James, brother of Jesus

845:. ...Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me. ...Yet because of false brothers secretly brought in—who slipped in to spy out our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might bring us into slavery—to them we did not yield in submission even for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might be preserved for you. And from those who seemed to be influential (what they were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality)—those, I say, who seemed influential added nothing to me. On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised, just as Peter had been entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised (for he who worked through Peter for his apostolic ministry to the circumcised worked also through me for mine to the Gentiles), and when James and Cephas and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given to me, they gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas and me, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. Only, they asked us to remember the poor, the very thing I was eager to do. 2088:

persuasion; since we, as well as all the people, bear thee testimony that thou art just, and showest partiality to none. Do thou, therefore, persuade the people not to entertain erroneous opinions concerning Jesus: for all the people, and we also, listen to thy persuasion. Take thy stand, then, upon the summit of the temple, that from that elevated spot thou mayest be clearly seen, and thy words may be plainly audible to all the people. For, in order to attend the passover, all the tribes have congregated hither, and some of the Gentiles also." To the scribes' and Pharisees' dismay, James boldly testified that "Christ himself sitteth in heaven, at the right hand of the Great Power, and shall come on the clouds of heaven". The scribes and pharisees then said to themselves, "We have not done well in procuring this testimony to Jesus. But let us go up and throw him down, that they may be afraid, and not believe him."

2368:, "when the police took Oded Golan into custody and searched his apartment they discovered a workshop with a range of tools, materials, and half finished 'antiquities'. This was evidence for a fraud of a scale far greater than they had suspected." On March 14, 2012, Golan was declared not guilty of all charges of forgery, although with the judge saying this acquittal "does not mean that the inscription on the ossuary is authentic or that it was written 2,000 years ago" and "it was not proven in any way that the words 'the brother of Jesus' necessarily refer to the 'Jesus' who appears in Christian writings" and that there is "nothing in these findings which necessarily proves that the items were authentic". 911:

will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world. Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day. (

1976: 1200:'Now the Lord, after he had given his grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James, for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen from the dead.' And a little further on the Lord says, 'bring a table and bread.' And immediately it is added, 'He took bread and blessed and broke and gave it to James the Just and said to him, "My brother, eat your bread, for the Son of Man is risen from the dead."' And so he ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years, that is, until the seventh year of 1660:. Proponents of this identification argue that the writers of the Synoptics would have called this Mary, simply, "the mother of Jesus" if she was indeed meant to be the mother of Jesus, given the importance of her son's crucifixion and resurrection: they also note that the mother of James and Joses is called "Maria", whereas the mother of Jesus is "Mariam" or "Marias" in Greek. These proponents find it unlikely that Mary would be referred to by her natural children other than Jesus at such a significant time (James happens to be the brother of one Joses, as spelled in 417: 1090:

intoxicating liquor, nor did he eat flesh; no razor came upon his head; he did not anoint himself with oil, nor make use of the bath. He alone was permitted to enter the holy place: for he did not wear any woollen garment, but fine linen only. He alone, I say, was wont to go into the temple: and he used to be found kneeling on his knees, begging forgiveness for the people-so that the skin of his knees became horny like that of a camel's, by reason of his constantly bending the knee in adoration to God, and begging forgiveness for the people.

3215:, had both a care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage, which Paul lacked, and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity—though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared." 2410: 2142: 2422: 7616: 3061: 4866:"Origen appreciates Josephus by noting that he has 'researched on the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple' and concludes that Josephus is 'not far from the truth' in concluding that the reason for the calamity was the assassination of James the Just by the Jews", in "Origen and Josephus" by Wataru Mizugaki, in Louis H. Feldman, Gohei Hata (editors), 2062:, which happened to them immediately after his martyrdom for no other reason than their daring act against him. Josephus, at least, has not hesitated to testify this in his writings, where he says, "These things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man."" 720:

disposition, he thought he had now a proper opportunity . Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others, ; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned.

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He was called also the brother of our Lord, because he resembled much well our Lord in body, in visage, and of manner. He was called James the Just for his right great holiness, for S. Jerome recordeth that he was so holy that the people strove how they might touch the hem of his robe or mantle. He was also called James the son of Alpheus.

