353:. However, most modern scholars agree the second epistle was probably not written by Peter, because it appears to have been written in the early 2nd century, long after Peter had died. Yet, opinions on the first epistle are more divided; many scholars do think this letter is authentic, although it is written in a polished Greek even better than that of Paul, which is unlikely for an illiterate Jewish fisherman, and adopts Paul's theology, which fits poorly with the tension between Paul and Peter.
376:), but it is not clear which James is meant. According to some Christian traditions, this is the same James as the author of the Epistle of James, himself reputedly a brother of Jesus; and so, this Jude should also be a brother of Jesus, despite the fact he does not indicate any such thing in his text.
488:
The letter addresses the audience as "my dear children" (e.g. 1 John 2:1) and "dear friends" (e.g. 1 John 2:7). 1 John 3:2 states: 'Dear friends, now we are children of God...', showing that the author is addressing fellow
Christians, whom he intermittently calls 'children of God' (which includes
403:
in the early third century. Even after the epistles began to widely appear in canonical lists from the late fourth century, some groups continued to reject some or all the catholic epistles into the sixth and seventh centuries.
338:, despite the fact that none of the epistles mentions any author. Most modern scholars believe the author is not John the Apostle, but there is no scholarly consensus for any particular historical figure. (See
391:
attributed the anonymous epistles to important people, and attributed the epistles written by people with the same name as important people to those important people.
360:). It is not known which James this is supposed to be. There are several different traditional Christian interpretations of other New Testament texts which mention a
990:
628:
276:
epistles' has been a convention going back to the fourth century. Untied to a particular denomination, it simply meant "general" at that time. Later, the word
311:", about whom there has been much speculation but little in the way of conclusive proof as to his identity. Some historians therefore think that the label
399:
Acceptance of the
Catholic epistles was contentious for the first few centuries of Christianity. Rejection among some Christians was first described by
640:
610:
307:
appear to contradict this view, because their addresses are respectively to the "elect lady", speculated by many to be the church itself, and to "
295:
probably signified that the letters were addressed to the general church, and not to specific, separate congregations or persons, as with the
675:
1607:
1489:
479:
2 Peter 1:1, "To those who have received a faith as precious as ours through the righteousness of our God and Savior Jesus Christ"
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605:
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384:
1484:
1175:
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1602:
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1137:
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625:
364:. However, most modern scholars tend to reject this line of reasoning, since the author himself does not indicate any
1244:
339:
17:
1362:
1239:
1090:
668:
615:
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334:, the son of Zebedee and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Consequently, these letters have been labelled the
90:
1686:
1612:
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Encarta-encyclopedie
Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "katholieke brieven". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
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565:"The Amanuensis Hypothesis in New Testament Scholarship: Its Origin, Evidential Basis, and Application"
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Jude 1, "To those who are called, who are beloved in God the Father and kept safe for Jesus Christ"
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Three of the seven letters are anonymous. These three have traditionally been attributed to
284:. To avoid the assumption that these texts are therefore specific to the Catholic Church or
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46:. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the catholic epistles are:
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Lost
Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
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himself), as well as 'dear friends' (or 'beloved' in some translations).
