80:, "theology comprehends all those and only those doctrines which are to be found in the sources of faith, namely Scripture and Tradition...For, just as the Bible,...was written under the immediate inspiration of the Holy , so Tradition was, and is, guided in a special manner by God, Who preserves it from being curtailed, mutilated, or falsified." The scientific character of dogmatic theology does not rest so much on the exactness of its exegetical and historical proofs as on the philosophical grasp of the content of dogma.
448:
2233:
3990:
559:, deserves special mention. Though preferring the free, unscholastic method of an earlier age, he yet shows himself at once an original philosopher and a profound theologian. Inasmuch as in his numerous monographs on the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Sacraments, etc., he took into account the anti-Christian attacks of the Arabic writers on Aristoteleanism, he is the connecting link between this age and the thirteenth century.
22:
2570:
2368:
2346:
2324:
2302:
2125:
2088:
1976:, which stated in part that there is no real discrepancy between faith and reason, since the same God who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind; and that any apparent contradiction is mainly due, either to the dogmas of faith not having been understood and interpreted fully, or unproven scientific or critical theory assumed to be certain.
688:. Albert was an intellectual working not only in matters philosophical and theological but in the natural sciences as well. He made a first attempt to present the entire philosophy of Aristotle and to place it at the service of Catholic theology. The logic of Aristotle had been rendered into Latin by
1257:
The development of positive theology went hand in hand with the progress of research into the
Patristic Era and into the history of dogma. These studies were especially cultivated in France and Belgium. A number of scholars, thoroughly versed in history, published in monographs the results of their
137:
schools of
Alexandria, Antioch, and Edessa as in the struggle with the great heresies of the age that patristic theology developed. This serves to explain the character of the patristic literature, which is apologetical and polemical, parenetical and ascetic. It was not the intention of the Fathers
1223:
It was not until the seventeenth century, and then only for practical reasons, that moral theology was separated from the main body of
Catholic dogma. The necessity of a further division of labour led to the independent development of other disciplines: apologetics, exegesis, church history. While
83:
The functions of dogmatic theology are twofold: first, to establish what constitutes a doctrine of the
Christian faith, and to elucidate it in both its religious and its philosophical aspects; secondly, to connect the individual doctrines into a system. “In current Catholic usage, the term ‘dogma’
542:
had done for canon law
Lombard did for dogmatic and moral theology. He sifted and explained and paraphrased the patristic lore in his "Libri IV sententiarum", and the arrangement which he adopted was, in spite of the lacunæ, so excellent that up to the sixteenth century his work was the standard
92:
Dogmatic theology begins with the doctrine of God, whose existence, essence, and attributes are to be investigated. A philosophical understanding of the dogma of the
Trinity was attempted by the Fathers. The theologian investigates the activity of creation. As the beginning of the world supposes
455:
The scope of the scholastic method is to analyze the content of dogma by means of dialectics. Scholasticism did not take its guidance from John
Damascene or Pseudo-Dionysius, but from Augustine. Augustinian thought runs through the whole progress of Western Catholic philosophy and theology. The
838:
Nominalism had less effect on the
Dominican theologians, who were as a rule loyal Thomists. It was in the early part of the sixteenth century that commentaries on the "Summa Theologica" of Aquinas began to appear. The Franciscans partly favoured Nominalism, partly adhered to pure Scotism. The
2028:'s 1845 "Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine", Newman listed seven criteria which "...can be applied in proper proportions to that further interpretation of dogmas aimed at giving them contemporary relevance." After its publication, Newman developed a lengthy correspondence with
711:(d. 1274), mark the highest development of Scholastic theology. St. Bonaventure follows Alexander of Hales, his fellow-religious and predecessor, but surpasses him in mysticism and clearness of diction. Unlike the other Scholastics of this period, he did not write a theological
491:
Anselm of
Canterbury (d. 1109) was the first to bring a sharp logic to bear upon the principal dogmas of Christianity, and to draw up a plan for dogmatic theology. Taking the substance of his doctrine from Augustine, Anselm, as a philosopher, was not so much a disciple of
471:
may be traced back to the days of
Charlemagne (d. 814). Theology was cultivated nowhere with greater industry than in the cathedral and monastic schools, founded and fostered by Charlemagne. The earliest signs of a new approach appeared in the ninth century in the work of
511:, were at the same time distinguished Scholastics. It is upon the doctrine of Anselm and Bernard that the Scholastics of succeeding generations took their stand, and it was their spirit which lived in the theological efforts of the University of Paris.
1059:
The whole literature of this period bears an apologetical and controversial character and deals with those subjects which had been attacked most bitterly: the rule and sources of faith, the Church, grace, the sacraments, especially the holy Eucharist.
749:
Duns Scotus (1266—1308), by bold and virulent criticism of the Thomistic system, was to a great extent responsible for its decline. Scotus is the founder a new Scotistic School, in the speculative treatment of dogma. Later Franciscans, among them
112:. The Redeemer's activity as Mediator stands out most prominently in His triple office of high priest, prophet, and king. For the most part, dogmatic theologians prefer to treat Mariology and the veneration paid to relics and images under
692:
and had been used in the schools since the end of the sixth century; but his physics and metaphysics were made known to Western Christendom only through the Arabic philosophers of the thirteenth century. His works were prohibited by the
1620:
The "Theologia Wirceburgensis" was published in 1766–71 by the Jesuits of Würzburg. The new school of Augustinians based their theology on the system of Gregory of Rimini rather than on that of Ægidius of Rome. To this school belonged
739:
holds the same rank among the theologians as does Augustine among the Fathers of the Church. He is distinguished by wealth of ideas, systematic exposition of them, and versatility. For dogmatic theology his most important work is the
324:(d. 397) in his chief works: "De fide", "De Spiritu S.", "De incarnatione", "De mysteriis", "De poenitentia", treated the main points of dogma in classic Latin, though without any attempt at a unifying synthesis.
1039:, while the Reformation stimulated the universities which had remained Catholic, especially in Spain (Salamanca, Alcalá), Portugal (Coimbra) and in the Netherlands (Louvain), to intellectual research. The
149:, such as God, the soul, creation, immortality, and freedom of the will; at the same time they had to defend the chief mysteries of the Christian faith. The efforts of the Fathers to define and combat
93:
creation out of nothing, so its continuation supposes Divine conservation, which is nothing less than a continued creation. However, God's creative activity is not thereby exhausted. The topics of
1364:
The Franciscans maintained doctrinal opposition to the Thomists, with steadily continued Scotist commentaries on Peter the Lombard. Scotistic manuals for use in schools were published about 1580
543:
text-book of theology. The work of interpreting this text began in the thirteenth century, and there was no theologian of note in the Middle Ages who did not write a commentary on the
84:
means a divinely revealed truth, proclaimed as such by the infallible teaching authority of the Church, and hence binding on all the faithful without exception, now and forever."
