38:
862:
1721:
54:
482:) due to its elevation, which also makes it Cape Verde's coolest village. Due to its climate, it has a cool average temperature at 13.5 °C or 56.3 °F, and a relatively high amount of rain (for Cape Verdean standards) at 524 millimetres or 20.63 inches; the largest amount of which falls in September (198 millimetres or 7.80 inches). It is also a factor that enables the village to grow and withhold a grape and winery industry; something that could hardly be achieved or sustained in any of its low-lying counterparts.
455:
842:
258:
266:
829:
1123:, are put through the regular fermentation and filtration processes. Because dried grapes are used, the alcohol content in the passito is lower, at about 10.6%, than what is found in the other “Chã” wines (14%). The passito has a dark amber color; is slightly more viscous than the white, red, and rosé; and has a pleasant acidity to balance its sweetness. Odors include that of figs and dried fruits like raisins,
61:
309:
1144:
1227:, for the vinification, aging and bottling of the wines. 4 qualities of wines are produced : santaLuzia (white), sanVicente (rosé), sanTiago (red) and sanFilipe (red). These wines are produced with the grapes from the Maria Chaves vineyard and grapes from Chã das Caldeiras . These wines will be mainly exported. During the festivities of April 30, 2013, the
1240:
1182:. After the second fermentation, the young wine is filtered and drawn into barrels for conservation. The white and rosé wines, on the other hand, are immediately filtered after the first fermentation to maintain freshness and to avoid bacteria growth. Until the wines are bottled, they remain in barrels (to avoid exposure to sunlight and
975:”), grown on the northern flank of the island. The local economy is based primarily on this specialty agriculture and animal-raising, the majority of which is sold domestically or to tourists. The “Chã” label wines, however, are available outside of the country on a limited basis, especially in Cape Verdean enclaves in Massachusetts,
1200:, a traditional, semi-sweet or -dry, house-made wine. (It should not be confused with the “Chã” label red, white, rosé, and passito wines.) Most households make Manecom for commercial production and personal consumption. The wine can either be a red or white, dry or sweet, but the sweet red variety is by far the most popular.
336:, encircles the village. On the plain is one large volcanic peak (2,829 m from sea level) and several smaller peaks and lava fields from recent eruptions, most notably 1951, 1995 and 2014 (during which the entire population had to be evacuated). The entire caldera, some 67 km, is a protected area as part of the
1010:. Days are usually hot and dry, nights cool and humid. With sufficient rain, high-quality, semi-sweet grapes grow (1.2 km total) in the caldera's rich volcanic soils. In 2006, the Associação produced 40,000 cases of wine (12 bottles each) from 100,000 kg of grapes. The percentage of
324:, destroying 75% of the buildings in Portela, Bangaeira and Ilhéu de Losna. Most of these were covered by lava. After the eruption, the majority of the inhabitants left the village. Cabeça Fundão on the park's edge became the seat of the natural park. A few homes have been rebuilt.
1279:, is produced from well-ripened quince fruit. Odors include that of the sweet, tart fruits of the caldera (like quince, apples, and grapes), flavors which combine nicely with the strength of the spirit's alcohol. The finish of the destilado de marmelo is smooth, gentle, and sweet.
1265:(label “Espírito da Caldeira”), that is bright and clear. The spirit's strength enables the drinker to taste, and feel on his/her palate, the flavor of Moscatel grapes. The after taste is smooth and has a hint of sweetness to balance the spirit's high alcohol content (45%).
1051:
of the wine can be appreciated when it is still young. (Market forces being such, Chã's reds have not yet been aged for any considerable time. The majority of the label is consumed within a year of production.) The red is perfect alone or to accompany any
999:), are full-bodied and rich in color and extract. All of the grapes used in the wines are locally grown by farmers inside the caldera, which has a 120-year wine-making tradition. The first wines made in the crater to be exported were sent to Brazil and
1159:(to make white and rosé). This process is done as quickly as possible to prevent contamination and odor. The pulp is then put in specially-designed barrels in the cellar, where the temperature remains cool even during the hottest days, to begin the
217:. The village consists of two main neighborhoods: Portela and Bangaeira, founded in 1920 and 1917, respectively. At an elevation of about 1,700 meters, it is the highest village in Cape Verde. It is part of the municipality of
248:
in Chã, though residents are increasingly using generators at night to light and power their homes. All non-drinking water is collected rainwater, stored in large cistern tanks for use in the dry season (November to July).
