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2828:, spread along a line extending from Yerevan to Van and Erzinjan. On 2 February, Turkish forces launched an attack at the disintegrated Caucasus front that was abandoned by Russian Troops. Having defeated the scattered and poorly-organized Georgian and Armenian units, Ottoman forces quickly recovered the territories that were lost previously to Imperial Russia in 1915-17, The Ottomans invaded the former Russian possessions in the Caucasus and the Secession of the Region from Russia. The Third Army's offense headed by Vehib Pasha began on February 5. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7, Erzincan on February 13, Bayburt on February 19, Tercan on February 22, and the Black Sea port of Trabzon on February 24. The incoming sea-borne reinforcements began to disenbark at Trabzon. Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum followed over the following two weeks. By March 24 the Ottoman forces were crossing the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory.
2454:
This front was quiet from
October till the end of the year. Yudenich used this period to reorganize. Around the start of 1916, Russian forces reached a level of 200,000 men and 380 pieces of artillery. On the other side the situation was very different; the Ottoman High Command failed to make up the losses during this period. The war in Gallipoli was sucking all the resources and manpower. The IX, X and XI Corps could not be reinforced and in addition to that the 1st and 5th Expeditionary Forces were deployed to Mesopotamia. Enver Pasha, after not achieving his ambitions or recognizing the dire situation on other fronts, decided that the region was of secondary importance. As of January 1916, Ottoman forces were 126,000 men, with only 50,539 being combatants. There were 74,057 rifles, 77 machine guns, and 180 pieces of artillery. The Ottoman force in the Caucasus campaign was large on paper, but not on the ground. The Ottomans assumed that the Russians would not bother to attack. This assumption turned out to be false.
2915:
the siege. Independent of this, it was clear to all involved that the
Armenians, surrounded, outnumbered, and cut off from relief, could not hold the city indefinitely. As a result, the garrison scrambled for a way to negotiate their way out without having to fight for the city. The Ottomans agreed to let the garrison peacefully exit the city, but only if they would surrender the entire fortress and its armory intact. General Nazarbekov, the Armenian Corps Commander based in Yerevan acting through a French intermediary, agreed to the surrender of the city and its garrison on April 25, 1918. At the same time the batteries surrounding the city were occupied and in the evening a regiment from the Ottoman I Caucasian Corps entered into the city and took it under control. The Ottomans obtained 11,000 rifles, 2 million bullets, 67 cannons, and 19 machine guns from the surrender.
407:
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2804:(Erzincan Cease-fire Agreement) was signed by the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan. It ended the fighting between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Between December and February 7 the regiments of the Armenian Corps were immediately hustled off to the front. They created a spectacle en route, for, to the amazement of the homeward-bound Russian soldiers, they were moving toward, not away from, the forward lines. Russian soldiers left equipment and guns to the newly constructed Armenian national army. After the nationalization (or "democratization" in some sources) of these left over forces throughout 1917, there was no effective Russian military force in the region by the end of 1917 .
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2450:. Russian forces began to march from Manzikert towards Mush. However, they were not aware of the fact that the Turkish IX Corps, together with the 17th and 28th Divisions was moving to Mush as well. Although the conditions were extremely difficult, the Turks were executing a very efficient reorganization. 1st and 5th Expeditionary Forces were positioned to the south of the Russian offensive force and a "Right Wing Group" was established under the command of Brigadier General Abdülkerim Paşa. This group was independent from the Third Army and Abdülkerim Paşa was directly reporting to Enver Paşa. The Turks were ready to face the Russian attacks.
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2269:, the city was captured by the Turks. This was an operation commanded by the German Lt. Col. Stange. The mission of Stange Bey Detachment was to conduct highly visible operations to distract and pin down Russian units. Stange Bey's initial mission was to operate in the Chorok region. The unit was materially assisted by the rebellious Adjars of the country, who seized the road. Later Enver modified the original plan toward supporting the Battle of Sarikamish. Stange Bey Detachment was ordered to cut the Russian support link to Sarikamish-Kars line. On January 1, this unit was in Ardahan.
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2985:. Early in June, the Ottoman army under Vehip Pasha renewed its offensive on the main road to Tiflis, where they confronted a joint German-Georgian force. On June 10, the 3rd Army attacked and took many prisoners, leading to an official threat from Berlin to withdraw all of its troops and support for the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government had to concede to German pressure and to halt, for the moment, a further advance into Georgia, reorienting its strategic direction towards Azerbaijan and
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2206:. The official Russian declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire came on November 2. The established force for this goal was 25 infantry battalions, 37 cavalry units and 120 artillery guns. It had two wings. On the right-wing, the Russian I Corps crossed the border and moved from Sarikamish toward the direction of Köprüköy. They reached Köprüköy on November 4. On the left-wing, the Russian IV Corps moved from Yerevan to Pasinler Plains. The commander of 3rd Army,
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establishment of national
Armenian and Georgian forces within the Army to slow down the disintegration. The problems of demobilization of Russian Army (on all fronts Russians had the same problems) would in a way bring the end of the Russian government and help the Bolsheviks to come into power easily. In November 1917, the first government of the independent Transcaucasia was created in Tbilisi as the "Transcaucasian Commissariat (
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2481:. The winter is not normally a time for military activity in this part of the world. The bitter cold and terrible roads contributed greatly to the annihilation of Enver Pasha's 3rd Army in the previous year. The Russian General Yudenich viewed this as an opportunity to take the Ottomans by surprise. The Russians achieved total surprise and destroyed an Ottoman division that was in winter quarters in the
2931:(May 21–24). Although the Armenians managed to inflict a defeat on the Ottomans, the Armenian army was scattered. Meanwhile, there was a fruitless German-mediated peace conference between the Ottoman and Transcaucasian governments at Batumi, which closed on May 24, 1918. Two days later, Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by
2276:, the 3rd Army received the order to advance towards Kars. In the face of the 3rd Army's advance, Governor Vorontsov planned to pull the Russian Caucasus Army back to Kars. Yudenich ignored Vorontsov's wish to withdraw. He stayed to defend Sarikamis. Enver Pasha assumed personal command of the 3rd Army and ordered it into battle against the Russian troops.
3108:, said many atrocities were carried out against the local Turks and Kurds by the Russian army and its Armenian volunteer units. A large part of the local Muslim Turks and Kurds fled west after the Russian invasion of 1916. According to some reports, the number of Muslims killed by the troops of the Russian coalition is 600,000 people.
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government; and to the north the
Russian Red Army was steadily moving southward having defeated Denikin's White Russian forces. ADR officially surrendered to the Soviets, but many generals and local Azeri militias kept resisting the advance of the Soviet forces and it took a while for the Soviets to stabilize the newly proclaimed
3137:. The ethnic cleansings and massacres resulted in the deaths of between 600,000 to 1.5 million Armenians, the destruction of thousands of years of Armenian heritage in the form of monasteries, churches, cemeteries, houses, schools, and other buildings, a massive expansion of the Armenian diaspora in countries like
3558:"Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire" (London: HMSO, 1920). Page 778. Note: British Indian Army only. Details for British Indian Army personnel in Dunsterforce: unknown officers, 158 other ranks, and 23 followers dead from all causes. Unknown followers and officers and 15 other ranks wounded.
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left behind by the decaying
Russian Army. Alternative estimates given by the Ottoman Army state that the Armenian army numbered 50,000 men by the beginning of 1918, while post-war Russian sources put Armenia's strength as two veteran rifle divisions, three brigades of volunteers, and one brigade of cavalry.
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on August 10, 1920. The
Russians held the strategic initiative throughout the war, culminating in operations in 1916 when two of the most combat-ready Turkish armies were virtually destroyed. By 1917, it was planned to completely capture Ottoman Iraq, the Russians were supposed to take Mosul, but the
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with 66 battalions consisting of 30,000 combatants, 177 machine guns, and 157 cannons. The number of machine guns, animals, supply, transportation and clothing were all problematic. Russia had strengthened
Erzurum and Trabzon. Russia had 9; the Ottomans had 3 planes. The Russian forces were in a line
2488:
On
February 16, Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the city, as Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army. The difference was not big enough to be decisive, so Yudenich's plan was to attack the center of the Ottoman defenses, with the key attack falling in a
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turned over the city of Van. With Van secure, fighting shifted farther west for the rest of the summer. Ottoman forces continued to be pushed back. The region south of Lake Van was extremely vulnerable. The Turks had to defend a line of more than 600 kilometers with only 50,000 men and 130 pieces of
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ordered a total retreat. On
January 7, the remaining forces began their march towards Erzurum. The resulting Battle of Sarikamish became a stunning defeat. Only 10% of the Army managed to retreat back to its starting position. The entire IX Corps surrendered to the Russians. By mid-January less than
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From all countries
Armenians are hurrying to enter the ranks of the glorious Russian Army, with their blood to serve the victory of the Russian Army... Let the Russian flag wave freely over the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, Let your will the peoples remaining under the Turkish yoke receive freedom.
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Japan provided support to Russia on the Caucasus Front, although direct participation of Japanese troops in combat operations was limited. As early as November–December 1914, Japan began supplying Russia with a large number of domestically produced rifles (6.5 mm caliber). Some of these weapons were
2068:
Contrary to initial Turkish opinion, the Armenian force was actually rather well-equipped and trained. The infantry were made up of veteran soldiers of the Druzhiny units which had fought alongside the Russians for almost four years, and they were allowed to—and did—recover the best of the equipment
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had previously ordered the city to surrender at first contact with the Ottomans, doing so without the notice of the Armenian members of his coalition government; while not followed, the order threw the defenders into confusion and partly caused the exodus of thousands of civilians before and during
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and its garrison of 3,000 troops after two days of light fighting. On April 23, 1918, the Ottomans laid siege to the fortress city of Kars, now under the effective control of Armenian and non-Bolshevik Russian troops. The fortress had been strengthened considerably by the Russians since its capture
2453:
On September 24, Grand Duke Nicholas was promoted to being in charge of all Russian forces in the Caucasus. In reality, he was removed from being Supreme Commander of the Russian Caucasus Army which was the highest executive position for the Caucasus campaign. His replacement was General Yudenich.
2399:
On May 6, the Russian advance began through the Tortum Valley towards Erzurum. The Ottoman 29th and 30th Divisions managed to stop this assault. The Ottoman X Corps counter-attacked the Russian forces. But on the southern part of this advance, Ottoman forces were not as successful as they have been
3298:
On April 27, 1920, the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) received a notice that the Soviet army was about to cross the northern border and invade the ADR. In the west, there was a war over Karbakh with Armenia; in the east, the local Azeri communists were rebelling against the
3092:
and Andrey Borisyuk estimate the Ottoman combat losses at 300,000. Using records from the Ottoman Archives, the American historian Edward J. Erickson estimated Ottoman losses in this campaign by battle or phase, with a total of 235,733 battle casualties (83,083 killed in action, 113,570 critically
2602:
put a stop to all Russian military operations. The Russian forces began to conduct withdrawals. Neither the Russian soldiers nor the Russian people wanted to continue the war. The Russian army slowly disintegrated. Starting from the spring of 1917, the situation was completely disadvantageous as a
2538:
the organization of the defense of the region in August. The region was controlled by the 2nd Army. When Mustafa Kemal was assigned to his post, the enemy forces were in constant advance. Fighting around the east side of Lake Van continued throughout the summer but was inconclusive. In the earlier
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began. The Armenian defenders were protecting 30,000 residents and 15,000 refugees with 1,500 able bodied riflemen who were supplied with 300 rifles and 1,000 pistols and antique weapons. The conflict lasted more than three weeks until General Yudenich's force came to rescue them. General Yudenich
2316:
In February, General Yudenich was praised for the victory and promoted to commander-in-chief of all Russian troops in the Caucasus. The Allies (British and France) asked Russia to relieve the pressure on the Western front. In return, Russia asked the Allies to relieve pressure in the Caucasus by a
2108:
Japanese volunteers also fought in the ranks of the Russian army on the Caucasus Front. Two soldiers are known to have died in battle in January 1916, while another 9 Japanese continued to fight as part of the Caucasian Army. The press raised the question of possibly dispatching Japanese troops to
2333:
During March the strategic situation remained stable. The completely devastated 3rd Army received new blood through reinforcements from the 1st and 2nd Armies, although these supplements were not stronger than a division. The Battle of Gallipoli was draining every Ottoman resource. Meanwhile, the
2210:
was not in favor of an offensive action in the harsh winter conditions. His plan was to remain in defense and launch a counterattack at the right time. This was overridden by the War Minister Enver Pasha. On November 7, the Turkish 3rd Army commenced its offensive with the participation of the XI
2445:
By June 13, Russian units were back to their starting line. On June 19, the Russians launched another offensive; this time northwest of Lake Van. The Russians, under Oganovski, launched an attack into the hills west of Manzikert. The Russians underestimated the size of the Ottoman army, and were
2784:
The Chief of Staff of the Armenian Corps was General Vickinski. The divisions, which comprised four regiments each, also had three regular and one depot regiment. Their total strength was 32,000 enlisted men. Besides these regular structures able men were also armed. A 40 to 50,000-strong force
2215:
Pasha had reinforced the XI Corps on the left flank. The 3rd Army began to push the Russians back with the support of the cavalry. The 3rd Infantry Regiment managed to invade Köprüköy after the Azap Offensive between November 17 and 20. The front had stabilized by the end of November, with the
2807:
At the turn of 1918, the Allied Powers, the Cossacks in the south, the Georgians, the Pontic Greeks, and the Armenians were willing to build a resistance line against the Ottomans through gathering in the region. In case of an agreement between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, this was the only
2709:
On September 14, 1917, the Russian army in the region, which was about to completely disintegrate, lost commanding authority, and the tendency of the villagers for plundering had increased. Towards the end of autumn, the Chief General of the Caucasus Front Przhevalskii had already ordered the
2918:
On May 11, a new peace conference opened at Batum, at which the Ottomans extended their demands to include Tiflis as well as Alexandropol and Echmiadzin. The Armenian and Georgian members of the Republic's delegation stalled. The Ottoman army moved once again on May 21, leading to the
2570:
By late September, the Ottoman attack ended. The cost for the 2nd Army was 30,000 killed and wounded. The Russians strengthened their lines. They were strong enough to respond with counteroffensives two weeks after the launch of the Ottoman offensive. The Russians held up the advance.
