428:
1693:
3303:
3087:
2344:
2226:
3574:
3370:
2625:
1976:
3922:
3806:
3725:
3652:
3231:
3159:
3015:
2906:
2791:
2713:
2552:
2101:
3501:
2423:
3311:
3095:
2352:
2633:
2234:
1984:
3660:
3582:
3378:
3023:
2914:
2799:
2721:
2109:
327:
3930:
3814:
3733:
3239:
3167:
2560:
3509:
2431:
631:
Sa'adiya. The surviving corpus which has been published, transliterated and translated consists of commemorative and votive inscriptions, similar to those found in Edessa, Palmyra and among the
Nabataean inscriptions. This method usually includes the date of completion of the writing, place, person who commissioned the inscription or statue as well as the scribe's own details on some occasions. Unlike the
2395:
2145:
3769:
2763:
2669:
1945:
3624:
1868:
The script is written from right to left, as is typical of
Aramaic scripts and of most abjads. Numerals are also written from right to left (bigger place value on the right), and there are two known punctuation marks as well. Some common ligatures also exist, and they do not appear to be necessary,
605:
was one of these refugees and ended up settling in Edessa. The city was flourishing with pagans, quite the opposite to his beloved
Nisibis which had been a bastion for Syriac-speaking Christians. As Edessa's demographics shifted to a Christian-majority which used Syriac as the language of worship,
584:
Hatran
Aramaic and Syriac have been heavily influenced by Akkadian, partly due to the proximity to the heartland as well as the native Assyrians having adopted these two dialects. Many commonly-used nouns such as month names were burrowed from Akkadian as well as being influenced phonologically,
630:
With Hatra enjoying great prosperity during the life of the language, the city has by far the most inscriptions with the city of Assur also containing numerous inscriptions. The rest of the evidence is spread sparsely throughout Dura-Europos, Gaddāla, Tikrit, Qabr Abu Naif, Abrat al-Sagira and
3275:
3059:
2271:
3697:
3546:
3131:
2020:
3857:
3342:
2950:
2469:
3420:
400:
in 1912 and were studied by S. Ronzevalle and P. Jensen. The excavations undertaken by the Iraqi
Department of Antiquities brought to light more than 100 new texts, the publication of which was undertaken by F. Safar in the journal
606:
the language rose to become the new regional lingua franca. Well over 70 important Syriac writers are known from the gold age of Syriac (5th – 9th centuries), stretching from the Levant and the Sinai to the foothills of the
1825:, a dialect that was spoken from approximately 98/97 BC (year 409 of the Seleucid calendar) to 240 AD by early inhabitants of present-day northern Iraq. Many inscriptions of this alphabet could be found at
1313:. This detail distinguishes Hatran as well as Syriac and Mandaic from the western Jewish and Christian dialects. The vocalization of the preformative poses the same problem as the
1469:
construction, according to which the counted noun, in the plural, is preceded by a numeral in the construct state, with an inversion of genders, is attested by one inscription:
521:
developed through dialectic deviation as well as producing its own script. Various dialects of
Aramaic developed around major cities or regions including the sister dialect of
2841:
2597:
3203:
614:. Combined with the devastation of the cities of Assur and Hatra, Syriac replaced the language of the locals and remained as a major language until its decline following the
1849:
also has several inscriptions which came to an end following its destruction by the
Sasanians in 257 AD while the rest of the inscriptions are spread sparsely throughout
581:
speakers as well as members of the Jewish nation for Hebrew who refer to it as ‘Ktāḇ Āšūrī’ (Assyrian writing) since it was the
Assyrian monarchs who promulgated it.
416:
with minimal text. The longest of the engraved inscriptions does not have more than 13 lines. It is therefore difficult to identify more than a few features of the
1497:, the analytical construction of the noun complement is common. The use of the construct state appears to be limited to kinship terms and some adjectives:
4813:
409:. The texts range in date from the 2nd or 3rd century BCE to the destruction of the city c. 240 CE; the earliest dated text provides a date of 98 BCE.
388:
Most of the evidence of the language comes from inscriptions within the cities dating between 100 BC and the mid-3rd century AD, coinciding with
4620:
4591:
1872:
The
Ashurian alphabet consists of the following letters. Ligatures have been used in certain inscriptions, although it appears to be optional.
4490:
4818:
4532:
601:. However, in 363 AD the Romans were forced to surrender the city to the Persians and standby as the Christian population was expelled. St
4745:
4354:
435:
The stone inscriptions bear witness to an effort to establish a monumental script. This script is little different from that of the
4751:
Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern
Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In
4776:
1858:
1248:
in the construct state is not attested in either Old Aramaic or Syriac; it is, however, attested in other dialects such as
842:
The lord (used as a term for the Hatran rulers before using the title king; used by Syriac-speaking Christians to refer to
647:
realm, the regal year is not included. Both Assyro-Babylonian and Arabian gods are mentioned in the inscriptions including
3075:
2523:
2089:
4391:
4464:
392:'s destruction of Hatra in 241 AD and Assur in 257 AD. As a result of Hatra being the site with the most attestation,
4731:
4710:
4677:
4656:
4474:
4364:
427:
992:; the pronominal suffix of the 3rd person plural is written indiscriminately, and in the same inscription one finds
4426:
3794:
3489:
2894:
1924:
1323:
The imperfect: The third person of the masculine singular is well attested; it consistently has the preformative
2685:
1276:"I ... wrote"; this is the regular vocalization elsewhere among those Aramaic dialects in which it is attested.