2103:, the son of Rechabim, to whom testimony is borne by Jeremiah the prophet, began to cry aloud, saying: "Cease, what do ye? The just man is praying for us." But one among them, one of the fullers, took the staff with which he was accustomed to wring out the garments he dyed, and hurled it at the head of the just man. 2852:. Retrieved 2008-09-18. "But some say, basing it on a tradition in the Gospel according to Peter, as it is entitled, or 'The Book of James', that the brethren of Jesus were sons of Joseph by a former wife, whom he married before Mary. Now those who say so wish to preserve the honour of Mary in virginity to the end…" 51: 2127:

According to Philip Schaff in 1904, this account by "Hegesippus has been cited over and over again by historians as assigning the date of the martyrdom to 69," though he challenged the assumption that Hegesippus gives anything to denote such a date. Josephus does not mention in his writings how James

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For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures; and that he appeared to Cephas; then to the twelve; then he appeared to above

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20.9.1). Josephus reports that Hanan's act was widely viewed as little more than judicial murder and offended a number of "those who were considered the most fair-minded people in the city, and strict in their observance of the Law", who went so far as to arrange a meeting with Albinus as he entered

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to point out blood relationships; it is asserted that just calling some people "brothers of Jesus" would not have necessarily implied the same mother. Rather, something like "sons of the mother of Jesus" would have been used to indicate a common mother. Scholars and theologians who assert this point

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Notice, moreover, that the Lord's brother is an apostle, since Paul says «Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and tarried with him fifteen days. But other of the Apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother.» (Galatians 1:18-19) And in the same Epistle «And when they

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James, the Lord's brother, succeeds to the government of the Church, in conjunction with the apostles. He has been universally called the Just, from the days of the Lord down to the present time. For many bore the name of James; but this one was holy from his mother's womb. He drank no wine or other

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James the apostle is said the Less, how well that he was elder of age than was S. James the More, because like as is in religion he that entered first is called aine and great, and he that cometh after shall be called less, though he be the older, and in this wise was this S. James called the less.

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On December 29, 2004, Golan was indicted in an Israeli court along with three other men – Robert Deutsch, an inscriptions expert who teaches at Haifa University; collector Shlomo Cohen; and antiquities dealer Faiz al-Amaleh. They were accused of being part of a forgery ring that had

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Jerome refers to the scene of the crucifixion in John 19:25, where three women named Mary – Mary, the mother of Jesus, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene – are said to be witnesses. John also mentions the "sister" of the mother of Jesus, often identified with Mary of

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were not restricted to the meaning of a literal brother or sister in the Bible, nor were their plurals. Unlike some other New Testament authors, the apostle Paul had a perfect command of Greek, a language which has a specific word for 'cousin' and another for 'brother' calling James "the brother of

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They came, therefore, in a body to James, and said: "We entreat thee, restrain the people: for they have gone astray in their opinions about Jesus, as if he were the Christ. We entreat thee to persuade all who have come hither for the day of the passover, concerning Jesus. For we all listen to thy

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became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary or a Salome and an Anna) with James being the elder sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. After Joseph's first wife

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confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus's appearance to James. The Gospel of Thomas relates that the disciples asked Jesus, after his resurrection and before his Ascension, "We are aware that you will depart from us. Who will be our leader?" Jesus said to them, "No

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And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, After this I will return, and

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One argument supporting this view is that it would have been against Jewish custom for Jesus to give his mother to the care of John (who is not at all suspected to be a blood relative of Jesus) if Mary had other living sons. This is because the eldest son would take responsibility for his mother

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Ananus, who, as we have told you already, took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his temper, and very insolent; he was also of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judging offenders, above all the rest of the Jews, as we have already observed; when, therefore, Ananus was of this

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related, "This James, whom the people of old called the Just because of his outstanding virtue, was the first, as the record tells us, to be elected to the episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church." Other epithets are "James the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just," and "James the Righteous".

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Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. “Was the Hypothetical ‘Vorlage’ of the ‘Testimonium Flavianum’ a ‘Neutral’ Text? Challenging the Common Wisdom on ‘Antiquitates Judaicae’ 18.63-64.” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, vol. 45, no. 3, Brill, 2014, pp. 326–65,

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The perpetual virginity of Mary is a beautiful and fitting belief upheld by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, as well as many Anglicans and Lutherans. Furthermore, it was defended not only by the ancient church fathers, but by Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and the classic Anglican

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published a report concluding, based on an analysis of the patina, that the inscription is a modern forgery. Specifically, it appeared that the inscription had been added recently and made to look old by addition of a chalk solution. Following this, the Ossuary was removed by the Royal Ontario

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cites that "the Scribes and Pharisees placed James upon the pinnacle of the temple, and threw down the just man, and they began to stone him, for he was not killed by the fall. And one of them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he beat out clothes and struck the just man on the head".

