Suret language - Knowledge

781: 11846: 8006: 7988: 7970: 1075: 4499: 2616: 929: 11835: 1354: 15218: 7190: 11857: 477: 12759: 1008: 14259: 13985: 382: 1449: 1168: 12747: 5355:. The dialects of Kurdish make a concordant distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs by using a tense-split ergative pattern, which is present in the tense system of some NENA dialects; The nominative accusative type is made use of in the present for all the verbs and also for intransitive verbs in past tense and the ergative type is used instead for transitive verbs. 83: 7763:, containing a few Urmian features. The Urmian dialect, alongside Iraqi Koine, are considered to be "Standard Assyrian", though Iraqi Koine is more widespread and has thus become the more common standard dialect in recent times. Both Koine and Urmian share phonetic characteristics with the Nochiya dialect to some degree. 1126:

Middle Syriac, they must have developed from closely related dialects belonging to the same branch of Aramaic, and the varieties spoken in Christian communities have long co-existed with and been influenced by Middle Syriac as a liturgical and literary language. Moreover, the name "Syriac", when used

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and Eastern varieties. Although remaining a single language with a high level of comprehension between the varieties, the two employ distinctive variations in pronunciation and writing systems and, to a lesser degree, in vocabulary and grammar. During the course of the third and fourth centuries, the

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From a lecture by J. A. Brinkman: "There is no reason to believe that there would be no racial or cultural continuity in Assyria, since there is no evidence that the population of Assyria was removed." Quoted in Efrem Yildiz's "The Assyrians" Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, 13.1, pp. 22, ref

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terms, being more likely to survive by being spoken in agrarian rural communities rather than the urban centres like Edessa. A few deviations in pronunciation between the Akkadian and the Assyrian Aramaic words are probably due to mistranslations of cuneiform signs which can have several readings.

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in the present progressive construction in Suret is clearly attributed to influence from the neighbouring languages, such as the use of the infinitive for this construction and the employment of the enclitic copula after the verbal base in all verbal constructions, which is due to the impinging of

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writing system, believed to be the world's oldest, was derived around 3600 BC from this method of keeping accounts. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, the Mesopotamians were using a triangular-shaped stylus made from a reed pressed into soft clay to record numbers. Around 2700 BC,

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literature bears a dual tradition: it continues the traditions of the Syriac literature of the past and it incorporates a converging stream of the less homogeneous spoken language. The first such flourishing of Neo-Syriac was the seventeenth century literature of the School of

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Suret has numerous words borrowed into its vocabulary directly from Akkadian, some of them also being borrowed into neighbouring Semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew. Several of these words are not attested in Classical Edessan Syriac, many of them being

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Especially in view of the very early establishment of Christianity in Assyria and its continuity to the present and the continuity of the population, I think there is every likelihood that ancient Assyrians are among the ancestors of modern Assyrians of the

9367:(2003). "Aramaic, once a great language, now on the verge of extinction," in When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence, Joseph, DeStefano, Jacobs, Lehiste, eds. The Ohio State University Press. 4220:

words by adding prefixes or suffixes to words. Instead, they are formed according to a limited number of templates applied to roots. Modern Assyrian, like Akkadian but unlike Arabic, has only "sound" plurals formed by means of a plural ending (i.e. no

842:. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present prior to the fall of the empire. The language transition was achievable because the two languages featured similarities in grammar and vocabulary, and because the 22-lettered 9611:

A. Mengozzi, Neo-Aramaic and the So-called Decay of Ergativity in Kurdish, in: Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of Hamito-Semitic (Afroasiatic) Linguistics (Florence, 18–20 April 2005), Dipartamento di Linguistica Università di Firenze 2005, pp.

7649:), which became the meccas for the rural Assyrian population. By the end of the 1950s, vast number of Assyrians started to speak Iraqi Koine. Today, Iraqi Koine is the predominant use of communication between the majority of the Assyrians from 708:

grounds. Suret is mutually intelligible with some NENA dialects spoken by Jews, especially in the western part of its historical extent. Its mutual intelligibility with Turoyo is partial and asymmetrical, but more significant in written form.

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The system involves placing a single dot underneath the letter to give its 'soft' variant and a dot above the letter to give its 'hard' variant (though, in modern usage, no mark at all is usually used to indicate the 'hard' value).

5087:, which is also united with the copula. Although the language has some other varieties of the copula precedent to the verbal constituent, the common construction is with the infinitive and the basic copula cliticsed to it. In the 7787:

Gospel harmony. The bulk of Syriac literary production dates to between the 4th and 8th centuries. Classical Syriac literacy survives into the 9th century, though Syriac Christian authors in this period increasingly wrote in

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in Arabic and Hebrew as well. Therefore, the list below focuses on words that are direct loanwords (not cognates) from Akkadian into Suret. Other Semitic languages that have borrowed the word from Akkadian may be noted as

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type of inflection. Different handling of inflection with transitive and intransitive verbs is also nonexistent in the NENA dialects. In contrast with Persian though, it was the ergative type that was generalised in NENA.

7480: 7869:, where it included a parallel translation in the Urmian dialect. The comparative ease of modern publishing methods has encouraged other colloquial Neo-Aramaic languages, like Turoyo, to begin to produce literature. 7236: 1122:. "Modern Syriac-Aramaic" is a term occasionally used to refer to the modern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Christians, including Suret. Even if they cannot be positively identified as the direct descendants of 9973:

Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near

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may not be necessary for native Suret speakers, as they would be able to pronounce words correctly, but it can be very helpful for those not quite familiar with Syriac and more informed with the Latin script.

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In all NENA dialects, voiced, voiceless, aspirated and emphatic consonants are recognised as distinct phonemes, though there can be an overlap between plain voiceless and voiceless emphatic in sound quality.

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E. McCarus, op. cit., p. 619, Kapeliuk gives further examples, see O. Kapeliuk, The gerund and gerundial participle in Eastern Neo-Aramaic, in: "Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung" 1996, Vol. 51, p.

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Ura, Hiroyuki. 2006. A Parametric Syntax of Aspectually Conditioned Split-ergativity. In Alana Johns, Diane Massam, and Juvenal Ndayiragije (eds.) Ergativity: Emerging issues. Dordrecht: Springer. 111-141.

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are generally sung in Iraqi Koine in order for them to be intelligible and have widespread recognition. To note, the emergence of Koine did not signify that the rest of the spoken dialects vanished. The

5068:) but with the elemental copula only the cliticised form is permitted. Among conservative Urmian speakers, only the construction with the enclitic ordered after the verbal constituent is allowed. Due to 7482: 5060:

participle in conjunct with the copula (though the placing and form of the copula unveil crucial differences). The more conservative Suret dialects lay the copula in its full shape before the verbal

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Cf. G. Khan, Ergativity in North Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects in: Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Studies in Semitics and General Linguistics Honor of Gideon Goldenberg, (334) 2007, pp. 147–157.

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participle evolved into the Suret perfective. The Extended-Ergative dialects, which include Iraqi Koine, Hakkari and Christian Urmian dialects, show the lowest state of ergativity and would mark

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Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Northeastern Neo-Aramaic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

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by the 13th century. There is evidence that the drive for the adoption of Syriac was led by missionaries. Much literary effort was put into the production of an authoritative translation of the

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SIL Ethnologue distinguishes five dialect groups: Urmian, Northern, Central, Western and Sapna, each with sub-dialects. Mutual intelligibility between the Suret dialects is as high as 80%–90%.

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Although possessive suffixes are more convenient and common, they can be optional for some people and seldom used, especially among those with the Tyari and Barwari dialects, which take a more

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language was adopted as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages". After the conquest of Assyria by the

7372: 7558: 1283:, Akkadian writing vanished by 140 B.C, with the exclusion of a few priests who used it for religious matters. Though it still continued to be employed for astronomical texts up until the 1255:

BC), Old Aramaic was also adapted to Mesopotamian cuneiform. The last cuneiform scripts in Akkadian discovered thus far date from the 1st century AD. Various bronze lion-weights found in

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The Fihrist (Catalog): A Tench Century Survey of Islamic Culture. Abu 'l Faraj Muhammad ibn Ishaq al Nadim. Great Books of the Islamic World, Kazi Publications. Translator: Bayard Dodge.

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recognized Syriac in article 7, section four, stating, "Syriac shall be the language of education and culture for those who speak it in addition to the Kurdish language." In 2005, the

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Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron Michael Butts, George Anton Kiraz & Lucas Van Rompay (eds.), Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, Piscataway (NJ), Gorgias Press, 2011

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This phenomenon however may not always be present, as some Hakkari speakers, especially those from Tyari and Barwar, would use analytic speech to denote possession. So, for instance,

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element "in, with", which is akin to the preposition bi- preceding the infinitive in Suret (as in "bi-ktawen" meaning 'I'm writing'). The similarities of the constituents and their

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E. Kutscher, Two "Passive" Constructions in Aramaic in the Light of Persian, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Semitic Studies held in Jerusalem, 19–23 July 1965,

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tenses that can be used to express varying senses of tense and aspect. Suret's new system of inflection is claimed to resemble the one of the Indo-European languages, namely the

5091:, the symmetrical order of the constituents is with the present perfect tense. This structure of the NENA dialects is to be compared with the present progressive in Kurdish and 4522: 9313:

Tsereteli, Konstantin G. (1990). „The velar spirant 0 in modern East Aramaic Dialects“, W. Heinrichs (ed.): Studies in Neo-Aramaic (Harvard Semitic Studies 36), Atlanta, 35-42.

4832:" came into more popular use and replaced state Morphology for marking possession, the emphatic (definite) form of the word became dominant and the definite sense of the word 8858:

Odisho, Edward Y. (2001). „ADM’s educational policy: A serious project of Assyrian language maintenance and revitalization “, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Xv/1:3–31.

7861:. This led to the establishment of the 'General Urmian' dialect of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic as the standard in much Neo-Syriac Assyrian literature up until the 20th century. The 7744:

are in the "centre" of the spectrum, which lie halfway between Tyari and Urmia, having features of both respective dialects, though still being distinct in their own manner.

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in Turkey. Furthermore, the Barwar and Tyari dialects are "transitional", acquiring both Assyrian and Chaldean phonetic features (though they do not use /ħ/). Gawar, Diz and

7664:, who originate from Hakkari, may also speak or sing in Iraqi Koine. This is attributed to the growing exposure to Assyrian Standard-based literature, media and its use as a 8386:

Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: with special reference to homonyms, related words and borrowings with cultural signification

2569:/ is a marginal phoneme that occurs across all dialects. Either a result of the historic splitting of /g/, through loanwords, or by contact of with a voiced consonant. 8918:

Pennacchietti, Fabrizio A. (1997). „On the etymology of the Neo-Aramaic particle qam/kim; in Hebrew“, M. Bar-Aher (ed.): Gideon Goldenberg Festschrift, Massorot, Stud

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which had over 600 signs. The converging process that took place between Assyrian Akkadian and Aramaic across all aspects of both languages and societies is known as

5021:; however, such pronouns are usually omitted in the case of the third person. This use of the participle to mark the present tense is the most common of a number of 1043:

inhabitants of the region began to embrace Christianity. Because of theological differences, Syriac-speaking Christians bifurcated during the fifth century into the

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Hoberman, Robert. 1989. The Syntax and Semantics of Verb Morphology in Modern Aramaic: A Jewish Dialect of Iraqi Kurdistan. New Haven: American Oriental Society.

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are not present. Semitic languages typically utilise triconsonantal roots, forming a "grid" into which vowels may be inserted without affecting the basic root.

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M. Chyet, Neo Aramaic and Kurdish. An Interdisciplinary Consideration of their Influence on Each Other, "Israel Oriental Studies" 1997, Vol. 15, pp. 219–252.

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O. Kapeliuk, Is Modern Hebrew the Only "Indo-Europeanized" Semitic Language? And What About Neo-Aramaic?, "Israel Oriental Studies" 1996, Vol. 16, pp. 59–70

15541: 7803:, is the most widely spoken variety of Syriac today, modern Syriac literature would therefore usually be written in those varieties. The conversion of the 7578:. Iraqi Koine does not really constitute a new dialect, but an incomplete merger of dialects, with some speakers sounding more Urmian, such as those from 14738: 5358:

Unique among the Semitic languages, the development of ergativity in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects involved the departure of original Aramaic tensed

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recognised it as one of the "official languages in the administrative units in which they constitute density of population" in article 4, section four.

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was developed and some material published. The Latin alphabet is preferred by most Assyrians for practical reasons and its convenience, especially in

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with no qualification, generally refers to one specific dialect of Middle Aramaic but not to Old Aramaic or to the various present-day Eastern and

996:. Syriac was the common tongue of the region, where it was the native language of the Fertile Crescent, surrounding areas, as well as in parts of 11280: 2624: 7796:

is conventionally dated to the 13th century, but a number of authors continued producing literary works in Syriac in the later medieval period.

1682:, but it can also indicate the presence of certain vowels (typically at the beginning or the end of a word, but also in the middle). The letter 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 1397:) 'round'. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has undergone some revival since the 10th century. 4649:(literally, "father-of his"). In Iraqi Koine and Urmian, the plural form and the third person plural possessive suffix of many words, such as 1000:. It was the dominant language until 900 AD, till it was supplanted by Greek and later Arabic in a centuries-long process having begun in the 9544: 1433:, or 'eastern', version formed as a form of shorthand developed from ʾEsṭrangēlā and progressed further as handwriting patterns changed. The 2606:" question. This feature is more common among those who still live in the homeland or in the Middle East, than those living in the diaspora. 14444: 1819:. The Latin alphabet is also a useful tool to present Assyrian terminology to anyone who is not familiar with the Syriac script. A precise 1067:. After this separation, the two groups developed distinct dialects differing primarily in the pronunciation and written symbolisation of 14758: 14247: 13973: 12809: 10116: 7377:

Sample of a Lower Tyari dialect (Ashita). Notice the usage of , and . The flow and cadence of this dialect may sound similar to that of

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loanwords, while diaspora communities may use loanwords borrowed from the languages of their respective countries. Suret is written from

487: 8274: 1275:(704-681 B.C). Indication of contemporaneous existence of the two languages in 4th century B.C. is present in an Aramaic document from 10062: 7388:– Dialects of the Tyari group share features with both the Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects in Northern Iraq (below) and Urmian (above). 5095:

as well, where the enclitic follows the infinitive. Such construction is present in Kurdish, where it is frequently combined with the

690:, with most speakers now living abroad in such places as North and South America, Australia, Europe and Russia. Speakers of Suret and 15616: 12559: 11814: 9621:

W. Thackston, op. cit. and E. McCarus, Kurdish Morphology, in: A. Kaye (ed.) Morphologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus)

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In Iraqi Koine and many Urmian & Northern dialects, the palatals , and aspirate are considered the predominant realisation of /

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Iraqi Koine, also known as Iraqi Assyrian and "Standard" Assyrian, is a compromise between the rural Ashiret accents of Hakkari and

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began to use Classical Syriac as the language of worship and it became the literary and liturgical language of many churches in the

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in the late 4th century BC, Imperial Aramaic gradually lost its status as an imperial language, but continued to flourish alongside

13377: 10684: 8350: 8185: 7725:). The dialects in Northern Iraq, such as those of Alqosh and Batnaya, would be minimally unintelligible to those in Western Iran. 7212:

missionary, for the creation of a standard literary dialect. A second standard dialect derived from General Urmian known as "Iraqi

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By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct, though vocabulary and grammatical features still survive in modern NENA dialects. The

14225: 15566: 14731: 13951: 13334: 13309: 11992: 10641: 10616: 9340:

Tsereteli, Konstantin G. (1972). „The Aramaic dialects of Iraq“, Annali dell’Istituto Ori-entale di Napoli 32 (n. s. 22):245-250.