615:
4381:
574:
1648:
679:. ܽWhile both cities also attest the personal names of affluent citizens, the Hatran rulers with distinctly
165:
3291:
2540:
2081:
3358:
2886:
2411:
241:
82:
4808:
4768:
3910:
3901:
3480:
2877:
2701:
1641:); three new nouns, which appear to denote some religious functions, are presumably of Iranian origin:
1253:
396:
is a more common name. It is attested by inscriptions from various local sites, that were published by
4538:
3908:
3899:
3792:
3711:
3638:
3560:
3487:
3478:
3356:
3289:
3217:
3145:
3073:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2777:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2683:
2613:
2611:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2409:
2330:
2321:
2212:
2203:
2087:
2079:
2070:
1960:
1249:
1149:
1077:
550:
236:
77:
4498:
4407:
3640:
2532:
1581:"(a curse against whomever) does not say, 'may he be well remembered'" which can be compared with
2994:
2332:
2323:
2072:
1733:
1503:. In the analytical construction, the definite noun is either in the emphatic state followed by
4740:
Brugnatelli, Vermondo, "Osservazioni sul causativo in aramaico e in semitico nord-occidentale",
3985:
3966:
2214:
92:
3713:
3219:
3147:
1525:"the scribe of (the god) Barmarēn") or is marked by the anticipatory pronominal suffix (e.g.
1433:. The confusion of this form with that of the construct state may explain the constructions
1136:, demonstrate a regressive dissimilation of emphasis, examples of which are found already in
619:
226:
67:
1692:
369:), approximately from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century CE. Its range extended from the
2205:
1137:
20:
4613:
4584:
1809:
577:
also developed their own variants of the original script which is still employed today by
8:
4793:
3410:
1738:
578:
479:
4281:
1857:, Tikrit, Sa'adiya and Qabr Abu Naif. Many of the contemporary ruins were destroyed by
1270:
The perfect: The first person singular of the perfect appears only in one inscription:
1185:, however, claims that it is a characteristic feature of the northern dialect to which
598:
570:
566:
467:
s are not distinguished from one another, and it is sometimes difficult not to confuse
317:
181:
4772:
4727:
4706:
4673:
4652:
4470:
4387:
4360:
3562:
2779:
1617:
1600:
1466:
1213:
1186:
1119:
602:
558:
491:
487:
231:
201:
72:
1869:
and are rather just a shorthand form of writing. Some 600 texts are known to exist.
4261:
1822:
1743:
1182:
1145:
1073:
607:
526:
4585:"N4324: Preliminary proposal for encoding the Hatran script in the SMP of the UCS"
4721:
4698:
4667:
4646:
4286:
4271:
4266:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1633:
1610:
1596:
1544:
1494:
1420:
1398:. The dialect of Hatra is thus further distinguished from Syriac (which uses an
1314:
640:
546:
522:
421:
285:
251:
218:
126:
59:
4686:
3990:
1805:
1554:..."). The complement of the object of the verb is also rendered analytically:
1060:; in one inscription, the masculine singular demonstrative adjective is written
4764:
4752:
1404:
preformative) and also from Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, in which the use of the
636:
370:
278:
119:
4383:
The Aramaic Language in the Achaemenid Period: A Study in Linguistic Variation
4802:
4445:
3759:
1799:
656:
495:
397:
158:
4669:
Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien
1861:
in early 2015. It was encoded in the Unicode Standard 8.0 with support from
4614:"Preliminary proposal for encoding the Hatran script in the SMP of the UCS"
3302:
3193:
2457:
2010:
1962:
1850:
632:
542:
530:
378:
3086:
2343:
2225:
4723:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
3573:
3369:
2624:
2384:
1975:
1862:
927:
648:
503:
483:
362:
3921:
3805:
3724:
3651:
3230:
3158:
3014:
2905:
2790:
2712:
2551:
2100:
1155:
Dissimilation of geminate consonants through n-insertion: the adjective
3500:
2422:
923:
737:
4760:
1854:
1765:
1476:
1423:, the masculine plural form of the emphatic state has the inflection
534:
374:
310:
298:
211:
Dramatically declined as a vernacular language after the 14th century
174:
139:
3310:
3094:
2351:
405:. The first four series were the subject of reviews in the journal
3274:
2632:
2233:
1983:
1128:
951:
784:
644:
413:
389:
326:
3659:
3581:
3377:
3058:
3022:
2913:
2798:
2720:
2270:
2108:
4691:
Comptes rendus du groupe linguistique d'études Chamito-Sémitiques
4276:
3972:
3929:
3813:
3732:
3238:
3166:
2559:
2144:
1781:
1239:
977:
680:
672:
594:
562:
554:
436:
417:
350:
246:
87:
3768:
3696:
3545:
3508:
3130:
2840:
2762:
2668:
2596:
2430:
2019:
1944:
494:
succeeding them and adopting Old Aramaic, it rose to become the
3856:
3623:
3341:
3265:
3202:
3049:
2949:
2468:
668:
507:
420:
dialect of Hatra, which shows overall the greatest affinity to
382:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3783:
3775:
3703:
3630:
3552:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3419:
3348:
3281:
3209:
3137:
3065:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2865:
2857:
2848:
2769:
2675:
2603:
2511:
2503:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2401:
2394:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2152:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2027:
1951:
412:
For the most part, these inscriptions are short commemorative
3535:
2586:
2260:
2135:
1934:
1846:
1826:
1704:
1475:"three dogs." This same construction has been discovered in
1419:
The distinction between the three states is apparent. As in
1395:
973:
660:
652:
611:
538:
440:
358:
354:
42:
431:
Slab with Aramaic Hatran Inscription from Hatra. Iraq Museum
3686:
3614:
3332:
2940:
2831:
2753:
2659:
1830:
664:
499:
447:, and the use of the same means to avoid confusion between
366:
3978:
The Unicode block for Hatran/Ashurian is U+108E0–U+108FF:
478:
Having conquered the Aramean city-states to the west, the
4235:
3846:
3121:
843:
676:
4220:
4071:
3975:
Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0.