2577:
The rest of the year 1916 was spent by the Turks making organizational and operational changes in the Caucasian front. Fortunately for the Ottoman commanders, the Russians were quiet during this period. The winter of 1916–17 was extremely harsh, which made fighting nearly impossible.
2895:
accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position. The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. Tiflis acknowledged the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.
3132:
to die of disease, abuse by guards, massacres, Kurdish raids along the way, and starvation or, if they refused, be indiscriminately massacred. Both scenarios accomplished the goal of the Ottoman Turks, removal of Armenians from their homelands to continue their occupation of
1916:(Armen Karo) was also united to this force. Initially, they had 20,000 men, but throughout the conflicts, it was reported that their number increased. At the turn of 1916, Nikolai Yudenich decided to either merge these units under the Russian Caucasus Army or dismantle them.
2539:
periods of the campaign, the XVI Corps managed to take Bitlis and Mush. Ahmet İzzet Paşa decided to attack one week after the conclusion of the Russian offensive. A military force was gathered and sent marching along the coast. The Second Army advanced on August 2. While
2019:
By the beginning of 1918, the Armenian National Army (made up of 17,000 former troops of the Russian army augmented by 4,000 local volunteers) numbered some 20,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, and according to Allen and Muratoff, on 1 January 1918, the Armenian Corps had:
2300:
After this, Enver gave up command. The Armenian volunteer units were definitely a factor in their defeat, as they challenged the Ottoman operations during critical times, and his experience may have been one of the catalysts that led the Three Pashas, of which one was
2797:
from the west of Trabzon, along the Erzincan-Kemah passage, passing through south of Tunceli and Murat waters to Lake Van and to Baskale. On this line, the Russian army against the Third Army had 86,000 combatants and 146 cannons. The situation was a stalemate.
1879:. By 1917, when the Russian Caucasus Army disintegrated, there were 110,000–120,000 soldiers of Armenian ethnicity. This number approached 150,000 for the total Armenians (including other Allied forces) in the Near East where they opposed the Ottoman forces.
1660:
with Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gaining independence. However, conflict continued as the Ottoman Empire was still engaged with the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia, and the Dunsterforce of the British Empire until the
2890:
convened on March 14. Enver Pasha offered to surrender all claims in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman re-acquisition of the east Anatolian provinces as agreed to at Brest-Litovsk. On April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation
2617:
On March 1, the order "Number–1" published by Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies included paragraphs envisioning democratization of the army. This written command enabled military units to elect their representatives. On March 9, 1917,
2904:
in 1877, and the garrison was strong and well-stocked. The garrison numbered some 10,000 men, and they had at their disposal 154 fixed artillery pieces, 67 reserve artillery pieces, 46 fortress machine guns, 20 reserve machine guns, and 11,000 rifles.
2610:, the Ottoman units were "almost always" in a disastrous situation trying to hold onto regions in the occupied Ottoman lands. The Ottoman forces could not take advantage of the chaotic situation during 1917, as their units were not in good shape.
2489:
weakly held sector. While diversionary attacks held the attention of Mahmut Kamil near the Deve-Boyun ridge, Russian forces broke through at Forts Kara-gobek and Tafet. The result was that both rings of the cities' defenses had been penetrated.
2597:
The military situation did not change during the spring of 1917. The Russian plans for a renewed attack never substantiated. Meanwhile, Russia was in political and social turmoil. It was also influencing the army ranks. The chaos caused by the
3068:
2289:
18000 of the 95000 Turks who fought the campaign survived. 30000 are said to have died of cold. The mean elevation of the district was 6500 feet above sea level and the Turkish army was supplied by a single railway and snowbound roads.
2721:. However, the Transcaucasian Sejm failed to stop the degradation of forces in the region into smaller national forces. While Armenians sent representatives to the Transcaucasian Sejm, at the same time the Eastern Armenian leaders at
3093:
wounded and 39,080 prisoners). Kernosovsky however, reports that 100,000 Ottomans were captured. Oleynikov, using Russian reports on the transportation of prisoners to work also estimates there were about 100,000 Ottoman prisoners.
1835:. At the beginning of the conflict, the combined forces of the Ottomans ranged from 100,000 to 190,000 men. At the beginning of 1916, the Turks sent huge reinforcements to the Caucasus consisting of troops who had previously won the
2334:
Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south. Military action never escalated above small-scale skirmishes—the Ottomans simply did not have enough forces to secure the whole East Anatolian region.
2392:), claimed that the Armenians in this region organized under the leadership of the Russians and rebelled against his government. He claimed the defense of Van from Ottoman massacres to be an example. This was the beginning of the
2808:
strategy to continue fighting against the Ottomans. The Armenians that kept their position in the region after the withdrawal of the Russian soldiers from the Caucasian front had taken support of 1 million rubles from Britain.
2725:
tried to established an Armenian Army Corps. Armenians had planned to keep their existence based on a political strategy of being supportive of the Allies and Russia and to establish their national army with Russian support.
2211:
Corps and all cavalry units. The Russians gained territory after the withdrawal of the 18th and the 30th Divisions. Ottoman forces managed to maintain their positions at Köprüköy. By November 12, the Turkish IX Corps with
2216:
Russians having advanced 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis. There was Russian success along the southern shoulders of the offensive where Armenian volunteers were effective and took
7531:
1704:. A success in this region would mean a diversion of Russian forces to this front from the Polish and Galician fronts. A Caucasus campaign would have a distracting effect on Russian forces. The plan found sympathy with
1891:
were established under the Russian armed forces. It was initially established as detachment units (rather than part of Russian Caucasus Command) under the Viceroyalty of the Caucasus. These forces were commanded by
2104:
In November 1916, at the request of the Russian Naval Department, 12 Japanese divers and technicians led by Captain Tanaka Kotaro were sent to Sevastopol to participate in raising the dreadnought "Empress Maria".
2634:
as the highest organ of civil administrative body in Transcaucasia. The new government reassigned General Yudenich to a position in Central Asia. General Yudenich retired from the army following the assignment.
2871:. The treaty also stipulated that Transcaucasia was to be declared independent. In addition to these provisions, a secret clause was inserted which obliged the Russians to demobilize Armenian national forces.
2531:(July 2–25). On July 2, Erzincan was captured. The Ottoman offensive against Trabzon was halted as they tried to stabilize their front lines to prevent the Russians from entering Anatolia and Mesopotamia.
2312:
On January 18, 1915, the Lt. Col. Stange's Turkish unit was recalled from the area around Ardahan. It was to stay behind the lines in the region; only on March 1, 1915, did it regain its initial position.
2325:
which aimed at capturing the Ottoman capital helped the Russian forces on this front. On February 12, the commander of the 3rd Army Hafiz Hakki Pasha died of typhus and was replaced by Brigadier General
1668:
The Turkish genocide of the Armenians began in April 1915 when 250 Armenians were arrested. The official reason was that the Armenians were in league with the Russians and could serve as a potential
1533:
3693:
3088:
Kernosovsky reports the Ottomans lost 350,000 casualties and 650 guns. Allen and Muratoff report the Ottoman casualties to have exceeded 300,000. This includes losses from sickness and desertion.
2094:
Japanese Prince Kan'in-no-miya Kotohito sent General Zenziro Ishizaka to Tiflis to present the Order of the Chrysanthemum to the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus Front, Nicholas Nikolaevich.
2500:(March 2 – August 24), driving the Ottoman army before it. Bitlis was the last defence point for the Ottoman Army to prevent the Russians from moving into central Anatolia and Mesopotamia.
2567:. After fighting from 1–9 August 1916, the Ottoman Army was overwhelmed and the entire region fell to the Russian Empire and Armenian volunteers, and thus an assault on Van was prevented.
4137:
3183:
to the Allies, but the borders in the Caucasus were not settled. Two years after the armistice, a peace treaty was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at
2330:
Pasha. Kamil faced the daunting task of putting the Ottoman army back in order. The military planners back in Istanbul were scared of the Russians advancing deeper into the mainland.
2839:
made it possible for the Armenian population of Van to escape from the Ottoman Army to Eastern Armenia. He and his troops fought between Mountainous Karabagh and Zangezur where the
2097:
Hirata Tomoo, the Japanese consul in Moscow, was sent to the Caucasus Front in the summer of 1917. After the revolution, he remained at the front to participate in the intervention.
6854:
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7053:
3307:
effectively surrendered. On December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) made up of mostly Armenians from mountainous Karabakh entered Yerevan. On December 6,
3192:
prevented this. After Russia's actual withdrawal from the war, the Turks returned almost all of their territories, but were unable to capture Armenia. With the subsequent
1395:
2874:
3085:
report there was an irrecoverable loss of 50,000. The Ottomans are reported to have taken 9,216 prisoners in the Caucasus up until the collapse of the Russian Empire.
1014:
6951:
2627:
388:
6588:
6412:
5752:
1438:
1405:
2407:. On May 17, Russian forces entered the town of Van. On May 21, General Yudenich arrived in the city, received the keys to the city and citadel and confirmed the
7030:
2496:. The other part moved in the direction of Mush and Bitlis .These units pushed the 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and
897:
7058:
5565:
1308:
1814:, Mazendaran, Asdrabad and Khorasan. In 1914, before the war, the British government had contracted with the company for the supply of oil-fuel for the navy.
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6973:
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revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded, except for a few thousand Armenian volunteers equipped with castoff Russian arms, commanded by
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formed from this armed civilian population. In Baku alone, the Russian army left 160 cannons, 180 machine guns, and 160 million cartridges to the Armenians.
2134:
1390:
7353:
3035:
In October, Ottoman troops pursued General Andranik's Armenian forces into mountainous Karabagh and Zangezur. The conflict was fierce, but indecisive. The
2309:
only a few months later. After his return to Constantinople, Enver blamed this defeat on Armenians living in the region actively siding with the Russians.
2434:
officer who served in the Ottoman army, participated in the Siege of Van and after the war wrote one of the best accounts of the battle and its aftermath.
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7016:
3063:
7256:
6946:
6897:
6812:
2005:
1875:, and Pirumov who stayed in Caucasia. The Russian Caucasus Army dissipated in 1917 as the regular Russian regiments deserted the front line after the
7100:
1129:
5286:
2438:
On May 27, during the Russian offensive, the interior minister of Talat Pasha ordered a forced deportation of all Armenians out of region with the
1859:. At the onset of the Caucasus campaign, the Russians had to redeploy almost half of their forces to the Prussian front due to the defeats at the
6941:
6299:
2080:
was appointed in 1917 to lead an Allied force of under 1,000 Australian, British, Canadian and New Zealand troops, accompanied by armored cars.
