289:
The privileges and titles were so much a matter of royal ordinance that every one of a Sawbwa's symbols of power was laid down in a special book of dispensations granted by the higher court. His regalia and clothes, the guilding and jewel decoration of betel boxes, spittoons, fly-whisks and such articles of use, the dress of ministers, the umbrellas, spears and horses in procession, the caparisoning of the royal elephant, the instruments for processional music, the gateways and the style of residence, all were rigidly prescribed to ensure that the dignity kept up accordance with the status of a royal chieftain, yet did not encroach on the special privileges reserved for the court of Ava itself. The
British, whose success in administration was largely bound up with observance, of precedence in a hierarchy, listed states also as Sawbaships, Myosaships and Ngwegunhmuships
316:
325:
334:
440:
288:
The distinction in the titles dates from the days of the
Burmese monarchy although the same states have not continued to hold the same titles for their chiefs during the centuries -- changes took place according to royal favour, results of battles and later, the decisions of the British authorities.
36:
1018:
281:, colonial authorities adopted the Burmese system, recognising between 14 and 16 sawbwas who enjoyed a degree of autonomy in their fiefdoms. In 1922, the establishment of the
243:
In the pre-colonial era, the term 'sawbwa' was utilised by the
Burmese monarchy in reference to the hereditary rulers of Shan-speaking polities called
910:
845:
920:
840:
544:
539:
534:
524:
878:
825:
770:
285:
greatly reduced the sawbwas' autonomy. In April 1959, the sawbwas relinquished their feudal authority to the
Burmese government.
472:
401:
1079:
1103:
396:. Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
20:
270:), in the region. In order of precedence, the sawbwas outranked local rulers of lower ranks, namely the
465:
315:
266:
1113:
1072:
444:
120:
1108:
1013:
282:
278:
1098:
458:
8:
1118:
951:
915:
904:
865:
450:
271:
1065:
397:
199:
189:
941:
893:
223:
1053:
297:
The term was also used for the rulers of some Tai polities in what is now China's
995:
976:
835:
608:
579:
549:
355:
67:
1049:
1023:
991:
971:
850:
815:
775:
760:
668:
663:
598:
485:
1092:
725:
693:
618:
613:
584:
504:
333:
324:
248:
215:
207:
181:
164:
156:
148:
136:
981:
855:
658:
648:
569:
519:
514:
509:
499:
350:
124:
48:
999:
946:
873:
750:
720:
481:
128:
116:
936:
966:
956:
830:
683:
898:
888:
820:
780:
623:
603:
593:
529:
132:
44:
883:
765:
755:
740:
678:
673:
653:
628:
589:
574:
40:
1028:
986:
961:
795:
785:
745:
735:
711:
698:
688:
439:
298:
244:
19:"Chao Fa" redirects here. For the modern Thai royal title, see
790:
730:
360:
480:
35:
147:The title literally means "lord of the heavens" in
175:
416:
1090:
1073:
466:
253:
193:
115:) was a royal title used by the hereditary
100:
1080:
1066:
473:
459:
34:
218:. The title was rendered into Burmese as
419:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
394:Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
391:
1091:
265:
142:
454:
1043:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
90:A nobility title used by Tai rulers
13:
238:
14:
1130:
432:
410:
372:
438:
332:
323:
314:
1048:This name-related article is a
252:
168:
1:
1019:List of rulers of Shan states
366:
1052:. You can help Knowledge by
176:
7:
930:Related states and outliers
392:Seekins, Donald M. (2017).
344:
21:Thai royal ranks and titles
10:
1135:
1042:
417:Donald M. Seekins (2006).
304:
18:
1104:Burmese words and phrases
1009:
929:
864:
804:
707:
637:
558:
492:
421:. Scarecrow Press. entry
254:
227:
211:
89:
81:
73:
63:
55:
33:
28:
292:
233:
68:Chao Pha Purandar Singha
808:Kengtung & Yawnghwe
194:
121:mainland Southeast Asia
1014:Federated Shan states
283:Federated Shan States
279:British colonial rule
805:Southern Shan States
708:Southern Shan States
638:Southern Shan States
559:Southern Shan States
493:Northern Shan States
447:at Wikimedia Commons
952:Siamese Shan States
866:Chinese Shan States
143:Names and etymology
1061:
1060:
1037:
1036:
443:Media related to
403:978-1-5381-0183-4
174:
155:(𑜋𑜧𑜨 𑜇𑜡) in
94:
93:
1126:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1044:
942:Singaling Hkamti
641:Central Division
562:Eastern Division
475:
468:
461:
452:
451:
442:
427:
426:
414:
408:
407:
389:
336:
327:
318:
274:and ngwegunhmu.