4648:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
1595:
Practically all of the known Hatran words are found in
4759:. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 5.
4705:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 574–586.
4400:
3844:
3757:
3684:
3612:
3533:
3408:
3330:
3263:
3191:
3119:
3047:
2938:
2829:
2751:
2657:
2584:
2455:
2382:
2258:
2133:
2008:
1932:
1914:
1445:"their cousins." The absolute state is scarcely used:
4298:
4322:
1373:"whoever reads it and does not make mention of it",
1208:, appears in three inscriptions. The pronunciation
4214:
4137:
4119:
4530:
4310:
4160:
4065:
4053:
1410:preformative for the indicative is not consistent.
4483:
4202:
4174:
4166:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4059:
4800:
4703:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
4208:
4196:
4180:
4143:
4131:
4125:
4083:
486:as the official language alongside the Assyrian
4424:
4154:
4077:
1354:"to oppress," lit. "to carry away with force").
4621:International Organization for Standardization
4592:International Organization for Standardization
1810:Final Accepted Script Proposal
1091:, are attested in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.
4462:
4247:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3950:
3944:
3937:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3747:
3740:
3674:
3667:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3523:
3516:
3398:
3392:
3385:
3318:
3253:
3246:
3181:
3174:
3109:
3102:
3037:
3030:
2928:
2921:
2819:
2813:
2806:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2647:
2640:
2574:
2567:
2445:
2438:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2248:
2241:
2123:
2116:
1998:
1991:
4438:
4356:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan
1659:"teacher-priest"), and the enigmatic terms
1181:. This is a common phenomenon in Aramaic;
625:
4814:Languages attested from the 1st century BC
4352:
1394:is employed identically in the Aramaic of
1289:, which is evident from the written forms
1242:of the final consonant of the substantive
762:Ashur has heard (our prayer/supplication)
597:came under siege several times during the
4672:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
4651:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
4379:
1340:"that Bal Šemēn may announce it" (Syriac
1072:"this inscription") which corresponds to
4742:Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese
4243:
3971:Hatran/Ashurian script was added to the
1140:, rather than a loss of the emphasis of
426:
353:dialect, that was used in the region of
325:
4794:Alphabets of Yesterday and Today: Hatra
4750:
4612:Everson, Michael (September 24, 2012).
4611:
4583:Everson, Michael (September 24, 2012).
4582:
4304:
1575:can have a simple declarative meaning:
16:Classical Age dialect of Middle Aramaic
4801:
4719:
4696:
4466:Spirit Epicleses in the Acts of Thomas
4328:
3991:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
1223:
1216:(Sanhedrin, 63b) where it rhymes with
4665:
4644:
4570:
4558:
4518:
4340:
4316:
1414:
1385:"whoever passes ... and writes over".
1048:The following features are attested:
962:
4819:Languages extinct in the 3rd century
4359:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 246.
1859:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1841:, but subsequently destroyed by the
1379:"whoever goes from here to Mesene",
1264:
529:(region surrounding the head of the
3951:
3945:
3938:
3835:
3829:
3822:
3748:
3741:
3675:
3668:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3524:
3517:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3319:
3254:
3247:
3182:
3175:
3110:
3103:
3038:
3031:
2929:
2922:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2742:
2736:
2729:
2648:
2641:
2575:
2568:
2446:
2439:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2249:
2242:
2124:
2117:
1999:
1992:
1350:"that he not oppress them" (Syriac
976:is no more consistent than that of
798:The house of God has given (a son)
585:morphologically and syntactically.
330:22 Letters of the Ashurian alphabet
13:
4428:The Akkadian influences on Aramaic
1566:"whoever reads this inscription."
683:names are attested only in Hatra.
14:
4830:
4787:
4534:Fashion in early Syriac colophons
4386:. Peeters Publishers. p. 6.
1457:"(that they may be) remembered."