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James the brother of Jesus, and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown

1516:(a 2nd-century apocryphal gospel also called the Protoevangelium of James or the Infancy Gospel of James) says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph and that he already had children. In this case, James was one of Joseph's children from his previous marriage and, therefore, Jesus's stepbrother. 2242:

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, James is commemorated as "Apostle James the Just, brother of Our Lord", and as such, multiple days are assigned to his feasts. His first feast day in the church calendar year is on October 23. His next feast day is on the first Sunday after the feast of the

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identifies with James, the brother of Jesus: "but he , beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, Go show these things unto James, and to the brethren. And he departed, and went into another place.

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The Jerusalem Church was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which James and Peter were leaders. According to a universal tradition the first bishop was the Apostle James the Less, the "brother of the Lord". His predominant place and residence in the city are implied by

2239:(Catholics identify him with James the Just as the same person), was traditionally observed on 1 May, the anniversary of the church dedicated to them in Rome (now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles). Then this combined feast transferred to May 3 in the current ordinary calendar. 730:

has been attributed. The translations of Josephus' writing into other languages have at times included passages that are not found in the Greek texts, raising the possibility of interpolation, but this passage on James is found in all manuscripts, including the Greek texts.

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And so he suffered martyrdom; and they buried him on the spot, and the pillar erected to his memory still remains, close by the temple. This man was a true witness to both Jews and Greeks that Jesus is the Christ. And shortly after Vespasian besieged Judaea, taking them

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Modern scholarship has almost universally acknowledged the authenticity of the reference to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ) and has rejected its being the result of later

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After this, there is only one more mention of James in Acts, meeting with Paul shortly before Paul's arrest: "And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present.

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Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and remained with him fifteen days. But I saw none of the other apostles except James the Lord's brother. (In what I am writing to you, before God, I do not lie!) Then I went into the regions of Syria and

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p.33 Bruce Chilton, Jacob Neusner – 2001 p. 34: "It is unlikely that he restricts his reference to him because he is soon to quote from Hegesippus' account ... Another tradition transmitted by Clement made James the Just, Cephas, and John the recipients of secret

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Ernest Cushing Richardson and Bernhard Pick, eds. (1886), "The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The twelve patriarchs, Excerpts and epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac documents, Remains of the first ages", C. Scribner's Sons, pp.

3979: 753:, who held that position from 62 CE to 64 CE. Because Albinus' journey to Alexandria had to have concluded no later than the summer of 62 CE, the date of James' death can be assigned with some certainty to around that year. The 2nd century chronicler 4846:"Origen twice asserts that Josephus said that the destruction of Jerusalem occurred because of what was done to James. The argument was that the destruction was a consequence of divine retribution because of what was done to James" in, John Painter, 1246:, the sole copy of which was found in the Nag Hammadi library and which may have been written in Egypt in the 3rd century, recounts a post-resurrection appearance of the risen Christ to James and Peter that James is said to have recorded in Hebrew. 1901:

Do you intend the comparatively unknown James the Less, who is called in Scripture the son of Mary, not however of Mary the mother of our Lord, to be an apostle, or not? If he is an apostle, he must be the son of Alphæus and a believer in

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Thus James, the brother of the Lord would be the son of Alphaeus, who is the husband of Mary the wife of Cleophas or Mary the wife of Alphaeus. The identification of James as the son of Alpheus was perpetuated into the 13th century in the

943:, similarly to the Epistle to the Galatians, recognize a core group of three disciples (Peter, John and James) having the same names as those given by Paul. In the list of the disciples found in the Gospels, two disciples whose names are 1503:

argues that Mary and Joseph rushed without hesitation straight back to Jerusalem, when they realized Jesus was lost, which they would surely have thought twice about doing if there were other children (Jesus's siblings) to look after.

2528:, 'brother') as found in both the Septuagint and NT writings, can mean a full, half, step brother or adopted brother, a kinsman (cousin, etc.), as well as a "fellow" – a "kinsman" in trade or belief but not of any blood relationship. 1652:

Clopas due to grammar. Mary "of Clopas" is often interpreted as Mary, "wife of Clopas". Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Clopas also need not be literally sisters, in light of the usage of the said words in Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic.