878:(d. 1404) was an early proponent of Renaissance humanism, and inaugurated a new and speculative system in dogmatic theology. A thorough treatise on the Church was written by
1079:
wrote one of the best treatises on the Church. In Belgium the professors of the University of Louvain opened new paths for the study of theology, foremost among them were:
2243:
870:(d. 1340), was the foremost mathematician of his day and a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology. He is often called Doctor Profundus. (The Carmelite
328:(d. 430) wrote one or two works, as the "De fide et symbolo" and the "Enchiridium", which are compendia of dogmatic and moral theology, as well as his speculative work
297:) to correlate in a broad synthetic view the fundamental dogmas of the Trinity, the Incarnation, and the Sacraments. In the same manner, though somewhat fragmentarily,
1224:
apologetics uses historical and philosophical arguments, dogmatic theology makes use of Scripture and Tradition to prove the Divine character of the different dogmas.
701:
in 1231. Later Scholastics, led by Albert the Great, went over the faulty Latin translation once more, and reconstructed the doctrine of Aristotle and its principles.
66:
can be defined as "a special branch of theology, the object of which is to present a scientific and connected view of the accepted doctrines of the Christian faith."
2626:
2283:
534:
around 1135. His works are characterized throughout by a close adherence to Augustine and may serve as guides for beginners in the theology of Augustine.
2510:
1896:, which had a numerous following among Catholic scholars in Italy, France, and Belgium. The pioneer work in positive theology fell to the Jesuit
1988:(1879) restored the study of the Scholastics, especially of St. Thomas, in all higher Catholic schools, a measure which was again emphasized by
1967:
was held (1870) and sought a middle ground between the competing approaches of traditionalism and rational liberalism. The Council issued the
2644:
520:, collections and interpretations of quotations from the Fathers, more especially of Augustine. One of the earliest of these books is the
2697:
2044:, Perrone was consultor of various congregations and was active in the discussions which resulted in the 1854 dogmatic definition of the
890:(d. 1454) interspersed his Biblical commentaries on the Scriptures with dogmatic treatises. His work "Quinque paradoxa" is a treatise on
2024:, in which he recognized that doctrine can develop over time. New doctrines could not be declared, but older ones better understood. In
2619:
1230:(d. 1621), was a controversialist theologian who defended almost the whole of Catholic theology against the attacks of the Reformers.
1424:, (d. 1667), known as the historiographer of the Council of Trent, won repute as a dogmatic theologian by several of his writings.
1286:(d. 1695), wrote "Dogmata theologica". They placed positive theology on a new basis without disregarding the speculative element.
4015:
281:
These developments left the dogmatic teachings of the Fathers as a collection of monographs rather than a systematic exposition.
1043:
of Paris regained its lost prestige only towards the end of the sixteenth century. Among the religious orders the newly founded
138:
to give a systematic treatment of theology. It may be said in general that the apologetic style predominated up to the time of
2612:
2452:
2430:
2396:
2271:
1566:
552:
467:, the theologians were more concerned with preserving than with developing the writings of the Fathers. The beginnings of
193:, the Church took steps to define revealed doctrine more precisely in response to a challenge from a heretical theology."
1940:
1746:
851:(d. 1317) was a staunch Thomist. Generally speaking, the later Carmelites were followers of Aquinas. The Order of the
2599:
2463:
3657:
2528:"Father Giovanni Perrone and Doctrinal Development in Rome: An Overlooked Legacy of Newman's Essay on Development"
3682:
2945:
2663:
43:
3607:
2658:
2499:
1369:
3627:
3307:
2704:
1800:
remarked on the large number of histories of dogma published in Germany published in the years 1838 to 1841.
1458:
879:
3723:
624:
The most brilliant period of Scholasticism embraces about 100 years, and with it are connected the names of
2682:
2057:
1434:
1421:
1333:(d. 1613) wrote a Thomist commentary on the "Liber Sententiarum" of Peter the Lombard, while his colleague
1064:(d. 1597) gave to the Catholics not only his world-renowned catechism, but also a most valuable Mariology.
820:
729:. Alexander of Hales and Bonaventure represent the old Franciscan Schools, from which the later School of
3582:
1842:
1617:(d. 1775), the foremost theologian in Germany, combined conservatism with due regard for modern demands.
1500:
1027:
brought about a more accurate definition of important Catholic articles of faith. From the period of the
717:
1944:
3733:
3672:
1818:
and symbolism. Both positive and speculative theology received a new lease of life, the former through
1691:
1668:
549:
of Lombard. No other work exerted such a powerful influence on the development of scholastic theology.
3496:
3476:
1602:
1271:
1235:
1122:(d. 1563). Some of their works have remained classics, such as "De natura et gratia" (Venice 1547) of
275:
926:
3647:
2840:
2732:
2675:
2002:
is considered a standard reference work on dogmatics. An updated and revised edition was issued by
1831:
1823:
1210:
1048:
129:
At first, Dogmatic theology comprised apologetics, dogmatic and moral theology, and canon law. The
1923:, an inspiring teacher and fertile author. Germany produced a number of prominent theologians, as
196:
Eastern Christians in this dispute on the Trinity and Christology included: the Alexandrines, and
3758:
3702:
3622:
3018:
1786:
1781:
1694:(d. 1802) was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the upheavals caused by the
1542:
190:
1737:
In France the influences of Jansenism and Gallicanism were still powerful; in the German Empire
3843:
3808:
3642:
3261:
2762:
1968:
1754:
1680:
1626:
1350:
1024:
3677:
3637:
3597:
2488:
2420:
2386:
2079:
1805:
1652:(d. 1729), whose "Prælectiones dogmaticæ" are numbered among the best theological text-books.
1294:
Religious orders fostered scholastic theology. Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure were proclaimed
914:
174:
3768:
3687:
3556:
3551:
3501:
2978:
2821:
2670:
2248:
2236: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2045:
1964:
1932:
1808:(d. 1890) intended that Catholic theology should influence the development of German states.
1373:
1295:
1231:
684:
of Alexander of Hales is the largest and most comprehensive work of its kind, flavoured with
424:
374:
286:
209:
205:
182:
139:
130:
76:
35:
3813:
1811:
1649:
40:. It may be out of date, or may reflect the point of view of the Catholic Church as of 1913.
3944:
3914:
3863:
3541:
3426:
3356:
3146:
3121:
3101:
3081:
3043:
3038:
3003:
2885:
2779:
1870:
1684:
1644:. The Sorbonne of Paris also adopted aspects of Jansenism and Gallicanism. Exceptions were
1446:
1010:
986:
980:
788:
504:
473:
464:
3929:
3461:
2515:, Section 5, "The Seven Criteria of J. H. NewmanInternational Theological Commission, 1989
2015:
1572:
1095:
874:(d. 1430), surnamed Waldensis, was an English Scholastic theologian and controversialist.