1159:"beautiful" is regularly written
3928:
3920:
3855:
3812:
3804:
3767:
3731:
3723:
3695:
3658:
3650:
3622:
3580:
3572:
3544:
3507:
3499:
3418:
3376:
3368:
3340:
3309:
3301:
3273:
3237:
3229:
3201:
3165:
3157:
3129:
3093:
3085:
3057:
3021:
3013:
2948:
2912:
2904:
2839:
2797:
2789:
2761:
2719:
2711:
2667:
2631:
2623:
2595:
2558:
2550:
2467:
2429:
2421:
2393:
2350:
2342:
2269:
2232:
2224:
2143:
2107:
2099:
2018:
1982:
1974:
1943:
1691:
1094:
443:(possessing the same triangular
4605:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4524:
4512:
4456:
1865:'s Script Encoding Initiative.
1647:(which Safar compares with the
1537:"for the life of his brother,"
1307:, and the third person plural,
1175:, but more commonly appears as
4418:
4373:
4346:
4334:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4172:
1829:, an ancient city in northern
1363:"whoever strikes him" (Syriac
967:
736:Ashur has given (compare with
616:Mongol invasions and conquests
513:
1:
4292:
1590:
1560:"do not make mention of N.",
1382:kwl mn dlbwr ... wlktwb lꜥlyh
1285:"demand" should be vocalized
1259:
575:Christian Palestinian Aramaic
4469:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 38.
3890:
3882:
3874:
3865:
3845:
3784:
3776:
3758:
3704:
3685:
3631:
3613:
3553:
3534:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3428:
3409:
3349:
3331:
3282:
3264:
3210:
3192:
3138:
3120:
3066:
3048:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2939:
2866:
2858:
2849:
2830:
2770:
2752:
2676:
2658:
2604:
2585:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2478:
2456:
2402:
2383:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2259:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2134:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2028:
2009:
1952:
1933:
1915:
1821:is the script used to write
1165:; likewise, the divine name
1043:
1016:"all", the relative pronoun
984:to indicate the long vowels
7:
4531:Sebastian P. Brock (2015).
4255:
1674:
1632:"inheritor of the throne" (
1620:professional nouns such as
1193:
1083:. Similar demonstratives,
1051:
831:Our lord has given (a son)
751:Ashur has replaced (a son)
10:
4835:
4769:Cambridge University Press
4637:
4239:As of Unicode version 16.0
4228:
3983:
3964:
3960:
1649:Zoroastrian Middle Persian
1460:
1254:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
1234:corresponds to the Syriac
588:
18:
4744:25 (1984), p. 41-50.
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4181:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
3927:
3811:
3730:
3657:
3579:
3506:
3375:
3308:
3236:
3164:
3092:
3020:
2911:
2796:
2718:
2630:
2557:
2428:
2349:
2231:
2106:
1981:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1797:
1787:
1780:
1764:
1759:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1488:
1279:The causative perfect of
1250:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1150:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
1078:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
694:
691:
689:Ashurian Transliteration
688:
551:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
361:in northeastern parts of
308:
296:
291:
275:
215:
207:
197:
192:
172:
156:
137:
132:
116:
56:
48:
38:
33:
28:
4726:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
4689:. "L'araméen de Hatra."
4425:Stephen Kaufman (1974).
1531:"creator of the earth,"
1212:is also attested in the
1169:"Tyché" is once written
820:Son of Nasr (the eagle)
626:Evidence and attestation
541:to the east bank of the
19:Not to be confused with
4720:Gzella, Holger (2015).
4699:"Late Imperial Aramaic"
4697:Gzella, Holger (2012).
4412:Encyclopædia Britannica
1734:Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
1569:Likewise, the particle
1189:owes its Aramaic loans.
912:Nasr has given (a son)
868:Nabu has built (a son)
573:). Syriac, Mandaic and
3967:Hatran (Unicode block)
1563:mn dy lqrhy lꜥdyn ktb’
1370:mn dy lqrhy wl’ ldkrhy
1295:(which appears beside
1112:) and the proper name
714:Ashur took pity on me
432:
349:) designates a Middle
331:
93:Eastern Middle Aramaic
4666:Beyer, Klaus (1998).
4645:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
4463:MSusan Myers (2010).
1837:and also used by the
1776:, Hatran
1685:Hatran Aramaic script
1599:, including words of
1578:...l’ lmr dy dkyr lṭb
1540:ꜥl zmth dy mn dy ...
1485:"the three Caesars."
773:Ashur set (it) right
620:Neo-Aramaic languages
482:(911–605 BC) adopted
430:
373:in the centre, up to
329:
4771:. pp. 373–403.
4757:Eastern Christianity
1557:...l’ ldkrhy lnšr qb
1534:ꜥl ḥyyhy d ... ’ḥyhy
1347:l’ ldbrhn ... bqṭyr’
1238:"anniversary". The
1144:, which is found in
692:English Translation
21:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
4693:9 (1960–63): 87–89.
4491:"Origins of Syriac"
4353:Geoff Hann (2015).
1739:Phoenician alphabet
1717:c.98 BCE — c.257 AD
1543:"against the hair (
1357:In the indicative:
1224:Syntactic phonology
901:Nergal is wondrous
725:Ashur has declared
579:Western Neo-Aramaic
480:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4561:, pp. 155–185
4408:"Aramaic language"
4380:M. Folmer (2015).