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have allophonic realisations of and (respectively) in most Lower Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean dialects, which is a carryover of

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from the 14th century through to the present day. This has included the flourishing of literature from the various colloquial

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Bae, C. Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 BCE). Journal of Universal Language. March 2004, 1-20.

11768: 10005: 9986: 8512: 17: 8541:(1975). "The impact of Israeli Hebrew on the Neo-Aramaic dialect of the Kurdish Jews of Zakho: a case of language shift". 8122:

the majority of the Christian NENA speakers belong to the Eastern Syriac Churches, who are called Assyrians and Chaldeans.

4761:, "this house"), which can have the sense of "the". An indefinite article ("a(n)") can mark definiteness if the word is a 13397: 13392: 12642: 11273: 10704: 10699: 5088: 3697: 3688: 3101: 2529: 2320: 2311: 540: 15536: 14724: 12319: 9252: 5064:. In the Iraqi and Iranian dialects, the previous construction is addressable with different types of the copula (e.g. 4567:

syllable and would mostly retain unreduced vowels (as in Arabic). Although Suret, like all Semitic languages, is not a

31: 2461:, is a marginal phoneme that is generally upheld in formal or religious speech. Among the majority of Suret speakers, 9946: 9922: 9880: 9836: 9639:

Alexiadou, Artemis. 2001. Functional Structure in Nominals: Nominalization and Ergativity. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

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Goldenberg, G. 2002 'Early Neo-Aramaic and Present-day dialectal diversity'. Journal of Semitic Studies XLV: 69-89.

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Frye, Richard N.; Driver, G. R. (1955). "Review of G. R. Driver's "Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C."".

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In the Upper Tyari dialects, /θ/ is realised as or ; in the Marga dialect, the /t/ may at times be replaced with .

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Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, including a summer in the Upper Karun region and a visit to the Nestorian rayahs

5072:, the similarities between Kurdish and Modern Persian and the Urmian dialects become even more evident with their 1114:

further contributed to the rapid decline of the language. In many places outside of northern Mesopotamia, even in

15621: 15581: 14240: 13966: 13329: 13319: 12802: 11987: 11761: 11563: 10636: 10626: 10109: 7586:. Koine is more analogous or similar to Urmian in terms of manner of articulation, place of articulation and its 7514: 3927: 3601: 2782: 2704: 2490: 2233: 1798: 530: 9682:

Samuel A.B. Mercer, "Assyrian Grammar with Chrestomathy and Glossary" Frederick Ungar Publishing, New York, 1961

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In place of a definite article, Ancient Aramaic used the emphatic state, formed by the addition of the suffix: "

4754: 15504: 14619: 13592: 12382: 12367: 12349: 12325: 12230: 12055: 11590: 11266: 10899: 9417: 8332:. . . Suret (divided by SIL on non-linguistic grounds into Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic) . . . 7650: 7563: 3853: 3656: 3109: 2794: 2434: 2279: 1107: 780: 10019: 1329:

script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. Aramaic writing has been found as far north as

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Lower Barwari – The dialect within this group has more in common with Tyari than with Upper Barwari dialect

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version also possesses optional vowel markings to help pronounce Syriac. Other names for the script include

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equivalence, the difference between Iraqi Koine and Urmian dialect would be akin to the difference between

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Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.

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from their Hakkari dialects to Iraqi Koine when conversing with Assyrian speakers of other dialects. Some

3802: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3276: 3272: 3207: 3200: 3189: 3095: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2961: 2945: 2931: 2894: 2852: 2818: 2744: 2512: 2508: 1445:, 'conversational', often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. 15576: 15551: 14993: 14430: 14214: 13895: 13382: 13091: 12706: 12652: 12515: 12213: 11932: 11907: 11901: 11824: 11689: 11578: 11202: 10689: 10398: 8880:"State Archives of Assyria, Volume III: Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea", by Alasdair Livingstone, 8543: 8425: 8095: 4889:) has the basic meaning of "taking", and the following are some words that can be formed from this root: 4615: 3899: 3845: 3808: 3670: 3663: 3219: 2880: 2844: 2841:, depending on the speaker. It is more rounded and higher in the Urmian dialect, where it is realised as 2659: 2451: 2293: 2286: 1820: 1211:

that it neighboured. About that time, Mesopotamian cuneiform became a general purpose writing system for

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dialect would begin to sound distinct to the Tyari/Barwar dialects and more like the Urmian dialect in

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This article is about one of the modern dialect groups spoken by Assyrians. For related languages, see

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for "the (female) worker". Beginning even in the Classical Syriac era, when the prefixed preposition "

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may be used instead. In those having a more pronounced Jilu dialect, this vowel is mostly fronted and

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have been in extensive contact since their old periods. Local unwritten Aramaic dialects emerged from

14747: 13811: 13198: 13174: 13161: 12897: 12877: 12842: 11684: 11517: 11398: 11362: 11342: 11118: 10505: 10481: 10468: 10204: 10184: 10149: 10080: 7820: 5100: 5061: 4229:). As in all Semitic languages, some masculine nouns take the prototypically feminine plural ending ( 4004: 3851: 3843: 3828: 3817: 3806: 3640: 3556: 3290: 3250: 3223: 3176: 3164: 3156: 3129: 3121: 3107: 3099: 3018: 2906: 2842: 2834: 2810: 2808: 2792: 2780: 2764: 2756: 2420: 2265: 2188: 1989: 1030:

in the Syriac-speaking world. As a result of the schism as well as being split between living in the

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was producing the most treasured collection of poetry and theology in the Classical Syriac language.

224: 209: 8505:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 8005: 7987: 7969: 3090:

dialect which formed in the mid-20th century, being influenced by both Urmian and Hakkari dialects.

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dialects can still be observed in Iraqi Koine, especially in that of older speakers. Furthermore,

7566:). Notice how it combines the phonetic features of the Hakkari (Turkey) and Urmian (Iran) dialects 4698: 15499: 15272: 15226: 13645: 13582: 13192: 12847: 12726: 12260: 12248: 12121: 12020: 11696: 11602: 10952: 10889: 10499: 10154: 9963: 9507: 9421: 9331:

Odisho, Edward: The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) - Weisbaden, Harrassowitz, 1988

7677: 7184: 5344: 4202: 3622: 3464: 3446: 3432: 3292: 3166: 3131: 3020: 2872: 2836: 2556: 2399: 2351: 2254: 2004: 1972: 1958: 503: 8953:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. 8311: 4857: 14891: 14277: 13023: 12860: 12837: 12832: 12481: 12093: 11895: 11889: 11797:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

11679: 11673: 11642: 11573: 11568: 11451: 11441: 11318: 10330: 10167: 10144: 10139: 7220: 6777: 6589: 6419: 6332: 6111: 6042: 5073: 4603: 3647: 3181: 2565: 2425: 2272: 1996: 1260: 1220: 1208: 1001: 605: 282: 13283: 11997: 10590: 9191: 9113: 7846:. This literature led to the establishment of Assyrian Aramaic as written literary languages. 5362:

forms. Thereafter, the active participle became the root of the Suret imperfective, while the

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and its adherents, although there still has been a continuous stream of Syriac literature in

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dialect has become the prestige dialect of Suret after 1836, when that dialect was chosen by

5053: 4595: 4508: 4449: 4358: 3981: 3973: 3830: 3741: 3680: 3399: 3390: 3118: 2481: 2367: 2303: 1920: 1911: 948: 890: 391: 199: 9183: 9105: 8675: 8480:

Naby, Eden. "From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language". Assyrian International News Agency.

8289: 15494: 15404: 15184: 14771: 14488: 14333: 14140: 14135: 14094: 14074: 14022: 13866: 13608: 13001: 12688: 12674: 12622: 12597: 12587: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12331: 12025: 11173: 10915: 10308: 9630:

Nash, Lea. 1996. The Internal Ergative Subject Hypothesis. Proceedings of NELS 26: 195–210.

7689:

and northeastern Syria as some Assyrians remained in the rural areas and the fact that the

7633:. The relocation has led to the creation of this dialect. Iraqi Koine was developed in the 7247: 5112: 5034: 4560: 4000: 3471: 3356: 3017:

East Syriac dialects may recognize half-close sounds as and also recognize the back vowel

2550: 2446: 2405: 2011: 1875: 1179: 1139: 745: 572: 569: 105: 102: 11856: 9850: 8986: 8764:

Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East : Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff

8700:

Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974),The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press

8626: 5308:

in Christian and Jewish Neo-Aramaic languages developed through interaction with ergative

2578:/ is found predominately from loanwords, but, in some dialects, also from the voicing of / 2439: 8: 15509: 14815: 14781: 14685: 14598: 14564: 14552: 14406: 14286: 13880: 13549: 13492: 13420: 13406: 13277: 13072: 13033: 12763: 12647: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12592: 12510: 12272: 12181: 12099: 12087: 12035: 12030: 11870: 11850: 11809: 11187: 10856: 10799: 10727: 10713: 10584: 10379: 10340: 10089: 10071: 10047: 9968: 9010: 8881: 8493: 8227: 7808: 7611: 5084: 4833: 4539: 3534: 3499: 2925: 2921: 2788: 2411: 2166: 2148: 2135: 2094: 2078: 2068: 2056: 2047: 2040: 1623: 1334: 1310: 1248: 1227: 1128: 886: 878: 862: 784: 757: 628: 14530: 14351: 11408: 7494:). Notice the usage of and , and the many Arabic loanwords (at least in this discourse) 7136: 7084: 7010: 6880: 6872: 6744: 6709: 6560: 6144: 6032: 6003: 5863: 1815:, most Assyrians rarely utilise the modified letters and would conveniently rely on the 15302: 15194: 14982: 14492: 14453: 12662: 12582: 12503: 12476: 12193: 11819: 11540: 9932: 9914: 9904: 9890: 9866: 9846: 9289: 8761: 8743: 8367: 8210: 7669: 7661: 7607: 5756:

and Kurdish–incorporated in its vocabulary, as well as some Arabic, Russian, Azeri and

5738: 5038: 4861: 4381: 4186: 4087: 3336: 3045: 2469: 1855: 1413: 1044: 1023: 906: 721: 667: 13723: 13613: 11030: 10920: 9245:

Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts

8930:"When Syrians, Algerians and Iraqis patrolled Hadrian's Wall | Charlotte Higgins" 2920:

The mid vowels, preserved in Tyari, Barwari, Baz and Chaldean dialects, are sometimes

2595:/n/ can be pronounced before velar consonants and and as before labial consonants. 454: 447: 15363: 15318: 15257: 15237: 15138: 15113: 15060: 14886: 14881: 14868: 14786: 14690: 14483: 14340: 14263: 14150: 14130: 13989: 13852: 13677: 13556: 13429: 13254: 13212: 13077: 12870: 12818: 12657: 12627: 12454: 12405: 12391: 12242: 12045: 11715: 11664: 11597: 11159: 10984: 10863: 10736: 10561: 10519: 10384: 10177: 10125: 9942: 9918: 9876: 9832: 9511: 9381: 9297: 9270: 9248: 9224: 9184: 9106: 8954: 8818: 8777: 8767: 8681: 8601: 8591: 8564: 8557: 8442: 8389: 8359: 8321: 8202: 8111: 8074: 8070: 7812: 7772: 7702: 7587: 7319: 7219:

In 1852, Perkins's translation of the Bible into General Urmian was published by the

5746: 5371: 5325: 5313: 5309: 5132: 5116: 5030: 5026: 5011: 4996: 4354: 4077: 3996: 3977: 3750: 3631: 3563: 3453: 3419: 3374: 3361: 3341: 3087: 2972:("bull") may be diphthongised to in some Tyari, Barwari, Chaldean and Jilu dialects. 2908: 2195: 1979: 1895: 1882: 1860: 1408:

after the 7th century AD, texts were often written in Arabic with the Syriac script.

1330: 1299: 1223: 1204: 1196: 1123: 978: 894: 815: 788: 761: 733: 729: 717: 701: 671: 663: 635: 608: 262: 204: 136: 9657: 8664:

The British Survey, By British Society for International Understanding, 1968, page 3

8053: 7401: 7213: 5734: 4483:" (fourteen), among other teen numbers, the typically stressed vowel in the middle ( 3770:

The Chaldean dialects are generally characterised by the presence of the fricatives

2864: 536: 15414: 15409: 15354: 15335: 15328: 15323: 15297: 15289: 15262: 15245: 15167: 15096: 15072: 15033: 14977: 14953: 14943: 14908: 14877: 14863: 14695: 14680: 14660: 14650: 14645: 14635: 14577: 14525: 14513: 14498: 14390: 14380: 14375: 14345: 14295: 14193: 14188: 14180: 14160: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14084: 14047: 14032: 14006: 13932: 13887: 13873: 13706: 13665: 13628: 13533: 13519: 13485: 13455: 13436: 13231: 13205: 13180: 13156: 13130: 13123: 13063: 13046: 13018: 12994: 12886: 12602: 12187: 12040: 12012: 11918: 11881: 11632: 11619: 11583: 11553: 11386: 11371: 11352: 11329: 11239: 11194: 11180: 11013: 10972: 10935: 10840: 10826: 10792: 10762: 10743: 10538: 10512: 10487: 10463: 10437: 10430: 10370: 10353: 10325: 10301: 10193: 9416:

The Debate on Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic EDIT DORON & GEOFFREY KHAN (2010). The

9024: 8867:

The Origin and Development of the Cuneiform System of Writing, Samuel Noah Kramer,

8735: 8346:""Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered" 8310:

Salminen, Tapani (2010). "Europe and the Caucasus". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).

8194: 8103: 7898: 7737: 7657: 7591: 7491: 7243: 5753: 5352: 5316:, which is spoken by the Muslim population of the region. Ergativity formed in the 5305: 5092: 5069: 4710: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4162: 3992: 3988: 3858:

are used predominantly in Chaldean varieties; this is a feature also seen in other

3731: 3351: 3331: 3326: 2988: 2984: 2876: 2679: 1870: 1850: 1845: 1405: 1337:, in the form of inscriptions in Aramaic, made by Assyrian soldiers serving in the 1322: 1306: 1238: 1200: 1162: 1064: 1060: 1048: 1031: 1027: 993: 843: 823: 737: 611:

beginning around the 10th century BC. They have been further heavily influenced by

219: 12540: 4185:

etc., which reflects the gender and plurality of the person or persons. This is a

2554:/ is affricated, thus pronounced as in some Urmian, Tyari and Nochiya dialects. / 15457: 15396: 15371: 15267: 15189: 15177: 15109: 15105: 15084: 15006: 14938: 14933: 14921: 14916: 14853: 14791: 14700: 14675: 14670: 14655: 14640: 14590: 14547: 14503: 14385: 14370: 14301: 14280: 14170: 14155: 14145: 14089: 14069: 14059: 14027: 13900: 13806: 13780: 13711: 13623: 13563: 13471: 13464: 13448: 13442: 13289: 13185: 13051: 13041: 12530: 12355: 12145: 12139: 12002: 11977: 11957: 11784: 11728: 11721: 11652: 11647: 11627: 11494: 11421: 11347: 11207: 11113: 11087: 11018: 10930: 10870: 10778: 10771: 10755: 10749: 10596: 10492: 10358: 10348: 9936: 9908: 9894: 9870: 9826: 8970: 8812: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7827: 7752: 7665: 7590:

formations than it is to the Hakkari dialects, though it just lacks the regional

7209: 7169: 7056: 6921: 6810: 6527: 6494: 6378: 6050: 5967: 5938: 5757: 5348: 5329: 5128: 4714: 4706: 4437: 4189:

feature found in other Semitic languages and also in unrelated languages such as

4035: 4012: 3825: 3382: 3346: 2980: 2884: 2697: 2498:, Barwari and Chaldean dialects. In most of the other varieties, it merges with / 2347: 1903: 1865: 1663: 1509: 1318: 1314: 1295: 1264: 1259:

featured both the Akkadian and Aramaic text etched on them, bearing the names of

1151: 1115: 1056: 1052: 1039: 1035: 933: 918: 902: 898: 800: 796: 753: 691: 624: 612: 587: 561: 191: 171: 35: 13137: 10444: 2438:/ is in most dialects realised as . The one exception to this is the dialect of 928: 616: 468: 15476: 15381: 15376: 15202: 15172: 15118: 15047: 15028: 15011: 14972: 14961: 14872: 14705: 14665: 14508: 14165: 13860: 13816: 13786: 13769: 13763: 13670: 13618: 13499: 13167: 12751: 12410: 12337: 12313: 12201: 11744: 11548: 11512: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11463: 11426: 11167: 11123: 11093: 11076: 11070: 10977: 10925: 10806: 10474: 9955: 8107: 7850: 7622: 7603: 7571: 7469: 7205: 5773:" in the nominative case, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic words nouns end with the vowel " 5124: 4726: 4619: 4568: 4472: 4222: 4166: 1940: 1811:, where it is used to communicate. Although the Syriac Latin alphabet contains 1804: 1778: 1668: 1291: 1083: 997: 659: 346: 334: 277: 42: 8096:"Bridging the Tigris: Common features in Turoyo and North-eastern Neo-Aramaic" 7693:

speakers who relocated in urban areas still maintained their native dialects.