526:, an anonymous compilation created at the School of Loan some time after 1125. Another is
447:
8:
3919:
3883:
3853:
3617:
3521:
3361:
3322:
3302:
3230:
3116:
2925:
2768:
2755:
2744:
1877:
1846:
1724:
1718:
1560:
1482:
1440:
1342:
1247:
1162:
1156:
1111:
1107:
1040:
956:
816:
751:
394:
389:
337:
217:
201:
3964:
3421:
1401:
680:(d. about 1245) was a Franciscan, while Albert the Great (d. 1280) was a Dominican. The
3994:
3934:
3546:
3486:
3456:
3371:
3366:
3235:
3131:
3028:
3008:
2968:
2910:
2875:
2870:
2714:
2547:
2532:
Journal for the History of Modern Theology / Zeitschrift für Neuere Theologiegeschichte
2474:
1909:
1885:
1672:
1524:
1318:
1251:
1103:
1099:
998:
887:
883:
867:
776:
770:
677:
625:
612:
606:
531:
522:
516:
460:(d. 735), is the link which joins the patristic with the medieval history of theology.
384:
344:
325:
309:
305:
298:
178:
109:
3728:
3386:
3287:
1605:(d. 1699) wrote the three volume work "Theology of St. Anselm". Among the Franciscans
1506:
794:
3924:
3909:
3798:
3662:
3602:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3447:
3416:
3396:
3282:
3240:
3220:
3136:
3096:
3071:
2960:
2930:
2880:
2865:
2595:
2551:
2495:
2459:
2426:
2392:
2267:
2025:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1881:
1862:
1772:
1758:
1699:
1695:
1598:
1554:
1409:
1346:
1227:
1115:
1080:
848:
844:
601:
590:
340:
was a model for later dogmatic theologians on the topics of Trinity and Christology.
245:
197:
3743:
3652:
3481:
3471:
575:
301:(d. 366) developed in his work "De Trinitate" the principal truths of Christianity.
3833:
3828:
3753:
3738:
3718:
3506:
3431:
3292:
3176:
3161:
3141:
3086:
3066:
3053:
2998:
2890:
2722:
2539:
2029:
1948:
1905:
1897:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1750:
1637:
1633:
1606:
1518:
1417:
1385:
1358:
1198:
1180:
1076:
1044:
932:
920:
875:
856:
840:
742:
654:. In the thirteenth century the champions of Scholasticism were to be found in the
651:
539:
290:
233:
146:
133:
are honoured by the Church as her principal theologians. It was not so much in the
3949:
3838:
3577:
3376:
1838:(d. 1895) supported Scholasticism by thorough historical and systematic writings.
1835:
1801:
1310:
827:). The spread of Nominalism owed much to two pupils of Duns Scotus: the Frenchman
256:
and the condition of our first parents in Paradise, so also the contests with the
3959:
3848:
3783:
3773:
3697:
3592:
3587:
3491:
3466:
3297:
3277:
3250:
3245:
3215:
3156:
2900:
2727:
2141:
1952:
1901:
1854:
1827:
1768:
1762:
1536:
1464:
1405:
1365:
1334:
1283:
1259:
1243:
1192:
962:
944:
938:
764:
754:, set about minimizing or even reconciling the doctrinal differences of the two.
698:
659:
629:
556:
485:
3391:
1110:
are the boast of Italy. But, above all other countries, Spain is distinguished:
3788:
3763:
3692:
3632:
3406:
3401:
3381:
3336:
3171:
3166:
3111:
3033:
3013:
2950:
2826:
2687:
2604:
2003:
1984:
1712:
1614:
1488:
1470:
1413:
1393:
1330:
1174:
1091:
1061:
1004:
974:
828:
824:
782:
736:
708:
694:
644:. This period of Scholasticism was marked by the appearance of the theological
637:
569:
477:
457:
409:
399:
317:
249:
225:
162:
3873:
1951:(d. 1895), and others. Germany's leading orthodox theologian at this time was
1775:(d. 1797) was a member of the German Catholic Enlightenment and wrote against
1679:(d. 1811), Roncaglia, and others. The Jesuits were seconded by the Dominicans
1321:(d. 1581), forms a harmonious whole. The Carmelites of Salamanca produced the
1234:(d. 1618) of France wrote a treatise on the Holy Eucharist. The pulpit orator
4009:
3969:
3939:
3868:
3561:
3516:
3255:
3225:
3126:
3106:
3091:
2983:
2973:
2860:
2773:
2574:
2564:
2372:
2362:
2350:
2340:
2328:
2318:
2306:
2296:
2237:
2129:
2119:
2092:
2033:
1979:
1928:
1819:
1776:
1512:
1476:
1452:
1416:(d. 1646) wrote a commentary on Aquinas. A theological manual was written by
1303:
1218:
1204:
1186:
1131:
1119:
950:
908:
871:
832:
535:
468:
437:
271:
166:
31:
1861:(d. 1900) wrote his dogmatic works while occupying the chair of theology at
1853:(d. 1865) exerted great influence. In North America there were the works of
1792:
1392:
of Thomas Aquinas, yet at the same time it made use of an eclectic freedom.
538:, called the "Magister Sententiarum" (d. 1164), stands above them all. What
158:
3954:
3893:
3803:
3612:
3272:
3076:
2915:
2855:
2543:
1936:
1797:
1742:
1656:
1645:
1586:
1548:
1530:
1494:
1267:
1168:
1123:
1084:
992:
663:
330:
313:
253:
237:
134:
94:
3878:
3667:
855:
produced in the fifteenth century a prominent theologian in the person of
3888:
3858:
3823:
3818:
3793:
3778:
3748:
3346:
3341:
3318:
3210:
3205:
3186:
3151:
3061:
2850:
2527:
2037:
2020:
1989:
1738:
1664:
1660:
1622:
1590:
1299:
1275:
1127:
1072:
1068:
1028:
968:
891:
852:
730:
704:
655:
641:
633:
508:
379:
266:
229:
113:
105:
2297:
Sauvage, George. "Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1150:
514:
The first attempts at a theological system may be seen in the so-called
177:. Prominent writers against the practices of Judaizing Christians were:
3974:
3351:
3267:
2935:
2795:
1995:
1972:
1893:
1688:
1361:, who held the chair of theology in that university from 1645 to 1658.