4282:Roman-Persian Wars
1415:Nominal morphology
1376:mn dlꜥwl mhk’ bmšn
1118:, which resembles
963:Grammatical sketch
890:Nabu is the judge
703:Ashur is powerful
695:Syriac Equivalent
599:Roman-Persian Wars
525:(city of Edessa),
433:
332:
4809:Aramaic languages
4778:978-0-521-81113-2
4253:
4252:
3958:
3957:
2883:mater lectionis:
2855:mater lectionis:
2529:mater lectionis:
2484:mater lectionis:
1815:
1814:
1439:"sons of Š." and
1388:The preformative
1265:Verbal morphology
1214:Babylonian Talmud
1004:, the quantifier
960:
959:
603:Ephrem the Syrian
492:Achaemenid Empire
488:Akkadian language
347:East Mesopotamian
324:
323:
242:Northwest Semitic
202:Upper Mesopotamia
188:
187:
83:Northwest Semitic
4826:
4782:
4737:
4716:
4683:
4662:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4537:. Archived from
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4497:. Archived from
4487:
4481:
4480:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4414:. 29 March 2024.
4404:
4398:
4397:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4262:Aramaic language
4246:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
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4056:
3981:
3980:
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3941:
3940:
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3932:
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3914:
3905:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3798:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3671:
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3654:
3644:
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3606:
3605:
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3556:
3548:
3539:
3527:
3526:
3520:
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3512:
3511:
3503:
3493:
3484:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3295:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3007:
2998:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2898:
2890:
2881:
2869:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2336:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2218:
2209:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1966:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1921:Transliteration
1918:
1916:Inscription Form
1875:
1874:
1823:Aramaic of Hatra
1775:
1772:
1744:Aramaic alphabet
1695:
1679:
1678:
1603:origin, such as
1553:
1518:
1334:In the jussive:
1301:), the feminine
1198:The divine name
1183:Carl Brockelmann
982:matres lectiones
686:
685:
618:and rise of the
608:Zagros Mountains
439:inscriptions of
381:in the west and
339:Aramaic of Hatra
320:
301:
281:
221:
190:
189:
184:
168:
151:
142:
122:
62:
52:100 BCE – 240 CE
26:
25:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4753:Angold, Michael
4734:
4713:
4680:
4659:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4542:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:, pp. 391.
4303:
4299:
4295:
4272:Aramaic studies
4267:Arabic alphabet
4258:
3989:
3969:
3963:
3906:
3870:
3485:
3433:
2999:
2963:
2882:
2854:
2528:
2500:
2483:
2328:
2284:
2210:
2158:
2077:
2033:
1967:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1843:Sassanid Empire
1839:Parthian Empire
1835:Seleucid Empire
1819:Hatran alphabet
1808:
1806:U+108E0–U+108FF
1802:
1790:
1773:
1770:
1755:
1729:
1722:Related scripts
1714:
1707:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1593:
1551:
1522:spr’ dy brmryn’
1516:
1491:
1463:
1417:
1267:
1262:
1226:
1196:
1097:
1056:A weakening of
1054:
1046:
1028:, and the word
972:The dialect of
970:
965:
879:Nabu is mighty
857:Bel has filled
790:ܐܦܪܗܛ ܐܘ ܚܟܝܡܐ
717:ܐܬܪܚܡ ܐܠܗܐ ܥܠܝ
643:scribes of the
628:
591:
547:Sinai Peninsula
516:
316:
297:
286:Hatran alphabet
282:
277:
271:
252:Eastern Aramaic
237:Central Semitic
222:
219:Language family
217:
180:
164:
161:
149:
138:
127:Hatran alphabet
123:
118:
112:
78:Central Semitic
63:
60:Language family
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4788:External links
4786:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4765:United Kingdom
4748:
4738:
4732:
4717:
4711:
4694:
4684:
4678:
4663:
4657:
4641:
4639:
4636:
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4604:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4523:
4511:
4482:
4475:
4455:
4437:
4417:
4399:
4393:978-9068317404
4392:
4372:
4365:
4345:
4333:
4331:, p. 273.
4321:
4309:
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4294:
4291:
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4264:
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4032:
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4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3965:Main article:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3942:
3935:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3896:
3860:
3853:
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3772:
3765:
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3728:
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3306:
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3251:
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3199:
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3100:
3090:
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3018:
3011:
3008:
2989:
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2899:
2872:
2844:
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2804:
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2787:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2681:
2672:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2518:
2473:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2364:
2357:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2318:
2274:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2200:
2148:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2067:
2023:
2016:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1958:
1948:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1798:
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1791:
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1762:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1732:
1730:
1728:Parent systems
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1592:
1589:
1584:l’ lmr dy dkyr
1490:
1487:
1462:
1459:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1386:
1355:
1352:dəbar baqəṭīrā
1331:
1330:
1321:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1225:
1222:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1153:
1096:
1093:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
980:in its use of
969:
966:
964:
961:
958:
957:
954:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
921:
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913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
895:
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888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
869:
866:
862:
861:
858:
855:
851:
850:
847:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
825:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:Son of Nergal
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:Bēṯ(ə)lāhyhaḇ
792:
791:
788:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
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729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
637:Neo-Babylonian
627:
624:
590:
587:
569:sub dialects (
565:) and various
519:Hatran Aramaic
515:
512:
394:Hatran Aramaic
385:in the south.