4657:("flowers"/"eggs" and "their flower(s)"/"their eggs", respectively), would be 2615: 2545:

In the Iraqi Koine dialect, a labial-palatal approximant sound is also heard.

15530: 15386: 15122: 15055: 14926: 14898: 14858: 14824: 14805: 14583: 14064: 14052: 13796: 13791: 13715: 13477: 13057: 12254: 11861: 11839: 11637: 11522: 11446: 11103: 11098: 11022: 10784: 10364: 9959: 8781: 8605: 8421: 8363: 8206: 7736:

dialects are more "traditionally Assyrian" and would sound like those in the

7406: 7339: 7255: 5363: 5007: 4869: 4762: 4746: 4670: 3881: 3814: 3153: 2772: 2640: 2602:(English "tsk") may be used para-linguistically as a negative response to a " 1648: 1243: 922: 882: 769: 596: 356: 314: 267: 91: 14716: 12971: 12774: 12520: 10278: 10081:

Semitisches Tonarchiv: Dokumentgruppe "Aramäisch/Neuostaramäisch (christl.)"

9432:

8 Cf. M. Tomal, Studies in Neo-Aramaic Tenses, Kraków 2008, pp. 108 and 120.

4475:

range (13-19); In some dialects (particularly those of Hakkari), the words "

1353: 1325:. The alphabet consists of 22 letters, all of which are consonants. It is a 1110:

in the 13th century and the religiously motivated massacres of Assyrians by

686:. Instability throughout the Middle East over the past century has led to a 15434: 15340: 15143: 15077: 15016: 14987: 14810: 14797: 14603: 14572: 13739: 12278: 11731:? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate) 11046: 8500: 8142:

Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List

7918: 7741: 7378: 7251: 5367: 5336: 5321: 4583: 3489: 2599: 2029: 1808: 1684: 1679: 1605: 1555: 1531: 1338: 1219:

and numbers. This script was adapted to another Mesopotamian language, the

694:

are ethnic Assyrians and are the descendants of the ancient inhabitants of

9556:

Cf. M. Tomal, Studies in Neo-Aramaic Tenses, Kraków 2008, pp. 108 and 120.

9479:

Fox, S. E., 1997, The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz

8762:

Krotkoff, Georg.; Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias, eds. (1997).

8065:

McClure, Erica (2001). "Oral and written Assyrian-English codeswitching".

7993: 7975: 7957: 6954: 2476:

the previous consonant, depending on the dialect and phonological context.

430: 423: 414: 13296: 13116: 12525: 12163: 12157: 11794: 10603: 10423: 10066: 7783: 7618: 7595: 7364: 5765: 5389: 5359: 5340: 5304:

Although Aramaic has been a nominative-accusative language historically,

5120: 5057: 5046: 4661:

were it not for the varying, distinctive stress on the penult or ultima.

4362: 4050: 3893: 3876: 2976: 2652: 2635: 1733:. In addition to foreign sounds, a marking system is used to distinguish 1549: 1457: 1272: 1187: 804: 792: 705: 704:

distinguishes between Chaldean and Assyrian as varieties of Suret on non-

695: 591: 272: 11258: 9028: 8371: 8345: 7653:

and it is also used as the standard dialect in music and formal speech.

7582:, and others more Hakkarian, such as those who immigrated from northern 2442:, which merged the two historical phonemes into , thus lacking instead. 12978: 12929: 12491: 12486: 12284: 11411:? (unclassified; possibly Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate) 10285: 10236: 9364: 8747: 8650: 8552: 8538: 8054:

The Comprehensive Policy to Manage the Ethnic Languages in Iraq (CPMEL)

7998: 7980: 7962: 7634: 7599: 7579: 7309: 7299: 7275: 5317: 5136: 5080: 5018: 4551: 4216:

Moreover, unlike many other languages, Suret has virtually no means of

4170: 4144: 3944: 3886: 3269: 2822: 2724: 2645: 2603: 2533:/ has a widespread allophone (it may vacillate to for some speakers). 2517: 2473: 1483:ܛܘܼܒ̣ܵܐ ܠܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܸܟ̣ܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܠܸܒܵܐ: ܣܵܒܵܒ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܒܸܬ ܚܵܙܝܼ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ. 1453: 1284: 936: 870: 765: 725: 713: 8838: 8714:. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–261. 8214: 8180: 1074: 15277: 15217: 14422: 12943: 12711: 12545: 12425: 12266: 12207: 10250: 7499: 7427: 7285: 7189: 5800: 5000: 4658: 4622:, but not for Urmian and some Iraqi Koine speakers, who instead use - 4460:

if one would place the stress in the next word of the sentence, so; "

4433: 4226: 4128:

Suret uses verbal inflections marking person and number. The suffix "

3921: 3033: 2868: 1812: 1782: 1409: 1268: 1231: 1192: 847: 835: 756:. Suret, alongside other modern Aramaic languages, is now considered 583: 440: 407: 12787: 10094: 10039: 10000: 9981: 9956:

Remarks on the Historical Background of the Modern Assyrian Language

9712:

The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913

8739: 2627:, there are six vowel phonemes in Iraqi Koine. They are as follows: 1007: 476: 15250: 14750: 14518: 14309: 14037: 13526: 12985: 12957: 12496: 12469: 12442: 12430: 12415: 12169: 12116: 10833: 10292: 10264: 9697:

A residence of eight years in Persia among the Nestorian Christians

9247:. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. 8831: 8198: 7866: 7778: 7431: 7355: 7315: 7295: 7224: 5749: 5096: 4865: 4158: 3969: 3839: 3540: 3053: 2942:("big"), is raised to . The Urmian dialect may diphthongise it to . 2172: 1774: 1418: 1362: 1216: 1212: 960: 910: 874: 643: 548: 13660: 11753: 10967: 9147: 9145: 9143: 8660: 8658: 1480:

In the Neo-Aramaic of the Urmi Bible of 1893, this is rendered as:

1467:ܛܘܼܒܲܝܗܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܝܠܹܝܢ ܕܲܕ݂ܟܹܝܢ ܒܠܸܒ̇ܗܘܿܢ: ܕܗܸܢ݂ܘܿܢ ܢܸܚܙܘܿܢ ܠܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ܂ 830:. In around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly started to replace Akkadian in 732:

influence on the language. In its native region, speakers may use

390:(Recognized language and a constitutional right to educate in the 15066: 13702: 13100: 12964: 12758: 12151: 12073: 11953: 11009: 10407: 10271: 9872:

Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology

7922: 7883: 7804: 7729: 7714: 7638: 7519: 7509: 7422: 5076:

forms of present perfect, where they display close similarities.

5065: 5014: 2804: 1326: 1280: 1256: 1171: 989: 952: 914: 858: 831: 827: 819: 601: 544: 318: 160: 156: 2542:/ is uttered as a tense . This can also occur in other dialects. 1490:Ṭūḇā l-ʾānī d-ʾīnā diḵyē b-libbā, sābāb d-ʾānī bit xāzī l-ʾalāhā 1416:. Such non-Syriac languages written in Syriac script are called 1167: 14467: 14079: 14042: 13906: 12906: 12731: 12535: 12464: 12437: 12420: 11213: 10213: 10040:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora" 9744: 9742: 9140: 8655: 8317: 7839: 7816: 7800: 7789: 7710: 7646: 7529: 7504: 7487: 7450: 7439: 7396: 7351: 7305: 5042: 4614:, "his leg") is present in most of the traditional dialects in 4564: 4534:

denotes a singular possessive form (masc.), whereas a stressed

4174: 4133: 4108: 3094:

Iraqi Koine, like the majority of the Suret dialects, realises

1611: 1592: 1448: 1401: 1119: 1099: 985: 839: 741: 683: 647: 620: 484: 152: 126: 9169:

The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Koy Sanjaq (Iraqi Kurdistan)

8470:

A Short History of Syriac Christianity; W. Stewart McCullough.

7777:

Early Syriac texts still date to the 2nd century, notably the

7685:

dialects are still active today and widely spoken in northern

5760:

and, increasingly within the last century, English loanwords.

4974: 4958: 4942: 4926: 4910: 4894: 4877: 4342: 4329: 4321: 4305: 4292: 4284: 4268: 4260: 1472: 15444: 12459: 12447: 12343: 9752:, Tehran: Assyrian Youth Cultural Society Press, 1963, p. 895 7854: 7756: 7733: 7722: 7642: 7626: 7575: 7524: 7385: 7289: 7271: 7201: 4598:, with a standard stress pattern falling on the penult. The - 4457: 3795: 2914: 2800: 2495: 1630: 1562: 1543: 1537: 1525: 1474:Ṭūḇayhōn l-ʾaylên da-ḏḵên b-lebbhōn, d-hennōn neḥzon l-ʾǎlāhā 1388: 1366: 1302: 1111: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1068: 1012: 956: 679: 651: 330: 326: 148: 122: 9739: 8975:

Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar

8651:

Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C. by G. R. Driver

631:, but Suret is not a direct descendant of Classical Syriac. 14258: 13992: 13984: 10020:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes" 7858: 7843: 7748: 7718: 7706: 7686: 7630: 7583: 7465: 7344: 4853: 4750: 3049: 2888: 2776: 2462: 2457: 1709: 1642: 1636: 1617: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1276: 1079: 1016: 808: 675: 655: 639: 387: 322: 144: 140: 118: 114: 10044:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

9673:, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12:1 (1998): 77–82. 9207:

The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi

9134:

The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi

9062:

The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi

4484: 4436:, whereas the Urmian and Iraqi Koine dialects may be more 3794:, respectively, in other Assyrian dialects (excluding the 1404:

gradually began to be the dominant spoken language in the

1387:); the name is thought to derive from the Greek adjective 547:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9490:

Functional and other exotic sentences in Assyrian Aramaic

9462: 9460: 9269:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA: William B Eerdmans. 1975. 8017: 8015: 5115:

should be noticed when it comes to the similarities with

4753:" and "that one over there", respectively, demonstrating 1654: 1599: 518:

The Urmi dialect, spoken by TV presenter Maryam Shamalta.

9910:

Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy

7051:

compare the Hebrew cognate: to rise (e.g. rising flour)

5111:

and the valency of the verb, and the arrangement of the

4571:, a tonal stress is made on a plural possessive suffix - 1666:: rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. 1496:'Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.' 82: 9828:

The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions

9378:

The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions

8839:"Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region" 8275:"My Career in Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology" 8181:"The Relationships of the Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects" 8127: 7865:, published in 1852 by Justin Perkins was based on the 7026: 6678: 6464: 6348: 5875: 4765:(but not a subject) by using the prepositional prefix " 4444:

An example of stress timing is noticeable in the word "

869:

BC), it became the language of commerce and trade, the

650:, which is a large region stretching from the plain of 9457: 8991: 8461:

The Nestorians and their Rituals; George Percy Badger.

8012: 5817: 5083:

instead of the present base for the expression of the

4981: 4965: 4949: 4933: 4917: 4901: 4884: 4181:

to express possession similar to the English pronouns

1799:

Syriac alphabet § Latin alphabet and romanization

1743: 1735: 1439: 1375: 9727: 9470:, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, VIII/1:83–107 8150: 8148: 7574:(listed above) and the former prestigious dialect in 5029:. This assertion is founded on the utilisation of an 2928:

with close vowels in Urmian and some other dialects:

1131:

languages descended from it or from close relatives.

9896:

Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990

8437:(Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern). Cambridge: 8049: 8047: 7807:

to Islam began a period of retreat and hardship for

5826: 4165:

are affixed to various parts of speech. As with the

3991:, Suret may share similar grammatical features with 3308: 1488: 971: 483:

Suret is classified as Definitely Endangered by the

72: 9492:, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XI/2:44–69. 8814:

Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar

8798:, London: J. Murray, 1891, vol. ii, pp. 282 and 306 8404: 8402: 7258:, particularly the use of , and the frequency of . 1412:was also written with Syriac script and was called 9801: 9789: 9755: 8556: 8145: 7656:Some modern Hakkari speakers from Iraq can switch 4860:, which are a form of word formation in which the 4452:which translates to "so that" – The 'a' sound in " 2418:In the Koine and Urmi dialects, velar fricatives / 1038:in the east, Syrian-Aramaic developed distinctive 9982:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality" 9088:The Sound System of Modern Assyrian (Neo-Aramaic) 8044: 4864:is modified and which does not involve stringing 4357:approach regarding possession, just like English 3319:Table of Chaldean Neo-Aramaic consonant phonemes 1373:The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is 15528: 9391: 8644: 8588:Aramaic in its Historical and Linguistic Setting 8399: 7594:influence in some consonants and vowels, as the 2863:("house") is generally diphthongised to in the 9081: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9071: 7947:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 7917:Many Akkadian and Aramaic words share the same 7672:, which is based in Iraq. Elements of original 5737:, lists a total 40,642 words–half of which are 5335:of the passive participle, was expressed as an 5271: 5239: 5202: 5170: 1082:, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic is mainly spoken in the 678:, together with the northerneastern regions of 8165: 8163: 5810: 5324:aspect is nominative-accusative), whereas the 5275: 5243: 5210: 5178: 5079:A recent feature of Suret is the usage of the 5006:tenses common in other Semitic languages. The 4697:, etc.), Suret generally has an absence of an 4645:(literally, "father-his") would be uttered as 4634:, "his leg"), whilst retaining the stress in - 4487:) is reduced to a schwa, hence "īštəser" and " 2560:/ would be affricated to in the same process. 14746: 14732: 14438: 14241: 13967: 12803: 12779: 11769: 11274: 10110: 10001:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" 9690: 9688: 9545:The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 9327: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9319: 8977:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. . 8416: 8414: 7223:with a parallel text of the Classical Syriac 5347:rather than case. The absolutive argument in 4369:("house") as a base (in Urmian/Iraqi Koine): 4071:past, transitive, definite object) ("opens") 2867:dialect (a Lower Tyari tribe). To note, the 11793:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 9851:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature" 9468:Basic sentence structure in Assyrian Aramaic 9068: 8585: 8221: 7629:, and many of their descendants now live in 7562:Sample of the Iraqi Koine dialect (voice by 4906:): "he has taken" (literally "taken-by him") 3282:The in some present progressive verbs like 1714: 1689: 1673: 1460:) in Classical Syriac from the Peshitta (in 1382: 964: 67: 15542:Christian Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects 9349: 8620:"Microsoft Word - PeshittaNewTestament.doc" 8160: 4456:" is unstressed and thus would turn into a 4365:ways to express possession, using the word 3081: 857:Introduced as the official language of the 760:, as newer generation of Assyrians tend to 14739: 14725: 14445: 14431: 14248: 14234: 13974: 13960: 12810: 12796: 11776: 11762: 11281: 11267: 10117: 10103: 9714:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 278. 9709: 9685: 9501: 9316: 8725: 8411: 7705:, starting from the Assyrians in northern 7701:Neo-Aramaic has a rather slightly defined 7598:in Urmian tend to be more fronted and the 4793:articles may be used in some speech (e.g. 4705:), unlike other Semitic languages such as 1298:from the 1st century AD. It is one of the 1136:Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region 475: 81: 11288: 9931: 9831:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 9350:Kaye, Alan S.; Daniels, Peter T. (1997). 1482: 1466: 590:. The various NENA dialects descend from 9454:." Language 61.2 (1985): 283–305. Print. 9402:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSara1974 ( 9352:Phonologies of Asia and Africa; Volume 2 9127: 9125: 9123: 9041: 9009: 8807: 8801: 8673: 8351:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8313:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 8309: 8186:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7554: 7478: 7369: 7234: 7188: 5471: 5144:Persian and Suret verb tense comparison 5052:Both Modern Persian and Suret build the 4820:) for feminine. The definite forms were 3279:may be affricated as and respectively. 2833:("much; many"), may also be realised as 2614: 1447: 1352: 1166: 1073: 1006: 927: 779: 488:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 10017: 9998: 9733: 9694: 9380:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. 9166: 8927: 8703: 8694: 8499: 8064: 7242:Sample of the Urmian dialect. Note the 5769:While Akkadian nouns generally end in " 5741:. Due to geographical proximity, Suret 5705: 5682: 5651: 5577: 5503: 5444: 5417: 2905:("housefly"), is sometimes realised as 2588:/xaʒbuːnaː/, "counting", from the root 1195:began to represent syllables of spoken 1174:fragment of the 9th century written in 541:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 15529: 14452: 10090:Syriac-English dictionary & French 10037: 9979: 9085: 8928:Higgins, Charlotte (13 October 2009). 8869:Thirty Nine Firsts in Recorded History 8709: 8586:Gzella, Holger; Folmer, M. L. (2008). 7347:(west of Gavar and south of Qudshanis) 7280:Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia 7079:compare the Hebrew cognate: a tourist 6650:large, great (in quality or quantity) 4868:together sequentially. Unlike Arabic, 4769:" paired with the proper suffix (e.g. 4757:) are commonly utilised instead (e.g. 4236: 14720: 14426: 14229: 13955: 12817: 12791: 12778: 11757: 11262: 10124: 10098: 9976:. Cambridge University Press, London. 9903: 9889: 9865: 9845: 9824: 9807: 9795: 9761: 9671:Synharmonism in the Särdä:rïd Dialect 9120: 9099: 9097: 9055: 9053: 8997: 8551: 8537: 8434:British School of Archaeology in Iraq 8272: 8235:. Cambridge University Press, London. 8154: 8093: 7728:Nearing the Iraqi-Turkey border, the 5709: 5678: 5655: 5623: 5600: 5549: 5526: 5475: 5448: 5421: 4812:" for generally masculine words and " 4559:In native words, Suret almost always 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3325: 3323: 3044:. For some words, many dialects have 1881: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1844: 1842: 1348: 1011:An 18th-century gospel Book from the 791:(detail). The obelisk was erected by 682:and to southcentral and southeastern 10006:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 9987:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 9784:A Short History of Syriac Literature 9748:Beth-Zay‘ā, Esha‘yā Shamāshā Dāwīd, 9660:by Association Assyrophile de France 9397: 9296:. Scholars Press: Atlanta, Georgia. 9204: 9181: 9131: 9103: 9059: 9013:(1961). "Studies in Modern Syriac". 8951:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts 8513:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 8420: 8282:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 7696: 7027: 6679: 6465: 6349: 5876: 5279: 5247: 4982: 4966: 4950: 4934: 4918: 4902: 4885: 4801:, which translates to "do you want 4471:Another example is observed in teen 3999:in the way they employ the negative 3838:Unlike in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, the 2747:, as commonly uttered in words like 2485:/ may also be heard as a tap sound . 1725:, but it also stands for the vowels 1715: 1698:, but can also represent the vowels 1690: 1674: 1383: 965: 688:worldwide diaspora of Suret speakers 623:, after its adoption as an official 565: 68: 11783: 9151: 8343: 8178: 8102:. Gorgias Press. pp. 161–176. 7717:) and ending with those in Western 5089:Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia 4847: 4718: 4003:in its full form before the verbal 3117:Iraqi Koine generally realises the 2592:"to count") as in the Jilu dialect. 984:By the 3rd century AD, churches in 772:into their new resident countries. 357:Swāḏāyā (vernacular Eastern) Syriac 92:Swāḏāyā (vernacular Eastern) Syriac 24: 15481:Languages between parentheses are 13938:Languages between parentheses are 11245:Languages between parentheses are 9283: 9094: 9050: 8817:. Peeters Publishers. p. 70. 8766:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. 8728:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 7951: 7216:", developed in the 20th century. 6772:Borrowed into Classical Syriac as 4836:with the indefinite sense so that 4755:proximal, medial and distal deixis 4497: 4132:" indicates a (usually masculine) 2807:dialects, it is usually more back 1678:), the first letter, represents a 1341:in northern England during the 2nd 25: 15633: 10056: 9186:The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar 9108:The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar 8295:on 27 February 2008. p. 10: 4840:became "a/the (male) worker" and 4582:; "their") in the final vowel to 3951: 3935: 3926: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3749: 3740: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3578: 3571: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3517: 3510: 3488: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3398: 3389: 3309:Phonetics of Chaldean-Neo-Aramaic 3180: 3175: 2763:for many speakers. It is usually 2730: 2714: 2703: 2685: 2669: 2658: 2619:The vowel phonemes of Iraqi Koine 2579: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2549: 2537: 2528: 2504:/, though is found in loanwords. 2499: 2489: 2480: 2450: 2433: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2366: 2360: 2330: 2319: 2310: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2147: 2117: 2110: 2077: 2067: 2055: 2046: 2028: 2017: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1988: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1919: 1910: 1792: 1309:and shares similarities with the 634:Suret speakers are indigenous to 434: – Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 427: – Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 15617:Endangered Afroasiatic languages 15216: 14531:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 14257: 13983: 12757: 12745: 12702:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 11855: 11844: 11833: 9776: 9767: 9354:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 127–140. 8710:Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". 8479: 8244:Assyrians After Assyria, Parpola 8004: 7986: 7968: 7747:In Hakkari, going east (towards 5104:the Kurdish and Turkish speech. 4844:became "a/the (female) worker." 4664: 4550:Problems playing this file? See 4520: 4242:Iraqi Koine possessive suffixes 3048:them to and respectively. For 2521:from the Ancient Aramaic period. 724:noun system and rather flexible 508: 380: 14543:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean) 14352:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 9718: 9703: 9676: 9663: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9624: 9615: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9578: 9569: 9559: 9550: 9537: 9524: 9495: 9482: 9473: 9444: 9435: 9426: 9410: 9370: 9358: 9343: 9334: 9307: 9258: 9237: 9213: 9198: 9175: 9160: 9154:The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Jilu 9035: 9003: 8980: 8964: 8940: 8921: 8912: 8887: 8874: 8861: 8852: 8788: 8755: 8719: 8667: 8612: 8579: 8559:A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary 8531: 8484: 8473: 8464: 8455: 8378: 8337: 8303: 8266: 8256: 8247: 8238: 8172: 7911: 7621:, many Assyrians living in the 6265:Borrowed into Turoyo/Surayt as 6241:Borrowed into Turoyo/Surayt as 6027:borrowed into Classical Syriac 5779: 5376: 5142: 4816:" (if the word already ends in 4594:; "his"), which is a masculine 4432:Hakkari dialects are generally 4240: 3313: 3052:, A common vowel alteration is 1118:, the language was replaced by 469:Aširat Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 15567:Languages of Georgia (country) 15485:of the language on their left. 14620:Levantine Arabic Sign Language 13942:of the language on their left. 12368:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 12231:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 11249:of the language on their left. 10072:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic alphabets 9534:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985. 9418:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9046:. Routledge. pp. 348–352. 8899:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8426:"Aramaic, Medieval and Modern" 8424:(2007). Postgate, J.N. (ed.). 8136: 8087: 8058: 7940: 7550: 5781:Akkadian and Suret vocabulary 5206: 5174: 3268:Depending on the speaker, the 3218:("bull"), as heard in most of 3078:('birds') in its plural form. 2775:dialects. For some Urmian and 1749:('soft' letters). The letters 1108:Mongol invasions of the Levant 846:was simpler to learn than the 13: 1: 15612:Object–subject–verb languages 15607:Object–verb–subject languages 15602:Verb–object–subject languages 15597:Verb–subject–object languages 15592:Subject–object–verb languages 15587:Subject–verb–object languages 12112:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 9899:. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient. 9267:The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary 8023:"Iraq's Constitution of 2005" 7933: 7766: 7455:Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan 5733:One online Suret dictionary, 5728: 5402:(Christian Hakkari dialects) 5299: 5135:, where it unspecialised the 2468:would be realised as , , , , 2455:/, represented by the letter 1832: 1305:directly descending from the 1203:genetically unrelated to the 762:not acquire the full language 604:, which slowly displaced the 578:, refers to the varieties of 12722:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 12697:Assyrian Democratic Movement 8680:. Brill Archive. p. 1. 7799:Because Assyrian, alongside 7193:Map of the Assyrian dialects 7021:. Compare Classical Mandaic 6459:. Compare Classical Mandaic 6343:. Compare Classical Mandaic 5870:. Compare Classical Mandaic 5827: 5818: 5127:made no distinction between 5045:element which is present in 4975: 4959: 4943: 4927: 4911: 4895: 4878: 4824:for "the (male) worker" and 4343: 4330: 4322: 4306: 4293: 4285: 4269: 4261: 4179:attached to the end of nouns 3813:. In others, it is either a 3729: 3678: 3593: 3532: 3497: 3417: 3380: 3199:("pen") does not merge with 2494:/ is a phoneme heard in the 1827: 1744: 1736: 1629: 1598: 1561: 1524: 1489: 1473: 1440: 1376: 1357:Classical Syriac written in 1294:primarily used to write the 1178:variant. A passage from the 1156: 972: 905:(224–651 AD). Following the 73: 7: 14322:Official minority languages 14215:Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language 12707:Assyrian Universal Alliance 11933:Assyrian Church of the East 11908:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 11902:Assyrian Evangelical Church 11825:Terms for Syriac Christians 9941:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 9502:Haspelmath, Martin (2002). 9488:Solomon, Zomaya S. (1997). 9466:Solomon, Zomaya S. (1994). 8677:Cults and beliefs at Edessa 8674:Drijvers, H. J. W. (1980). 8544:Hebrew Union College Annual 7872: 7849:In the nineteenth century, 7230: 7178: 5010:is usually marked with the 4626:for possessive "his" (e.g. 4606:masculine possessive (e.g. 4405:3rd person (masc., sing.): 4123: 3866: 2879:and thereby may be used in 2755:("man; human"), is central 2429:/ are typically uvular as . 504:Spoken Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 458: Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 451: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 10: 15638: 12717:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 11939:Ancient Church of the East 9817: 9710:Wilmshurst, David (2000). 9156:. Harrassowitz. p. 8. 9152:Fox, Samuel Ethan (1997). 9016:Journal of Semitic Studies 8490:Manishtusu Obelisk, Louvre 8439:Cambridge University Press 8179:Fox, Samuel Ethan (1994). 8108:10.31826/9781463216603-012 7826:languages still spoken by 7792:. The emergence of spoken 7770: 7182: 7164:Also borrowed into Hebrew 7131:Hebrew: a tune; a singing 6290:borrowed into Hebrew as: ( 5858:Also borrowed into Hebrew 5811: 4602:used to denote a singular 4412:3rd person (fem., sing.): 4391:your (fem., sing.) house: 3963: 3801:In some Chaldean dialects 3222:dialects, are realised as 3185:/ are heard as uvular as . 1796: 1504: 1500: 1389: 1160: 1149: 909:conquest of Assyria under 852:Aramaic-Assyrian symbiosis 775: 600:in the later phase of the 311:Christian Urmi Neo-Aramaic 40: 29: 15537:Eastern Aramaic languages 15467: 15427: 15395: 15362: 15353: 15311: 15288: 15236: 15225: 15214: 15156: 15131: 15095: 15046: 14952: 14907: 14844: 14833: 14770: 14757: 14628: 14612: 14563: 14476: 14460: 14399: 14376:Southern Kurdish (Xwarin) 14363: 14321: 14270: 14202: 14179: 14123: 14015: 13999: 13924: 13851: 13752: 13693: 13686: 13653: 13644: 13637: 13590: 13581: 13511: 13419: 13266: 13147: 13108: 13099: 13090: 13032: 13011: 12914: 12905: 12896: 12858: 12825: 12785: 12780:Links to related articles 12740: 12687: 12558: 12390: 12381: 12294: 12223: 12130: 12071: 12054: 12011: 11952: 11917: 11880: 11869: 11831: 11802: 11791: 11738: 11707: 11663: 11618: 11539: 11505: 11471: 11462: 11394: 11385: 11328: 11296: 11231: 11158: 11059: 11000: 10993: 10960: 10951: 10944: 10897: 10888: 10818: 10726: 10573: 10454: 10415: 10406: 10397: 10339: 10318: 10221: 10212: 10203: 10165: 10132: 9086:Odisho, Edward Y (1988). 9042:Hertzron, Robert (1997). 8987:Syriac Romanization Table 8520:(2). JAAS. Archived from 8288:(1): 1–23. Archived from 8273:Biggs, Robert D. (2005). 