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These two works of Hippolytus are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of the church age and then found in Greece in the 19th century. As most scholars consider them spurious, they are often ascribed to

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21 -26 p801, 1992, "In the latter, which according to Eusebius, Hegesippus knew (HE IV.22.8), no explanation is given for the title; it merely says that the risen Jesus gave bread to "James the Just and said to him, My brother

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p. 115, 2005 "Eusebius' language in the earlier summary (2.1.2) suggests that Clement was not the first to do so because the people of old had named James "the Just." He later quotes Hegesippus' account of the martyrdom of

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Christians (Catholics, Orthodox, and some Anglican and Lutheran Protestant denominations) and some Reformed churches who maintain early Church teachings generally hold him as either a step-brother or a cousin, whereas most

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James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary, sister of the mother of our Lord of whom John makes mention in his

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is of the belief that Luke, as a close follower of Pauline Gentile Christianity, sought to minimize the importance of Jesus's family by whatever means possible, editing James and Jesus's brothers out of the Gospel record.

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five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain until now, but some are fallen asleep; then he appeared to James; then to all the apostles; and last of all, as to the untimely born, he appeared to me also.

765:. Moreover, in comparison with Hegesippus' account of James' death, most scholars consider Josephus' to be the more historically reliable. Some scholars have noted Josephus is more sympathetic to James than his brother. 1231:

associated with James's name mentions that James and Jesus are not biological brothers, with a rather fragmentary account of the departure (possibly meaning martyrdom) of James appended to the bottom of the manuscript.

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James, along with the others named "brothers" of Jesus, are said by others to have been Jesus's cousins. This is justified by the fact that cousins were also called "brothers" and "sisters" in Jesus's native language,

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also mention a James as Jesus's brother: "Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Judah, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him." The

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Schaff: "Hegesippus, who lived near the apostolic age, in the fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says 'After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at

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is the same James mentioned in Mark 16:1 and Matthew 27:56 and it is to be identified with James, the son of Alphaeus and James, the brother of Jesus. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he is not identified with

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Mary of Clopas is suggested to be the same as "Mary, the mother of James the younger and Joses", "Mary the mother of James and Joseph" and the "other Mary" in Jesus's crucifixion and post-resurrection accounts in the

2096:... threw down the just man... began to stone him: for he was not killed by the fall; but he turned, and kneeled down, and said: "I beseech thee, Lord God our Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." 2888:

theologians. John Wesley also believed in the perpetual virginity of Mary, writing, "I believe he was born of the blessed Virgin, who, as well after she brought him forth, continued a pure and unspotted virgin."

539::13-21). The original sense is closer to "opinion". James supported them all in being against the requirement (Peter had cited his earlier revelation from God regarding Gentiles) and suggested prohibitions about 963:

And he called to him his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every affliction. The names of the twelve apostles are these: first,

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The only conclusion is that the Mary, who is described as the mother of James the Less was the wife of Alphæus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, the one who is called by John the Evangelist "Mary of

797:, with disputed datings ranging from about 50 to as late as 130 AD, describe the period of Jesus's ministry, around 30-33 AD. It mentions at least two different people named James. The author of the 5212:"The Response of the Israel Antiquities Authority to the Verdict by the Jerusalem District Court in the Matter of the Forgeries Trial Jerusalem District Court in the Matter of the Forgeries Trial" 1690:

Since this Clopas is, according to Eusebius, Joseph of Nazareth's brother (see above) and Mary of Clopas is said to be Mary of Nazareth's sister, James could be related to Jesus by blood and law.

2664:), versions of a novel that has been dated to as early as the 2nd century, where James appears as a saintly figure who is assaulted by an unnamed enemy some modern critics think may be Paul. 4987: 2271: 2079:, 2.23). Hegesippus' account varies somewhat from what Josephus reports and may be an attempt to reconcile the various accounts by combining them. According to Hegesippus, the scribes and 462:. When Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and it is James who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at 1924:

James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary sister of the mother our Lord

1113:"For they say that Peter and James and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem." 1133:(3rd/4th century) James was named a bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles: "James, the brother of the Lord, to whom the episcopal seat at Jerusalem had been entrusted by the apostles". 5086: 1538:

after the death of her husband; any other sons of Mary should have taken on this responsibility if they existed, therefore arguing against a direct natural brother relationship.

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died, many years later when he was eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)". According to Epiphanius the Scriptures call them "brothers of the Lord" to confound their opponents.

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relates that "James the Lord's brother was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles." According to Protestant theologian

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also argues that "the immediate context favors a lack of future implication here, for Matthew is concerned only with stressing Mary's virginity before the child's birth".