1144:
847:(d. 1359), championed an undisguised nominalism. Among the Carmelites,
812:
808:
667:
414:
221:
186:
170:
154:
2082:
The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
1262:(d. 1659) made the Sacrament of Penance the subject of special study;
282:
3510:
3196:
2790:
1889:
1815:
1594:
1036:
895:
685:
596:
580:
545:
493:
257:
1580:
807:
The following period showed both consolidation, and disruption: the
3989:
3410:
2988:
2940:
2845:
2835:
2805:
2785:
2749:
2036:, particularly on the development of doctrine. An advisor to Popes
1625:(d. 1704). Its best work on dogmatic theology came from the pen of
1279:
1054:
1032:
860:
689:
671:
585:
481:
404:
369:
2363:
Ott, Michael. "Patrick Benedict Zimmer." The Catholic Encyclopedia
3442:
3331:
3181:
2920:
2895:
2810:
2738:
2692:
2573:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2371:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2349:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2327:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2305:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2128:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2091:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2084:. James Strong and John McClintock; Harper and Brothers; NY; 1880
2041:
1676:
1263:
1075:(d. 1535) championed the cause of the Catholic faith. The Jesuit
1047:
probably contributed most to the revival and growth of theology.
321:
261:
241:
293:(d. 394) then endeavoured in his "Large Catechetical Treatise" (
3023:
2905:
2800:
2341:
Cotter, Anthony. "Benedict Stattler." The Catholic Encyclopedia
2319:
Schaefer, Francis. "Marian Dobmayer." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1641:
802:
646:
419:
213:
150:
2365:
Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 14 May 2022
2343:
Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 14 May 2022
859:(d. 1471), surnamed "the Carthusian", who set up his chair in
2321:
Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 May 2022
2299:
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 May 2022
2120:
Pohle, Joseph. "Dogmatic Theology." The Catholic Encyclopedia
866:
Outside the religious orders were many other. The Englishman
497:
98:
2122:
Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 8 May 2022
1705:
1427:
1396:(d. 1600) was the first Jesuit to write a commentary on the
1137:
901:
757:
562:
308:(d. 386) especially his five mystagogical treatises, on the
2993:
2565:
Drum, Walter. "Giovanni Perrone." The Catholic Encyclopedia
2391:. Cambridge University Press. p. 225, note to p. 102.
1888:(d. 1865) worked to restore Scholastic philosophy, against
1667:
were also pressed by the Jesuit theologians, especially by
1254:(d. 1675), easily ranked among the best controversialists.
1325:(Salamanca, 1631–1712) in 15 folios, as commentary on the
1219:
Second phase: late Scholasticism at its height (1570–1660)
619:
362:
2511:
Delhaye, Philippe. "The Seven Criteria of J. H. Newman",
2491:
The church unfinished: ecclesiology through the centuries
1793:
Fifth phase: restoration of dogmatic theology (1840–1900)
1732:
480:. These speculations were carried to a greater depth by (
1098:(d. 1597) rendered great services to dogmatic theology.
442:
347:
collected the writings of Western church fathers in his
260:
brought codification to the doctrine of the sacraments (
124:
1372:, on the other hand, adhered to Bonaventure, as, e.g.,
1238:(d. 1627) preached from the standpoint of history. The
353:, and John Damascene did the same in the East with his
1258:
investigations into the history of particular dogmas.
1313:(d. 1604), who wrote a commentary on the theological
1278:(d. 1681), Augustine's doctrine on grace. The Jesuit
1031:
the revival of classical studies gave new vigour to
165:. Those who wrote against pagan polytheism include:
1317:of Aquinas, which, combined with a similar work by
264:), the hierarchical constitution of the Church her
1753:occurred in 1773. The period was dominated by the
1400:of St. Thomas. Leading Jesuits were the Spaniards
2567:Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.
1581:Third phase: decline of Scholasticism (1660–1760)
1126:; "De justificatione libri XV" (Venice, 1546) of
289:(d. 217) marks an advance in the same direction.
30:This article incorporates unedited text from the
4007:
2634:
1601:(d. 1775) produced a monograph on original sin.
1408:(d. 1604). Suárez was named "Doctor Eximius" by
1055:First phase: to the Council of Trent (1500–1570)
320:, contain an almost complete dogmatic treatise.
1841:In France and Belgium the dogmatic theology of
843:(d. 1308) attached himself to Ægidius of Rome;
145:Christian writers had to explain the truths of
1130:; "De locis theologicis" (Salamanca, 1563) of
2620:
2425:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 139.
2384:
2418:
803:Gradual decline of Scholasticism (1300–1500)
285:shows attempts at synthesis; the trilogy of
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
1916:(d. 1909), and others, continued his work.
500:, in whose dialogues he had been schooled.
354:
348:
274:. A culminating contest was decided by the
2627:
2613:
2455:Philosophy and Catholic Theology: A Primer
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
1585:Other counter-currents of thought set in:
1051:distinguishes five phases in this period.
74:According to Joseph Pohle, writing in the
1900:(d. 1876) in Rome. Other theologians, as
1266:(d. 1659), the Sacrament of Holy Orders,
1018:
431:
212:. In the West the leaders were: Cyprian,
116:, together with the Communion of Saints.
2075:
2073:
1958:
446:
350:Libri III sententiarum seu de summo bono
2592:Catholic Dogmatic Theology: A Synthesis
2493:, New York, Paulist Press, 2004, p. 131
2457:, Liturgical Press, 2017, no pagination
2150:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2009:
1845:(d. 1866) of Reims and the writings of
1706:Other notable theologians of the period
1428:Other notable theologians of the period
1138:Other notable theologians of the period
902:Other notable theologians of the period
758:Other notable theologians of the period
620:Scholasticism at its zenith (1200–1300)
563:Other notable theologians of the period
363:Other notable theologians of the period
4008:
3628:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
1873:(d. 1892) advanced Catholic theology.
1733:Fourth phase: at a low ebb (1760–1840)
343:Towards the end of the Patristic Age,
2608:
2422:The Civil War As a Theological Crisis
2241:
2070:
1826:(d. 1856). At the same time men like
1379:
1242:was a voluminous work of the Italian
1071:, Bishop of Rochester (d. 1535), and
815:, conflict between Church and State (
528:The Sacraments of the Christian Faith
443:Beginning of Scholasticism (800–1200)
312:and the three sacraments of Baptism,
125:Patristic period (about A.D. 100–800)
2558:
2525:
2266:, Christendom College Press, p. 12,
2252:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2098:
2032:, chair of dogmatic theology at the
1655:Against Jansenism stood the Jesuits
1567:Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria
1337:(d. 1649) explained the theological
1289:
44:broader and more recent perspectives
15:
1941:Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger
1771:(d. 1805) wrote a standard manual.
1747:suppression of the Society of Jesus
104:The subject of Redemption includes
13:
2584:
697:, in 1210, and again by a Bull of
14:
4027:
2246:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
882:(d. 1468), and a similar work by
304:The catechetical instructions of
3988:
2568:
2366:
2344:
2322:
2300:
2231:
2123:
2086:
1309:At the head of the Thomists was
20:
2946:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
2519:
2504:
2482:
2468:
2446:
2412:
2378:
2356:
1702:(d. 1787) wrote popular works.