7490:dialect (voice by Bishop 6319:Compare Classical Syriac 6139:borrowed into Hebrew as: 6106:borrowed into Hebrew as: 5998:borrowed into Hebrew as: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5351:clauses is the syntactic 4990: 4856:and verbs are built from 4450:adverb clause conjunction 4427: 4328: 4314: 4291: 4277: 4256: 4246: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3679: 3652: 3636: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3545: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3485: 3460: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3381: 3372: 3367: 3330: 3289:(" eats") is retained as 3249:("money") is retained as 2728: 2683: 2610: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2325: 2302: 2270: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2063: 2025: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1902: 1893: 1888: 1849: 1777:('hard'), are able to be 1721:represents the consonant 1279:written in cuneiform. In 1145: 1022:The differences with the 527: 497: 474: 462: 438: 405: 400: 370: 365: 343: 313:, including Urban Koine; 304: 255: 188: 178: 167: 132: 110: 98: 80: 66: 57: 52: 15440:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 14364:Other minority languages 13935:or historical languages. 12237:Muslim conquest of Syria 11927:Chaldean Catholic Church 11242:or historical languages. 9750:Tash‘īthā d-Beth-Nahreyn 9699:. New York. p. 304. 9695:Perkins, Justin (1843). 9669:Younansardaroud, Helen, 9504:Understanding Morphology 7904: 7761:West Azerbaijan province 6316:foreign(er), outlandish 5374:in an ergative pattern. 4468:" ("I said that we go"). 3860:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 3082:Phonetics of Iraqi Koine 3011:is usually realised as . 3001:is usually realised as ; 2956:("rock"), is raised to . 2897:, uttered in words like 2527:In the Urmian dialect, / 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1529: 901:(247 BC–224 AD) and the 580:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 288:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 62:Mesopotamian Neo-Aramaic 41:Not to be confused with 15500:Languages of Azerbaijan 12764:Christianity portal 12727:Syriac Military Council 12326:Massacres of Diyarbekir 12261:Principality of Antioch 12214:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 12021:Assyrian folk/pop music 10018:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b). 9999:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a). 9964:University of Cambridge 9875:. Aldershot: Variorum. 9508:Oxford University Press 9422:University of Cambridge 9205:Khan, Geoffrey (2016). 9182:Khan, Geoffrey (2008). 9132:Khan, Geoffrey (2016). 9104:Khan, Geoffrey (2008). 9060:Khan, Geoffrey (2016). 8388:. Uppsala Universitet. 8316:(3rd ed.). Paris: 8067:Codeswitching Worldwide 7627:forced from their homes 7185:List of Assyrian tribes 7013:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6957:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6887:, Western Neo-Aramaic: 6813:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6780:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6747:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6335:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6294:), Western Neo-Aramaic 6205:to clean, wash clothes 6053:), Western Neo-Aramaic 5777:" in their lemma form. 5743:has an extensive number 4586:it from an unstressed - 4225:formed by changing the 1706:. Likewise, the letter 1507: 1290:The Syriac script is a 873:of Assyria in the late 15622:Languages of Kurdistan 15582:Stress-timed languages 12482:Al-Hasakah Governorate 12320:Massacres of Badr Khan 12094:Middle Assyrian Empire 11896:Syriac Catholic Church 11890:Syriac Orthodox Church 11498:(possibly independent) 10038:Yildiz, Efrem (2012). 9980:Yildiz, Efrem (1999). 9938:Studies in Neo-Aramaic 9786:, 1894, 1974 (reprint) 9376:*Beyer, Klaus (1986). 9294:Studies in Neo-Aramaic 9167:Mutzafi, Hezy (2004). 7567: 7495: 7382: 7259: 7221:American Bible Society 7194: 6765:si(m)malta, si(m)manta 6665:, Western Neo-Aramaic 6624:, Western Neo-Aramaic 6426:, Western Neo-Aramaic 6385:, Western Neo-Aramaic 6262:favourite, honourable 6212:, Western Neo-Aramaic 6143:- a garment; a cover ( 5904:, Western Neo-Aramaic 5343:, and is presented by 4502: 4359:possessive determiners 3786:) which correspond to 3119:interdental fricatives 2975:Across many dialects, 2623:According to linguist 2620: 2536:In the Jilu dialect, / 1741:('hard' letters) from 1497: 1370: 1209:Indo-Iranian languages 1183: 1103: 1086:and the cities around 1019: 944: 812: 712:Suret is a moderately- 529:This article contains 283:Eastern Middle Aramaic 14412:Kurdish Sign Language 14210:Persian Sign Language 13225:Christian Palestinian 12937:Ancient North Arabian 12350:Independence movement 12106:Post-imperial Assyria 12082:Early Assyrian period 11290:Afroasiatic languages 10532:Christian Palestinian 10244:Ancient North Arabian 9825:Beyer, Klaus (1986). 9452:Clitics and Particles 9221:The Semitic Languages 9064:. Brill. p. 107. 9044:The Semitic Languages 8094:Talay, Shabo (2009). 8030:constituteproject.org 7602:more rounded. For an 7561: 7485: 7376: 7241: 7192: 7183:Further information: 7076:to return, come back 5054:present perfect tense 4584:tonally differentiate 4501: 4419:3rd person (plural): 4398:your (plural) house: 3982:nominative-accusative 3974:null-subject language 2987:when they occur in a 2618: 1797:Further information: 1662:Three letters act as 1451: 1356: 1237:With the adoption of 1170: 1077: 1010: 977:). At the same time, 953:Middle Syriac-Aramaic 949:Neo-Aramaic languages 931: 891:Neo-Babylonian Empire 811:) circa 2270-2255 BC 783: 646:and the northeastern 15562:Languages of Armenia 15505:Languages of Georgia 15495:Languages of Armenia 14489:Circassian languages 14334:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 13325:Koy Sanjaq Christian 13002:Pre-classical Arabic 12026:Music of Mesopotamia 11973:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 11968:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 10632:Koy Sanjaq Christian 10309:Pre-classical Arabic 9969:Maclean, Arthur John 9724:Odisho, Edward, 1988 9136:. Brill. p. 93. 9011:Polotsky, Hans Jakob 8712:Encyclopedia Iranica 8384:Tezel, Aziz (2003). 8344:Kim, Ronald (2008). 8228:Maclean, Arthur John 7994:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 7976:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 7853:were established in 7637:areas of Iraq (i.e. 6883:), Classical Syriac 6842:Western Neo-Aramaic 6422:), Classical Syriac 6381:), Classical Syriac 6175:Western Neo-Aramaic 6082:Western Neo-Aramaic 5995:offering, sacrifice 5970:), Classical Syriac 5962:Cognate with Hebrew 5933:Cognate with Hebrew 5378:Ergativity patterns 5049:and in Neo-Aramaic. 4858:triconsonantal roots 4361:. The following are 2883:as well, such as in 2598:In some speakers, a 1838:Consonant inventory 1817:basic Latin alphabet 1321:and the traditional 1180:Acts of the Apostles 1140:Constitution of Iraq 1034:in the west and the 674:regions in northern 60:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 58:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 18:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 15572:Languages of Turkey 15510:Languages of Russia 14629:Immigrant languages 14565:Varieties of Arabic 14553:Western Neo-Aramaic 14407:Iraqi Sign Language 14287:Mesopotamian Arabic 13168:Ashurian and Hatran 12332:Rise of nationalism 12273:Jalayirid Sultanate 12100:Neo-Assyrian Empire 12088:Old Assyrian period 12031:Syriac sacral music 11851:Aramean-Syriac flag 11810:Assyrian continuity 10475:Ashurian and Hatran 10050:. pp. 201–220. 10048:Uppsala Universitet 9933:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 9905:Brock, Sebastian P. 9891:Brock, Sebastian P. 9867:Brock, Sebastian P. 9847:Brock, Sebastian P. 9450:Zwicky, Arnold M. " 9290:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 9223:. Routledge. 1997. 8882:Helsinki University 7809:Syriac Christianity 7612:New Zealand English 7048:to pour out, spill 6287:poor, impoverished 5782: 5379: 5145: 5085:present progressive 4995:Suret has lost the 4709:, which does use a 4669:When it comes to a 4596:singular possessive 4423:("house-of theirs") 4243: 4237:Possessive suffixes 4183:my, your, his, her, 4171:possessive pronouns 3978:ergative morphology 3320: 3174:Dorsal fricatives / 3056:shifting the final 1839: 1694:) is the consonant 1335:Prehistoric Britain 1323:Mongolian alphabets 1249:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1129:Central Neo-Aramaic 887:Neo-Assyrian Empire 879:classical antiquity 871:vernacular language 863:Tiglath-Pileser III 785:Manishtushu Obelisk 625:liturgical language 372:Recognised minority 184:800,000 (2020) 27:Neo-Aramaic dialect 15577:Fusional languages 15552:Languages of Syria 14994:Caucasian Albanian 14477:Minority languages 14454:Languages of Syria 14271:Official languages 14124:Minority languages 14016:Regional languages 13239:Jewish Palestinian 12752:History portal 12194:Church of the East 11983:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 11820:Chaldean Catholics 10546:Jewish Palestinian 8632:on 2 December 2008 7670:Church of the East 7568: 7496: 7383: 7260: 7195: 6673:. Compare Mandaic 6581:to melt, dissolve 6519:to separate, part 6238:village; homeland 5780: 5377: 5372:intransitive verbs 5155:Intransitive verb 5143: 5133:intransitive verbs 5039:passive participle 4538:is a third person 4503: 4402:("house-of yours") 4395:("house-of yours") 4388:("house-of yours") 4241: 4088:perfect participle 4007:and also with the 3318: 3241:The diphthong in 3025:as a long form of 2771:in the Urmian and 2621: 1837: 1498: 1414:Suriyani Malayalam 1371: 1349:Modern development 1271:(721-705 B.C) and 1234:) around 2600 BC. 1184: 1104: 1045:Church of the East 1026:led to the bitter 1024:Church of the East 1020: 988:in the kingdom of 945: 897:(539–323 BC), the 893:(605–539 BC), the 848:Akkadian cuneiform 813: 317:; Hakkari groups ( 137:Assyrian heartland 32:Assyrian languages 15557:Languages of Iran 15547:Languages of Iraq 15524: 15523: 15518: 15517: 15477:extinct languages 15423: 15422: 15349: 15348: 15212: 15211: 15152: 15151: 14714: 14713: 14461:Official language 14420: 14419: 14264:Languages of Iraq 14223: 14222: 14181:Working languages 14000:Official language 13949: 13948: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13915: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13577: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13415: 13414: 13378:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 13175:Jewish Babylonian 13086: 13085: 12819:Semitic languages 12772: 12771: 12683: 12682: 12399: 12377: 12376: 12344:Assyrian genocide 12243:Abbasid Caliphate 12065: 11948: 11947: 11815:Assyrian diaspora 11751: 11750: 11745:extinct languages 11535: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11305:Proto-Afroasiatic 11256: 11255: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11149: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10722: 10721: 10685:Koy Sanjaq Jewish 10482:Jewish Babylonian 10393: 10392: 10126:Semitic languages 10027:Dialogo Ecumenico 9658:Sureth dictionary 9547:1969, pp. 132–151 9530:Comrie, Bernard, 9190:. Brill. p. 9112:. Brill. p. 9029:10.1093/jss/6.1.1 8895:"Syriac alphabet" 8824:978-90-429-0815-4 8687:978-90-04-06050-0 8570:978-3-447-04557-5 8448:978-0-903472-21-0 8318:UNESCO Publishing 8117:978-1-4632-1660-3 8100:Suryoye l-Suryoye 8080:978-3-11-080874-2 8071:De Gruyter Mouton 8032:. 1 February 2019 8002:(27th ed., 2024) 7984:(27th ed., 2024) 7966:(27th ed., 2024) 7813:Upper Mesopotamia 7773:Syriac literature 7703:dialect continuum 7697:Dialect continuum 7645:, Habbaniyah and 7588:consonant cluster 7559: 7483: 7374: 7320:Iranian Kurdistan 7239: 7176: 7175: 7139:), Turoyo/Surayt 7087:), Turoyo/Surayt 6924:), Turoyo/Surayt 6864:to warm, heat up 6530:), Turoyo/Surayt 6497:), Turoyo/Surayt 6208:Classical Syriac 6114:), Turoyo/Surayt 5900:Classical Syriac 5866:), Turoyo/Surayt 5835:very small, tiny 5735:Sureth Dictionary 5726: 5725: 5320:aspect only (the 5310:Iranian languages 5297: 5296: 5291:'I went to sleep' 5219:arrive.PP-COP.1SG 5113:grammatical roles 5033:concerted with a 5031:active participle 5027:Iranian languages 4673:(like in English 4540:plural possessive 4525: 4416:("house-of hers") 4377:("house-of mine") 4351: 4350: 4163:personal pronouns 4121: 4120: 3961: 3960: 3767: 3766: 3597: 3543: 3377: 3370: 3086:Iraqi Koine is a 3071:('bird') will be 2741: 2740: 2386: 2385: 2229: 2175: 2138: 2101: 2043: 1947: 1898: 1891: 1660: 1659: 1520: 979:Ephrem the Syrian 959:into Syriac, the 895:Achaemenid Empire 789:Akkadian language 718:fusional language 636:Upper Mesopotamia 609:Akkadian language 582:(NENA) spoken by 574:), also known as 555: 554: 537:rendering support 533:phonetic symbols. 513: 420:Individual codes: 263:Proto-Afroasiatic 215:Northwest Semitic 163:, global diaspora 16:(Redirected from 15629: 15360: 15359: 15234: 15233: 15220: 14842: 14841: 14768: 14767: 14748:Languages of the 14741: 14734: 14727: 14718: 14717: 14593: 14586: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14424: 14423: 14371:Gorani (Hawrami) 14262: 14261: 14250: 14243: 14236: 14227: 14226: 14115:Khorasani Turkic 13988: 13987: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13953: 13952: 13691: 13690: 13651: 13650: 13642: 13641: 13588: 13587: 13456:northern dialect 13131:Biblical Aramaic 13124:Imperial Aramaic 13106: 13105: 13097: 13096: 12995:Nabataean Arabic 12912: 12911: 12903: 12902: 12878:Canaano-Akkadian 12812: 12805: 12798: 12789: 12788: 12776: 12775: 12762: 12761: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12395: 12388: 12387: 12362:Post-Saddam Iraq 12188:Nestorian schism 12182:Christianization 12154:(132 BCE–244 CE) 12148:(247 BCE–224 CE) 12108:(609 BCE–240 CE) 12069: 12068: 12059: 11919:East Syriac Rite 11882:West Syriac Rite 11878: 11877: 11859: 11848: 11837: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11755: 11754: 11584:Somali languages 11469: 11468: 11392: 11391: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11260: 11259: 10998: 10997: 10958: 10957: 10949: 10948: 10895: 10894: 10763:northern dialect 10438:Biblical Aramaic 10431:Imperial Aramaic 10413: 10412: 10404: 10403: 10302:Nabataean Arabic 10219: 10218: 10210: 10209: 10185:Canaano-Akkadian 10119: 10112: 10105: 10096: 10095: 10086: 10051: 10034: 10024: 10014: 9995: 9952: 9928: 9900: 9886: 9862: 9842: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9782:William Wright: 9780: 9774: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9746: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9692: 9683: 9680: 9674: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9646: 9640: 9637: 9631: 9628: 9622: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9582: 9576: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9499: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9455: 9448: 9442: 9439: 9433: 9430: 9424: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9395: 9389: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9347: 9341: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9314: 9311: 9305: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9262: 9256: 9243:Rudder, Joshua. 9241: 9235: 9234: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9149: 9138: 9137: 9129: 9118: 9117: 9111: 9101: 9092: 9091: 9083: 9066: 9065: 9057: 9048: 9047: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9007: 9001: 9000:, p. 11–23. 8995: 8989: 8984: 8978: 8971:Nestle, Eberhard 8968: 8962: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8891: 8885: 8878: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8809:Lipiński, Edward 8805: 8799: 8794:Bird, Isabella, 8792: 8786: 8785: 8759: 8753: 8751: 8734:(3/4): 456–461. 8723: 8717: 8715: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8625:. Archived from 8624: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8590:. Harrassowitz. 8583: 8577: 8574: 8563:. Harrassowitz. 8562: 8548: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8527:on 17 July 2011. 8526: 8509: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8430: 8418: 8409: 8408:Khan 2008, pp. 6 8406: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8294: 8279: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8176: 8170: 8167: 8158: 8152: 8143: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8062: 8056: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8027: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7991: 7990: 7973: 7972: 7955: 7949: 7944: 7927: 7915: 7851:printing presses 7738:Hakkari province 7691:first generation 7668:language by the 7662:Syrian-Assyrians 7560: 7492:Amel Shamon Nona 7484: 7375: 7240: 7030: 7029: 7017:, Turoyo/Surayt 6961:, Turoyo/Surayt 6891:, Turoyo/Surayt 6817:, Turoyo/Surayt 6682: 6681: 6669:, Turoyo/Surayt 6628:, Turoyo/Surayt 6468: 6467: 6430:, Turoyo/Surayt 6389:, Turoyo/Surayt 6352: 6351: 6339:, Turoyo/Surayt 6216:, Turoyo/Surayt 6179:, Turoyo/Surayt 6057:, Turoyo/Surayt 5974:, Turoyo/Surayt 5908:, Turoyo/Surayt 5879: 5878: 5855:letter, epistle 5832: 5823: 5814: 5813: 5805:Transliteration 5783: 5711: 5707: 5684: 5680: 5657: 5653: 5625: 5602: 5579: 5551: 5528: 5505: 5477: 5473: 5450: 5446: 5423: 5419: 5395:Dynamic-Stative 5383:Perfective stem 5380: 5306:split ergativity 5288:sleep.PP-1SG.OBL 5281: 5277: 5273: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5146: 5070:language contact 5056:around the past/ 5041:with a genitive/ 5017:followed by the 4985: 4984: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4848:Consonantal root 4745:translating to " 4720: 4711:definite article 4630:, "his father"; 4610:, "his father"; 4527: 4526: 4500: 4491:", respectively. 