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which has been defined regarding the "brothers of the Lord" is that they are not biological children of Mary; thus, Catholics do not consider them as siblings of Jesus.

4570:, but Aramaic and Hebrew do not, and it is the Semitic way of speaking and thinking about kinship that is reflected in the Greek of the New Testament" in, John Saward, 1912:

After saying that James the Less is the same as James, the son of Mary of Cleophas, wife of Alphaeus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, Jerome describes in his work

7927: 7827: 4958: 7917: 7767: 7647: 1365:"knew her not until she had brought forth her firstborn son" as meaning that Joseph and Mary did have normal marital relations after Jesus's birth, and that James, 1137:

wrote the same: "James... after our Lord's passion... ordained by the apostles bishop of Jerusalem..." and that James "ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years".

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to James the Just and to John and Peter, and they imparted it to the rest of the apostles, and the rest of the apostles to the seventy, of whom Barnabas was one."

7500: 1483:, as an answer to Helvidius, that the term "first-born" was used to refer to any offspring that opened the womb, rather than definitely implying other children. 5016: 2052:

related an account of the death of James which gave it as a cause of the Roman siege of Jerusalem, something not found in the existing manuscripts of Josephus.

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has been traditionally attributed to James the Just since 253, but, according to Dan McCartney, it is now common for scholars to disagree on its authorship.

269:. James, Joses, Simon, and Judas are mentioned as the brothers or siblings of Jesus as well as two or more unnamed sisters. (See Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3.) 7687: 7490: 1459: 3046:, § 27. James the Brother of the Lord: "And in the Liturgy of St. James, the brother of Jesus is raised to the dignity of "the brother of the very God". 5989: 757:

also left an account of the death of James, and while the details he provides diverge from those of Josephus, the two accounts share similar elements.

5062: 1950:, James is not the earthly brother of Jesus, but a spiritual brother who according to the Gnostics "received secret knowledge from Jesus prior to the 7355: 4159:

The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The twelve patriarchs, Excerpts and epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac documents

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According to Schaff, James was the local head of the oldest church and the leader of the most conservative portion of Jewish Christianity. Scholar

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but he does not mention by whom: "After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem."

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of James"), a work of the 2nd century, also presents itself as written by James – so that his authorship would lend authority.

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Ante-Nicean Fathers, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleaveland Coxe, vol. 5 (Peabody MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 254–6

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Bechtel, Florentine. "The Brethren of the Lord." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 28 Dec. 2014

4408: 4128: 482:-19, he states that he stayed with Cephas (better known as Peter) and James, the brother of the Lord, was the only other apostle he met. 2210: 5657: 5186: 2182: 1893:. To explain this, Jerome first tells that James the Less must be identified with James, the son of Alphaeus, and reports in his work 8139: 7312: 5236:"THE JAMES OSSUARY (YA'AKOV OSSUARY): BULLET POINT SYNOPSIS ABOUT A PROBABLE MODERN FORGERY - Bible Epigraphy - - Rollston Epigraphy" 4008: 3647:"Fragments from His Five Books of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church: Concerning the Martyrdom of James, the Brother of the Lord" 1990: 1932:

Thus, Jerome concludes that James, the son of Alphaeus, James the Less, and James, brother of the Lord, are one and the same person.

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Also, Jesus and James could be related in some other way, not strictly "cousins", following the non-literal application of the term

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In addition, Mary, Joseph, and Jesus's brothers or siblings are often described together, without reference to any other relatives (

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And James the son of Alphaeus, when preaching in Jerusalem was stoned to death by the Jews, and was buried there beside the temple.

5211: 2899: 1268:, James was called the "bishop of bishops, who rules Jerusalem, the Holy Church of the Hebrews, and all the Churches everywhere". 8189: 5929: 2189: 2152: 1687:. Despite this, some biblical scholars tend to distinguish them; this is also not Catholic dogma, though a traditional teaching. 1609:

and therefore was of the "brothers" (which he interprets as "cousin") of Jesus described in the New Testament. This is echoed by

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Paul mentions meeting James "the Lord's brother" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου) and later calls him one of the pillars (στύλοι) in the

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decision. James was the last named figure to speak, after Peter, Paul, and Barnabas; he delivered what he called his "decision" (

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Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. (

790: 8144: 2282: 1029:

never mentions anyone called James, but mentions Jesus's unnamed "brothers" as being present with Mary when Jesus attended the

2003:(20.9.1), "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" met his death after the death of the procurator 551:. This became the ruling of the council, agreed upon by all the apostles and elders and sent to the other churches by letter. 8094: 7368: 7348: 5390: 5361: 5308: 5111:

Myllykoski, Matti (2007). "James the Just in History and Tradition: Perspectives of Past and Present Scholarship (Part II)".