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372:): the writer names himself a brother of James (ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου
368:. A similar problem presents itself with the Epistle of Jude (Ἰούδας
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Light and truth: or, Bible thoughts and themes. The Lesser epistles
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With the exception of the
Petrine epistles, both of which may be
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Ancient Faith
Ministries - Introduction to the Catholic Epistles
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In one epistle, the author only calls himself James (Ἰάκωβος
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151:"Sim(e)on Peter, a servant and apostle of Jesus Christ"
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78:"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ"
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121:"To the exiles of the Dispersion in
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616:Coptic Orthodox Church - Dictionary
441:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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107:"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ"
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52:Traditional epistle name
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362:James, brother of Jesus
234:"To the beloved Gaius"
147:Second Epistle of Peter
82:James, brother of Jesus
62:Traditional attribution
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1086:Paralipomena of Baruch
248:Jude, brother of Jesus
194:Second Epistle of John
103:First Epistle of Peter
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1613:Additional Scriptures
1577:New Testament uncials
217:Third Epistle of John
188:To fellow Christians
171:First Epistle of John
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1572:New Testament papyri
1518:Samaritan Pentateuch
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1081:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
266:The use of the word
227:John, son of Zebedee
204:John, son of Zebedee
181:John, son of Zebedee
1540:Muratorian fragment
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1470:Old Testament canon
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981:Additions to Daniel
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1682:Canonical epistles
1153:Testament of Jacob
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1033:Prayer of Manasseh
996:Bel and the Dragon
976:Letter of Jeremiah
643:2012-05-06 at the
631:2019-02-09 at the
336:Johannine epistles
255:To all Christians
165:To all Christians
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1551:Vetus Latina
1549:
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1485:Jewish canon
1480:Antilegomena
1441:
1382:Poetic Books
1378:Wisdom books
1356:Subdivisions
1269:
974: /
899:Deuterocanon
819:Lamentations
799:Ecclesiastes
706:(protocanon)
697:Hebrew Bible
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1656:WikiProject
1534:Diatessaron
1505:Manuscripts
1458:Development
1260:Philippians
1130:Beta Israel
1048:4 Maccabees
1043:3 Maccabees
957:2 Maccabees
952:1 Maccabees
734:Deuteronomy
470:1 Peter 1:1
347:Simon Peter
299:. However,
286:Catholicism
161:Simon Peter
155:Simon Peter
117:Simon Peter
111:Simon Peter
1671:Categories
1593:Authorship
1523:Septuagint
1368:Pentateuch
1347:Revelation
1271:Laodiceans
1265:Colossians
754:1–2 Samuel
408:References
326:Authorship
131:Cappadocia
95:Dispersion
1432:Johannine
1292:2 Timothy
1287:1 Timothy
1255:Ephesians
1250:Galatians
1038:Psalm 151
906:apocrypha
884:Zechariah
874:Zephaniah
759:1–2 Kings
724:Leviticus
589:1476-993X
461:James 1:1
222:anonymous
199:anonymous
176:anonymous
1646:Category
1545:Peshitta
1442:Catholic
1437:Pastoral
1422:Epistles
1415:Synoptic
1302:Philemon
1115:2 Baruch
1102:Peshitta
1076:Jubilees
1028:2 Esdras
1023:1 Esdras
918:Catholic
869:Habakkuk
814:Jeremiah
794:Proverbs
774:Nehemiah
641:Archived
629:Archived
575:(1): 8.
548:14 March
507:3 John 1
498:2 John 2
433:(2003).
313:catholic
293:catholic
278:catholic
274:catholic
269:catholic
139:Bithynia
89:"To the
40:epistles
1618:Studies
1586:Related
1557:Vulgate
1427:Pauline
1405:Gospels
1322:2 Peter
1317:1 Peter
1307:Hebrews
1210:Matthew
1100:Syriac
986:Susanna
889:Malachi
849:Obadiah
824:Ezekiel
729:Numbers
714:Genesis
687:of the
358:Iákobos
231:Unknown
208:Unknown
185:Unknown
127:Galatia
93:in the
42:of the
1651:Portal
1528:Targum
1337:3 John
1332:2 John
1327:1 John
1235:Romans
1188:Jewish
1013:Others
972:Baruch
967:Sirach
962:Wisdom
942:Judith
927:Others
879:Haggai
829:Daniel
809:Isaiah
789:Psalms
779:Esther
744:Judges
739:Joshua
719:Exodus
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445:
401:Origen
370:Ioudas
317:1 John
305:3 John
301:2 John
262:Naming
123:Pontus
115:Maybe
1312:James
1297:Titus
1071:Enoch
937:Tobit
864:Nahum
859:Micah
854:Jonah
834:Hosea
689:Bible
685:Books
309:Gaius
1410:List
1342:Jude
1230:Acts
1225:John
1220:Luke
1215:Mark
1176:list
1053:Odes
844:Amos
839:Joel
769:Ezra
749:Ruth
585:ISSN
550:2017
443:ISBN
303:and
159:Not
137:and
135:Asia
57:NRSV
30:The
903:and
784:Job
647:by
577:doi
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