1429:
Cape Verde
Islands cha das caldeias e a melho aldeia para viver em armonia com o meio ambiente pra quem gosta de consumir produtos naturais e com um sabor sem iguala melhor escolha seria viver em cha das caldeiras ilha do
857:
fields), which grows in the rich volcanic soils adjacent to the crater rim. Because of its altitude (elevation 1,629 m), Chã is blessed with milder temperatures and greater precipitation than surrounding areas.
365:) on Fogo are located in Chã and on the Bordeira. 48% of these are designated as rare and/or threatened on the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries' (MAAP) “Red List,” which includes the species
1155:
During the wine-making process, much attention is given to the hygienic conditions of the cellar and machines. After arrival, the grapes are cleaned and are either crushed (to make red wine) or
1073:. These characteristics are noticed visually and on the palate, where the wine combines harmoniously with the alcohol content. The white also has a subtle, residual sweetness to be enjoyed with
1288:, or spirit with herbs, has the unique taste, aroma, potency, and medicinal properties to help with post-dinner digestion. The spirit is a combination of herbs that have been used as a
1223:, a new vineyard created during the last 10 years. The vineyard is about 25 hectares of surface and is located just beneath the crater. Adjoining, there is the newly constructed winery
1314:
MAAP de Cabo Verde, and
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 2003, “Endemic Plants and Indigenous Trees of the Cape Verde Islands.” Praia: UNDP, 35 p.
1115:, made with the same Moscatel variety of grapes as the vinho branco. However, unlike with the white, the grapes used for the passito are first sun-dried, after which these
300:
Many of the inhabitants of Chã, with their light skin, blond hair, and blue eyes, can trace their ancestry back to the biologically prolific Count of
Montrond.
1106:. Like the white, the rosé is fresh on the palate and is best savored alone or with light meals, again at 10 °C. It too can be enjoyed up to three years.
1974:
37:
1047:
and Muscat nut. The wine's rich body, best when served at room temperature (20 °C), combines well with the strength of the alcohol. The soft, velvet
77:
1085:, white meats, or Chã's goat cheese. This elegant wine is best served at a temperature of 10 °C and can be saved for 2–3 years if stored correctly.
1069:, made from locally grown Moscatel grapes, has a fresh taste, unique clarity, and golden shades. Odors include that of semi-sweet citric fruits like the
269:
Bangaeira in the aftermath of the 2014–15 eruption, remains of some buildings still exists, some houses were covered with lava, several suffered damages
1344:
917:) for local consumption and commercial production. The Associação buys excess fruit from the local farmers and turns it into white, red, rosé, and
294:
and sank wells that are still in use today. Proficient in the use of herbs and herbal remedies, he imported medicinal herbs for use on the island.
1211:, took a liking to the strong, sweet red wine he made. Other inhabitants coined Manuel's wine Manecom. The name stuck and remains to this day.
286:. He also produced coffee and exported it to Portugal. With his background in engineering and medicine, he oversaw construction of a road from
1170:
The red wine ferments with the grape skins and is pressed afterwards. Then, the wine is fermented for a second time to eliminate remaining
1455:
1427:
427:
during the winter months) and volcanic soils. Chã's endemic plants, along with its unique terrain, are under increasing strain due to
443:
Its fauna mainly include insects, not as many in the lower areas, it is one of the places where it is non-existent. A warbler, the
1787:
143:
131:
1376:
1035:
variety of grapes, has a dark red color with shades of purple. Odors include tones and flavors of small, dark fruits like the
1465:
1438:
53:
1667:
291:
1098:, uses a similar variety of dark grapes as the red. It has an elegant rose color with flavors of small, sweet fruits like
1231:
was inaugurated and the new wines were presented to the
President, the prime minister and other officials of Cape Verde.
1729:
278:
In 1870, the Count of
Montrond (François Louis Armand Fourcheut De Montrond, France) stopped on the island en route to
218:
148:
136:
1203:
Manecom gets its name, legend has it, from a man named Manuel
Montrond, supposedly the first person to live in Chã.