4934: 4831: 4756: 4447: 4300: 4227: 3574: 3549: 3502: 2931: 1390:('until') after a negative "often has no implication at all about what happened after the limit of the 'until' was reached". 117: 4409:

Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus); Frank Williams (specialist in early Christian texts); Holl, Karl (2013).

1768:

was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go to anoint Jesus's body. (

750: 8164: 7224: 6738: 6726: 4950: 4908:

Schaff, Philip (1904) Henry Wace "A Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church" BiblioBazaar

3849:

The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78. Against Antidicomarians

3224:

Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Neutestamentarische Apokryphen. In deutscher Übersetzung: 2 Bde., Mohr Siebeck; 1999, Vol. 1, p. 363

2910: 2196: 3416:

states that although a few scholars have questioned this passage, "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic" (

8184: 2643:

also had some Jews who no longer circumcised and some Greeks and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did.

1299:

6:3 and mentioned elsewhere. James's name always appears first in lists, which suggests he was the eldest among them. In

1097:(late 2nd century) wrote in the sixth book of his Hypotyposes that James the Just was chosen as a bishop of Jerusalem by 2029:

in Greek, a "Sanhedrin of judges"), which condemned James "on the charge of breaking the law," then had him executed by

1213:

matter where you come it is to James the Just that you shall go, for whose sake heaven and earth have come to exist.".

8194: 7757: 7372: 7052: 5730: 5685: 4420: 4371: 3857: 1864:. The two are included in an appendix to the works of Hippolytus in the voluminous collection of Early Church Fathers. 1165:

perceived the grace that was given unto me, James and Cephas and John, who were reputed to be pillars,» (Galatians 2:9)

528: 367: 4726:

First Apocalypse of James's' also denies that James is blood relative of Jesus" in, Watson E. Mills (general editor),

2178: 6035: 5546: 5531: 5510: 5488: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5409: 5329: 5283: 5271: 5008: 4913: 4875: 4855: 4735: 4579: 4515: 4481: 4355: 4200: 4092: 3690: 3522: 3102: 2873: 2750: 1529:(AD 374–375) that "...James (brother of Jesus) was Joseph's son by Joseph's first wife, not by Mary..." He adds that 20: 4801:

History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library

3678:

The Missing Family of Jesus: An Inconvenient Truth - How the Church Erased Jesus's Brothers and Sisters from History

2835: 2259:. He is also commemorated on 26 December (Synaxis of the Mother of God). On 1 December occurs commemoration of his, 8129: 7341: 7333: 6055: 6025: 6009: 4886: 2264: 850: 8179: 8084: 8029: 8014: 7273: 6989: 6050: 6030: 5146: 2058:

wrote that "the more sensible even of the Jews were of the opinion that this (James' death) was the cause of the

1310:

Interpretation of the phrase "brother of the Lord" and similar phrases is divided between those who believe that

1156:(4th century), James, the Lord's brother, was an apostle, too; Jerome quotes Scriptures as a proof in his work " 782: 8174: 7657: 7196: 6754: 5839: 5775: 4613: 2537:

Protestant denominations maintain James is a younger brother from Mary and Joseph as a "proof" against Mary's "

2167: 2112:

Fragments from the Acts of the Church; Concerning the Martyrdom of James, the Brother of the Lord, from Book 5.

2012: 1349:

Near-contemporary sources insist that James was a "perpetual virgin" from the womb, a term which according to

7089: 7061: 6208: 6190: 5701: 5678: 4980:"Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord" 4395: 2559: 2434: 2356: 2275: 1915: 866:

In the preceding verse, the same Greek word "adelphos" (brother) is used, but not in a blood-relation sense:

443:'s attempt to kill him, James appears as the principal authority who presided at the Council of Jerusalem." 7797: 7595: 7420: 6886: 5340:

James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls

4603: 4191:

The Jesus Dynasty: A New Historical Investigation of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity

3589: 833: 569:, James seems to have taken the place of James the son of Zebedee, after his martyrdom, around 44 AD. 8169: 7976: 7877: 7782: 7295: 6876: 6465: 6370: 6345: 5949: 5821: 2594: 2538: 2317: 1319: 1315: 4442:. Translated by Young Richard Kim. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. p. 144. 1777:

Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of Zebedee's sons. (

8199: 8154: 7892: 7707: 7380: 7364: 7302: 6941: 6936: 6166: 3181: 2388: 2203: 2059: 1236: 1060: 246: 69: 5650: 3145: 1965:

relates that "James was thrown from the pinnacle of the Temple, and was beaten to death with a club".