270:or teaching authority, and her
42:It should be edited to reflect
4016:Catholic theology and doctrine
2659:History of the Catholic Church
2334:
2312:
2290:
2276:
2256:
2135:
2000:Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma
1822:(d. 1840), the latter through
1341:of the master himself. In the
662:, beside whom worked also the
1:
3308:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
2705:History of Christian theology
2385:Owen Chadwick (29 May 1987).
1609:(d. 1680) issued his elegant
1388:substantially adhered to the
831:(d. 1321) and the Englishman
69:
2636:History of Catholic theology
2244:History of Dogmatic Theology
2058:Dogma in the Catholic Church
1422:Francesco Sforza Pallavicino
1282:(d. 1647) and the Oratorian
1246:(7 vols., Naples, 1619–39).
7:
2513:The Interpretation of Dogma
2264:The Building of Christendom
2146:, Image Books, 1973, p. 156
2051:
1843:Thomas-Marie-Joseph Gousset
1663:(d. 1728). Gallicanism and
1345:Thomism was represented by
718:Commentary on the Sentences
295:logos katechetikos ho megas
87:
10:
4032:
3734:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
3724:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
3009:Transubstantiation dispute
1692:Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil
1669:Francesco Antonio Zaccaria
435:
204:; Cyril of Alexandria and
119:
64:Catholic dogmatic theology
3983:
3902:
3711:
3570:
3440:
3316:
3195:
3052:
2959:
2819:
2713:
2651:
2642:
2526:Shea, C. Michael (2013).
1919:Among the Dominicans was
1240:Præscriptiones Catholicae
153:brought writings against
3648:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
2841:Athanasius of Alexandria
2733:First Epistle of Clement
2262:Carroll, Warren (1987),
2063:
1945:Constantine von Schäzler
1865:, Maryland. In England
1824:Franz Anton Staudenmaier
1636:took up Jansenism, with
1270:(d. 1681), Pelagianism;
1049:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
236:clarified the dogmas of
3759:Dietrich von Hildebrand
3623:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
3497:Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
3477:Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
3019:Paulinus II of Aquileia
3014:Predestination disputes
1787:Patrick Benedict Zimmer
1782:Critique of Pure Reason
1272:Étienne Agard de Champs
555:(d. 1248), who died as
276:Second Council of Nicæa
191:First Council of Nicaea
3995:Catholicism portal
3844:Hans Urs von Balthasar
3643:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
3583:Félicité de La Mennais
3262:The Cloud of Unknowing
2763:The Shepherd of Hermas
2544:10.1515/znth-2013-0009
2388:From Bossuet to Newman
1755:European Enlightenment
1681:Giuseppe Agostino Orsi
1627:Giovanni Lorenzo Berti
1351:University of Salzburg
1274:(d. 1701), Jansenism;
1025:Protestant Reformation
1019:Modern era (1500–1900)
927:Durand of St. Pourçain
733:essentially differed.
452:
432:Middle Ages (800–1500)
355:
349:
228:. As the contest with
3769:Marie-Dominique Chenu
3688:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
3673:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
3557:Clement Mary Hofbauer
3552:Johann Michael Sailer
2979:Maximus the Confessor
2671:History of the papacy
2590:Nicolas, Jean-Herve.
2419:Mark A. Noll (2006).
2249:Catholic Encyclopedia
2144:The Survival of Dogma
2080:"Dogmatic Theology",
2046:Immaculate Conception
1969:dogmatic constitution
1965:First Vatican Council
1959:First Vatican Council
1933:Franz Xaver Dieringer
1374:Gaudentius of Brescia
1355:Theologia scholastica
1323:Cursus Salmanticensis
1296:Doctors of the Church
1232:Jacques Davy Duperron
863:, (the Netherlands).
450:
425:Theophilus of Antioch
375:Athenagoras of Athens
287:Clement of Alexandria
210:Maximus the Confessor
206:Leontius of Byzantium
200:; Athanasius and the
183:Epiphanius of Salamis
140:Constantine the Great
131:Fathers of the Church
101:come under Creation.
77:Catholic Encyclopedia
36:Catholic Encyclopedia
3945:Raniero Cantalamessa
3915:Alice von Hildebrand
3864:Edward Schillebeeckx
3542:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
3427:Lawrence of Brindisi
3357:Francisco de Vitoria
3147:Beatrice of Nazareth
3122:Hugh of Saint Victor
3102:Bernard of Clairvaux
3082:Anselm of Canterbury
3044:John Scotus Eriugena
3039:Paschasius Radbertus
2886:Gregory of Nazianzus
2780:Epistle to Diognetus
2489:Prusak, Bernard P.,
2010:Development of Dogma
1857:(d. 1863); Cardinal
1685:Thomas Maria Mamachi
1603:José Saenz d'Aguirre
1447:Mauritius Hibernicus
1011:Berthold of Chiemsee
987:Nicolaus de Orbellis
981:Antonine of Florence
789:Richard of Middleton
505:Bernard of Clairvaux
474:Paschasius Radbertus
465:Anselm of Canterbury
3920:Carlo Maria Martini
3884:Johann Baptist Metz
3854:Frederick Copleston
3678:Friedrich von Hügel
3638:Joseph Hergenröther
3618:Gaetano Sanseverino
3598:Ignaz von Döllinger
3522:Nicolas Malebranche
3362:Thomas of Villanova
3323:Counter-Reformation
3303:Girolamo Savonarola
3117:Hildegard of Bingen
2926:Cyril of Alexandria
2769:Aristides of Athens
2756:Epistle of Barnabas
2745:Ignatius of Antioch
2683:Ecumenical councils
2242:Pohle, J. (1913). "
1878:Gaetano Sanseverino
1847:Jean-Baptiste Malou
1806:Ignaz von Döllinger