377:in the north,
371:Nineveh Plains
335:Hatran Aramaic
322:
321:
314:
306:
305:
302:
294:
293:
292:Language codes
289:
288:
283:
279:Writing system
276:
273:
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269:
268:
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264:
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143:
135:
134:
133:Language codes
130:
129:
124:
120:Writing system
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
66:
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57:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4831:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4746:(text online)
4743:
4739:
4735:
4733:9789004285101
4729:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4714:
4712:9783110251586
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4687:Caquot, André
4685:
4681:
4679:9783525536452
4675:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4658:9783525535738
4654:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4573:, p. 155
4572:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4541:on 2016-04-05
4540:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4521:, p. 155
4520:
4515:
4501:on 2018-06-28
4500:
4496:
4495:Beth Mardutho
4492:
4486:
4478:
4476:9783161494727
4472:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4366:9781841624884
4362:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4343:, p. 155
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4319:, p. 32.
4318:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4151:
4150:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:built by the
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:Unicode range
1796:
1792:
1789:Unicode alias
1786:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1748:Hatran script
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1682:Hatran script
1680:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:"architect" (
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1550:) of whomever
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:’n’ ... ktbyt
1269:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:"the court" (
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:Dissimilation
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
955:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
929:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:
903:
900:
898:Nērgāldammar
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:ܒܝܬ ܐܠܗܐ ܝܗܒ
800:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
698:
687:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:lingua franca
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
399:
398:Walter Andrae
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
319:
315:
313:
312:
307:
303:
300:
295:
290:
287:
284:
280:
274:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
228:
224:
220:
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
191:
183:
179:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
160:
159:Linguist List
155:
147:
144:
141:
136:
131:
128:
125:
121:
115:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4756:
4741:
4722:
4702:
4690:
4668:
4647:
4624:. Retrieved
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4578:
4566:
4554:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:the original
4533:
4526:
4514:
4503:. Retrieved
4499:the original
4494:
4485:
4465:
4458:
4449:
4446:"St Ephraem"
4440:
4427:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4382:
4375:
4355:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4305:Micheau 2006
4300:
4244:
4236:
4229:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3863:
3843:
3782:
3774:
3756:
3702:
3683:
3629:
3611:
3551:
3532:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3426:
3407:
3347:
3329:
3280:
3262:
3208:
3190:
3136:
3118:
3064:
3046:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2937:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2828:
2768:
2750:
2674:
2656:
2602:
2583:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2454:
2400:
2381:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2257:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2132:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2007:
1950:
1931:
1884:Sound Value
1871:
1867:
1851:Dura-Europos
1818:
1816:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1512:ṣlm’ dy ...
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1465:The ancient
1464:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:The surname
1088:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
989:
985:
981:
971:
770:'Assurtāreṣ
711:'Assurḥannī
706:ܐܠܗܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ
633:Neo-Assyrian
629:
593:The city of
592:
583:
543:Jordan River
531:Persian Gulf
518:
517:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
434:
411:
406:
402:
393:
387:
379:Dura-Europos
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
309:
256:
227:Afro-Asiatic
173:
145:
97:
68:Afro-Asiatic
4329:Gzella 2015
2874:consonant:
2846:consonant:
2520:consonant:
2475:consonant:
1957:or nothing
1909:Equivalent
1904:Equivalent
1899:Equivalent
1894:Equivalent
1863:UC Berkeley
1853:, Gaddala,
1845:in 241 AD.
1713:Time period
1700:Script type
1482:tltt qysrym
1451:"dogs" and
1360:mn dy lšḥqh
1228:The Hatran
1138:Old Aramaic
968:Orthography
928:Sanatruq II
904:ܢܪܓܠ ܕܘܡܪܐ
806:Bar Nērgāl
759:'Assuršma'
748:'Assur'qab
733:'Assurnṯan
722:'Assurəmar
567:Palestinian
514:Development
504:Mesopotamia
490:. With the
484:Old Aramaic
363:Mesopotamia
4803:Categories
4571:Beyer 1998
4559:Beyer 1998
4545:2016-06-04
4519:Beyer 1998
4505:2016-06-03
4450:New Advent
4341:Beyer 1998
4317:Beyer 1986
4293:References
1968:or silent
1897:Phoenician
1591:Vocabulary
1528:qnh dy rꜥ’
1515:"statue of
1436:bn’ šmšbrk
1427:, written
1260:Morphology
1220:, "cock."
