:Zhuxie
384:Keyong
380:Shatuo
365:Tukhsī
344:Chigil
298:čamṛta
294:Iranic
288:جمل),
268:Yugurs
256:Chuyue
224:as 赤 (
199:Turkic
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177:Chigil
173:kün ay
138:Chǔyuè
122:Yueban
114:Turkic
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2760:Yagma
2725:Torks
2720:Tuhsi
2710:Tiele
2625:Kimek
2585:Duolu
2418:Dukha
2298:Shors
2130:Urums
2078:Salar
1845:Gajal
1839:Turks
1203:(PDF)
1175:, V.
962:Tamga
870:" in
818:Posuo
816:婆匐 /
800:Notes
704:Talas
670:Talas
631:Tuhsi
619:Yagma
593:Taraz
561:Zhusi
559:熾俟 ~
557:Chisi
549:Zhusi
545:Chisi
537:Chisi
533:Chisi
529:Sebeğ
525:Suofu
519:踏實力 (
512:Bulaq
507:Moula
505:謀落 /
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467:Yagma
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108:, or
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2849:and
2530:Alat
2034:Äynu
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1442:ISBN
1338:ISBN
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735:arïg
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637:and
629:and
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583:and
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515:?),
509:謀剌 (
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