1725:Vincent Louis Gotti
1719:Celestine Sfondrato
1561:Jean Baptiste Gonet
1483:Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil
1441:Gregory of Valencia
1435:Francisco de Toledo
1353:also furnished the
1163:James of Hoogstraet
1157:Friedrich Staphylus
1112:Alphonsus of Castro
1108:Cardinal Seripandus
957:Thomas of Strasburg
915:Hervæus de Nedellec
765:Peter of Tarentaise
752:Costanzo de Sarnano
553:William of Auvergne
503:The great mystics,
395:Ignatius of Antioch
338:Cyril of Alexandria
218:Fulgentius of Ruspe
175:Eusebius of Cæsarea
3935:Alasdair MacIntyre
3814:Nouvelle théologie
3703:Thérèse of Lisieux
3547:Alfonso Muzzarelli
3487:Jean-Jacques Olier
3457:Tommaso Campanella
3372:Francisco de Osuna
3367:Ignatius of Loyola
3236:Catherine of Siena
3132:Robert Grosseteste
3029:Benedict of Aniane
2969:Isidore of Seville
2911:Augustine of Hippo
2876:Cyril of Jerusalem
2871:Hilary of Poitiers
2594:, CUA Press, 2021
2478:, 1870, Chapter IV
1982:in his Encyclical
1910:Cardinal Franzelin
1886:Salvator Tongiorgi
1812:Johann Adam Möhler
1673:Alfonso Muzzarelli
1650:Honoratus Tournély
1525:John Paul Nazarius
1380:Jesuit theologians
1319:Bartholomew Medina
1298:, respectively by
1252:Peter de Walemburg
1104:Ambrose Catharinus
1100:Sylvester Prierias
999:Francis of Ferrara
888:Alphonsus Tostatus
884:St. John Capistran
868:Thomas Bradwardine
777:William de la Mare
771:Ulric of Strasburg
678:Alexander of Hales
626:Alexander of Hales
613:William of Thierry
607:William of Auxerre
532:Hugh of St. Victor
523:Summa sententiarum
517:Books of Sentences
463:Up to the time of
453:
385:Firmicius Maternus
345:Isidore of Seville
326:Augustine of Hippo
306:Cyril of Jerusalem
299:Hilary of Poitiers
202:three Cappadocians
179:Hippolytus of Rome
4003:
4002:
3930:Gustavo Gutiérrez
3925:Pope Benedict XVI
3910:Pope John Paul II
3809:Josemaría Escrivá
3799:Henri Daniel-Rops
3683:Vladimir Solovyov
3663:Neo-scholasticism
3603:John Henry Newman
3537:Louis de Montfort
3532:Alphonsus Liguori
3527:Giambattista Vico
3462:Pierre de Bérulle
3448:French Revolution
3417:Robert Bellarmine
3397:John of the Cross
3283:Julian of Norwich
3241:Bridget of Sweden
3231:John of Ruusbroec
3221:William of Ockham
3137:Francis of Assisi
3127:Dominic de Guzmán
3097:Decretum Gratiani
3072:Berengar of Tours
2961:Early Middle Ages
2931:Peter Chrysologus
2881:Basil of Caesarea
2866:Ephrem the Syrian
2806:Antipope Novatian
2453:Egan, Philip A.,
2432:978-0-8078-7720-3
2398:978-0-521-33676-5
2284:Adversus haereses
2272:978-0-931888-24-3
2026:John Henry Newman
2016:Vincent of Lérins
1925:Johannes von Kuhn
1921:Cardinal Zigliara
1914:Domenico Palmieri
1882:Matteo Liberatore
1863:Woodstock College
1773:Benedict Stattler
1759:French Revolution
1700:Alphonsus Liguori
1696:French Revolution
1611:Scotus academicus
1599:Bernard de Rubeis
1573:Antoine Massoulié
1555:Vincent Contenson
1410:Pope Benedict XIV
1347:Nicholas Ysambert
1290:Neo-scholasticism
1228:Robert Bellarmine
1116:Michael de Medina
1096:Gilbert Génebrard
1081:Jodocus Ravesteyn
849:Gerard of Bologna
845:Gregory of Rimini
721:, as well as his
650:, as well as the
602:Ruprecht of Deutz
591:Peter of Poitiers
198:Didymus the Blind
61:
60:
4023:
3993:
3992:
3834:Emmanuel Mounier
3829:Bernard Lonergan
3754:Georges Bernanos
3739:Jacques Maritain
3719:G. K. Chesterton
3608:Henri Lacordaire
3507:Cornelius Jansen
3502:François Fénelon
3432:Francis de Sales
3422:Francisco Suárez
3293:Nicholas of Cusa
3177:Siger of Brabant
3162:Boetius of Dacia
3142:Anthony of Padua
3087:Joachim of Fiore
3067:Gregory of Narek
3054:High Middle Ages
2999:John of Damascus
2891:Gregory of Nyssa
2629:
2622:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2030:Giovanni Perrone
1949:Bernard Jungmann
1906:Clement Schrader
1898:Giovanni Perrone
1871:Cardinal Manning
1867:Nicholas Wiseman
1859:Camillo Mazzella
1851:Bishop of Bruges
1751:Pope Clement XIV
1638:Pasquier Quesnel
1607:Claudius Frassen
1519:John a St. Thoma
1459:Thomas Stapleton
1418:Sylvester Maurus
1402:Francisco Suárez
1386:Society of Jesus
1359:Augustine Reding
1199:Johannes Molanus
1181:Stephen Gardiner
1077:Nicholas Sanders
1045:Society of Jesus
933:Nicholas of Lyra
921:Francis Mayronis
876:Nicholas of Cusa
857:Dionysius Ryckel
841:James of Viterbo
821:Louis of Bavaria
743:Summa theologica
652:mendicant orders
358:
352:
291:Gregory of Nyssa
234:Semi-pelagianism
147:natural religion
56:
53:
47:
24:
23:
16:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3987:
3979:
3960:Jean-Luc Marion
3898:
3849:Marcel Lefebvre
3774:Romano Guardini
3729:Joseph Maréchal
3707:
3698:Maurice Blondel
3593:Antonio Rosmini
3588:Luigi Taparelli
3566:
3492:Louis Thomassin
3467:Pierre Gassendi
3450:
3446:
3436:
3387:Teresa of Ávila
3325:
3321:
3312:
3298:Marsilio Ficino
3288:Thomas à Kempis
3278:Devotio Moderna
3251:Johannes Tauler
3246:Meister Eckhart
3216:Dante Alighieri
3191:
3157:Albertus Magnus
3048:
2955:
2901:John Chrysostom
2829:
2825:
2815:
2728:Clement of Rome
2709:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2587:
2585:Further reading
2582:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2469:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2232:
2230:
2151:
2142:Dulles, Avery.