4479:" (sixteen) or " 4409:("house-of his") 4384:, sing.) house: 4346: 4333: 4325: 4309: 4296: 4288: 4272: 4264: 4244: 4023: 4022: 3989:language contact 3955: 3939: 3930: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3871: 3870: 3857: 3849: 3834: 3823: 3812: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3753: 3744: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3595: 3582: 3575: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3539: 3521: 3514: 3492: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3402: 3393: 3373: 3368: 3321: 3317: 3296: 3278: 3274: 3256: 3229: 3209: 3202: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3144:("village") and 3135: 3127: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3043: 3039: 3028: 3024: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2981:close-mid vowels 2963: 2947: 2933: 2912: 2896: 2877:classical Syriac 2854: 2848: 2840: 2820: 2814: 2798: 2786: 2770: 2762: 2746: 2734: 2718: 2707: 2689: 2673: 2662: 2630: 2629: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2493: 2484: 2454: 2437: 2428: 2423: 2414: 2409:/ and aspirate / 2408: 2402: 2370: 2364: 2334: 2323: 2314: 2296: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2257: 2250: 2243: 2236: 2227: 2214: 2207: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2171: 2151: 2134: 2121: 2114: 2099: 2081: 2071: 2059: 2050: 2039: 2032: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1992: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1945: 1923: 1914: 1894: 1889: 1840: 1836: 1803:In the 1930s, a 1747: 1739: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1693: 1692: 1677: 1676: 1664:matres lectionis 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1514: 1505: 1492: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1443: 1406:Fertile Crescent 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1344: 1307:Aramaic alphabet 1254: 1201:language isolate 1163:Aramaic alphabet 1065:Byzantine Empire 1061:West Syriac Rite 1049:East Syriac Rite 1032:Byzantine Empire 1028:Nestorian schism 994:Fertile Crescent 975: 968: 967: 934:Classical Syriac 932:An 11th-century 868: 844:Aramaic alphabet 824:Imperial Aramaic 797:Sargon the Great 764:, mainly due to 748:and it uses the 728:. There is some 654:in northwestern 613:Classical Syriac 567: 515: 514: 491: 479: 457: 450: 433: 426: 418:– inclusive code 417: 410: 386: 384: 383: 374:language in 349: 194: 85: 76: 71: 70: 50: 49: 21: 15637: 15636: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15519: 15514: 15488: 15463: 15458:Shirvani Arabic 15419: 15391: 15372:Karachay-Balkar 15345: 15307: 15284: 15228: 15221: 15208: 15160: 15148: 15127: 15091: 15042: 14948: 14903: 14837: 14829: 14792:Judaeo-Georgian 14774: 14761: 14753: 14745: 14715: 14710: 14624: 14608: 14589: 14582: 14559: 14472: 14468:Standard Arabic 14456: 14451: 14421: 14416: 14395: 14359: 14317: 14266: 14256: 14254: 14224: 14219: 14198: 14175: 14119: 14011: 13995: 13982: 13980: 13950: 13945: 13912: 13839: 13748: 13695: 13682: 13633: 13594: 13569: 13507: 13411: 13353:Urmia Christian 13269: 13262: 13149: 13143: 13082: 13042:Egyptian Arabic 13028: 13024:Modern Standard 13007: 12892: 12854: 12821: 12816: 12781: 12773: 12768: 12756: 12746: 12744: 12736: 12679: 12554: 12531:Mardin Province 12394: 12373: 12356:Simele massacre 12290: 12219: 12184:(1st to 3rd c.) 12166:(64 BCE–637 CE) 12160:(66 BCE–217 CE) 12146:Parthian Empire 12140:Seleucid Empire 12132: 12126: 12122:Assyrian tribes 12090:(2025–1364 BCE) 12084:(2600–2025 BCE) 12063: 12061: 12058: 12050: 12007: 11960: 11944: 11913: 11872: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11853: 11849: 11843: 11842: 11838: 11829: 11798: 11787: 11785:Assyrian people 11782: 11752: 11747: 11734: 11703: 11659: 11614: 11527: 11501: 11458: 11381: 11324: 11292: 11287: 11257: 11252: 11219: 11146: 11055: 11002: 10989: 10940: 10901: 10876: 10814: 10718: 10660:Urmia Christian 10576: 10569: 10456: 10450: 10389: 10349:Egyptian Arabic 10335: 10331:Modern Standard 10314: 10199: 10161: 10128: 10123: 10084: 10059: 10054: 10033:(112): 263–282. 10022: 9949: 9925: 9883: 9855:ARAM Periodical 9839: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9781: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9760: 9756: 9747: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9708: 9704: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9677: 9668: 9664: 9656: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9555: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9500: 9496: 9487: 9483: 9478: 9474: 9465: 9458: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9264: 9263: 9259: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9219: 9218: 9214: 9203: 9199: 9180: 9176: 9171:. Harrassowitz. 9165: 9161: 9150: 9141: 9130: 9121: 9102: 9095: 9090:. Harrassowitz. 9084: 9069: 9058: 9051: 9040: 9036: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8981: 8969: 8965: 8945: 8941: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8903: 8901: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8879: 8875: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8806: 8802: 8793: 8789: 8774: 8760: 8756: 8740:10.2307/2718444 8724: 8720: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8598: 8584: 8580: 8571: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8507: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8428: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8383: 8379: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8308: 8304: 8292: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8226: 8222: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8153: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8013: 8003: 7992: 7985: 7974: 7967: 7956: 7952: 7945: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7894:Syriac language 7889:Syriac alphabet 7879:Assyrian people 7875: 7821:Eastern Aramaic 7775: 7769: 7699: 7619:First World War 7555: 7553: 7479: 7430:(just south of 7370: 7350:Gawar (between 7308:(north west of 7235: 7233: 7187: 7181: 7172:) via Aramaic. 7002:good, pleasant 6805:Compare Hebrew 6155:) - a covering 6079:joy, happiness 5792:Modern meaning 5758:Ottoman Turkish 5731: 5722: 5713: 5695: 5686: 5668: 5659: 5636: 5627: 5613: 5604: 5590: 5581: 5562: 5553: 5539: 5530: 5516: 5507: 5488: 5479: 5461: 5452: 5434: 5425: 5401: 5396: 5387: 5328:, the original 5302: 5293: 5283: 5261: 5256:kill.PP-1SG.OBL 5251: 5224: 5214: 5192: 5187:kill.PP-COP.1SG 5182: 5160:Modern Persian 5152:Transitive verb 4993: 4850: 4667: 4557: 4556: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4504: 4498: 4430: 4400:betā-it dīyōxun 4239: 4126: 4013:present perfect 3966: 3869: 3805:is realized as 3335: 3316: 3311: 3188:Predominantly, 3152:("dancing") as 3084: 3046:monophthongised 2989:closed syllable 2613: 1877: 1854: 1835: 1830: 1801: 1795: 1707: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1589: 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1517:200 BCE–present 1513: 1510:Syriac alphabet 1503: 1495: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1470: 1465: 1351: 1342: 1296:Syriac language 1267:(858-824 B.C), 1265:Shalmaneser III 1252: 1182:is recognizable 1165: 1159: 1154: 1152:Syriac alphabet 1148: 1057:Syriac Orthodox 1053:Sasanian Empire 1036:Sasanian Empire 919:Seleucid Empire 903:Sasanian Empire 899:Parthian Empire 866: 859:Assyrian Empire 801:Akkadian Empire 778: 754:Syriac alphabet 752:version of the 692:Turoyo (Surayt) 658:through to the 642:, southeastern 638:, northwestern 629:Syriac churches 602:Assyrian Empire 535:Without proper 523: 522: 521: 520: 519: 516: 509: 506: 493: 492: 482: 453: 452: 446: 429: 428: 422: 421: 419: 413: 406: 396: 395: 381: 379: 375: 373: 366:Official status 361: 350: 345: 300: 258: 251: 210:Central Semitic 195: 192:Language family 190: 181: 180:Native speakers 174: 94: 61: 59: 46: 39: 36:Syriac language 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15635: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15522: 15521: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15486: 15479: 15469: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15462: 15461: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15447: 15437: 15431: 15429: 15425: 15424: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15401: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15368: 15366: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15332: 15331: 15326: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15292: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15254: 15253: 15242: 15240: 15231: 15223: 15222: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15206: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15182: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15164: 15162: 15154: 15153: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15146: 15141: 15135: 15133: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15125: 15116: 15102: 15100: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15070: 15058: 15052: 15050: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15031: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15019: 15009: 15001: 15000: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14964: 14958: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14930: 14929: 14919: 14913: 14911: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14875: 14866: 14861: 14850: 14848: 14839: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14818: 14813: 14803: 14802: 14801: 14794: 14778: 14776: 14765: 14755: 14754: 14744: 14743: 14736: 14729: 14721: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14616: 14614: 14613:Sign languages 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14595: 14594: 14587: 14575: 14569: 14567: 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14486: 14480: 14478: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14450: 14449: 14442: 14435: 14427: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14414: 14409: 14403: 14401: 14400:Sign languages 14397: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14367: 14365: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14343: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14306: 14293: 14292: 14291: 14274: 14272: 14268: 14267: 14253: 14252: 14245: 14238: 14230: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14217: 14212: 14206: 14204: 14203:Sign languages 14200: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14191: 14185: 14183: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14166:Zargari Romani 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14056: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14030: 14025: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14009: 14003: 14001: 13997: 13996: 13979: 13978: 13971: 13964: 13956: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13936: 13925: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13892: 13891: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13857: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13819: 13809: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13789: 13784: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13756: 13754: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13709: 13699: 13697: 13688: 13684: 13683: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13668: 13657: 13655: 13648: 13639: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13598: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13575: 13574: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13530: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13489: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13468: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13440: 13433: 13425: 13423: 13417: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13409: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13299: 13294: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13274: 13272: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13258: 13251: 13250: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13228: 13216: 13209: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13171: 13159: 13153: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13141: 13138:Middle Aramaic 13134: 13127: 13120: 13112: 13110: 13103: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13049: 13044: 13038: 13036: 13034:Dialect groups 13030: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12947: 12933: 12926: 12918: 12916: 12909: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12866: 12864: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12835: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12822: 12815: 12814: 12807: 12800: 12792: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12754: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12660: 12658:United Kingdom 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12564: 12562: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12508: 12507: 12506: 12501: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12452: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12411:Nineveh Plains 12402: 12400: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12338:Adana massacre 12335: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12314:Schism of 1552 12311: 12308:Ottoman Empire 12305: 12302:Safavid Empire 12298: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12288: 12282: 12276: 12270: 12264: 12258: 12252: 12249:Emirs of Mosul 12246: 12240: 12234: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12173: 12167: 12161: 12155: 12149: 12143: 12136: 12134: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12096:(1363–912 BCE) 12091: 12085: 12078: 12076: 12066: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12017: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11962: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11923: 11921: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11905: 11899: 11893: 11886: 11884: 11875: 11867: 11866: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11781: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11694: 11693: 11692: 11677: 11669: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11624: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11581: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11437:Hausa–Gwandara 11434: 11429: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11401: 11395: 11389: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11350: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11315: 11308: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11286: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11243: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11164: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11116: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11096: 11091: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11016: 11006: 11004: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10964: 10962: 10955: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10796: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10747: 10740: 10732: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10581: 10579: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10523: 10516: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10478: 10466: 10460: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10445:Middle Aramaic 10441: 10434: 10427: 10419: 10417: 10410: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10341:Dialect groups 10337: 10336: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10240: 10233: 10225: 10223: 10216: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10173: 10171: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10152: 10142: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10122: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10078: 10069: 10063:Latin Alphabet 10058: 10057:External links 10055: 10053: 10052: 10035: 10015: 9996: 9977: 9966: 9953: 9947: 9935:, ed. (1990). 9929: 9923: 9901: 9887: 9881: 9863: 9843: 9837: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9800: 9788: 9775: 9766: 9754: 9738: 9726: 9717: 9702: 9684: 9675: 9662: 9650: 9641: 9632: 9623: 9614: 9604: 9595: 9586: 9577: 9568: 9558: 9549: 9536: 9523: 9516: 9494: 9481: 9472: 9456: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9409: 9390: 9369: 9357: 9342: 9333: 9315: 9306: 9292:(ed.) (1990). 9282: 9275: 9257: 9253:978-1461021421 9236: 9229: 9212: 9197: 9174: 9159: 9139: 9119: 9093: 9067: 9049: 9034: 9002: 8990: 8979: 8963: 8947:Hatch, William 8939: 8920: 8911: 8886: 8873: 8860: 8851: 8830: 8823: 8800: 8787: 8772: 8754: 8718: 8702: 8693: 8686: 8666: 8654: 8643: 8611: 8596: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8547:(46): 489–508. 8530: 8492: 8483: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8447: 8422:Khan, Geoffrey 8410: 8398: 8377: 8336: 8326: 8320:. p. 41. 8302: 8265: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8220: 8199:10.2307/605827 8193:(2): 154–162. 