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7481:
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which had previously been part of the Russian Army. During 1918 the region also saw the establishment of the Central Caspian Dictatorship, the
5730:
1763:
that a lasting postwar settlement demanded full Russian possession of Constantinople (the capital city of the Ottoman Empire), the straits of
7541:
5792:
3205:
2907:
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1400:
610:
344:
221:
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7001:
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3024:, although it only had somewhere between 14,000 and 25,000 men. All were Muslims and most spoke Turkish. In July, he ordered them into the
1431:
1380:
406:
213:
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5916:
5370:
3051:. The Armistice enabled General Andranik to create a base for further advancing eastward and to form a strategic corridor extending into
2091:
In July 1916, artillery captain Tokinori Tsurumatsu became the first foreign officer to receive permission to be with the Caucasian Army.
890:
828:
660:
649:
461:
252:
2173:
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from the Turks in 1877 and feared an Ottoman advance into the Caucasus aimed at retaking Kars and the port of Batum. In March 1915, the
7496:
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3725:. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I. Vol. 4. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. pp. 499–503.
1351:
3073:, writing in 1938, reports the Russian casualties for the campaign as: 22,000 killed, 71,000 wounded, 6,000 captured and up to 20,000
7491:
5923:
5310:
Ulrichson, Kristian Coates (2014). The First World War in the Middle East (Hurst, London) (The Caucacus Campaigns, Chapter 3 pp53–74)
2932:
1798:
The British worked with Russian revolutionary troops to prevent Enver Pasha's goal of establishing an independent Transcaucasia. The
577:
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3255:
1334:
654:
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6309:
6211:
5969:
5616:
1424:
1385:
7375:
7365:
7233:
2161:
883:
3497:
Eugene Rogan. The Fall of the Ottomans The Great War in the Middle East — Basic Books, 2015. — 460 p. — ISBN 978-0-465-02307-3
7147:
7081:
6918:
6797:
6470:
5489:
5345:
5230:
5197:
5156:
5133:
5095:
4968:
4917:
4869:
4842:
4767:
Northeastern Frontiers 1914: 11,223 (1,983 Killed in Action (KIA), 6,170 Wounded in Action (WIA), 3,070 Prisoner of War (POW)
4523:
4512:საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია: კავკასიის კარი - საქართველოს ჩრდილოეთი კარიბჭე : 25-27 ივნისი, 2021 : მასალები
4018:
3482:
1981:
1920:
1584:
1232:
1215:
1122:
56:
2527:
During July, General Yudenich then countered the Ottoman attack with an offensive of his own towards Erzincan. This was the
7322:
6742:
5527:
3300:
2936:
2606:
Until the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Ottoman Empire's possible operation in Caucasia could not be imagined. After the
2254:
1791:. The Russian Tsarist regime planned to replace the Muslim population of Northern Anatolia and Istanbul with more reliable
1262:
375:
2420:
artillery. They were clearly outnumbered by the Russians. The region was mountainous, thus difficult to attack or defend.
7093:
6417:
6045:
5550:
2232:
2125:
1848:
1630:
1303:
857:
7307:
2642:
the Russians sponsored a conference to consider emergency measures and adopted plans to form a 20,000 man militia under
2492:
In April, the Caucasus army moved in two directions from Erzurum. Part went north and captured the ancient port city of
2244:
Let the Armenian people of Turkey who have suffered for the faith of Christ receive resurrection for a new free life...
1802:
was in the proposed path of Ottoman ambitions, and owned the exclusive rights to work petroleum deposits throughout the
7292:
6582:
5984:
5742:
5012:
4889:
3367:
3316:
2603:
renewed typhus, scurvy and similar problems resulting from hygiene and food, became very common in the Caucasian army.
2084:
sent to the Caucasian Army. In total, about 300,000 Japanese rifles were supplied to the Caucasus and Northern fronts.
1864:
1356:
17:
5033:
4034:
Pavlov, D.B. (2014). "Japanese military observers Captains Takeda and Obata on the Caucasus front. Winter 1916-1917".
1633:
soon disintegrated and was replaced by the forces of the newly established Transcaucasian state, comprising partly of
7167:
6861:
6677:
5949:
5420:
4993:
4740:
4706:
4677:
4610:
4582:
4548:
4481:
4456:
4431:
4403:
4378:
4353:
4295:
4231:
4206:
4181:
4150:
3920:
3872:
3847:
3799:
3730:
3457:
3389:
3339:
3012:
2868:
2318:
2012:
was also organized through these units. It was mentioned that Adrianic had 150,000 men. After the declaration of the
1985:
1867:, leaving behind just 60,000 troops. However, this army had much greater Armenian support with the Armenian generals
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1448:
866:
631:
5313:
3047:
was signed on October 30. By then the Ottomans had re-captured all the territory which they lost to the Russians in
2970:
Armenians in the mountainous Karabag region resisted the Ottoman 3rd Army throughout the summer and established the
7526:
7501:
6347:
5385:
2619:
1115:
2788:
On October 23, during the October Revolution, the Ottoman Third Army was protecting the 190 km area from the
1056:
7486:
7418:
7223:
7203:
6990:
6926:
6749:
6618:
5522:
5442:
5380:
2971:
2840:
1839:, their total number was 445 battalions, 159 squadrons, as well as about 12,000 Kurds Many were poorly equipped.
1642:
1257:
1152:
6083:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7198:
6892:
5537:
5512:
5410:
3534:
3379:
3251:
2952:
2940:
2924:
2631:
1685:
1564:
1560:
1274:
1227:
949:
709:
584:
560:
333:
328:
304:
299:
190:
148:
144:
2614:
moved five divisions out of the region because of the pressure from the British in Palestine and Mesopotamia.
643:
7193:
7188:
7152:
7086:
6978:
6824:
6407:
6259:
5797:
5725:
5656:
5425:
5395:
5390:
3258:
over Karabakh and Nakhichevan, with Armenia losing both due to Soviet intervention in favor of the anti west
3077:; giving a total of 119,000 as well as 8 guns lost. For the lesser period of June–September 1916, historians
2714:)" which replaced the "Transcaucasian Committee" following the Bolshevik seizure of power in St. Petersburg.
2639:
2520:
2408:
2385:
974:
2118:
7516:
7142:
6769:
6709:
6606:
6511:
6274:
6060:
5764:
5603:
5502:
5214:
3895:
3320:
3209:
3197:
2548:
2540:
2477:
In early January, Yudenich secretly left his winter quarters and marched towards the major Ottoman fort at
1966:
1856:
1832:
1576:
1368:
1361:
1247:
714:
696:
400:
7476:
7380:
6817:
6802:
6660:
6612:
6377:
5928:
5802:
5715:
5710:
5479:
5467:
5462:
4934:
4755:
Arslan, Nebahat Oran: Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Türkiye'de Rus Savaş Esirleri , Istanbul 2008, pp. 112–113
3521:
See cited numbers on the following pages for battles outside of the specific June–September 1916 period:
2544:
2100:
Japanese military observers, Captains Takeda and Obata, operated on the front in the winter of 1916–1917.
1860:
1828:
1736:
1709:
1522:
1181:
1164:
1159:
685:
466:
5989:
2427:
7511:
7360:
7317:
6594:
6352:
6337:
6239:
6108:
5676:
5588:
5545:
5119:
4316:
Persia: The Stepping Stone To India. Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I, vol iv
4142:
4005:
Mikhailova, S.A. (2022). "Japanese Military in the Russian Army on the Fronts of the First World War".
3891:
3530:
3243:
3229:
3078:
3025:
2978:
2974:. In August, they set up an independent government in Shusha, the administrative center of the region.
2599:
2447:
2404:
1962:
1756:
1626:
1622:
The Russian military campaign started on 1 November 1914 with the Russian invasion of Turkish Armenia.
1346:
1281:
1024:
943:
737:
264:
7302:
7070:
6654:
6642:
6397:
6382:
6103:
5994:
5688:
5666:
5415:
5405:
5338:
3394:
3304:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3101:
3097:, based on documents from the Russian embassy in Paris, reports there were 65,000 Ottoman prisoners.
2959:
2948:
2507:
Russian soldiers uncover the evidence of a massacre in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan (in
2344:, Armenian troops holding a defense line against Ottoman forces in the walled city of Van in May 1915
2013:
1799:
1556:
1009:
638:
450:
439:
428:
238:
140:
30:
This article is about the World War I military campaign. For the World War II military campaign, see
6249:
2353:
began an offensive (May 6) moving into Ottoman territory. One wing of this offensive headed towards
7277:
6764:
6754:
6683:
6636:
6624:
6564:
6372:
6367:
6289:
5698:
5671:
5375:
5244:
3263:
3237:
2883:
2560:
2416:
2362:
1938:) during these conflicts. These civilian forces generally organized around famous leaders, such as
1888:
1851:
stationed here, with 100,000 men under the nominal command of the Governor-General of the Caucasus
1780:
1638:
1634:
1078:
1019:
617:
39:
2466:
7348:
7340:
7282:
7042:
6737:
6500:
6327:
6322:
6254:
6113:
6098:
6093:
6073:
5954:
5831:
3331:
2848:
1721:
1653:
995:
671:
6294:
4885:
7115:
6839:
6774:
6630:
6357:
6284:
6234:
6219:
6201:
6174:
6088:
6055:
5720:
5681:
5661:
5472:
5365:
4518:(in Georgian and English). TSU, Iv. Javaxishvilis saxelobis istoriisa da etnologiis Instituti.
4246:"the delay enabled the Russian Caucasus Army to concentrate sufficient force around Sarikamish"
3000:
2551:
was in the south facing the insurgency and the second branch of the Russian army under General
1169:
31:
4859:
4574:
4568:
4510:
4287:
4281:
4173:
4167:
4110:
3315:
entered the city, thus effectively ending all existence of the First Republic of Armenia. The
1739:. The Eastern Front had the most Russian manpower and resources. Russia had taken the city of
7105:
6759:
6648:
6424:
6387:
6317:
6264:
6186:
6154:
6128:
6078:
6009:
5911:
5864:
5648:
5517:
5400:
5280:
4904:
4669:
4663:
4419:
4256:
3824:
3021:
2997:
went to Berlin to negotiate a treaty — which was aborted by the German collapse in November.
2981:
to compete with the Ottomans for Caucasian influence and resources, notably the oilfields at
2928:
2801:
2556:
2373:
2349:
2341:
2224:
2153:
1913:
1725:
1652:
On March 3, 1918, the campaign had terminated between the Ottoman Empire and Russia with the
1242:
938:
1760:
7455:
7370:
6050:
6024:
5974:
5331:
5111:
Statistics of Democide: Statistics Of Russian Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources
4266:
3526:
2920:
2736:
2607:
2273:
2259:
1901:
1477:
1041:
1030:
927:
565:
74:
5999:
2574:
From September to the Russian Revolution, the Russian Navy still dominated the Black Sea.
2515:
1988:
established a military force. The corps realigned themselves under the command of General
8:
7437:
6576:
6440:
6392:
6269:
6229:
6224:
6169:
5852:
5846:
5747:
3044:
2887:
2711:
2322:
2292:
2236:
2141:
2077:
1662:
1320:
478:
7390:
4449:
A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923
3755:
3452:. The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
3319:
was proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan. On February 25, 1921, the
3184:
3174:
7397:
7312:
6671:
6535:
6517:
6482:
6446:
6279:
6244:
6196:
6181:
6068:
6019:
5858:
5817:
5497:
3546:
3522:
3399:
3189:
3142:
2821:
2817:
2727:
2552:
2528:
2482:
2321:
gave the Russians some respite to replenish their forces. Additionally, actions at the
2195:
1989:
1876:
1868:
1836:
1807:
1596:
1237:
1096:
1066:
1061:
1003:
969:
962:
921:
433:
275:
111:
86:
60:
5125:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border. 1828—1921
3246:
soon followed over the Javakheti and Lori provinces, with Armenia gaining the latter.