1441:? Aren't all his sisters with us?" and John 7:5 says, "Even his own brothers did not believe in him." 561: 8149: 8049: 8039: 7989: 7822: 7817: 7118: 7014: 6796: 6472: 6365: 6248: 6096: 5498: 5476: 4313: 2608: 2075: 1947: 1920:

that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as James, the son of Alpaheus and Mary of Cleophas:

1639: 1239:

names James's father Theudas rather than Joseph, who is presented as the biological father of James.

1228: 459: 436: 8204: 8074: 8064: 8059: 8024: 7994: 7872: 7667: 7585: 7530: 7229: 6946: 6861: 6678: 6375: 6304: 6171: 6131: 4749:

Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics

4473:

The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis : Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78:9:6

4289: 1374: 1284: 830: 4671: 4590: 4060: 8079: 8054: 8034: 8019: 8004: 7772: 7702: 7672: 7637: 7515: 7084: 7004: 6732: 6551: 6527: 6360: 6330: 6203: 6086: 5964: 5959: 5637: 5595: 4776:

Church History Book II Chapter 23. The Martyrdom of James, who was called the Brother of the Lord

3642: 2260: 2163: 2066: 1968: 1066: 1056: 985: 762: 754: 696: 632: 599:

was the "bridge-man" between the two other "prominent leading figures", Paul and James the Just.

540: 393: 146: 142: 103: 4129:"American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of North America - The Protoevangelium of St. James" 2721: 651: 8009: 7984: 7842: 7807: 7762: 7692: 7642: 7555: 7545: 7535: 7440: 7405: 7096: 7045: 7009: 6801: 6215: 5864: 5780: 5663: 3946: 2613: 2550: 2294: 1981: 1951: 1820: 1811:

believed that the "brothers" of the Lord were Jesus's cousins, thus amplifying the doctrine of

1672: 1507: 1438: 1370: 1311: 1280: 1188:

confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus's appearance to James.

1169: 1149:(AD 374–375) that "James, the brother of the Lord died in virginity at the age of ninety-six". 997: 993: 342: 314:. It is agreed by most that he should not be confused with James, son of Zebedee also known as 307: 138: 4505: 4471: 4410: 4136: 4104: 2364:

been operating for more than 20 years. Golan denied the charges against him. According to the

1693: 1172:(7th century) wrote a biography of James, based entirely on earlier sources, mainly Eusebius. 810: 503:. Paul describes these pillars as the ones who will minister to the "circumcised" (in general 8069: 8044: 7999: 7792: 7732: 7722: 7717: 7697: 7600: 7580: 7455: 7425: 7415: 6966: 6811: 6507: 6415: 5994: 5909: 5899: 5844: 5808: 5720: 5591: 3847: 3646: 3264: 2863: 2661: 2267:

relics translation in 351, and 25 May is commemoration of their relics discover also in 351.

2070: 1962: 1752:

On the other hand, another Mary is mentioned as the mother of a James and of a Joseph in the

1520: 1488: 1214: 1193: 1185: 1140: 1094: 1078: 973: 712: 672: 636: 581: 330: 288: 4897: 4437: 511:) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general 8110: 7812: 7652: 7632: 7605: 7570: 7565: 7550: 7435: 7317: 7285: 6791: 6532: 6512: 6340: 6322: 6296: 6081: 5938: 5588:, documentary about Jesus from the perspective of James and the Jerusalem Church, Channel 4 2348: 2043: 1713: 1587: 1243: 1130: 1117:

Clement, in the seventh book of the same work, relates also the following concerning him:

1050: 948: 944: 903: 786: 644: 616: 577: 532: 485:

Paul describes James as being one of the persons to whom the risen Christ showed himself, (

451: 404:

in 130 AD. Following the second destruction of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the city as

338: 5645: 4014: 1975: 1710:

law. According to this view, Clopas fathered James and the later siblings, but not Jesus.