451:) are one of several places in the island that are not founded as their habitat is up to 1,300 meters of elevation.
1953:
1317:
MAAP de Cabo Verde
Pamphlet. “Integrated Participatory Ecosystem Management In and Around Protected Areas,” 2004.
476:
1979:
1622:
1948:
1649:
1401:
472:
119:
1339:
458:
Main Street of
Bangaeira before the 2014-15 eruption, much of it were covered with lava and is now earthened
1720:
321:
1943:
1549:
Batalha, Helena R.; Wright, David J.; Barr, Iain; Collar, Nigel J.; Richardson, David S. (2017-04-01).
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1865:
287:
1675:
225:(Chã Farmers Association), an agricultural cooperative that holds considerable sway over the local
1870:
1690:
1167:
of the grapes turns to alcohol and where the unique characteristics of the wine begin to develop.
1850:
385:
1860:
1551:"Genetic diversity and divergence in the endangered Cape Verde warbler Acrocephalus brevipennis"
1550:
391:
379:
467:
Unlike the rest of the archipelago (which has an extremely dry, arid, and warm variation of a
1700:
409:
1922:
995:
The “Chã” label wines, made by the
Associação (with help from the Italian NGO Cospe and the
312:
Two years after the 2014–15 eruption, these were some buildings that survived the lava flows
1772:
1289:
8:
1835:
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1208:
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403:
397:
185:
1830:
1710:
1927:
1742:
1642:
1581:
1300:
Else, David; Newton, Alex; Williams, Jeff; Fitzpatrick, Mary; and Roddis, Miles, 1999,
933:
444:
415:
367:
337:
1896:
1855:
1820:
1705:
1685:
1573:
1461:
1434:
861:
373:
205:) is a small community of approximately 700 inhabitants in the crater of the volcano
1762:
1757:
1585:
1659:
1565:
1529:
1519:
297:
At the age of 60, he fell off of a horse and died of an infection in a broken leg.
210:
124:
1508:"Damage from lava flows: insights from the 2014–2015 eruption of Fogo, Cape Verde"
1891:
1358:
945:
906:
490:
1795:
1599:
1156:
1014:
in the “Chã” wines (14%) is greater than what is found in wines from the EU or
1011:
996:
468:
1569:
1524:
1507:
1968:
1800:
1752:
1695:
1635:
1577:
1256:
1131:. The passito is ideal between 12° and 14 °C as either a post-dinner or
1048:
1000:
92:
79:
1906:
1875:
1767:
1737:
1252:
1132:
1103:
1044:
320:
damaged several houses in Chã das
Caldeiras. Pico do Fogo erupted again in
317:
206:
1219:
New since 2012 is the harvesting of grapes and the production of wines by
1089:
229:. Chã is the only area in Cape Verde that grows significant quantities of
1901:
1840:
1825:
1007:
956:
878:
428:
245:
1815:
454:
1805:
1534:
1070:
1060:
1040:
1015:
850:
282:. He brought with him the vines that kicked off wine production in the
214:
112:
261:
Village of Bangaeira before the November 2014 – February 2015 eruption
1810:
1627:
1128:
1082:
1074:
984:
941:
841:
241:
1777:
1171:
1022:
914:
257:
1179:
1175:
918:
910:
420:
362:
345:
283:
265:
226:
828:
1248:
1120:
976:
964:
902:
890:
874:
279:
489:
Climate data for Chã das Caldeiras, 1,764 metres (5,787 feet)
1845:
1164:
1124:
1099:
1036:
980:
949:
898:
886:
882:
870:
424:
230:
308:
1078:
1053:
921:
894:
854:
432:
332:
A large crater rim with 1000-meter escarpments, called the
234:
1143:
1183:
944:; grape, fig, and quince compotes; apple and pomegranate
419:. These plants are specifically adapted to the caldera's
42:
Village of Chã das Caldeiras before the 2014–15 eruption
1548:
1402:"Chã das Caldeiras: a French Clan at the Mercy of Fire"
1239:
1186:), except for periodic filtrations to improve clarity.
1320:“Spirits of Chã das Caldeiras,” Cospe Pamphlet, 2006.
1243:“Espírito da Caldeira” label grape and quince spirits
1323:“Wines of Chã das Caldeiras,” Cospe Pamphlet, 1999.