1969:
that they accompanied the main Armenian units. The Russian defensive line from Van to
7430:
7424:
7385:
7287:
7120:
6703:
6558:
6541:
6342:
6164:
6144:
5979:
5964:
5894:
5882:
5583:
5560:
5268:
5226:
5193:
5152:
5129:
5091:
4989:
4964:
4913:
4865:
4838:
4736:
4702:
4673:
4606:
4578:
4544:
4519:
4477:
4452:
4427:
4399:
4374:
4349:
4291:
4227:
4202:
4177:
4146:
4077:
4065:
4014:
3916:
3868:
3843:
3817:
3795:
3726:
3538:
3478:
3453:
3384:
3308:
3267:
3193:
3129:
3125:
2990:
2718:
2393:
2306:
2285:
2266:
2149:
1993:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1897:
1517:
1341:
1293:
1174:
1051:
1046:
956:
933:
861:
589:
523:
511:
455:
78:
4935:"The Ottoman 'Islamic Army of the Caucasus' in Dagestan (1918) | War History Online"
4652:
Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918–1919. Page 27.
4424:
Russian Azerbaijan 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community
2376:
behind the retreating Russian forces, 250,000 Armenian refugees fled to the Caucasus
6488:
6458:
6452:
6362:
6191:
6159:
6149:
5888:
5812:
5807:
5735:
5555:
5455:
5181:
3138:
3094:
3089:
3052:
3048:
3036:
2967:
2911:
2892:
2836:
2789:
2647:
2643:
2564:
2503:
2497:
2199:
2001:
1954:
1909:
1893:
1325:
1313:
1298:
1286:
1267:
1196:
1191:
1036:
982:
550:
444:
201:
196:
82:
5149:
The history of Russia, which was ordered to be forgotten. Nicholas II and his time
4346:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921
4260:
3913:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921
3542:
2831:
2203:
989:
7297:
7137:
6476:
6029:
6004:
5703:
5611:
5450:
5259:
Head, Michael, S. J. (2016). "The Caspian Campaign, Part I: First Phase – 1918".
5123:
3355:
3134:
3117:
2963:
2757:
2699:
2623:
2590:
2586:
2228:
1997:
1996:
was assigned as a civilian commissioner. The frontline had three main divisions:
1905:
1872:
1657:
1375:
1201:
1186:
422:
2508:
1688:. The strategic goals of the Caucasus campaign for Ottoman forces was to retake
7130:
7110:
6781:
6494:
6332:
6123:
6014:
5870:
5774:
5757:
5239:
3327:
3217:
3201:
3029:
3005:
2994:
2944:
2646:
to be ready in December 1917. Civilian commissioner Dr. Hakob Zavriev promoted
1811:
1772:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1592:
1580:
1552:
1548:
1072:
847:
778:
702:
691:
680:
541:
530:
518:
506:
495:
484:
473:
289:
175:
115:
3867:. Middle East in the Twentieth Century. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 310.
1680:
The main objective of the Ottoman Empire was the recovery of territory in the
7470:
7241:
6529:
6523:
5959:
5876:
5787:
5307:, pp. 109–112. Viking (Published by the Penguin Group) (1914 operations)
5300:
5272:
4081:
3751:
3287:
3082:
3040:
2535:
2412:
2016:
Nazarbekian became the first Commander-in-chief of the whole Armenian state.
1803:
1784:
1705:
1572:
1208:
795:
732:
572:
535:
321:
35:
5016:
4066:"Japanese Weapons and Volunteers in the Russian Army in the First World War"
3842:. Near and Middle East Monographs. Vol. 10. Paris: Mouton. p. 73.
3668:
3039:
under Andranik's command decimated an Ottoman unit trying to advance to the
7532:
Military campaigns and theatres of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
6691:
6118:
5105:
5037:
3887:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3335:
3166:
2852:
2423:
2381:
2327:
1958:
1669:
1646:
1091:
665:
411:
4665:
Gha-Ra-Bagh!: The Emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia
3161:
1107:
6902:
6807:
6505:
5933:
5354:
3213:
3180:
3106:
Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property
2899:
On 14 April, the Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of
2776:
2692:
2611:
2368:
2302:
2212:
2207:
2008:. Another regular unit was under Colonel Korganian. The line from Van to
1768:
1729:
1713:
1612:
1588:
1507:
1252:
1140:
725:
500:
489:
363:
2681:
2220:
and Doğubeyazıt. Doğubeyazıt was the northern neighbor of Van Province.
2217:
5167:
5109:
4698:
2675:
2439:
2389:
546:
3334:
of March 1921, and was ratified in Yerevan on September 11, 1922. The
2462:
1712:'s manpower was used to achieve the desired distraction. War Minister
1684:, including regions captured by the Russian Empire as a result of the
6697:
6464:
3282:
3128:. The Armenian population was either forced on long death marches to
3121:
3074:
2793:
2431:
2401:
1852:
1764:
1724:
Muslims. The Ottoman strategic goal was to cut Russian access to the
1649:, composed of troops drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts.
1616:
1416:
720:
4138:
Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
4111:"First World War.com – Feature Articles – Who Declared War and When"
3823:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p.
875:
68:
6957:
2825:
2824:
and an even smaller force of refugees from western Anatolia led by
2658:
2354:
2109:
the Caucasus Front, but the government did not pursue this option.
2009:
1970:
1924:
1681:
2065:(N.B. the battalions fluctuated in strength from 400 to 600 men.)
27:
Armed conflicts between the Russian and Ottoman Empires during WWI
4788:
Bayburt/Erzincan 1916: 34,000 (5,600 KIA, 13,400 WIA, 17,000 POW)
3291:
3150:
2864:
2722:
2664:
2493:
2478:
2358:
2284:
On January 6, the 3rd Army headquarters found itself under fire.
2145:
1977:
1792:
1693:
1600:
5145:История России, которую приказали забыть. Николай II и его время
4283:
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
2337:
4605:. Vol. 2. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 292–293.
4543:. Vol. 2. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 288–289.
3343:
3146:
2900:
2470:
2258:
Russian propaganda poster depicting the russian victory at the
2198:, Russians crossed the frontier first. They planned to capture
1776:
1717:
1689:
1625:
In February 1917, the Russian advance was halted following the
1615:. The land warfare was accompanied by naval engagements in the
1604:
5323:
4695:
Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923
3475:
Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study
3043:. The armed conflicts between these units continued until the
2650:
to Major General. Andranik's division's composition was this:
1608:
7125:
4262:
Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War
3792:
Roads to glory – Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3312:
2856:
1788:
1701:
3898:
through a letter to French Foreign Office – December 3, 1918
2717:
The Transcaucasian Sejm was headed by a Georgian Menshevik,
5192:]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter.
4961:
Central Asia: its strategic importance and future prospects
4733:
Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects
4329:
Safrastian, A. S. (January 1916). "Narrative of Van 1915".
4255:
4199:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
3145:, and a continuous contention between the modern states of
2986:
2982:
2860:
2087:
Several Japanese officers were sent to the Caucasus Front:
1740:
1697:
4773:
Tortum/Van/Malazgirt 1915: 58,000 (19,000 KIA, 38,000 WIA)
4770:
Sarikamis 1915: 40,000 (23,000 KIA, 10,000 WIA, 7,000 MIA)
4099:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 202.
4053:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 119.
4038:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 261.
3964:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 105.
3608:
3581:
3579:
3566:
3564:
3505:
3503:
3338:
signed the Treaty of Kars, which was a treaty between the
3326:
On October 23, 1921, the end of hostilities came with the
2780:
An Armenian mother beside the corpses of her five children
5151:] (in Russian) (5th ed.). St. Petersburg: Вече.
3994:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 84.
3979:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 44.
3949:(in Russian). Moscow: Political Encyclopedia. p. 39.
3428:
3426:
2361:
of Trans-Baikal Cossacks under General Trukhin, and some
1708:. Germany supplied the missing resources and the Ottoman
5248:, pp. 351–355. Avon Books. (covers 1918 operations)
4814:
4802:
4791:
2nd Army Offensive 1916: 30,000 (10,000 KIA, 20,000 WIA)
4634:
Marshall, Alex. "The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule". p. 89.
3020:
Enver Pasha had created a new force in March, named the
4779:
Koprukoy 1916: 15,000 (4,000 KIA, 6,000 WIA, 5,000 POW)
3598:
3596:
3594:
3576:
3561:
3500:
3419:
Kuzey Kafkas Direnişi, Kafkas İslam Ordusu ve hazin son
4782:
Erzurum 1916: 15,000 (4,000 KIA, 6,000 WIA, 5,000 POW)
3423:
1716:
hoped a success would facilitate opening the route to
4988:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 237.
4794:
Armenia/Azerbaijan 1918: 4,500 (1,500 KIA, 3,000 WIA)
4426:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
4398:(in Turkish). Istanbul: Boyut Kitapları. p. 11.
4097:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
4051:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
4036:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
3992:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
3977:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
3962:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
3947:
Russian-Japanese Relations during the First World War
3650:
3648:
3448:
Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (2006).
2628:
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)
1735:
Russia viewed the Caucasus front as secondary to the
4396:
Kurtulus Savası'nda Türk-Sovyet iliskileri 1917–1923
4373:. Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 193.
3591:
2847:
On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the
2593:
territory under Russian control as of September 1917
1855:. The real commander was his chief of staff General
5255:, Yerevan, 1985. (covers conquest of Armenia, 1918)
4776:
Eliskirt Valley 1915: 10,000 (4,000 KIA, 6,000 WIA)
1831:. In 1916, they sent reinforcements and formed the
1827:The Ottomans had one army based in the region, the
3816:
3645:
3447:
1779:up to the Enos-Midia line as well as parts of the
5174:History of the Russian army: Struggle in Caucasus
5068:Other estimate: 239,733 casualties (without sick)
4668:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p.
4172:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3032:, which they took from the British in September.
7468:
4603:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
4573:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
4541:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
3323:of the Democratic Republic of Georgia happened.
3120:was depopulated of much of the entire Christian
2989:. A Georgian delegation composed of Chkhenkeli,
2626:as the Chairman to replace the Imperial Viceroy
1953:). These were generally referred to as Armenian
243:
6300:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
4785:Trabazon/Lazistan: 9,000 (3,000 KIA, 6,000 WIA)
4570:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
4451:. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 12.
4169:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
3642:Δημήτρης Φωτιάδης, Ενθυμήματα, εκδ. Κέδρος 1981
2227:visited the Caucasus campaign. The head of the
1656:, and on June 4, 1918, the Ottomans signed the
4864:. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 218.
4474:British Policy Towards Transcaucasia 1917–1921
4348:. Nashville: Battery Press. pp. 361–363.
2622:was established with Member of the State Duma
791:445 battalions, 159 squadrons and 12,000 Kurds
5339:
4837:. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–177.
4735:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 145.
4418:
4343:
3910:
3303:. On December 4, 1920, the government of the
2908:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
2886:between the Ottomans and a delegation of the
2867:, which the Russians had captured during the
1569:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1432:
1123:
891:
34:. For the 19th-century Russian invasion, see
5285:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5253:The 1918 Turkish aggression in Transcaucasus
5225:] (in Russian). Moscow: центрополиграф.
5007:
5005:
4896:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3277:
2878:Collection of civilian corpses from Erzinzan
2523:of that region in summer 1916 (Russian map).
2357:to relieve the Armenian residents of Van. A
1645:and an Allied intervention force, nicknamed
6790:
5165:
5034:"English translation of the Treaty of Kars"
4600:
4562:
4560:
4538:
4532:
3814:
3621:
3466:
3346:a republic in 1923, and representatives of
3330:. It was a successor treaty to the earlier
2951:declared its independence, followed by the
1137:
5346:
5332:
5028:
5026:
4977:
4328:
4309:
4307:
4004:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3200:) led by Enver Pasha to advance deep into
2534:After their defeat, the Ottoman Army gave
1787:and an undetermined point near the Bay of
1591:. The Caucasus campaign extended from the
1439:
1425:
1130:
1116:
898:
884:
5213:
5180:
5002:
4820:
4808:
4661:
4393:
4128:
3915:. Nashville: Battery Press. p. 458.
3819:Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918
3764:
3694:"Holocaust and Genocide studies: Armenia"
3570:
3509:
2933:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein
2446:surprised by a large Turkish force which
312:
229:
6589:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
5210:pp. 158–160. (covers 1915 fighting)
5169:История русской армии: Борьба на Кавказе
5142:
5081:
4902:
4557:
4471:
4344:Allen, W. E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1999).
4279:
4134:
4063:
3911:Allen, W. E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1999).