8171: 8159: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8116: 8086: 8079: 8057: 8043: 8011: 7950: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7871: 7857:, in northern 7842:, in northern 7771:Main article: 7768: 7765: 7698: 7695: 7678:Assyrian songs 7658:back and forth 7623:Ottoman Empire 7604:English accent 7572:Nineveh Plains 7552: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7486:Sample of the 7470:Nineveh Plains 7460: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7402:Halmon/Geramon 7399: 7394: 7367: 7362: 7359: 7348: 7342: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7324:Senaya dialect 7313: 7303: 7293: 7283: 7250:influences on 7232: 7229: 7208:, an American 7206:Justin Perkins 7180: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7162: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7129: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7003: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6929: 6914: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6840: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6737: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6714:Turoyo/Surayt 6702: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6610: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6487: 6486:to fly, glide 6484: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6455:Turoyo/Surayt 6453: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6371: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6206: 6203: 6198: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6173: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6137: 6136:hat, headgear 6134: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6025: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6007: 5996: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5898: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641:it was ruined 5638: 5637: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397:(Jewish Urmi) 5393: 5384: 5345:verb-agreement 5301: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5125:Modern Persian 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4971: 4955: 4939: 4938:): "she takes" 4923: 4907: 4870:broken plurals 4849: 4846: 4727:Demonstratives 4666: 4663: 4620:Nineveh Plains 4569:tonal language 4547: 4530:An unstressed 4529: 4519: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4469: 4466:mīri qət āzekh 4462:mīri qat āzekh 4438:syllable-timed 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4334:(their house) 4327: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4238: 4235: 4223:broken plurals 4167:object pronoun 4125: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4103: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3836: 3799: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3685: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3329: 3324: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3280: 3266: 3239: 3210:in words like 3206:The diphthong 3204: 3192:in words like 3186: 3172: 3154:alveolar stops 3136:in words like 3115: 3083: 3080: 3036:exist, namely 3015: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3002: 2973: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2943: 2918: 2892: 2850: 2825:, as heard in 2816: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2596: 2593: 2570: 2561: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2522: 2505: 2486: 2477: 2443: 2430: 2416: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1805:Latin alphabet 1794: 1793:Latin alphabet 1791: 1658: 1657: 1627: 1626: 1596: 1595: 1559: 1558: 1522: 1521: 1502: 1499: 1350: 1347: 1331:Hadrian's Wall 1292:writing system 1261:Assyrian kings 1158: 1155: 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1084:Nineveh Plains 1078:Post 2010, in 1002:Arab conquests 998:Eastern Arabia 889:(911–605 BC), 777: 774: 660:Nineveh Plains 617:Middle Aramaic 553: 552: 539:, you may see 525: 524: 517: 507: 502: 501: 500: 499: 498: 495: 494: 481: 480: 472: 471: 466: 460: 459: 444: 436: 435: 411: 403: 402: 401:Language codes 398: 397: 378: 376: 371: 368: 367: 363: 362: 360: 359: 353: 351: 347:Writing system 344: 341: 340: 339: 338: 306: 302: 301: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 278:Middle Aramaic 261: 259: 256: 253: 252: 250: 249: 248: 247: 246: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 237: 198: 196: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 176: 175: 169: 165: 164: 139:(northwestern 134: 130: 129: 112: 111:Native to 108: 107: 100: 96: 95: 86: 78: 77: 64: 63: 55: 54: 43:Hatran Aramaic 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15634: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15480: 15478: 15474: 15471: 15470: 15466: 15460: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15426: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15310: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15291: 15287: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15224: 15219: 15205: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15159: 15155: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15130: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15094: 15086: 15083: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 14996: 14995: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14967: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14900: 14897: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14823: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14808: 14807: 14804: 14800: 14799: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14749: 14742: 14737: 14735: 14730: 14728: 14723: 14722: 14719: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14585: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14566: 14562: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14536: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14527: 14524: 14520: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14475: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14448: 14443: 14441: 14436: 14434: 14429: 14428: 14425: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14362: 14354: 14353: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14312: 14311: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14299: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14290: 14288: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14260: 14251: 14246: 14244: 14239: 14237: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14201: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14178: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14014: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13991: 13986: 13977: 13972: 13970: 13965: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13941: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13923: 13909: 13908: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13890: 13889: 13885: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13854: 13850: 13829: 13826: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13800: 13799: 13798: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13765: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13751: 13741: 13738: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13692: 13689: 13685: 13679: 13676: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13646:Ethio-Semitic 13643: 13640: 13636: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13566: 13565: 13561: 13559: 13558: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13535: 13531: 13529: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13517: 13516: 13514: 13510: 13502: 13501: 13497: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13457: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13408: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13265: 13257: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13196: 13194: 13193:Judeo-Aramaic 13191: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13139: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13058:Siculo-Arabic 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13004: 13003: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12955: 12953: 12952: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12808: 12806: 12801: 12799: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12784: 12777: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12753: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12676: 12673: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12663:United States 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12561: 12557: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12393: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12360: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12321: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12255:Buyid amirate 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12222: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12177: 12176:Roman Assyria 12174: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12102:(911–609 BCE) 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12070: 12067: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12010: 12004: 12003:Syriac script 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11916: 11909: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11868: 11863: 11862:Chaldean flag 11858: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11840:Assyrian flag 11836: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11786: 11779: 11774: 11772: 11767: 11765: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11698: 11695: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11662: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11579:Rendille–Boni 11577: 11576: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11559:Highland East 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11461: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11319:Proto-Semitic 11316: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297:Reconstructed 11295: 11291: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11270: 11265: 11264: 11261: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11045: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11005: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10953:Ethio-Semitic 10950: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10873: 10872: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10572: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10501: 10500:Judeo-Aramaic 10498: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10365:Siculo-Arabic 10362: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10310: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10239: 10238: 10234: 10232: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10113: 10108: 10106: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10091: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9975: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960:Geoffrey Khan 9957: 9954: 9950: 9948:9781555404307 9944: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9924:9780754659082 9920: 9916: 9913:. Aldershot: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9882:9780860783053 9878: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9838:9783525535738 9834: 9830: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9809: 9804: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9779: 9770: 9763: 9758: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9736:, p. 42. 9735: 9730: 9721: 9713: 9706: 9698: 9691: 9689: 9679: 9672: 9666: 9659: 9654: 9645: 9636: 9627: 9618: 9608: 9599: 9590: 9581: 9572: 9562: 9553: 9546: 9540: 9533: 9527: 9519: 9517:0-340-76026-5 9513: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9476: 9469: 9463: 9461: 9453: 9447: 9438: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9405: 9399: 9394: 9387: 9386:3-525-53573-2 9383: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9353: 9346: 9337: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9310: 9303: 9302:1-55540-430-8 9299: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9278: 9276:0-8028-2402-1 9272: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9230:0-415-05767-1 9226: 9222: 9216: 9209:. p. 48. 9208: 9201: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9178: 9170: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9135: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9100: 9098: 9089: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8983: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8959:1-931956-53-7 8956: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8855: 8840: 8834: 8826: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8804: 8797: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8773:9781575065083 8769: 8765: 8758: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8670: 8661: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8628: 8621: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8597:9783447057875 8593: 8589: 8582: 8572: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8501:Parpola, Simo 8496: 8487: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8394:91-554-5555-7 8391: 8387: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8329: 8327:9789231040962 8323: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8259: 8250: 8241: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8166: 8164: 8157:, p. 44. 8156: 8151: 8149: 8139: 8130: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8061: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8031: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7924: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7380: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7265:Iranian group 7262: 7261: 7257: 7256:pronunciation 7253: 7249: 7245: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6946:drug, poison 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6913:body, corpse 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6736:hater, rival 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6701:far, distant 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6370:blow, exhale 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5484:open-MASC-ERG 5482: 5478: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5407:he opened it 5406: 5405: 5400:Extended-Erg 5399: 5394: 5391: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5370:subjects and 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360:finite verbal 5356: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5236: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5199: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5008:present tense 5005: 5004:morphological 5002: 4998: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4922:): "he takes" 4915: 4913: 4908: 4899: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4882: 4880: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763:direct object 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4743:ayyāhā/awwāhā 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701:(English "the 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671:determinative 4665:Determinative 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647:bābā-id dīyeh 4644: 4639: 4638:for "their". 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4422: 4421:betā-it dīyéh 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4393:betā-it dīyax 4390: 4387: 4386:betā-it dīyux 4383: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310:(your house) 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4297:(your house) 4295: 4289:(your house) 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203:Indo-European 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4102:) ("opened") 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4011:forms of the 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3800: 3797: 3785: 3777: 3769: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3376: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3171:respectively. 3168: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054:apophonically 3051: 3047: 3035: 3030: 3022: 3003: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:formal speech 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2625:Edward Odisho 2617: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2507:The phonemes 2506: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2432:The phoneme / 2431: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1841: 1825: 1822: 1821:transcription 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1494: 1491: 1478: 1475: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1380: 1378: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1339:Roman Legions 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1244:lingua franca 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186:The original 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1134:In 2004, the 1132: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 974: 962: 958: 954: 951:evolved from 950: 942: 939:, written in 938: 935: 930: 926: 924: 923:Ancient Greek 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:lingua franca 880: 876: 872: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 773: 771: 770:acculturation 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746:right-to-left 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 707: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607: 603: 599: 598: 597:lingua franca 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 563: 559: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 532: 526: 505: 496: 489: 486: 478: 473: 470: 467: 465: 461: 456: 449: 445: 443: 442: 437: 432: 425: 416: 412: 409: 404: 399: 393: 392:mother tongue 389: 377: 369: 364: 358: 355: 354: 352: 348: 342: 336: 332: 329:); Southern ( 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 308: 307: 303: 289: 286: 285: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 274: 271: 270: 269: 268:Proto-Semitic 266: 265: 264: 260: 254: 236: 233: 232: 231: 228: 227: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 201: 197: 193: 187: 183: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 101: 99:Pronunciation 97: 93: 89: 84: 79: 75: 65: 56: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 15472: 15456: 15435:Kalmyk Oirat 15341:Pontic Greek 15201: 15065: 14992: 14798:Old Georgian 14796: 14775:(Kartvelian) 14762: 14599:Mesopotamian 14542: 14350: 14308: 14300: 14285: 13990:Languages of 13928: 13905: 13886: 13879: 13872: 13865: 13779: 13762: 13720:East Gurage 13562: 13555: 13548: 13541: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13470: 13463: 13454: 13447: 13435: 13428: 13393:Urmia Jewish 13339: 13302:Northeastern 13282: 13253: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13197: 13173: 13166: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13073:Mesopotamian 13056: 13000: 12993: 12984: 12977: 12970: 12963: 12956: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12923:Proto-Arabic 12921: 12885: 12876: 12869: 12859: 12279:Qara Qoyunlu 12142:(312–63 BCE) 11972: 11967: 11873:Christianity 11740: 11714: 11672: 11574:Macro-Somali 11564:Lowland East 11493: 11452:South Bauchi 11442:North Bauchi 11432:Bole–Tangale 11317: 11312:Proto-Berber 11310: 11303: 11235: 