221:. The main organizing body in the village is the
1966:
1138:
435:and fodder collecting of the local populations.
1247:After the white wine is fermented, the remnant
1109:New to the “Chã” family of wines is the sweet
1643:
1505:
1377:"François Louis Armand Fourcheut De Montrond"
1361:, Tentative list Unesco World Heritage sites
1304:. Lonely Planet: Hawthorn, Australia, 944 p.
1268:
963:. The Associação also roasts and grinds Fogo
1975:Villages and settlements in Fogo, Cape Verde
1506:S. F. Jenkins; et al. (20 March 2017).
1454:Irwin, Aisling; Wilson, Colum (2009-01-15).
1426:Irwin, Aisling; Wilson, Colum (2009-01-15).
1345:Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde
1043:. This sensation is enriched with shades of
1003:, then a Portuguese colony like Cape Verde.
1453:
1425:
1214:
190:
1650:
1636:
1194:Chã's best-known wine, however, is called
1006:Chã's climate and terrain are optimal for
990:
1533:
1523:
1307:Irwin, Aisling; and Wilson, Colum, 2001,
60:
1359:Parc Naturel de Fogo – Chã das Caldeiras
1238:
1142:
869:Products in the caldera include fruits (
860:
840:
827:
453:
307:
273:
264:
256:
1332:
1135:or, simply, as a “wine of meditation.”
1967:
1657:
1292:by the people of Chã for generations.
1631:
1352:
1031:, made from the low-lying Portuguese
184:
1600:"Climate data for Chã das Caldeiras"
1374:
361:84% of the endemic plants (31 total
344:), a cooperative effort between the
1488:. Michigan Technological University
865:Chã das Caldeiras apples in growth.
13:
1348:(in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.
1149:Associação dos Agricultores de Chã
1018:(usually between 11.5 and 12.5%).
398:Periploca laevigata sp. chevalieri
351:
327:
316:In April 1995, an eruption of the
223:Associação dos Agricultores de Chã
14:
1991:
1928:Port of Fogo (Vale de Cavaleiros)
1616:
356:
1719:
1234:
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59:
52:
36:
1592:
1542:
1512:Journal of Applied Volcanology
1499:
1474:
1447:
1419:
1394:
1368:
1285:destilado com ervas digestivas
836:
348:and Cape Verdean governments.
16:Settlement in Fogo, Cape Verde
1:
1954:Museu Municipal de São Filipe
1326:
1139:Wine making at the Associação
940:”); apple, quince, and peach
751:Average rainfall mm (inches)
948:; and pomegranate and grape
932:), apple, quince, and peach
845:Coffee plant near Mosteiros.
423:(periodically, Chã receives
233:and produces export-quality
7:
1885:Other geographical features
1311:. Bradt: Bucks, UK, 278 p.
832:Catholic Church of Portela.
681:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
541:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
471:), Chã das Caldeiras has a
186:[ˈʃɐ̃dɐʃkalˈdɐjɾɐʃ]
10:
1996:
1949:2014–2015 eruption of Fogo
1295:
1269:Spirits of fruits or herbs
1189:
1163:process. This is when the
820:
488:
462:
252:
1936:
1915:
1884:
1786:
1728:
1717:
1666:
1570:10.1007/s10592-016-0909-3
1525:10.1186/s13617-017-0057-6
955:Also famous is home-made
821:Source: Climate-Data.ORG
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167:
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108:
73:
47:
35:
28:
21:
1383:(in European Portuguese)
1215:Vinha Maria Chaves wines
449:Acrocephalus brevipennis
438:
1460:. Bradt Travel Guides.
1433:. Bradt Travel Guides.
991:Wines and Pomace brandy
386:Verbascum cystolithicum
1980:Santa Catarina do Fogo
1730:Santa Catarina do Fogo
1251:of moscatel grapes is
1244:
1229:"Adega de Monte Barro"
1225:"Adega de Monte Barro"
1152:
866:
846:
833:
473:cool semi-arid climate
459:
392:Lavandula rotundifolia
380:Erysimum caboverdeanum
342:Parque Natural do Fogo
313:
270:
262:
219:Santa Catarina do Fogo
149:Santa Catarina do Fogo
137:Santa Catarina do Fogo
1558:Conservation Genetics
1340:"2010 Census results"
1242:
1146:
952:for commercial sale.