3837:
3585:
3472:
3432:
3281:
3160:
3130:camps in the middle of the Syrian desert
3011:
2999:
2873:
2830:
2775:
2585:
2514:
2502:
2461:
2422:
2367:
2336:
2291:
2253:
2027:4 regiments (3 battalions in a regiment)
655:British Armoured Car Expeditionary Force
6966:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
5023:
4932:
4912:. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
4508:
4304:
4013:. St. Petersburg: Art-xpress: 643–647.
3789:
3754:(1920). "The first winter of the war".
3750:
3739:
3711:
3443:
3441:
3390:Black Sea naval campaign of World War I
3223:
2317:naval attack. The resulting operations
2167:1914, Ottoman 3rd Army with winter gear
1783:of Anatolia between the Bosphorus, the
14:
7469:
5104:
5088:The forgotten war. Russia in 1914-1918
4983:
4903:Forsythe, David P. (August 11, 2009).
4857:
4724:
4596:
4594:
4313:
4249:
4221:
4196:
4094:
4048:
4033:
4007:Japan: Civilization, Culture, Language
3989:
3974:
3959:
3944:
3862:
3654:
2296:Attack of Russian Army in the Caucasus
1547:comprised armed conflicts between the
1446:
7522:Campaigns and theatres of World War I
7482:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
6919:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
6255:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
5327:
5118:
4958:
4832:
4730:
4692:
4495:
4493:
4446:
4368:
3906:
3904:
3881:
3602:
3477:. Taylor & Francis. p. 154.
3362:(all these states formed part of the
1982:Armenian national liberation movement
1921:Armenian national liberation movement
1672:. The genocide continued until 1918.
1420:
1111:
905:
879:
57:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
7542:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
7323:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
5297:(chapter 10). (covers 1916 fighting)
5258:
4851:
4826:
4797:Prisoners of war (unassigned): 9,010
4655:
4566:
4476:. Istanbul: Isis Press. p. 52.
4165:
3794:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 131.
3438:
3301:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3256:Armenian-Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
3234:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
3111:
2937:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
2730:was selected as Commanding Officer.
2400:in the north. On May 11 the town of
7537:Battles involving Georgia (country)
7252:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
6046:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
4591:
4286:. New York: HarperCollins. p.
3723:Persia: The Stepping Stone To India
3666:
2966:. However, under the leadership of
2769:7th and 8th Alexandropol regiments.
2751:4th Erzinjan and Yerevan regiments.
2305:, to their decision to conduct the
2233:Armenian National Council of Tiflis
1973:was organized through these units.
100:October 29, 1914 – October 30, 1918
24:
5985:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
5090:] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече.
4933:Snowden, Jack (December 6, 2018).
4890:Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute
4886:"Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex"
4490:
4371:Year One of The Russian Revolution
4201:. New York: Garland. p. 174.
3901:
3779:. Vol. 28. 1920. p. 403.
3317:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
2943:was proclaimed, formalized by the
2742:1st Erzurum and Erzinjan regiment,
2620:a Special Transcaucasian Committee
2231:, along with the president of the
25:
7553:
7497:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
5319:
5219:Царствование императора Николая 2
5084:Забытая война. Россия в 1914-1918
3340:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
2756:2nd Division's commander Colonel
2543:was in the north and pushing the
1822:
38:. For the Turco-Persian war, see
7492:Wars involving Georgia (country)
6348:Second Battle of the Piave River
5970:Russian invasion of East Prussia
5295:A Short History of the Great War
5223:The Reign of Emperor Nicholas II
4963:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4601:Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004).
4539:Hovannisian, Richard G. (2004).
4226:. London: Pimlico. p. 242.
3757:A Short History of the Great War
3196:this allowed for the Ottoman's (
2172:
2160:
2133:
2117:
1665:was signed on October 30, 1918.
846:
836:
827:
815:
794:
777:
751:
731:
719:
708:
701:
690:
679:
659:
648:
637:
625:
604:
583:
571:
559:
540:
529:
517:
505:
494:
483:
472:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
405:
394:
382:
369:
357:
338:
327:
314:
298:
282:
269:
258:
245:
231:
206:
195:
184:
169:
67:
7419:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
6619:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
5353:
5062:
4952:
4926:
4878:
4758:
4749:
4715:
4686:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4502:
4465:
4440:
4412:
4387:
4362:
4337:
4322:
4273:
4240:
4215:
4190:
4159:
4103:
4088:
4057:
4042:
4027:
3998:
3983:
3968:
3953:
3938:
3929:
3856:
3831:
3808:
3783:
3686:
3660:
3636:
3627:
3204:causing the dissolution of the
2972:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
2841:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
2735:1st Division commander General
2409:Armenian provisional government
2380:On April 24, Interior minister
2179:1915, Troops of Kurdish cavalry
1847:Before the war, Russia had the
1643:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
7507:Wars involving the Circassians
7242:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
7101:Deportations from East Prussia
6898:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
5128:. Cambridge university press.
4472:Çaglayan, Kaya Tuncer (2004).
3552:
3535:Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)
3515:
3491:
3411:
3216:and won a decisive victory at
3116:During the Caucasus campaign,
3004:Armenian defenders during the
2953:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
2941:Democratic Republic of Georgia
2925:Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)
2638:During the summer, during the
2632:Russian Provisional Government
2113:Forces engaged at the campaign
1967:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
1955:partisan guerrilla detachments
191:Russian Provisional Government
127:
73:Clockwise, from top left: The
13:
1:
7153:Ukrainian Canadian internment
5075:
4693:Busch, Briton Cooper (1976).
3790:Bobroff, Ronald Park (2006).
3673:Turkey in the First World War
3058:
3028:, with the goal of occupying
2869:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2760:was also assigned by Erivan:
2640:occupation of Turkish Armenia
2350:resistance at the city of Van
2265:On December 15, 1914, at the
2184:
1675:
870:600,000 Muslim civilians dead
102:(4 years and 1 day)
7308:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
6607:Estonian War of Independence
6275:Southern Palestine offensive
5015:(in Russian). Archived from
5013:"Text of the Treaty of Kars"
4906:Encyclopedia of human rights
4764:Erickson 2001, pp. 239–240.
4394:Yerasimos, Stefanos (2000).
4135:Erickson, Edward J. (2001).
3896:Paris Peace Conference, 1919
3473:Erickson, Edward J. (2007).
3405:
3220:effectively ending the war.
3210:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
3198:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
3156:
2541:Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich
1912:. An Ottoman representative
1720:and beyond with a revolt of
1686:Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
1577:Central Caspian Dictatorship
7:
7262:USA against Austria-Hungary
6661:Turkish War of Independence
6613:Latvian War of Independence
6338:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
5929:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
5166:Kernosovsky, Anton (1938).
4986:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
4959:Malik, Hafeez, ed. (1994).
3815:Hovannisian, R. G. (1967).
3721:Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984).
3373:
2388:(known by the Armenians as
1806:except in the provinces of
1599:region, reaching as far as
10:
7558:
7345:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
6893:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
6353:Second Battle of the Marne
6240:Second battle of the Aisne
6109:Second Battle of Champagne
5950:German invasion of Belgium
5314:Russian Campaign in Turkey
5143:Borisyuk, Andrey (2023).
5082:Borisyuk, Andrey (2024).
4984:Hewsen, Robert H. (2001).
3892:Armenian National Assembly
3838:Kayaloff, Jacques (1973).
3777:The Encyclopedia Americana
3633:Erickson 2001, pp. 239-240
3531:Battle of Manzikert (1915)
3450:Turkey in the Modern World
3368:December 1922 Union Treaty
3311:'s dreaded secret police,
3244:Georgian-Armenian War 1918
3230:Georgian-Armenian War 1918
3227:
3172:
3124:population as part of the
3026:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
1986:Armenian National Congress
1963:Armenian National Assembly
1882:
1853:Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov
265:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
29:
7451:
7410:
7331:
7270:
7232:
7176:
7165:
7126:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
7069:
7041:
6989:
6911:
6885:
6837:
6730:
6723:
6655:Irish War of Independence
6551:
6433:
6398:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6383:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
6308:
6210:
6137:
6038:
5995:First Battle of the Marne
5942:
5904:
5839:
5830:
5773:
5647:
5636:
5602:
5574:
5536:
5488:
5441:
5434:
5361:
4567:Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
4259:; Aram Torossian (1918).
4166:Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
3935:Erickson 2001, p. 182–183
3865:Armenia and the Near East
3863:Nansen, Fridtjof (1976).
3305:First Republic of Armenia
3278:Sovietization of Caucasus
3260:Turkish National Movement
2960:First Republic of Armenia
2949:First Republic of Armenia
2855:. Bolshevik Russia ceded
2800:On December 5, 1917, the
2739:was assigned by Yerevan:
2072:
2046:4 squadrons in a regiment
2035:4 battalions in a brigade
2014:First Republic of Armenia
1947:
1932:
1896:. Other leaders included
1842:
1817:
1800:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
1751:stated in a meeting with
1531:
1458:
1148:
917:
865:300,000 Greeks civilians
856:
807:
743:
595:
350:
158:
92:
66:
54:
49:
7278:Constantinople Agreement
6571:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
6434:Co-belligerent conflicts
6403:Second Romanian campaign
6373:Third Transjordan attack
6084:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
5990:Battle of Grand Couronné
5245:A Peace to End All Peace
5218:
5190:Russia-Shield of Entente
5185:
5168:
5144:
5083:
5055:
4662:Malkasian, Mark (1996).
4280:Balakian, Peter (2003).
4197:Tucker, Spencer (1996).
3840:The Battle of Sardarabad
3266:of 1920 resulted in the
3179:The Ottoman Empire lost
2561:Armenian volunteer units
2442:to the Syria and Mosul.
2428:Rafael de Nogales Méndez
1889:Armenian volunteer units
1737:Eastern (European) front
1635:Armenian volunteer units
1406:Indian and Pacific Ocean
40:Caucasus Campaign (1735)
7527:20th century in Armenia
7502:Wars involving Chechnya
7341:Modus vivendi of Acroma
7293:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
6601:Greater Poland Uprising
6501:National Protection War
6378:Meuse–Argonne offensive
6328:German spring offensive
6323:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
6099:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
6074:Second Battle of Artois
5955:Battle of the Frontiers
5293:Pollard, A. F. (1920).
4509:გლოველი, შალვა (2021).
4064:Sarkisov, K.O. (2014).
3698:University of Minnesota
3268:occupation/depopulation
2962:was forced to sign the
2947:. On the same day, the
2849:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2811:
2581:
2457:
2279:
2272:On December 22, at the
2189:
2056:6 artillery batteries:
2053:some militia battalions
1961:, the president of the
1923:commanded the Armenian
1887:In the summer of 1914,
1654:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
823:(up to September 1916)
672:Greek Caucasus Division
7487:Wars involving Armenia
7366:Paris Peace Conference
7354:Ukraine–Central Powers
7148:Massacres of Albanians
7116:Late Ottoman genocides
6923:Bulgarian occupations
6631:Third Anglo-Afghan War
6595:Hungarian–Romanian War
6413:Naval Victory Bulletin
6408:Armistice with Germany
6358:Hundred Days Offensive
6285:Battle of La Malmaison
6235:Second battle of Arras
6202:Battle of Transylvania
6056:Second Battle of Ypres
5924:Sarajevo assassination
5813:South African Republic
4731:Malik, Hafeez (1994).
4447:Gökay, Bülent (1997).
4420:Swietochowski, Tadeusz
4369:Serge, Victor (1972).
4257:Pasdermadjian, Garegin
3890:the president of the "
3295:
3170:
3169:forces after Armistice
3017:
3016:Kars shopping district
3009:
2879:
2844:
2781:
2594:
2524:
2512:
2474:
2435:
2377:
2365:advanced towards Van.
2345:
2297:
2262:
2252:
2194:On November 1, in the
2024:2 infantry divisions:
1976:In December 1917, the
1759:and French Ambassador
1585:Middle Eastern theatre
578:F. K. von Kressenstein
351:Commanders and leaders
32:Battle of the Caucasus
7376:Treaty of St. Germain
7349:Russia–Central Powers
7303:Sykes–Picot Agreement
7131:Pontic Greek genocide
7106:Destruction of Kalisz
7082:Eastern Mediterranean
6643:Polish–Lithuanian War
6425:Armistice of Belgrade
6388:Armistice of Salonica
6318:Operation Faustschlag
6265:Third Battle of Oituz
6187:Baranovichi offensive
6155:Lake Naroch offensive
6129:Battle of Robat Karim
6104:Vistula–Bug offensive
6079:Battles of the Isonzo
6010:First Battle of Ypres
5261:Warship International
5206:Falls, Cyril (1960).