2140:
2136:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2087:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2054:
2012:
1961:
1953:Joseph Scheeben
1902:Carlo Passaglia
1884:(d. 1892), and
1869:(d. 1865), and
1855:Francis Kenrick
1834:(d. 1888), and
1828:Joseph Kleutgen
1795:
1769:Marian Dobmayer
1763:German idealism
1735:
1730:
1708:
1659:(d. 1726), and
1589:in philosophy,
1583:
1578:
1537:Xantes Mariales
1507:Ægidius Coninck
1465:Leonard Lessius
1430:
1406:Gabriel Vasquez
1404:(d. 1617), and
1382:
1366:William Herincx
1349:(d. 1624). The
1335:Francis Sylvius
1292:
1284:Louis Thomassin
1260:Joannes Morinus
1221:
1216:
1193:Cardinal Hosius
1140:
1106:(d; 1553), and
1083:(d. 1570), and
1057:
1021:
1016:
965:(d. about 1370)
963:Peter of Aquila
945:John Baconthorp
939:Peter of Palude
904:
880:John Torquemada
817:Philip the Fair
805:
800:
795:Ægidius of Rome
760:
699:Pope Gregory IX
682:Summa theologiæ
630:Albertus Magnus
622:
617:
609:(d. after 1230)
565:
557:bishop of Paris
486:Hugh of Langres
445:
440:
434:
429:
365:
310:Apostles' Creed
127:
122:
108:, Soteriology,
90:
72:
57:
51:
48:
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Henri de Lubac
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Gabriel Marcel
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Étienne Gilson
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3693:George Tyrrell
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Émile Boutroux
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:Giuseppe Pecci
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:António Vieira
3479:
3474:
3472:René Descartes
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3443:Baroque period
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3407:Luis de Molina
3404:
3402:Peter Canisius
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Francis Xavier
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3337:Thomas Cajetan
3334:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3268:Heinrich Seuse
3265:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Thomas Aquinas
3169:
3167:Henry of Ghent
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Anselm of Laon
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Rabanus Maurus
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2951:Pope Gregory I
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2827:Pope Gregory I
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:Biblical canon
2695:
2688:Catholic Bible
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2557:
2518:
2503:
2481:
2467:
2445:
2431:
2411:
2397:
2377:
2355:
2333:
2311:
2289:
2275:
2255:
2149:
2134:
2097:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2011:
2008:
2004:Baronius Press
1960:
1957:
1890:traditionalism
1804:(d. 1848) and
1794:
1791:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1713:Marin Mersenne
1709:
1707:
1704:
1683:(d. 1761) and
1648:(d. 1691) and
1634:French Oratory
1615:Eusebius Amort
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1489:Tomas de Lemos
1486:
1480:
1474:
1471:Martin Becanus
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1414:Caspar Hurtado
1381:
1378:
1331:William Estius
1291:
1288:
1250:(d. 1669) and
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1175:Albert Pighius
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1092:Jacques Merlin
1062:Peter Canisius
1056:
1053:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:Thomas Cajetan
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
975:John Capreolus
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
905:
903:
900:
829:Peter Aureolus
825:Avignon Papacy
804:
801:
799:
798:
792:
786:
783:Henry of Ghent
780:
774:
768:
761:
759:
756:
737:Thomas Aquinas
725:, a condensed
709:Thomas Aquinas
707:(d. 1274) and
695:Synod of Paris
638:Thomas Aquinas
621:
618:
616:
615:
610:
604:
599:
594:
588:
583:
578:
576:Alger of Liège
573:
570:Alain of Lille
566:
564:
561:
478:Rabanus Maurus
458:Venerable Bede
451:Venerable Bede
444:
441:
436:Main article:
433:
430:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Pope Clement I
407:
402:
400:Minucius Felix
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
364:
361:
356:Fons scientiae
318:Holy Eucharist
250:predestination
226:Pope Gregory I
163:Priscillianism
126:
123:
121:
118:
89:
86:
71:
68:
59:
58:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4028:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Aidan Nichols
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Michał Heller
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Walter Kasper
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Thomas Merton
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Jean Daniélou
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Joseph Görres
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3562:Bruno Lanteri
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Blaise Pascal
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:John of Ávila
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:Walter Hilton
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Richard Rolle
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Peter Lombard
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Peter Abelard
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Monothelitism
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:John Climacus
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Monophysitism
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:Justin Martyr
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:Papal primacy
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2600:9780813234397
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:public domain
2566:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:9780814683538
2461:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2374:
2373:public domain
2364:
2359:
2352:
2351:public domain
2342:
2337:
2330:
2329:public domain
2320:
2315:
2308:
2307:public domain
2298:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:public domain
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2130:public domain
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:public domain
2085:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:Roman College
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:Commonitorium
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1985:Æterni Patris
1981:
1980:Pope Leo XIII
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:Anton Berlage
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1836:Albert Stöckl
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:Heinrich Klee
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:Joseph Görres
1799:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:Immanuel Kant
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:Antony Hickey
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:James Gretser
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:Francis Zumel
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1376:, (d. 1672).
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:. At Louvain
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1311:Domingo Bañez
1307:
1305:
1304:Pope Sixtus V
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1211:William Allen
1209:
1206:
1205:Martin Cromer
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:Reginald Pole
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1132:Melchior Cano
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Peter de Soto
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:Robert Holcot
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:John of Paris
907:
906:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Thomas Netter
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
833:William Occam
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
755:
753:
747:
745:
744:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
614:
611:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
560:
558:
554:
550:
548:
547:
541:
537:
536:Peter Lombard
533:
529:
525:
524:
519:
518:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
469:Scholasticism
466:
461:
459:
449:
439:
438:Scholasticism
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
360:
357:
351:
346:
341:
339:
335:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:infallibility
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Justin Martyr
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
136:
132:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
85:
81:
79:
78:
67:
65:
55:
45:
39:
38:
37:
33:
32:public-domain
27:
18:
17:
3955:Peter Kreeft
3903:21st century
3894:Henri Nouwen
3804:Jean Guitton
3784:Fulton Sheen
3712:20th century
3613:Jaime Balmes
3571:19th century
3392:Luis de León
3273:Geert Groote
3260:
3077:Peter Damian
2916:John Cassian
2856:Nestorianism
2778:
2761:
2754:
2737:
2715:Early Church
2635:
2591:
2560:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2421:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2387:
2380:
2358:
2336:
2314:
2292:
2282:
2278:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2143:
2137:
2081:
2019:
2014:Around 434,
2013:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1937:Albert Knoll
1918:
1875:
1840:
1810:
1798:Harold Acton
1796:
1780:
1767:
1745:spread. The
1743:Febronianism
1736:
1657:Dominic Viva
1654:
1646:Louis Abelly
1631:
1619:
1610:
1587:Cartesianism
1584:
1549:Leo Allatius
1531:John de Lugo
1495:Philip Fabri
1397:
1389:
1383:
1363:
1354:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1268:Jean Garnier
1256:
1239:
1226:
1222:
1169:John Gropper
1124:Dominic Soto
1089:
1085:John Hessels
1066:
1058:
1022:
993:Gabriel Biel
865:
839:Augustinian
837:
806:
748:
741:
735:
726:
723:Breviloquium
722:
716:
712:
703:
681:
676:
664:Augustinians
645:
623:
551:
544:
527:
521:
515:
513:
502:
490:
462:
454:
342:
336:
331:De Trinitate
329:
314:Confirmation
303:
294:
280:
265:
254:original sin
195:
144:
135:catechetical
128:
103:
95:Original Sin
91:
82:
75:
73:
63:
62:
49:
34:
29:
3965:Tomáš Halík
3889:Jean Vanier
3874:René Girard
3859:Alfred Delp
3824:Yves Congar
3819:Karl Rahner
3794:Dorothy Day
3779:Edith Stein
3749:Ronald Knox
3347:John Fisher
3342:Thomas More
3319:Reformation
3211:Duns Scotus
3206:Ramon Llull
3199:and reforms
3187:Roger Bacon
3152:Bonaventure
3062:Roscellinus
2851:Pelagianism
2822:Constantine
2645:Key figures
2038:Gregory XVI
1990:Pope Pius X
1955:(d. 1888).