1202:, written
924:Sanatruq I
909:Nešrānṯan
887:Nḇūdayyān
882:ܢܒܘ ܓܢܒܪܐ
876:Nḇūḡabbār
828:Māranyhaḇ
817:Bar Nešrā
787:(or sage)
781:'Ap̄rahāṭ
738:Esarhaddon
700:'Assurḥēl
537:(from the
463:s and the
4761:Cambridge
4597:20 August
4222:𐣿
4216:𐣾
4210:𐣽
4204:𐣼
4198:𐣻
4182:𐣵
4176:𐣴
4168:𐣲
4162:𐣱
4156:𐣰
4145:𐣯
4139:𐣮
4133:𐣭
4127:𐣬
4121:𐣫
4115:𐣪
4109:𐣩
4103:𐣨
4097:𐣧
4091:𐣦
4085:𐣥
4079:𐣤
4073:𐣣
4067:𐣢
4061:𐣡
4055:𐣠
1887:Numerical
1855:Tur Abdin
1766:ISO 15924
1760:ISO 15924
1668:qwtgd/ry’
1500:bryk’ ꜥh’
1477:Nabataean
1472:tltt klbn
1442:bn’ ddhwn
1337:lṭb bꜥšym
1236:bēt yaldā
1120:Nabataean
1069:‘dyn ktb’
1044:Phonology
940:Seleucus
920:Sanaṭrūq
915:ܢܬܠ ܢܫܪܐ
893:ܢܒܘ ܕܝܢܐ
776:ܬܪܨ ܐܠܗܐ
765:ܫܡܥ ܐܠܗܐ
754:ܥܩܒ ܐܠܗܐ
743:ܢܬܠ ܐܠܗܐ
728:ܐܡܪ ܐܠܗܐ
667:, Nasr, (
571:Palestine
559:Palmyrene
535:Nabataean
375:Tur Abdin
311:Glottolog
299:ISO 639-3
175:Glottolog
140:ISO 639-3
4256:See also
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:U+108Fx
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:U+108Ex
3934:
3818:
3737:
3664:
3586:
3513:
3382:
3315:
3243:
3171:
3099:
3027:
2918:
2803:
2725:
2637:
2564:
2435:
2356:
2238:
2113:
1988:
1675:Alphabet
1662:brpdmrk’
1618:Parthian
1614:’ardiklā
1601:Akkadian
1342:’aṭeb(b)
1218:tarnəgōl
1194:Vocalism
1187:Armenian
1129:Safaitic
1127:and the
1052:Lenition
1040:"evil".
952:Vologash
948:Walagaš
871:ܒܢܐ ܢܒܘ
860:ܡܠܐ ܒܝܠ
834:ܝܗܒ ܡܪܢ
823:ܒܪ ܢܫܪܐ
785:Aphrahat
681:Parthian
645:Sasanian
639:and the
545:and the
506:and the
459:). The
414:graffiti
390:Shapur I
365:(modern
343:Ashurian
318:assy1241
257:Ashurian
193:Ashurian
182:hatr1234
4755:(ed.).
4638:Sources
4277:Palmyra
3973:Unicode
3961:Unicode
1881:Letter
1782:Unicode
1638:pṣgryb’
1629:pzgryb’
1623:pšgryb’
1616:), and
1467:Semitic
1461:Numbers
1240:apocope
1146:Mandaic
1074:Mandaic
978:Palmyra
932:ܣܢܛܪܘܩ
865:Nḇūḇnā
854:Mlāḇēl
812:ܒܪ ܪܓܠ
673:Shamash
659:, Gad (
595:Nisibis
589:History
563:Palmyra
555:Babylon
527:Mandaic
437:Aramaic
418:Aramaic
351:Aramaic
247:Aramaic
232:Semitic
88:Aramaic
73:Semitic
34:Hatrean
4775:
4730:
4709:
4676:
4655:
4626:30 May
4473:
4390:
4363:
4287:Syriac
3998:
3993:(PDF)
3986:Hatran
3907:soft:
3898:hard:
3879:(also
3871:soft:
3862:hard:
3781:(also
3486:soft:
3477:hard:
3442:(also
3434:soft:
3425:hard:
3266:Semkaṯ
3000:soft:
2991:hard:
2972:(also
2964:soft:
2955:hard:
2863:(also
2501:(also
2329:soft:
2320:hard:
2293:(also
2285:soft:
2276:hard:
2211:soft:
2202:hard:
2167:(also
2159:soft:
2150:hard:
2078:soft:
2069:hard:
2042:(also
2034:soft:
2025:hard:
1935:ʾĀlap̄
1907:Arabic
1902:Hebrew
1892:Syriac
1889:Value
1793:Hatran
1657:hērbed
1653:hylpt’
1644:hdrpṭ’
1634:Syriac
1611:Syriac
1606:’rdkl’
1597:Syriac
1552:
1545:Syriac
1519:...",
1517:
1509:(e.g.