4858:Levene, Mark (2013).
4721:Erickson 2001, p. 187
4643:Erickson 2001, p. 185
4625:Erickson 2001, p. 184
4499:Erickson 2001, p. 183
4318:. pp. 1153–1157.
4222:Keegan, John (1999).
4095:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
4049:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
3990:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
3975:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
3960:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
3945:Pavlov, D.B. (2014).
3395:Sykes–Picot Agreement
3342:, which had declared
3285:
3164:
3015:
3003:
2979:German troops arrived
2929:Battle of Bash Abaran
2927:(May 24–28), and the
2877:
2834:
2802:armistice of Erzincan
2779:
2766:6th Yerevan regiment,
2748:3rd Yerevan regiment,
2589:
2518:
2506:
2465:
2426:
2371:
2340:
2295:
2257:
2249:Nicholas II of Russia
2241:
2225:Nicholas II of Russia
2126:Russian Caucasus Army
2040:one cavalry brigade:
2032:3 infantry brigades:
1914:Karekin Bastermadjian
1849:Russian Caucasus Army
1726:hydrocarbon resources
1631:Russian Caucasus Army
1248:Sinai & Palestine
808:Casualties and losses
7371:Treaty of Versailles
7087:Mount Lebanon famine
7002:in the United States
6970:Russian occupations
6684:Turkish–Armenian War
6625:Polish–Ukrainian War
6565:Ukrainian–Soviet War
6512:Central Asian Revolt
6295:Armistice of Focșani
6025:Battle of Sarikamish
5975:Battle of Tannenberg
5371:Military engagements
4833:Horne, John (2013).
4314:Hinterhoff, Eugene.
4265:. Hairenik. p.
3527:Battle of Sarikamish
3264:Turkish–Armenian War
3238:Turkish–Armenian War
3224:Territorial disputes
2921:Battle of Sardarapat
2737:Christophor Araratov
2608:Battle of Sarikamish
2519:The area of Russian
2274:Battle of Sarikamish
2260:Battle of Sarikamish
1902:Hamazasp Srvandztyan
1861:Battle of Tannenberg
566:Ali-Agha Shikhlinski
376:I. Vorontsov-Dashkov
75:Battle of Sarikamish
7517:Invasions of Russia
7438:They shall not pass
7361:Treaty of Bucharest
7318:Treaty of Bucharest
7257:USA against Germany
7234:Declarations of war
6938:German occupations
6851:British casualties
6710:Soviet–Georgian War
6637:Egyptian Revolution
6577:Armeno-Georgian War
6441:Somaliland campaign
6393:Armistice of Mudros
6270:Battle of Caporetto
6260:Battle of Mărășești
6230:Zimmermann telegram
6225:February Revolution
6170:Battle of the Somme
6094:Bug-Narew Offensive
6069:Battle of Gallipoli
6061:Sinking of the RMS
5853:Scramble for Africa
5847:Franco-Prussian War
5503:Sinai and Palestine
5305:The First World War
5040:on January 27, 2001
4224:The First World War
3667:Ath, Altay (2003).
3242:After the war, The
3045:Armistice of Mudros
2888:Transcaucasian Diet
2745:2nd Khnus regiment,
2712:Transcaucasian Sejm
2363:Armenian volunteers
2323:Battle of Gallipoli
2237:Alexander Khatisyan
2142:Armenian volunteers
2078:Lionel Dunsterville
2059:4 guns in a battery
1663:Armistice of Mudros
1357:North-West Frontier
1086:Associated articles
860:Armenian civilians
786:150,000–190,000 men
738:Caucasus Expedition
479:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
467:Lionel Dunsterville
389:Grand Duke Nicholas
7477:Russo-Turkish wars
7398:Treaty of Lausanne
7313:Paris Economy Pact
7247:UK against Germany
7177:Entry into the war
7143:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
6862:Ottoman casualties
6672:Franco-Turkish War
6552:Post-War conflicts
6536:Russian Revolution
6518:Invasion of Darfur
6483:Kelantan rebellion
6471:Kurdish rebellions
6447:Mexican Revolution
6280:October Revolution
6245:Kerensky offensive
6220:Capture of Baghdad
6197:Monastir offensive
6182:Brusilov offensive
6020:Battle of Kolubara
5859:Russo-Japanese War
5186:Россия-щит Антанты
5019:on April 24, 2007.
3760:. London: Methuen.
3547:Battle of Erzincan
3543:2nd army offensive
3523:Bergmann Offensive
3400:Russo-Turkish Wars
3321:Soviet destruction
3296:
3206:Transcaucasian DFR
3171:
3018:
3010:
2939:: the independent
2880:
2845:
2822:Tovmas Nazarbekian
2782:
2728:General Nazarbekov
2600:Russian Revolution
2595:
2553:Tovmas Nazarbekian
2529:Battle of Erzincan
2525:
2513:
2483:Battle of Koprukoy
2475:
2436:
2378:
2346:
2298:
2263:
2196:Bergmann Offensive
1990:Tovmas Nazarbekian
1965:, declared at the
1877:Russian Revolution
1837:Gallipoli campaign
1761:Maurice Paléologue
1700:, and the port of
1627:Russian Revolution
1597:Armenian Highlands
1555:, later including
1534:Turco-Mongol raids
1450:Russo-Turkish Wars
1253:Hejaz & Levant
922:Bergmann Offensive
434:Tovmas Nazarbekian
222:Transcaucasian DFR
112:Armenian Highlands
87:Battle of Erzincan
61:Russo-Turkish Wars
18:Caucasian Campaign
7512:Russian Civil War
7464:
7463:
7447:
7446:
7431:The Golden Virgin
7425:Mutilated victory
7406:
7405:
7386:Treaty of Trianon
7381:Treaty of Neuilly
7288:Damascus Protocol
7161:
7160:
7121:Armenian genocide
7078:Allied blockades
7050:Belgian refugees
6833:
6832:
6743:Strategic bombing
6719:
6718:
6704:Franco-Syrian War
6678:Greco-Turkish War
6666:Anglo-Turkish War
6649:Polish–Soviet War
6583:German Revolution
6559:Russian Civil War
6542:Finnish Civil War
6368:Battle of Megiddo
6343:Battle of Goychay
6290:Battle of Cambrai
6250:Battle of Mărăști
6165:Battle of Jutland
6145:Erzurum offensive
6000:Siege of Przemyśl
5980:Siege of Tsingtao
5965:Battle of Galicia
5895:Second Balkan War
5883:Italo-Turkish War
5840:Pre-War conflicts
5826:
5825:
5716:Portuguese Empire
5632:
5631:
5594:German New Guinea
5576:Asian and Pacific
5232:978-5-227-09905-1
5215:Oldenburg, Sergey
5199:978-5-496-01795-4
5182:Oleynikov, Alexei
5158:978-5-4484-3841-7
5135:978-1-108-01335-2
5097:978-5-4484-5078-5
4970:978-0-312-10370-5
4919:978-0-19-533402-9
4871:978-0-19-150554-6
4844:978-0-19-968605-6
4525:978-9941-8-3424-0
4115:firstworldwar.com
4020:978-5-4391-0801-5
3539:Erzurum Offensive
3484:978-0-415-77099-6
3385:Armenian genocide
3356:Soviet Azerbaijan
3348:Bolshevist Russia
3309:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3194:Russian Civil War
3126:Armenian genocide
3112:Armenian genocide
3064:Anton Kernosovsky
2991:Zurab Avalishvili
2923:(May 21–29), the
2910:foreign minister
2763:5th Van regiment,
2719:Nikolay Chkheidze
2485:(January 10–18).
2415:as governor. The
2394:Armenian genocide
2386:order of April 24
2348:On April 20, the
2307:Armenian genocide
2286:Hafiz Hakki Pasha
2267:Battle of Ardahan
2223:During December,
1994:Drastamat Kanayan
1951:Sebastats'i Murat
1940:Murad of Sebastia
1898:Drastamat Kanayan
1747:foreign minister
1583:, as part of the
1545:Caucasus campaign
1540:
1539:
1414:
1413:
1282:South West Africa
1105:
1104:
1025:German expedition
909:Caucasus campaign
874:
873:
858:600,000–1,500,000
784:On December 1914:
773:350,000–1,000,000
590:Giorgi Kvinitadze
524:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
512:Abdul Kerim Pasha
456:Drastamat Kanayan
345:Northern Caucasus
154:
153:
79:Erzurum Offensive
50:Caucasus campaign
16:(Redirected from
7549:
7391:Treaty of Sèvres
7283:Treaty of London
7174:
7173:
6952:Northeast France
6883:
6882:
6855:Parliamentarians
6788:
6787:
6750:Chemical weapons
6728:
6727:
6489:Senussi campaign
6459:Muscat rebellion
6453:Maritz rebellion
6421:
6363:Vardar offensive
6192:Battle of Romani
6160:Battle of Asiago
6150:Battle of Verdun
6114:Kosovo offensive
5889:First Balkan War
5837:
5836:
5736:Russian Republic
5645:
5644:
5439:
5438:
5381:Economic history
5348:
5341:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5290:
5284:
5276:
5236:
5203:
5177:
5162:
5139:
5115:
5101:
5069:
5066:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5036:. Archived from
5030:
5021:
5020:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4939:warhistoryonline
4930:
4924:
4923:
4911:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3908:
3899:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3762:
3761:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:Kernosovsky 1938
3619:
3606:
3600:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3533:(7,000–10,000),
3519:
3513:
3507:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3380:Persian campaign
3332:Treaty of Moscow
3212:had reached the
3175:Treaty of Sèvres
3104:, the author of
3095:Sergei Oldenburg
3090:Alexei Oleynikov
3072:
3049:Eastern Anatolia
3037:Armenian militia
2968:Andranik Ozanian
2912:Akaki Chkhenkeli
2893:Akaki Chkhenkeli
2884:peace conference
2837:General Andranik
2826:Andranik Ozanian
2790:Munzur Mountains
2565:Andranik Ozanian
2549:Ottoman 2nd Army
2545:Ottoman 3rd Army
2411:in office, with
2372:1915, After the
2319:in the Black Sea
2250:
2239:, received him:
2176:
2164:
2137:
2121:
2006:Mikhail Areshian
2002:Andranik Ozanian
1949:
1948:Սեբաստացի Մուրատ
1934:
1910:Sargis Mehrabyan
1894:Andranik Ozanian
1857:Nikolai Yudenich
1453:
1451:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
912:
910:
900:
893:
886:
877:
876:
851:
850:
841:
840:
839:
832:
831:
820:
819:
818:
799:
798:
782:
781:
756:
755:
754:
736:
735:
724:
723:
713:
712:
706:
705:
695:
694:
684:
683:
664:
663:
653:
652:
642:
641:
634:
630:
629:
628:
613:
609:
608:
607:
588:
587:
580:
576:
575:
564:
563:
555:
545:
544:
534:
533:
526:
522:
521:
510:
509:
499:
498:
488:
487:
477:
476:
465:
464:
454:
453:
445:Andranik Ozanian
443:
442:
432:
431:
421:
420:
419:
410:
409:
401:Nikolai Yudenich
399:
398:
397:
391:
387:
386:
385:
378:
374:
373:
372:
362:
361:
360:
343:
342:
341:
332:
331:
324:
320:
318:
317:
303:
302:
288:
286:
285:
274:
273:
272:
263:
262:
261:
255:
251:
249:
248:
241:
237:
235:
234:
212:
210:
209:
202:Russian Republic
200:
199:
189:
188:
187:
174:
173:
172:
139:Independence of
94:
93:
83:Battle of Bitlis
71:
47:
46:
21:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7443:
7402:
7334:
7327:
7298:Treaty of Darin
7266:
7228:
7184:Austria-Hungary
7170:
7157:
7138:Rape of Belgium
7065:
7037:
6985:
6979:Western Armenia
6974:Eastern Galicia
6907:
6881:
6845:
6844:Civilian impact
6843:
6829:
6786:
6715:
6547:
6477:Ovambo Uprising
6429:
6415:
6304:
6206:
6133:
6051:Battle of Łomża
6034:
6030:Christmas truce
6005:Race to the Sea
5938:
5900:
5822:
5793:Austria-Hungary
5769:
5704:Empire of Japan
5641:
5639:
5628:
5612:U-boat campaign
5598:
5570:
5532:
5484:
5430:
5411:Popular culture
5357:
5352:
5322:
5278:
5277:
5233:
5220:
5200:
5187:
5170:
5159:
5146:
5136:
5098:
5085:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4927:
4920:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4338:
4327:
4323:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4278:
4274:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4093:
4089:
4062:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4003:
3999:
3988:
3984:
3973:
3969:
3958:
3954:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3875:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3832:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3719:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3417:Sönmez, Orhan.