864:
844:
831:
457:
410:Tornabenea bischoffii
311:
274:The Count Of Montrond
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200:Plain of the Calderas
1290:traditional medicine
1276:destilado de marmelo
1221:"Vinha Maria Chaves"
938:Espírito da Caldeira
1623:Vinha Maria Chaves
1375:Monteiro, Sidónio.
1273:The quince spirit,
853:(albeit not in the
611:Daily mean °C (°F)
404:Euphorbia tuckeyana
89: /
1923:São Filipe Airport
1486:MTU Volcanoes Page
1457:Cape Verde Islands
1309:Cape Verde Islands
1245:
1153:
973:Café das Caldeiras
893:) and vegetables (
867:
847:
834:
460:
445:Cape Verde warbler
368:Cynanchum daltonii
314:
271:
263:
160: • Total
1962:
1961:
1897:Fogo Natural Park
1748:Chã das Caldeiras
1467:978-1-84162-276-7
1440:978-1-84162-276-7
1056:of strong taste.
1033:preta tradicional
849:Chã has a lot of
825:
824:
374:Echium volcanorum
338:Fogo Natural Park
209:on the island of
178:Chã das Caldeiras
175:
174:
93:14.971°N 24.367°W
23:Chã das Caldeiras
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1831:Miguel Gonçalves
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1564:(2): 343–357.
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1482:"Fogo Caldera"
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494:
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469:desert climate
464:
461:
440:
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413:and the genus
358:
357:Endemic plants
355:
353:
350:
329:
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305:
302:
275:
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173:
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1861:Santo António
1859:
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1827:
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1802:
1801:Curral Grande
1799:
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1753:Cova Figueira
1751:
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1743:Cabeça Fundão
1741:
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1676:Achada Grande
1674:
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1257:pomace brandy
1255:to produce a
1254:
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1235:Pomace brandy
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1147:Cooperative (
1145:
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1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
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1112:vinho passito
1107:
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1001:Guinea-Bissau
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364:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
323:
322:November 2014
319:
310:
304:1995 Eruption
301:
298:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
267:
259:
250:
247:
243:
242:running water
238:
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187:
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107:
102:
74:Coordinates:
72:
55:
46:
39:
34:
27:
20:
1937:Other topics
1907:Pico do Fogo
1876:Vicente Dias
1836:Monte Grande
1768:Fonte Aleixo
1747:
1738:Achada Furna
1603:. Retrieved
1594:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1428:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1408:. 2018-09-20
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1354:
1343:
1334:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1246:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1169:
1161:fermentation
1154:
1151:) in Portela
1148:
1133:dessert wine
1116:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:strawberries
1094:
1093:
1087:
1066:vinho branco
1065:
1064:
1058:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1005:
994:
972:
969:Café do Fogo
968:
960:
954:
937:
929:
925:
868:
848:
479:
466:
448:
442:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
341:
333:
331:
318:Pico do Fogo
315:
299:
296:
277:
240:There is no
239:
222:
207:Pico do Fogo
177:
176:
144:Civil parish
132:Municipality
1902:Monte Velha
1851:Ponta Verde
1841:Monte Largo
1826:Luzia Nunes
1535:10356/85772
1381:www.fogo.cv
1363:(in French)
1302:West Africa
1117:uvas passas
1028:vinho tinto
1008:viticulture
957:goat cheese
928:”); grape (
879:pomegranate
837:Agriculture
431:and to the
429:overgrazing
246:electricity
182:Portuguese:
96: /
1969:Categories
1866:São Filipe
1806:Galinheiro
1788:São Filipe
1492:2018-08-07
1412:2021-11-26
1387:2021-11-26
1327:References
1209:Portuguese
1095:vinho rosé
1075:appetizers
1071:grapefruit
1061:white wine
1041:blackberry
1016:California
873:, grapes,
851:vegetation
416:Diplotaxis
288:Sao Filipe
215:Cape Verde
155:Population
113:Cape Verde
84:24°22′01″W
81:14°58′16″N
30:Settlement
1871:São Jorge
1811:As Hortas
1701:Mosteiros
1691:Fajãzinha
1668:Mosteiros
1578:1566-0621
1406:Got2Globe
1253:distilled
1090:rosé wine
1083:shellfish
985:Rotterdam
942:marmalade
292:Mosteiros
1892:Bordeira
1816:Lagariça
1778:Tinteira
1605:7 August
1586:44530595
1259: :
1172:bacteria
1100:currants
1077:or with
1023:red wine
971:(label “
936:(label “
924:(label “
903:potatoes
891:tomatoes
334:Bordeira
1696:Feijoal
1681:Atalaia
1296:Sources
1197:Manecom
1190:Manecom
1180:acidity
1176:vinegar
1157:pressed
1121:raisins
1049:tannins
1037:currant
1012:alcohol
934:spirits
919:passito
915:peppers
887:peaches
877:fruit,
816:(20.5)
746:(50.6)
741:(50.2)
736:(52.0)
731:(54.7)
726:(54.1)
721:(54.0)
716:(52.3)
711:(50.7)
706:(49.6)
701:(47.8)
696:(46.9)
691:(46.8)
686:(47.7)
676:(56.3)
671:(54.9)
666:(57.6)
661:(59.9)
656:(60.1)
651:(59.4)
646:(58.1)
641:(56.7)
636:(55.6)
631:(54.1)
626:(53.2)
621:(52.7)
616:(53.1)
606:(62.1)
601:(59.7)
596:(63.3)
591:(65.1)
586:(66.0)
581:(64.9)
576:(63.9)
571:(62.8)
566:(61.5)
561:(60.6)
556:(59.7)
551:(58.8)
546:(58.6)
463:Climate
421:climate
363:species
284:caldera
253:History
227:economy
194:
109:Country
1944:Sports
1584:
1576:
1464:
1437:
1249:pomace
1178:-like
1125:prunes
1045:pepper
983:, and
977:Lisbon
965:coffee
930:grappa
913:, and
911:manioc
875:quince
871:apples
811:(0.5)
806:(1.0)
801:(2.6)
796:(7.8)
791:(5.9)
786:(1.9)
781:(0.1)
766:(0.1)
761:(0.2)
756:(0.4)
497:Month
477:Köppen
407:, and
346:German
280:Brazil
231:grapes
120:Island
1856:Salto
1846:Patim
1821:Lomba
1706:Relva
1686:Corvo
1582:S2CID
1554:(PDF)
1165:sugar
1129:dates
1119:, or
981:Paris
950:juice
946:jelly
895:beans
536:Year
439:Fauna
425:frost
235:wines
171:83102
1660:Fogo
1607:2018
1574:ISSN
1462:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1430:fogo
1282:The
1127:and
1102:and
1088:The
1079:fish
1059:The
1054:meat
1021:The
922:wine
907:yams
899:corn
889:and
883:figs
855:lava
776:(0)
771:(0)
744:10.3
739:10.1
734:11.1
729:12.6
724:12.3
719:12.2
714:11.3
709:10.4
674:13.5
669:12.7
664:14.2
659:15.5
654:15.6
649:15.2
644:14.5
639:13.7
634:13.1
629:12.3
624:11.8
619:11.5
614:11.7
604:16.7
599:15.4
594:17.4
589:18.4
584:18.9
579:18.3
574:17.7
569:17.1
564:16.4
559:15.9
554:15.4
549:14.9
544:14.8
533:Dec
530:Nov
527:Oct
524:Sep
521:Aug
518:Jul
515:Jun
512:May
509:Apr
506:Mar
503:Feb
500:Jan
433:fuel
211:Fogo
191:lit.
125:Fogo
1566:doi
1530:hdl
1520:doi
1207:in
1184:air
1039:or
926:Chã
814:524
794:198
789:151
704:9.8
699:8.8
694:8.3
689:8.2
684:8.7
491:ASL
480:BSk
290:to
244:or
163:697
1971::
1580:.
1572:.
1562:18
1560:.
1556:.
1528:.
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1092:,
1081:,
1063:,
1025:,
997:EU
987:.
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959:,
909:,
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901:,
897:,
885:,
881:,
809:12
804:25
799:67
784:49
754:11
401:,
395:,
389:,
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377:,
371:,
237:.
213:,
189:;
168:ID
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1568::
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