1495:Syriac
1493:As in
1489:Syntax
1421:Syriac
1315:Hebrew
1304:’yqymt
1210:nergōl
1200:Nergal
1157:šappīr
937:Slōkh
839:Māryā
669:Apollo
641:Syriac
523:Syriac
508:Levant
455:, and
422:Syriac
383:Tikrit
198:Region
98:Hatran
39:Region
29:Hatran
4617:(PDF)
4588:(PDF)
4432:(PDF)
4230:Notes
3913:]
3909:[
3904:]
3900:[
3797:]
3793:[
3716:]
3712:[
3643:]
3639:[
3565:]
3561:[
3492:]
3488:[
3483:]
3479:[
3361:]
3357:[
3294:]
3290:[
3222:]
3218:[
3150:]
3146:[
3078:]
3074:[
3050:Lāmaḏ
3006:]
3002:[
2997:]
2993:[
2897:]
2893:[
2889:]
2885:[
2880:]
2876:[
2782:]
2778:[
2704:]
2700:[
2698:, or
2696:]
2692:[
2688:]
2684:[
2616:]
2612:[
2543:]
2539:[
2535:]
2531:[
2526:]
2522:[
2414:]
2410:[
2335:]
2331:[
2326:]
2322:[
2261:Dālaṯ
2217:]
2213:[
2208:]
2204:[
2136:Gāmal
2092:]
2088:[
2084:]
2080:[
2075:]
2071:[
1965:]
1961:[
1878:Name
1847:Assur
1827:Hatra
1774:(127)
1705:Abjad
1548:zemtā
1454:dkyrn
1396:Assur
1365:šəḥaq
1318:hēqīm
1310:’yqmw
1292:’yqym
1287:’ēqīm
1231:b-yld
1162:šnpyr
1103:’kṣr’
1081:hādēn
974:Hatra
956:ܘܠܓܫ
943:ܣܠܘܟ
849:ܡܪܝܐ
661:Tyche
653:Allat
649:Ashur
612:Qatar
539:Negev
441:Assur
407:Syria
403:Sumer
359:Assur
355:Hatra
43:Hatra
4773:ISBN
4728:ISBN
4707:ISBN
4674:ISBN
4653:ISBN
4628:2016
4599:2016
4471:ISBN
4388:ISBN
4361:ISBN
3917:400
3801:300
3720:200
3647:100
3615:Qōp̄
3536:Ṣāḏē
2941:Kāp̄
2587:Zayn
1831:Iraq
1817:The
1771:Hatr
1665:and
1572:d(y)
1506:d(y)
1448:klbn
1298:’qym
1252:and
1205:nrgl
1167:gadd
1148:and
1133:qṣyt
1124:qṣyw
1115:kṣy’
1089:‘adā
1087:and
1085:‘adī
1076:and
1063:‘dyn
1058:‘ayn
1034:and
1022:and
1010:and
998:and
988:and
926:and
675:and
665:Nabu
610:and
500:Iran
471:and
367:Iraq
357:and
146:None
3847:Taw
3760:Šīn
3687:Rēš
3591:צ ץ
3569:90
3518:פ ף
3496:80
3365:70
3298:60
3248:נ ן
3226:50
3194:Nūn
3176:מ ם
3154:40
3122:Mīm
3082:30
3032:כ ך
3010:20
2901:10
2891:or
2832:Yōḏ
2754:Ṭēṯ
2660:Ḥēṯ
2537:or
2509:or
2492:or
2458:Waw
2086:or
2011:Bēṯ
1925:IPA
1367:),
1344:),
1178:gnd
1109:qṣr
1031:byš
1007:kwl
995:hwn
844:God
677:Sin
671:),
663:),
657:Bel
557:),
549:),
498:of
345:or
208:Era
166:qly
150:mis
49:Era
4805::
4767::
4763:,
4701:.
4619:.
4590:.
4493:.
4448:.
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4234:1.
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1971:1
1940:*
1671:.
1626:/
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1479::
1430:-’
1425:-ē
1407:l-
1401:n-
1391:l-
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1282:qm
1256:.
1245:bt
1172:gd
1037:bš
1019:dy
1013:kl
1001:hn
846:)
740:)
655:,
651:,
635:,
622:.
533:,
510:.
502:,
475:.
451:,
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341:,
4781:.
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4715:.
4682:.
4661:.
4630:.
4601:.
4548:.
4508:.
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4434:.
4396:.
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4043:E
4040:D
4037:C
4034:B
4031:A
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4004:1
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3952:ث
3946:ت
3939:ת
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3875:ṯ
3866:t
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3714:r
3705:r
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3641:q
3632:q
3604:ض
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3255:ن
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3148:m
3139:m
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3104:ל
3076:l
3067:l
3039:ك
3004:x
2995:k
2984:x
2968:ḵ
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2923:י
2895:e
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2859:ī
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2821:ظ
2815:ط
2808:ט
2771:ṭ
2743:خ
2737:ح
2730:ח
2702:χ
2694:x
2686:ħ
2677:ḥ
2649:ز
2642:ז
2614:z
2605:z
2576:و
2569:ו
2541:o
2533:u
2524:w
2513:o
2505:u
2496:ō
2488:ū
2479:w
2447:ه
2440:ה
2412:h
2403:h
2374:ذ
2368:د
2361:ד
2333:ð
2324:d
2313:δ
2305:ð
2289:ḏ
2280:d
2250:ج
2243:ג
2215:ɣ
2206:ɡ
2195:γ
2187:ġ
2163:ḡ
2154:g
2125:ب
2118:ב
2090:w
2082:v
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2038:ḇ
2029:b
2000:ا
1993:א
1963:ʔ
1953:ʾ
1329:.
1320:.
1152:.
1142:q
1066:(
1025:d
990:ī
986:ō
561:(
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473:y
469:w
465:r
461:d
457:q
453:s
449:m
445:š
337:(
304:–
152:)
148:(
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