3416:
3412:
3408:
3376:
3280:
3254:engaged in the
3240:
3226:
3177:
3159:
3135:Western Armenia
3118:Ottoman Armenia
3114:
3102:Uğur Ümit Üngör
3066:
3061:
2964:Treaty of Batum
2958:On June 4, the
2814:
2774:
2758:Movses Silikyan
2707:
2624:V. A. Kharlamov
2591:Western Armenia
2584:
2460:
2448:counterattacked
2282:
2251:
2248:
2229:Armenian Church
2192:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2140:1914, Staff of
2138:
2129:
2122:
2075:
1998:Movses Silikyan
1906:Arshak Gafavian
1885:
1845:
1825:
1820:
1781:Black Sea coast
1757:George Buchanan
1678:
1658:Treaty of Batum
1639:irregular units
1541:
1536:
1527:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1415:
1410:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1106:
1101:
1083:
913:
908:
906:
904:
869:
864:
852:300,000–350,000
845:
837:
835:
834:
826:
825:
822:
816:
814:
793:
792:
787:
776:
768:
767:250,000–702,000
763:
762:100,000–160,000
758:
752:
750:
730:
729:
718:
717:
707:
700:
699:
689:
688:
678:
658:
657:
647:
646:
636:
635:
626:
624:
623:
605:
603:
602:
582:
581:
570:
569:
568:
558:
557:
551:
539:
538:
528:
527:
516:
515:
514:
504:
503:
493:
492:
482:
481:
471:
459:
458:
448:
447:
437:
436:
426:
425:
423:Stepan Shaumian
417:
415:
414:
404:
403:
395:
393:
392:
383:
381:
380:
379:
370:
368:
367:
366:
358:
356:
339:
337:
336:
326:
325:
315:
313:
311:
307:
297:
296:
292:
283:
281:
278:
270:
268:
267:
259:
257:
256:
246:
244:
242:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
205:
204:
194:
193:
185:
183:
182:
178:
170:
168:
167:
135:
118:
101:
72:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7555:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7333:Peace treaties
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7219:United Kingdom
7216:
7211:
7209:Ottoman Empire
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7113:
7111:Sack of Dinant
7108:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7059:United Kingdom
7056:
7047:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7019:
7013:POW locations
7011:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6968:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6813:United Kingdom
6810:
6808:Ottoman Empire
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6785:
6784:
6782:Trench warfare
6779:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6734:
6732:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6669:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6498:
6495:Volta-Bani War
6492:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:Zeebrugge Raid
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6124:Battle of Loos
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6015:Black Sea raid
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5917:Historiography
5908:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5871:Bosnian Crisis
5868:
5865:Tangier Crisis
5862:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:Ottoman Empire
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5775:Central Powers
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5758:British Empire
5753:United Kingdom
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5731:Russian Empire
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5649:Entente Powers
5642:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5617:North Atlantic
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5528:Central Arabia
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5490:Middle Eastern
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Historiography
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5321:
5320:External links
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5298:
5291:
5256:
5249:
5240:Fromkin, David
5237:
5231:
5211:
5204:
5198:
5178:
5163:
5157:
5140:
5134:
5120:Allen, William
5116:
5106:Rummel, Joseph
5102:
5096:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5022:
5001:
4994:
4976:
4969:
4951:
4925:
4918:
4910:(Google Books)
4895:
4877:
4870:
4850:
4843:
4825:
4823:, p. 592.
4821:Oldenburg 2022
4813:
4811:, p. 262.
4809:Oleynikov 2016
4801:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4757:
4748:
4741:
4723:
4714:
4707:
4701:. p. 22.
4685:
4678:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4611:
4590:
4583:
4556:
4549:
4531:
4524:
4501:
4489:
4482:
4464:
4457:
4439:
4432:
4411:
4404:
4386:
4379:
4361:
4354:
4336:
4331:Journal Ararat
4321:
4303:
4296:
4272:
4248:
4239:
4232:
4214:
4207:
4189:
4182:
4158:
4151:
4145:. p. 54.
4127:
4102:
4087:
4072:(in Russian).
4070:Japan Yearbook
4056:
4041:
4026:
4019:
4009:(in Russian).
3997:
3982:
3967:
3952:
3937:
3928:
3921:
3900:
3894:" declared to
3880:
3873:
3855:
3848:
3830:
3807:
3800:
3782:
3763:
3752:Pollard, A. F.
3738:
3731:
3710:
3685:
3659:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3624:, p. 557.
3607:
3605:, p. 439.
3590:
3588:, p. 153.
3575:
3573:, p. 261.
3571:Oleynikov 2016
3560:
3551:
3545:(20,000), and
3514:
3512:, p. 177.
3510:Oleynikov 2016
3499:
3490:
3483:
3465:
3458:
3437:
3435:, p. 348.
3422:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3360:Soviet Georgia
3352:Soviet Armenia
3328:Treaty of Kars
3279:
3276:
3225:
3222:
3218:Battle of Baku
3202:South Caucasus
3173:Main article:
3158:
3155:
3113:
3110:
3060:
3057:
3006:Battle of Baku
2995:Niko Nikoladze
2945:Treaty of Poti
2813:
2810:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2732:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2652:
2583:
2580:
2459:
2456:
2374:Defense of Van
2281:
2278:
2246:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2028:
1884:
1881:
1865:Masurian Lakes
1844:
1841:
1824:
1823:Ottoman Empire
1821:
1819:
1816:
1804:Persian Empire
1773:Sea of Marmara
1749:Sergey Sazonov
1677:
1674:
1593:South Caucasus
1581:British Empire
1553:Ottoman Empire
1549:Russian Empire
1538:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:Naval theatres
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:Central Arabia
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1000:
999:
998:
986:
979:
978:
977:
967:
966:
965:
953:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:
918:
915:
914:
903:
902:
895:
888:
880:
872:
871:
854:
853:
843:
810:
809:
805:
804:
774:
746:
745:
741:
740:
676:
675:
674:
632:Caucasus Front
621:
620:
618:Armenian Corps
598:
597:
596:Units involved
593:
592:
469:
353:
352:
348:
347:
290:Ottoman Empire
279:
253:United Kingdom
176:Russian Empire
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
137:
131:
130:
124:
120:
119:
116:South Caucasus
110:
108:
104:
103:
98:
90:
89:
64:
63:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7554:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7224:United States
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7164:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6841:
6836:
6826:
6825:United States
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6776:
6775:Convoy system
6773:
6772:
6771:
6770:Naval warfare
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6722:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6530:Kaocen revolt
6528:
6525:
6524:Easter Rising
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:Great Retreat
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Battle of Cer
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5877:Agadir Crisis
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5765:United States
5763:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5682:French Empire
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5635:
5625:
5624:Mediterranean
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5604:Naval warfare
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5481:
5480:Italian Front
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:Eastern Front
5466:
5464:
5463:Western Front
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Puppet states
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5301:Strachan, Hew
5299:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5251:Harutyunian,
5250:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:The Great War
5205:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5114:. Chapter 12.
5113:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5065:
5061:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4995:0-226-33228-4
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4921:
4915:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4873:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4752:
4744:
4742:0-312-10370-0
4738:
4734:
4727:
4718:
4710:
4708:0-87395-265-0
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4679:0-8143-2604-8
4675:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4614:
4612:1-4039-6422-X
4608:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4586:
4584:0-521-21280-4
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4550:1-4039-6422-X
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4483:975-428-290-0
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4458:1-86064-117-2
4454:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4433:0-521-26310-7
4429:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4407:
4405:975-521-400-3
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4380:0-7139-0135-7
4376:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4355:0-89839-296-9
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4299:
4297:0-06-019840-0
4293:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4243:
4235:
4233:0-7126-6645-1
4229:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4208:0-8153-0399-8
4204:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4183:0-521-21280-4
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4152:0-313-31516-7
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3924:
3922:0-89839-296-9
3918:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3874:0-306-70760-8
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3849:3-11-169459-3
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3811:
3803:
3801:1-84511-142-7
3797:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3732:0-86307-181-3
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3587:
3586:Borisyuk 2023
3582:
3580:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3459:0-521-62096-1
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3433:Borisyuk 2024
3429:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3289:
3288:11th Red Army
3284:
3275:
3273:
3270:of even more
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:in which the
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:United States
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3083:Pavel Muratov
3080:
3079:William Allen
3076:
3070:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:Varanda River
3038:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Army of Islam
3014:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:was declared.
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:3rd brigade:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:2nd brigade:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:1st brigade:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2536:Mustafa Kemal
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2467:Mustafa Kemal
2464:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:Aram Manukian
2410:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2128:at Sarikamish
2127:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2043:2 regiments:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Sakarya River
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:German Empire
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Mediterranean
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:Eastern Front
1163:
1161:
1160:Western Front
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:2nd Trebizond
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
980:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:1st Trebizond
968:
964:
961:
960:
959:
958:
954:
952:
951:
950:Kara Killisse
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
911:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
881:
878:
868:
863:
859:
855:
849:
844:
830:
824:
812:
811:
806:
802:
797:
790:
785:
780:
775:
772:
769:
766:
761:
748:
747:
742:
739:
734:
727:
722:
716:
715:Army of Islam
711:
704:
698:
693:
687:
682:
677:
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:
662:
656:
651:
645:
644:Armenian Army
640:
633:
619:
616:
615:
614:
612:
611:Caucasus Army
600:
599:
594:
591:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
556:
554:
548:
543:
537:
532:
525:
520:
513:
508:
502:
497:
491:
486:
480:
475:
470:
468:
463:
457:
452:
446:
441:
435:
430:
424:
413:
408:
402:
390:
377:
365:
355:
354:
349:
346:
335:
330:
323:
310:
306:
301:
295:
291:
280:
277:
266:
254:
240:
227:
223:
219:
215:
203:
198:
192:
181:
177:
166:
163:
162:
157:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:
99:
96:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
65:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
36:Caucasian War
33:
19:
7436:
7429:
7417:
7024: /
6956:
6791:Conscription
6755:Cryptography
6692:Iraqi Revolt
6119:Siege of Kut
6062:
5640:participants
5589:German Samoa
5523:South Arabia
5507:
5304:
5294:
5281:cite journal
5267:(1): 69–81.