1947:(d. 1880),
1943:(d. 1883),
1939:(d. 1863),
1935:(d. 1876),
1931:(d. 1881),
1927:(d. 1887),
1912:(d. 1886),
1908:(d. 1875),
1904:(d. 1887),
1880:(d. 1865),
1832:Karl Werner
1830:(d. 1883),
1789:(d. 1820).
1739:Josephinism
1687:(d. 1792).
1675:(d. 1813),
1671:(d. 1795),
1665:Josephinism
1661:La Fontaine
1629:(d. 1766).
1623:Henry Noris
1591:Gallicanism
1501:Adam Tanner
1420:(d. 1687).
1394:Luis Molina
1300:Pope Pius V
1276:Tricassinus
1128:Andrew Vega
1118:(d. 1578),
1114:(d. 1558),
1102:(d. 1523),
1087:(d. 1566).
1073:Thomas More
1069:John Fisher
1067:In England
1029:Renaissance
969:Jean Gerson
892:Christology
886:(d. 1456).
853:Carthusians
835:(d. 1347).
767:. (d. 1276)
731:Duns Scotus
705:Bonaventure
656:Franciscans
642:Duns Scotus
634:Bonaventure
530:written by
509:Bonaventure
380:Commodianus
267:magisterium
230:Pelagianism
114:Eschatology
106:Christology
3975:Scott Hahn
3352:Johann Eck
3004:Iconoclasm
2936:Pope Leo I
2796:Tertullian
2500:0809142864
2476:Dei Filius
1996:Ludwig Ott
1973:Dei Filius
1894:ontologism
1876:In Italy,
1543:John Punch
1145:Johann Eck
1090:In France
989:(ca. 1460)
813:nominalism
809:Fraticelli
668:Carmelites
660:Dominicans
415:Prudentius
316:, and the
246:providence
222:Pope Leo I
187:Chrysostom
171:Lactantius
159:Manichæism
155:Gnosticism
99:Angelology
70:Definition
3879:Hans Küng
3668:Léon Bloy
3658:Modernism
3511:Jansenism
3197:Mysticism
2791:Montanism
2552:164315865
2438:24 August
2404:24 August
2006:in 2018.
1816:patrology
1814:advanced
1785:, as did
1727:(d. 1742)
1721:(d. 1696)
1715:(d. 1648)
1689:Barnabite
1595:Jansenism
1575:(d. 1706)
1569:(d. 1693)
1563:(d. 1681)
1557:(d. 1674)
1551:(d. 1669)
1545:(d. 1660)
1539:(d. 1660)
1533:(d. 1660)
1527:(d. 1646)
1521:(d. 1644)
1515:(d. 1641)
1509:(d. 1633)
1503:(d. 1632)
1497:(d. 1630)
1491:(d. 1629)
1485:(d. 1626)
1479:(d. 1625)
1473:(d. 1624)
1467:(d. 1623)
1461:(d. 1608)
1455:(d. 1607)
1449:(d. 1603)
1443:(d. 1603)
1437:(d. 1596)
1370:Capuchins
1213:(d. 1594)
1207:(d. 1589)
1201:(d. 1585)
1195:(d. 1579)
1189:(d. 1568)
1183:(d. 1555)
1177:(d. 1542)
1171:(d. 1559)
1165:(d. 1527)
1159:(d. 1564)
1153:(d. 1552)
1147:(d. 1543)
1037:patrology
1013:(d. 1543)
1007:(d. 1537)
1001:(d. 1528)
995:(d. 1495)
983:(d. 1459)
977:(d. 1444)
971:(d. 1429)
959:(d. 1357)
953:(d. 1349)
947:(d. 1346)
941:(d. 1342)
935:(d. 1341)
929:(d. 1332)
923:(d. 1327)
917:(d. 1323)
911:(d. 1306)
896:Mariology
797:(d. 1316)
791:(d. 1300)
785:(d. 1293)
779:(d. 1285)
773:(d. 1277)
686:Platonism
597:Ratramnus
593:(d. 1205)
581:Gaufridus
572:(d, 1203)
546:Sentences
494:Aristotle
488:, etc.).
258:Donatists
189:. At the
110:Mariology
52:July 2024
4010:Category
3411:Molinism
2989:Ecthesis
2941:Boethius
2846:Arianism
2836:Eusebius
2786:Irenaeus
2750:Polycarp
2664:Timeline
2287:, III–V.
2052:See also
1998:'s 1952
1343:Sorbonne
1280:Petavius
1151:Cochlæus
1041:Sorbonne
1033:exegesis
861:Roermond
715:, but a
690:Boethius
672:Servites
586:Guitmund
482:Lanfranc
405:Polycarp
370:Arnobius
88:Subjects
3332:Erasmus
3182:Thomism
2921:Orosius
2896:Ambrose
2811:Cyprian
2739:Didache
2693:Vulgate
2652:General
2240::
2042:Pius IX
1677:Bolgeni
1264:Hallier
1244:Gravina
1236:Bossuet
540:Gratian
390:Hermias
322:Ambrose
283:Irenæus
278:(787).
262:baptism
242:liberty
120:History
3024:Alcuin
2906:Jerome
2801:Origen
2598:
2550:
2498:
2462:
2429:
2395:
2270:
2018:wrote
1761:, and
1757:, the
1642:Lebrun
1593:, and
1368:. The
1248:Adrian
1094:, and
823:, the
670:, and
647:Summae
640:, and
507:, and
496:as of
476:, and
420:Tatian
214:Jerome
208:; and
185:, and
173:, and
161:, and
151:heresy
2548:S2CID
2064:Notes
1398:Summa
1390:Summa
1339:Summa
1327:Summa
1315:Summa
727:Summa
713:Summa
498:Plato
238:grace
2994:Bede
2723:Paul
2596:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2440:2013
2427:ISBN
2406:2013
2393:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2040:and
1963:The
1892:and
1741:and
1640:and
1632:The
1384:The
1302:and
1035:and
1023:The
894:and
658:and
248:and
240:and
232:and
224:and
97:and
2540:doi
1779:'s
1749:by
1357:of
4012::
3445:to
2824:to
2546:.
2538:.
2536:20
2534:.
2530:.
2152:^
2100:^
2072:^
2048:.
1992:.
1849:,
1765:.
1698:.
1613:.
1597:.
1412:.
1306:.
1134:.
898:.
819:,
811:,
746:.
674:.
666:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
484:,
359:.
334:.
252:,
244:,
220:,
216:,
181:,
169:,
157:,
142:.
3513:)
3509:(
3413:)
3409:(
2628:e
2621:t
2614:v
2577:.
2554:.
2542::
2442:.
2408:.
2375:.
2353:.
2331:.
2309:.
2132:.
2095:.
54:)
50:(
46:.
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