269:
264:
260:
259:
258:
257:
229:
213:
197:
179:
173:romanized:
172:
170:
123:, including the
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
38:
26:
25:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1114:Titles in India
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1005:
996:Western Karenni
925:
860:
806:
800:
712:Myelat Division
709:
703:
639:
633:
560:
554:
488:
479:
435:
430:
415:
411:
404:
390:
373:
369:
356:Chao (monarchy)
347:
342:
341:
340:
337:
328:
319:
307:
295:
262:
255:
241:
239:Myanmar (Burma)
236:
145:
112:
110:lord of the sky
109:
106:
103:
82:Extinction date
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1132:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:Princely state
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
992:Karenni States
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
810:
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
715:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
645:
643:
635:
634:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
564:
556:
555:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:
486:petty kingdoms
478:
477:
470:
463:
455:
449:
448:
434:
433:External links
431:
429:
428:
409:
402:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
346:
343:
339:
338:
331:
329:
322:
320:
313:
310:
309:
308:
306:
303:
294:
291:
267:[mə́ŋ]
240:
237:
235:
232:
144:
141:
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
43:, Chao Pha of
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:(17c. - 20c.)
906:
903:
901:(13c. - 15c.)
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
867:
863:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
714:
713:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
642:
636:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
565:
563:
557:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
476:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
456:
453:
446:
441:
437:
436:
424:
420:
413:
405:
399:
395:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
371:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
311:
302:
300:
290:
286:
284:
280:
275:
273:
268:
250:
246:
231:
225:
221:
217:
209:
205:
201:
196:
191:
187:
183:
178:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Tai languages
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
98:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1109:Ahom kingdom
1054:expanding it
1047:
1039:
807:
710:
640:
570:Kehsi Mansam
561:
520:South Hsenwi
515:North Hsenwi
500:Hsenwi State
484:and related
422:
418:
412:
393:
351:Ahom dynasty
296:
287:
276:
242:
219:
203:
185:
160:
152:
151:, including
146:
96:
95:
85:20th century
56:First holder
1099:Shan States
1000:Kantarawadi
947:Hkamti Long
874:Chiang Hung
721:Hsamonghkam
482:Shan States
177:tsaw3 pʰaa5
64:Last holder
16:Royal title
1119:Name stubs
1093:Categories
937:Hsawnghsup
911:Mong-Santa
367:References
301:Province.
263:pronounced
139:fiefdoms.
117:Tai rulers
967:Mongkawng
957:Wa States
846:Hsenmawng
836:Mongyawng
831:Kengcheng
684:Nawngwawn
609:Mongnawng
580:Kengtawng
550:Tawngpeng
425:, p. 391.
129:Mong Shan
49:Mong Kham
972:Mongyang
921:Mong-Yin
916:Mangshih
899:Mong Mao
889:Mong Lem
851:Monghsat
841:Hsenyawt
821:Yawnghwe
816:Kengtung
781:Pangtara
669:Mongping
664:Lawksawk
624:Mongpawn
604:Kenghkam
599:Mongkung
594:Mongsang
545:Mongtung
540:Monglong
535:Mongleng
525:Hsumhsai
345:See also
228:စော်ဘွား
200:Tai Nuea
190:Tai Nuea
133:Mong Mao
125:Mong Dun
45:Mong Mao
905:Mengmao
894:Mong-La
879:Hsikwan
826:Hsihkip
771:Namhkom
766:Namhkai
756:Mawnang
741:Loilong
726:Kyawkku
679:Namhkok
674:Mongpai
654:Hsatung
629:Mongsit
619:Mongpan
614:Mongnai
590:Monghsu
585:Mawkmai
575:Kenglon
530:Manglon
505:Mongmit
305:Gallery
277:During
224:Burmese
212:เจ้าฟ้า
204:chao fa
195:ᥓᥝᥲ ᥜᥣᥳ
186:chau-fa
169:ၸဝ်ႈၽႃႉ
153:chaopha
104:
97:Chaopha
77:Defunct
59:Various
41:Sukapha
29:Chaopha
1029:Saopha
987:Wuntho
982:Wanmaw
962:Kokang
884:Momien
856:Mongpu
796:Yengan
786:Pangmi
776:Namtok
761:Mawson
746:Loimaw
736:Loi ai
699:Wanyin
659:Laihka
649:Hopong
510:Hsipaw
445:Saopha
423:Sawbwa
400:
299:Yunnan
256:မိူင်း
220:sawbwa
202:, and
192::
161:saopha
137:Khamti
135:, and
74:Status
791:Poila
731:Kyong
694:Samka
689:Sakoi
293:China
272:myoza
234:Usage
214:) in
198:) in
180:) in
1050:stub
977:Pong
398:ISBN
361:Tusi
249:Shan
245:mong
216:Thai
208:Thai
182:Shan
165:Shan
157:Ahom
101:lit.
47:and
751:Maw
230:).
119:in
1095::
374:^
261:,
251::
226::
210::
184:,
171:,
167::
159:,
131:,
127:,
1081:e
1074:t
1067:v
1056:.
1002:)
998:/
994:(
592:/
474:e
467:t
460:v
406:.
247:(
222:(
206:(
188:(
163:(
113:'
107:'
99:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_at_the_Durbar,_Delhi,_India.jpg)