11212: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11086: 11069: 11027:East Gurage 10869: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10777: 10770: 10761: 10754: 10742: 10735: 10700:Urmia Jewish 10646: 10609:Northeastern 10589: 10560: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10480: 10473: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10380:Mesopotamian 10363: 10307: 10300: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10230:Proto-Arabic 10228: 10192: 10183: 10176: 10166: 10075: 10043: 10030: 10026: 10010: 10004: 9991: 9985: 9972: 9937: 9909: 9895: 9871: 9858: 9854: 9827: 9803: 9791: 9783: 9778: 9769: 9757: 9749: 9734:Yildiz 2000a 9729: 9720: 9711: 9705: 9696: 9678: 9670: 9665: 9653: 9644: 9635: 9626: 9617: 9607: 9598: 9589: 9580: 9571: 9561: 9552: 9539: 9531: 9526: 9506:. New York: 9503: 9497: 9489: 9484: 9475: 9467: 9451: 9446: 9437: 9428: 9412: 9393: 9377: 9372: 9360: 9351: 9345: 9336: 9309: 9293: 9285: 9266: 9260: 9244: 9239: 9220: 9215: 9206: 9200: 9185: 9177: 9168: 9162: 9153: 9133: 9107: 9087: 9061: 9043: 9037: 9020: 9014: 9005: 8993: 8982: 8974: 8966: 8950: 8942: 8934:The Guardian 8933: 8923: 8914: 8902:. Retrieved 8898: 8889: 8876: 8868: 8863: 8854: 8842:. Retrieved 8833: 8813: 8803: 8795: 8790: 8763: 8757: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8711: 8705: 8696: 8676: 8669: 8646: 8634:. Retrieved 8627:the original 8614: 8587: 8581: 8558: 8542: 8533: 8522:the original 8517: 8511: 8495: 8486: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8432: 8385: 8380: 8355: 8349: 8339: 8331: 8312: 8305: 8296: 8290:the original 8285: 8281: 8268: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8223: 8190: 8184: 8174: 8138: 8129: 8121: 8099: 8089: 8066: 8060: 8034:. Retrieved 8029: 7997: 7979: 7961: 7953: 7942: 7919:Semitic root 7913: 7862: 7848: 7834: 7832: 7798: 7782: 7779:Syriac Bible 7776: 7746: 7727: 7700: 7682: 7673: 7655: 7651:Iraqi cities 7616: 7596:front vowels 7569: 7564:Linda George 7463: 7462: 7413:Upper Tyari 7379:Iraqi Arabic 7333:Turkey group 7332: 7331: 7264: 7263: 7218: 7210:Presbyterian 7199: 7196: 7165: 7156: 7151: 7140: 7132: 7123: 7118: 7103: 7098: 7088: 7080: 7071: 7066: 7052: 7043: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7006: 6997: 6992: 6982:place, spot 6977: 6972: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6941: 6936: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6868: 6859: 6854: 6843: 6834: 6829: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6792: 6781: 6773: 6764: 6759: 6748: 6740: 6731: 6726: 6715: 6713: 6705: 6696: 6691: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6645: 6640: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6599: 6585: 6576: 6571: 6556: 6552:iron, metal 6547: 6542: 6531: 6523: 6514: 6509: 6498: 6490: 6481: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6406: 6401: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6374: 6365: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6311: 6306: 6295: 6282: 6277: 6266: 6257: 6252: 6245:(homeland). 6242: 6233: 6228: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6162: 6148: 6140: 6131: 6126: 6115: 6107: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6074: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6019: 6014: 5999: 5990: 5986:gir-ba-an-nu 5985: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5954: 5949: 5934: 5925: 5920: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897:up, upwards 5892: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5850: 5845: 5828: 5819: 5774: 5770: 5766:agricultural 5762: 5732: 5720: 5718:ruin-ABS-ERG 5717: 5714: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5691:ruin-ERG-ACC 5690: 5688:məxrəw-le-le 5687: 5676: 5674:məxrəw-le-le 5673: 5666: 5664:ruin-ABS-ERG 5663: 5660: 5649: 5646: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5621: 5618: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5598: 5595: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5575: 5572: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5547: 5544: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5501: 5498: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5469: 5466: 5459: 5457:open-ABS-ERG 5456: 5453: 5442: 5439: 5432: 5430:open-ABS-ERG 5429: 5426: 5415: 5412: 5368:unaccusative 5357: 5333:construction 5322:imperfective 5303: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5269: 5266: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5237: 5234: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5200: 5197: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5168: 5165: 5106: 5078: 5051: 5022: 4994: 4973: 4957: 4941: 4925: 4909: 4893: 4876: 4874: 4851: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785:, "he takes 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773:, "he takes 4771:šāqil qālāmā 4770: 4766: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4611: 4607: 4604:third person 4599: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4558: 4549: 4535: 4531: 4513: 4509: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4434:stress-timed 4431: 4420: 4414:betā-it dīyō 4413: 4407:betā-it dīyū 4406: 4399: 4392: 4385: 4375:betā-it dīyī 4374: 4366: 4363:periphrastic 4352: 4347:(her house) 4326:(his house) 4273:(our house) 4230: 4215: 4182: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4143:, "flower", 4139: 4137: 4129: 4127: 4117:("opening") 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4034: 4019:Verbal stems 3986: 3967: 3783: 3775: 3596:non-sibilant 3299: 3298: 3284: 3283: 3260: 3258: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3213: 3211: 3194: 3193: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3085: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050:substantives 3031: 3016: 2967: 2965: 2951: 2949: 2937: 2935: 2900: 2898: 2858: 2856: 2828: 2826: 2750: 2748: 2622: 2600:dental click 2589: 2585: 2516: 2464: 2456: 2388: 2387: 2228:non-sibilant 1809:social media 1802: 1787: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1683: 1680:glottal stop 1667: 1661: 1516: 1508: 1487: 1471: 1461: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1399: 1394: 1374: 1372: 1358: 1345:century AD. 1289: 1242: 1236: 1221:East Semitic 1188:Mesopotamian 1185: 1135: 1133: 1105: 1063:, under the 1051:, under the 1021: 983: 970: 946: 940: 856: 851: 814: 807:(modern-day 799:, under the 749: 711: 700: 633: 606:East Semitic 595: 575: 557: 556: 528: 439: 234: 230:Northeastern 200:Afro-Asiatic 87: 47: 15405:Azerbaijani 14329:Neo-Aramaic 14075:Mazanderani 14023:Azerbaijani 13867:Hadramautic 13853:Old Arabian 13792:West Gurage 13716:East Gurage 13595:ern Arabian 13297:Neo-Mandaic 13219:Palestinian 13117:Old Aramaic 12638:New Zealand 12633:Netherlands 12397:Settlements 12310:(1555–1917) 12287:(1453–1501) 12281:(1375–1468) 12275:(1335–1432) 12269:(1258–1335) 12263:(1098–1268) 12224:Middle ages 12164:Roman Syria 12158:Syrian Wars 11795:Middle East 11518:Ngeté-Herdé 11399:Biu–Mandara 11363:Mzab–Wargla 11358:East Zenati 11174:Hadramautic 11160:Old Arabian 11099:West Gurage 11023:East Gurage 10902:ern Arabian 10604:Neo-Mandaic 10526:Palestinian 10424:Old Aramaic 10085:(in German) 10067:Wikiversity 10046:. Uppsala: 10013:(1): 23–44. 9994:(1): 15–30. 9861:(1): 11–23. 9398:Sara (1974) 9365:Sabar, Yona 9265:"Aramaic". 9023:(1): 1–32. 8871:pp. 381–383 8636:16 November 8553:Sabar, Yona 8539:Sabar, Yona 7863:Urmia Bible 7824:Neo-Aramaic 7794:Neo-Aramaic 7784:Diatesseron 7617:During the 7551:Iraqi Koine 7248:Azerbaijani 6303:𒇽𒉽נׇפׇּח 5567:it got cut 5390:Sulemaniyya 5341:dative case 5222:'I arrived' 5121:Old Persian 5062:constituent 5058:resultative 5047:Old Persian 4970:): "taking" 4565:penultimate 4464:" becomes " 4315:3rd person 4278:2nd person 4265:(my house) 4257:1st person 4005:constituent 3681:Approximant 3270:velar stops 3106:instead of 2855:, heard in 2304:Approximant 1779:spirantised 1458:Matthew 5:8 1377:ʾEsṭrangēlā 1273:Sennacherib 1269:King Sargon 805:Mesopotamia 793:Manishtushu 720:with a two- 696:Mesopotamia 619:dialect of 592:Old Aramaic 543:instead of 273:Old Aramaic 257:Early forms 151:, southern 147:, northern 143:, northern 90:written in 15531:Categories 15185:Circassian 14846:Avar–Andic 14816:Mingrelian 14686:Portuguese 14141:Circassian 13896:Rijal Alma 13881:Qatabanian 13550:Himyaritic 13493:Phoenician 13306:Christian 13109:Historical 13078:Peninsular 12979:Taymanitic 12930:Old Arabic 12915:Historical 12521:Diyarbakır 12492:Tell Tamer 12487:Al-Hasakah 12383:By country 12295:Modern era 12285:Aq Qoyunlu 12257:(945–1055) 12251:(905–1383) 12245:(750–1258) 12060:(including 12036:Folk dance 11203:Rijal Alma 11188:Qatabanian 10857:Himyaritic 10800:Phoenician 10613:Christian 10416:Historical 10385:Peninsular 10286:Taymanitic 10237:Old Arabic 10222:Historical 9808:Brock 2006 9796:Brock 1992 9762:Brock 1996 8998:Brock 1989 8358:(3): 525. 8155:Beyer 1986 7999:Ethnologue 7981:Ethnologue 7963:Ethnologue 7934:References 7835:Neo-Syriac 7767:Literature 7666:liturgical 7608:Australian 7580:Habbaniyah 7310:Lake Urmia 7300:Lake Urmia 7298:(south of 7288:(north of 7276:Lake Urmia 6928:(corpse). 6875:), Arabic 6839:neighbour 6590:הַפְשָׁרָה 6327:), Hebrew 6103:yesterday 6045:), Hebrew 5739:root words 5729:Vocabulary 5493:it opened 5349:transitive 5318:perfective 5312:, such as 5300:Ergativity 5259:'I killed' 5190:'I killed' 5137:absolutive 5129:transitive 5109:morphology 5081:infinitive 5019:participle 4986:): "taken" 4954:): "take!" 4852:Most NENA 4805:water?"). 4659:homophones 4552:media help 4516:("theirs") 4373:my house: 4115:(bi-)ptaxa 4051:Indicative 4044:("open!") 4036:Imperative 3976:with both 3968:NENA is a 3862:languages. 3842:sounds of 3357:Pharyngeal 3314:Consonants 3034:diphthongs 3032:Two basic 2823:long vowel 2779:speakers, 2680:Half-close 2518:begadkefat 2474:geminating 2472:, or even 2447:pharyngeal 1833:Consonants 1813:diacritics 1785:('soft'). 1783:fricatives 1452:The sixth 1311:Phoenician 1285:common era 1263:, such as 1232:Babylonian 1161:See also: 1102:(magenta). 1055:, and the 1015:region of 937:manuscript 907:Achaemenid 881:, and the 766:emigration 758:endangered 726:word order 706:linguistic 584:Christians 15483:varieties 15475:indicate 15303:Ukrainian 15278:Judeo-Tat 15195:Kabardian 15158:Northwest 15003:Southern 14983:Tabasaran 14838:(Caspian) 14835:Northeast 14782:Karto-Zan 14759:Caucasian 14591:Damascene 14578:Levantine 14493:Kabardian 13940:varieties 13931:indicate 13812:Sebat Bet 13776:Tt-group 13591:Eastern ( 13543:Deir Alla 13421:Canaanite 13388:Trans-Zab 13373:Inter-Zab 13255:Palmyrene 13246:Samaritan 13213:Nabataean 13092:Northwest 13047:Levantine 13019:Classical 12944:Dadanitic 12712:Dawronoye 12643:Palestine 12573:Australia 12546:Tur Abdin 12426:Tel Keppe 12346:(1914–20) 12334:(19th c.) 12316:(16th c.) 12304:(1508–55) 12267:Ilkhanate 12216:(502–628) 12210:(226–651) 12208:Asoristan 12178:(116–118) 12133:antiquity 12131:Classical 12064:contexts) 11961:languages 11743:indicate 11690:Northwest 11603:Saho–Afar 11247:varieties 11238:indicate 11119:Sebat Bet 11083:Tt-group 10898:Eastern ( 10850:Deir Alla 10728:Canaanite 10695:Trans-Zab 10680:Inter-Zab 10562:Palmyrene 10553:Samaritan 10520:Nabataean 10399:Northwest 10354:Levantine 10326:Classical 10251:Dadanitic 8782:747412055 8606:938036352 8364:0003-0279 8207:0003-0279 7921:and have 7828:Assyrians 7600:back ones 7500:Tel Keppe 7464:Northern 7428:Qudshanis 7286:Sopurghan 7274:(west of 6826:𒊭𒁀𒁉𒅎 6420:נְשִׁיקָה 6011:𒄀𒅆𒅕𒊑 5930:testicle 5801:Cuneiform 5750:loanwords 5715:xríw-∅-le 5701:xríw-∅-le 5661:xrəw-∅-le 5647:xrəw-∅-le 5481:ptíx-∅-le 5467:ptíx-∅-le 5454:pləx-∅-le 5440:pləx-∅-le 5427:pləx-∅-le 5413:pləx-∅-le 5119:. Unlike 5101:alignment 5001:imperfect 4903:ܫܩܝܼܠ ܠܹܗ 4875:The root 4866:morphemes 4795:bayyīton 4791:Partitive 4777:pen" vs. 4512:("his"), 4473:numerical 4249:singular 4227:word stem 4187:synthetic 4177:that are 4161:forms of 4153:, "flower 4063:present, 3798:dialect). 3535:Fricative 3500:Affricate 2875:trait of 2873:vestigial 2869:diphthong 2799:. In the 2698:Half-open 2604:yes or no 2167:Fricative 2136:aspirated 2095:Affricate 2041:aspirated 1828:Phonology 1454:beatitude 1410:Malayalam 1395:strongúlē 1390:στρογγύλη 1217:syllables 1213:logograms 1193:cuneiform 836:Babylonia 795:, son of 714:inflected 588:Assyrians 586:, namely 441:Glottolog 408:ISO 639-3 337:); others 172:Assyrians 168:Ethnicity 15491:See also 15445:Assyrian 15319:Armenian 15258:Ossetian 15251:Kurmanji 15229:European 15161:(Pontic) 15139:Khinalug 15114:Khwarshi 15099:(Didoic) 15025:Western 14969:Eastern 14887:Chamalal 14882:Godoberi 14869:Bagvalal 14787:Georgian 14751:Caucasus 14691:Japanese 14584:Aleppine 14519:Kurmanji 14484:Armenian 14341:Armenian 14310:Kurmanji 14278:Standard 14151:Georgian 14136:Assyrian 14131:Armenian 14038:Kurmanji 13888:Awsanian 13759:N-group 13678:Tigrinya 13557:Samalian 13534:Galilean 13527:Ugaritic 13472:Medieval 13465:Mishnaic 13449:Biblical 13430:Ammonite 13383:Sanandaj 13368:Betanure 13347:Chaldean 13344:Assyrian 13330:Qaraqosh 13320:Hértevin 13232:Galilean 13206:Lebanese 13052:Maghrebi 13012:Literary 12986:Thamudic 12972:Safaitic 12958:Hasaitic 12951:Dumaitic 12871:Akkadian 12826:Branches 12689:Politics 12560:Diaspora 12541:Mazıdağı 12497:Qamishli 12470:Sanandaj 12443:Shaqlawa 12431:Bartella 12416:Qaraqosh 12392:Homeland 12190:(5th c.) 12172:(15–116) 12170:Adiabene 12117:Arameans 12072:Ancient 12046:Clothing 11988:Hertevin 11803:Identity 11716:Egyptian 11569:Omo–Tana 11541:Cushitic 11343:Northern 11195:Awsanian 11066:N-group 10985:Tigrinya 10864:Samalian 10841:Galilean 10834:Ugaritic 10779:Medieval 10772:Mishnaic 10756:Biblical 10737:Ammonite 10690:Sanandaj 10675:Betanure 10654:Chaldean 10651:Assyrian 10637:Qaraqosh 10627:Hértevin 10539:Galilean 10513:Lebanese 10359:Maghrebi 10319:Literary 10293:Thamudic 10279:Safaitic 10265:Hasaitic 10258:Dumaitic 10178:Akkadian 10133:Branches 10076:Omniglot 9971:(1895). 9907:(2006). 9893:(1996). 9869:(1992). 9849:(1989). 9612:239–256. 8973:(1888). 8949:(1946). 8844:14 April 8811:(2001). 8555:(2002). 8503:(2004). 8372:25608409 8230:(1895). 7923:cognates 7873:See also 7867:Peshitta 7815:and the 7781:and the 7515:Qaraqosh 7432:Lake Van 7381:dialect. 7316:Sanandaj 7296:Naghadeh 7231:Grouping 7225:Peshitta 7179:Dialects 7128:to sing 7108:to bury 6909:šla(d)da 6873:שָׁחוּן| 6774:sebbelṯā 6760:simmiltu 6561:בַּרְזֶל 6543:parzillu 6411:to kiss 6292:מִסְכֵּן 6153:כְּסָיָה 6147:) & 6112:אֶתְמוֹל 6094:ittimalu 6004:קָרְבָּן 5864:אִגֶּרֶת 5860:ʾiggéreṯ 5786:Akkadian 5752:–namely 5558:open-ERG 5535:open-ERG 5512:open-ABS 5388:(Jewish 5386:Split-S 5216:āmade-am 5198:āmade-am 5184:košte-am 5166:košte-am 5149:Language 5097:locative 5023:compound 4896:šqil-leh 4826:pallāxtā 4759:āhā betā 4561:stresses 4355:analytic 4218:deriving 4175:suffixes 4159:Enclitic 4124:Suffixes 4067:future, 4061:k- / ki- 3984:system. 3970:pro-drop 3840:guttural 3541:sibilant 3337:Alveolar 2964:, as in 2948:, as in 2934:, as in 2584:/ (e.g. 2440:Hértevin 2173:sibilant 1856:Alveolar 1775:plosives 1462:Madnhāyā 1435:Madnhāyā 1431:Madnhāyā 1424:Karshuni 1419:Garshuni 1384:ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ 1363:Thrissur 1361:script. 1359:Madnhāyā 1251:(911–609 1228:Assyrian 1224:Akkadian 1197:Sumerian 1124:attested 961:Peshitta 911:Darius I 875:Iron Age 865:(745–727 838:and the 816:Akkadian 750:Madnḥāyā 730:Akkadian 644:Anatolia 576:Assyrian 549:Help:IPA 455:chal1275 448:assy1241 305:Dialects 15473:Italics 15415:Turkmen 15410:Turkish 15364:Kipchak 15329:Western 15324:Eastern 15298:Russian 15263:Persian 15246:Kurdish 15238:Iranian 15073:Chechen 15067:Arshtin 15061:Vainakh 15034:Tsakhur 14944:Kubachi 14878:Botlikh 14864:Akhvakh 14763:(areal) 14696:Russian 14681:Chinese 14661:Italian 14651:Spanish 14646:Punjabi 14636:English 14538:Aramaic 14526:Turkish 14514:Kurdish 14499:Chechen 14391:Shabaki 14381:Persian 14346:Turkish 14296:Kurdish 14194:Russian 14189:English 14161:Jadgali 14110:Semnani 14105:Turkmen 14100:Qashqai 14085:Balochi 14033:Kurdish 14007:Persian 13933:extinct 13929:Italics 13874:Minaean 13801:Endegen 13728:Inneqor 13707:Argobba 13703:Amharic 13666:Dahalik 13638:Western 13629:Soqotri 13609:Ḥarsusi 13604:Baṭḥari 13520:Amorite 13486:Moabite 13437:Edomite 13407:Western 13363:Barzani 13359:Jewish 13278:Central 13270:Aramaic 13199:Western 13181:Mandaic 13162:Eastern 13157:Armazic 13148:Dialect 13101:Aramaic 13064:Maltese 12965:Hismaic 12898:Central 12887:Eblaite 12843:Central 12675:Uruguay 12668:Detroit 12623:Lebanon 12603:Germany 12598:Georgia 12588:Finland 12578:Belgium 12568:Armenia 12516:Hakkari 12370:(2014–) 12364:(2003–) 12352:(1919–) 12322:(1840s) 12152:Osroene 12074:Assyria 12062:related 12056:History 12041:Cuisine 12013:Culture 11954:Aramaic 11941:(1968–) 11935:(1692–) 11929:(1552–) 11910:(1940–) 11904:(1870–) 11898:(1662–) 11741:Italics 11685:Central 11665:Semitic 11598:Oromoid 11591:Western 11409:Kujargé 11377:Western 11338:Eastern 11240:extinct 11236:Italics 11181:Minaean 11108:Endegen 11035:Inneqor 11014:Argobba 11010:Amharic 10973:Dahalik 10945:Western 10936:Soqotri 10916:Ḥarsusi 10911:Baṭḥari 10827:Amorite 10793:Moabite 10744:Edomite 10714:Western 10670:Barzani 10666:Jewish 10585:Central 10577:Aramaic 10506:Western 10488:Mandaic 10469:Eastern 10464:Armazic 10455:Dialect 10408:Aramaic 10371:Maltese 10272:Hismaic 10205:Central 10194:Eblaite 10150:Central 9915:Ashgate 9818:Sources 8904:16 June 8752:p. 457. 8748:2718444 8441:: 110. 8036:16 July 7899:Mandaic 7884:Aramaic 7805:Mongols 7753:Nochiya 7751:), the 7730:Barwari 7715:Batnaya 7683:Ashiret 7674:Ashiret 7639:Baghdad 7592:Persian 7520:Tesqopa 7510:Batnaya 7423:Barwari 7407:Mangesh 7340:Nochiya 7252:cadence 7244:Persian 7137:זִמְרָה 7085:תַּיָּר 7067:tayartu 7005:Hebrew 6949:Hebrew 6916:Hebrew 6904:šalamtu 6867:Hebrew 6830:ša bābi 6789:𒀲𒆳𒊏 6769:ladder 6749:sanyona 6745:שׂוֹנֵא 6739:Hebrew 6732:sanyana 6704:Hebrew 6653:Hebrew 6646:ra(b)ba 6612:Hebrew 6609:nearby 6586:hafšara 6584:Hebrew 6555:Hebrew 6528:פָּרַשׁ 6522:Hebrew 6489:Hebrew 6416:nšiquah 6414:Hebrew 6398:𒉈𒋢𒌒 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