5264:
5260:
5252:
5243:
5222:
5207:
5189:
5173:
5148:
5124:
5110:
5087:
5064:
5042:. Retrieved
5038:the original
5017:the original
4985:
4979:
4960:
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4938:
4928:
4905:
4898:
4880:
4860:
4853:
4835:War in Peace
4834:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4760:
4751:
4732:
4726:
4717:
4694:
4688:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4602:
4569:
4540:
4534:
4511:
4504:
4473:
4467:
4448:
4442:
4423:
4414:
4395:
4389:
4370:
4364:
4345:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4282:
4275:
4261:
4251:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4198:
4192:
4168:
4161:
4141:. Westport:
4136:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3991:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3912:
3888:Boghos Nubar
3883:
3864:
3858:
3839:
3833:
3818:
3810:
3791:
3785:
3776:
3756:
3722:
3703:November 10,
3701:. Retrieved
3697:
3688:
3678:November 10,
3676:. Retrieved
3672:
3662:
3638:
3629:
3554:
3517:
3493:
3474:
3468:
3449:
3418:
3413:
3364:Soviet Union
3336:Soviet Union
3325:
3297:
3241:
3178:
3167:Dunsterforce
3115:
3105:
3099:
3087:
3062:
3034:
3019:
2976:
2957:
2917:
2906:
2898:
2881:
2853:Russian SFSR
2846:
2835:During 1918
2815:
2806:
2799:
2787:
2783:
2716:
2708:
2637:
2616:
2605:
2596:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2533:
2526:
2491:
2487:
2476:
2473:, March 1916
2452:
2444:
2437:
2398:
2382:Mehmed Talat
2379:
2347:
2342:Siege of Van
2332:
2328:Mahmut Kamil
2315:
2311:
2299:
2283:
2271:
2264:
2242:
2222:
2193:
2107:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2018:
1984:through the
1975:
1959:Boghos Nubar
1950:
1935:
1918:
1886:
1846:
1826:
1797:
1734:
1679:
1670:fifth column
1667:
1651:
1647:Dunsterforce
1624:
1621:
1544:
1542:
1362:Central Asia
1335:Asia-Pacific
1309:North Africa
1287:South Africa
1258:South Arabia
1222:
1139:Theatres of
1092:Dunsterforce
1071:
1029:
1002:
988:
981:
955:
948:
926:
907:
813:
800:
788:
783:
770:
764:
759:
749:
666:Dunsterforce
622:
601:
552:
412:Sergei Kirov
308:
293:
276:Baku Commune
225:
217:
214:Russian SFSR
179:
164:
159:Belligerents
55:Part of the
44:
7054:Netherlands
7031:Switzerland
6912:Occupations
6903:Spanish flu
6680:(1919–1922)
6674:(1918–1921)
6668:(1918–1923)
6657:(1919–1921)
6651:(1919–1921)
6645:(1919–1920)
6621:(1918–1920)
6615:(1918–1920)
6609:(1918–1920)
6591:(1918–1920)
6573:(1918–1920)
6567:(1917–1921)
6561:(1917–1921)
6508:(1916-1918)
6506:Arab Revolt
6497:(1915–1917)
6491:(1915–1917)
6479:(1914-1917)
6473:(1914–1917)
6467:(1914–1921)
6461:(1913–1920)
6449:(1910–1920)
6443:(1900–1920)
6416: [
5934:July Crisis
5855:(1880–1914)
5518:Mesopotamia
5396:Home fronts
5355:World War I
4944:January 24,
4861:Devastation
3655:Rummel 2002
3370:) in 1921.
3286:The Soviet
3214:Caspian Sea
3181:World War I
3075:frostbitten
3067: [
3053:Nakhichevan
2384:passed the
2213:Ahmet Fevzi
2208:Hasan Izzet
2200:Doğubeyazıt
1775:, southern
1769:Dardanelles
1755:ambassador
1730:Caspian Sea
1728:around the
1714:Enver Pasha
1589:World War I
1304:East Africa
1243:Mesopotamia
1216:Middle East
1141:World War I
1097:Norperforce
1015:2nd Erzurum
957:1st Erzurum
501:Wehib Pasha
490:Enver Pasha
364:Nicholas II
134:Territorial
7471:Categories
7271:Agreements
7071:War crimes
6947:Luxembourg
6840:Casualties
5711:Montenegro
5546:South West
5426:Technology
5416:Propaganda
5406:Opposition
5217:(2022) .
5076:References
4699:SUNY Press
4697:. Albany:
3669:"Caucasus"
3603:Allen 1953
3549:(~12,000).
3541:(17,000),
3529:(28,000),
3366:after the
3252:Azerbaijan
3228:See also:
3190:revolution
3100:Historian
3059:Casualties
2557:detachment
2521:occupation
2440:Tehcir Law
2432:Venezuelan
2405:had fallen
2390:Red Sunday
2185:Operations
2154:Armen Garo
1869:Nazarbekov
1808:Azerbaijan
1795:settlers.
1676:Background
1579:, and the
1561:Azerbaijan
1401:Baltic Sea
1352:New Guinea
1321:Somaliland
1042:Karakilisa
1031:Sardarabad
983:1st Bitlis
928:Sarikamish
728:volunteers
726:Circassian
547:Faik Pasha
536:Nuri Pasha
305:Azerbaijan
218:1917–1918:
165:1914–1917:
145:Azerbaijan
7168:Diplomacy
6875:Olympians
6798:Australia
6765:Logistics
6698:Vlora War
6627:(1918–19)
6603:(1918–19)
6597:(1918–19)
6585:(1918–19)
6532:(1916–17)
6514:(1916–17)
6465:Zaian War
6455:(1914–15)
6175:first day
6063:Lusitania
5891:(1912–13)
5885:(1911–12)
5873:(1908–09)
5867:(1905–06)
5849:(1870–71)
5638:Principal
5498:Gallipoli
5401:Memorials
5386:Geography
5376:Aftermath
5273:0043-0374
5184:(2016).
4333:. London.
4143:Greenwood
4082:2687-1440
3537:(8,000),
3525:(7,000),
3406:Footnotes
3165:Place of
3157:Aftermath
2977:In June,
2851:with the
2818:Bolshevik
2794:Black Sea
2682:Alashkert
2402:Manzikert
1765:Bosphorus
1722:Caucasian
1617:Black Sea
1523:1916–1917
1518:1914–1918
1473:1686–1700
1396:Black Sea
1381:North Sea
1238:Gallipoli
1233:Kurdistan
1197:Macedonia
944:Manzikert
128:aftermath
7456:Category
7043:Refugees
7009:Italians
6998:Germans
6958:Ober Ost
6738:Aviation
5832:Timeline
5803:Bulgaria
5584:Tsingtao
5561:Togoland
5508:Caucasus
5443:European
5435:Theatres
5303:(2003).
5242:(1989).
5122:(1953).
5108:(2002).
5044:July 28,
4422:(1985).
4120:June 17,
3374:See also
3294:in 1920.
3272:Armenian
3141:and the
3122:Armenian
2702:regiment
2698:mounted
2695:regiment
2684:regiment
2678:regiment
2667:regiment
2661:regiment
2659:Erzinjan
2648:Andranik
2644:Andranik
2355:Lake Van
2247:—
2218:Karaköse
2204:Köprüköy
2010:Erzincan
1978:Dashnaks
1971:Erzincan
1944:Armenian
1929:Armenian
1873:Silikian
1863:and the
1833:2nd Army
1829:3rd Army
1710:3rd Army
1682:Caucasus
1551:and the
1386:Atlantic
1342:Tsingtao
1326:Ethiopia
1299:Cameroon
1294:Togoland
1223:Caucasus
1079:Dagestan
1067:Binagadi
1062:Kurdamir
1004:Erzincan
996:Çapakçur
975:Lazistan
963:Koprukoy
821:119,000
789:On 1916:
744:Strength
697:2nd Army
686:3rd Army
107:Location
59:and the
7194:Germany
7094:Germany
7022:Germany
6942:Belgium
6927:Albania
6886:Disease
6866:Sports
6818:Ireland
6731:Warfare
6724:Aspects
5912:Origins
5905:Prelude
5808:Senussi
5788:Germany
5783:Leaders
5721:Romania
5662:Belgium
5657:Leaders
5556:Kamerun
5538:African
5473:Romania
5451:Balkans
5366:Outline
4174:314–315
4076:: 223.
3292:Yerevan
3290:enters
3248:Armenia
3188:coming
3151:Armenia
2865:Ardahan
2792:to the
2723:Yerevan
2700:Zeytoun
2665:Erzurum
2630:by the
2563:led by
2511:), 1916
2494:Trabzon
2479:Erzurum
2417:Fedayee
2359:brigade
2146:Khetcho
1980:of the
1925:Fedayee
1883:Armenia
1793:Cossack
1753:British
1745:Russian
1706:Germany
1694:Ardahan
1601:Trabzon
1595:to the
1587:during
1565:Georgia
1557:Armenia
1513:1877–78
1508:1853–56
1503:1828–29
1498:1806–12
1493:1787–92
1488:1768–74
1483:1735–39
1478:1710–11
1468:1676–81
1463:1568–70
1209:Ireland
1187:Balkans
1175:Finland
1170:Romania
1052:Goychay
1047:Mastara
1020:Choloki
934:Ardahan
553:†
334:Georgia
322:Germany
239:Armenia
149:Georgia
141:Armenia
136:changes
7214:Russia
7189:France
7017:Canada
6932:Serbia
6803:Canada
6760:Horses
6712:(1921)
6706:(1920)
6700:(1920)
6694:(1920)
6686:(1920)
6639:(1919)
6633:(1919)
6579:(1918)
6544:(1918)
6538:(1917)
6526:(1916)
6520:(1916)
6485:(1915)
5897:(1913)
5879:(1911)
5861:(1905)
5818:Darfur
5743:Serbia
5726:Russia
5689:Greece
5677:France
5667:Brazil
5513:Persia
5456:Serbia
5271:
5229:
5196:
5176:].
5155:
5132:
5094:
4992:
4967:
4916:
4868:
4841:
4739:
4705:
4676:
4609:
4581:
4547:
4522:
4480:
4455:
4430:
4402:
4377:
4352:
4294:
4230:
4205:
4180:
4149:
4080:
4017:
3919:
3871:
3846:
3798:
3729:
3481:
3456:
3358:, and
3344:Turkey
3274:land.
3262:. The
3236:, and
3185:Sèvres
3147:Turkey
3139:France
2993:, and
2901:Batumi
2863:, and
2555:and a
2547:, the
2498:Bitlis
2471:Bitlis
2152:, and
2124:1914,
2073:Others
1936:Fētayi
1933:Ֆէտայի
1908:, and
1843:Russia
1818:Forces
1812:Ghilan
1777:Thrace
1771:, the
1718:Tiflis
1690:Artvin
1629:. The
1605:Bitlis
1575:, the
1571:, the
1567:, the
1376:U-boat
1275:Africa
1228:Persia
1202:Greece
1192:Serbia
1153:Europe
1037:Abaran
842:5,000
771:Total:
549:
319:
287:
250:
236:
211:
147:, and
123:Result
85:, The
81:, The
77:, The
7411:Other
7204:Japan
7199:Italy
7026:camps
6870:Rugby
6420:]
5699:Japan
5694:Italy
5672:China
5566:North
5221:[
5188:[
5172:[
5147:[
5086:[
5056:Notes
4516:(PDF)
3313:Cheka
3071:]
2857:Batum
2676:Khnus
2612:Enver
2303:Enver
1789:Izmit
1702:Batum
1347:Samoa
1314:Libya
1182:Italy
1057:Aghsu
803:3,000
801:1918:
765:1916:
760:1914:
309:1918:
294:1918:
226:1918:
180:1917:
6991:POWs
6310:1918
6212:1917
6138:1916
6039:1915
5943:1914
5748:Siam
5551:East
5287:link
5269:ISSN
5265:LIII
5227:ISBN
5194:ISBN
5153:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5092:ISBN
5046:2007
4990:ISBN
4965:ISBN
4946:2024
4914:ISBN
4866:ISBN
4839:ISBN
4737:ISBN
4703:ISBN
4674:ISBN
4607:ISBN
4579:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4478:ISBN
4453:ISBN
4428:ISBN
4400:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4292:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4203:ISBN
4178:ISBN
4147:ISBN
4122:2016
4078:ISSN
4015:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3796:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3705:2022
3680:2022
3479:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3250:and
3149:and
3081:and
3030:Baku
2987:Iran
2983:Baku
2935:and
2861:Kars
2816:The
2812:1918
2582:1917
2458:1916
2430:, a
2280:1915
2202:and
2190:1914
2004:and
1919:The
1767:and
1741:Kars
1698:Kars
1637:and
1611:and
1609:Mush
1543:The
1268:Oman
1073:Baku
867:dead
862:dead
833:200+
126:See
97:Date
4575:326
4288:200
2693:Van
2559:of
2509:Muş
2469:at
2150:Dro
1613:Van
990:Muş
939:Van
7473::
6418:It
5283:}}
5279:{{
5263:.
5025:^
5004:^
4937:.
4888:.
4672:.
4670:22
4593:^
4577:.
4559:^
4492:^
4306:^
4290:.
4267:22
4176:.
4113:.
4074:43
4068:.
3903:^
3825:59
3766:^
3741:^
3713:^
3696:.
3671:.
3647:^
3610:^
3593:^
3578:^
3563:^
3502:^
3440:^
3425:^
3354:,
3350:,
3232:,
3153:.
3069:ru
3055:.
2955:.
2882:A
2859:,
2396:.
2235:,
2148:,
2144:;
2000:,
1992:.
1957:.
1946::
1931::
1904:,
1900:,
1871:,
1810:,
1732:.
1696:,
1692:,
1619:.
1607:,
1603:,
1563:,
1559:,
143:,
114:,
6842:/
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5340:t
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5202:.
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5100:.
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4973:.
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4874:.
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4682:.
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4461:.
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3804:.
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