572:

Modern historians of the early Christian churches tend to place James in the tradition of

8: 8134: 7727: 7712: 7465: 7450: 7430: 7410: 7400: 7395: 7244: 7145: 7123: 6984: 6906: 6866: 6786: 6667: 6460: 6440: 6314: 6266: 6237: 5879: 5859: 5760: 3613: 3208:

who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity.

2692: 2571: 2414: 2326: 2121: 1878: 1812: 1361:

Some writers, such as R.V. Tasker and D. Hill, interpret the Matthew 1:25 statement that

350: 5632: 4799: 4161:, Ernest Cushing Richardson and Bernhard Pick, eds., C. Scribner's Sons, 1886, pp. 69-71 3202:, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, page 577, by James D. G. Dunn: "For 2159: 8089: 7737: 7662: 7590: 7575: 7445: 7322: 7261: 7234: 7165: 7150: 7079: 6976: 6961: 6871: 6856: 6517: 6487: 6390: 6286: 6271: 6198: 5984: 5979: 5869: 5128: 4389: 3918: 3234: 3163: 3131: 2848:

Origen of Alexandria. "The Brethren of Jesus". Origen's Commentary on Matthew 10.17 in

2742:

The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition

2343:("James son of Joseph brother of Jesus") had been identified belonging to a collector, 2286: 2232: 2038:

the province in order to petition him successfully about the matter. In response, King

1999: 1835: 1276: 1181: 989: 981: 969: 871: 854: 659: 124: 27: 5383:

Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war

3469: 400:

in 70 AD and afterwards returned, having a further series of Jewish bishops until the

7682: 7540: 7181: 7038: 6445: 6161: 6076: 5944: 5542: 5527: 5506: 5484: 5462: 5443: 5424: 5405: 5386: 5357: 5339: 5325: 5304: 5279: 5267: 5132: 4930: 4909: 4871: 4851: 4827: 4752: 4731: 4609: 4575: 4511: 4477: 4443: 4416: 4351: 4296: 4233: 4223: 4196: 4189: 4088: 3853: 3686: 3570: 3545: 3518: 3498: 3098: 2927: 2906: 2869: 2746: 2290: 2244: 2065:

Eusebius, while quoting Josephus' account, also records otherwise lost passages from

2016: 1873: 1861: 1753: 1741: 1719: 1665: 1437:

son? Isn't his mother's name Mary, and aren't his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and

1378: 1292: 1069:(c.110–c.180), wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of 1059:(2nd century), in the fifth book of his Commentaries, mentions that James was made a 1021: 705: 663: 655: 573: 463: 401: 280: 276: 266: 175: 7363: 3719:"Eusebius Church History Book 2:1 quoting Clement of Alexandria's Sixth Hypotyposes" 1356: 7307: 7268: 7191: 7160: 7140: 7113: 7019: 6821: 6816: 6719: 6618: 6606: 6502: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6395: 6281: 6261: 6232: 6091: 5849: 5831: 5725: 5378: 5317: 5290: 5259: 5120: 3413: 3258: 2481: 2402: 2376: 2256: 2236: 2008: 1925: 1845: 1765: 1657: 1391: 1327: 1209: 1106: 1005: 1001: 977: 940: 920: 817: 778: 743: 726: 709: 667: 612: 608: 592: 585: 494: 486: 455: 447: 416: 405: 349:), meaning "James the Brother of God". The oldest surviving Christian liturgy, the 303: 254: 238: 19:"James the Brother of Jesus" and "James the Just" redirect here. For the book, see 3040: 2322: 2099:

And, while they were there, stoning him to death, one of the priests, the sons of

1473:) were among the theologians who thought that Mary had children other than Jesus. 7108: 6759: 6648: 6641: 6425: 6227: 6176: 5974: 5969: 5914: 5874: 5351: 5334: 5298: 4345: 3535: 3455: 3188: 2800: 2740: 2640: 2497: 2278:

have added commemoration on the traditional Eastern Orthodox date of October 23.

1824: 1791: 1568: 1513: 1495: 1426: 1350: 1323: 1265: 1250: 1102: 1030: 952: 798: 315: 296: 258: 200: 154: 134: 130: 4695: 3157: 3125: 1630:("On Illustrious Men") – James is said to be the son of another 1491:

when Jesus was 12 years old makes no reference to any of Jesus's half-brothers.

895:

When Peter, having miraculously escaped from prison, must flee Jerusalem due to

515:) (Galatians 2:12), after a debate in response to concerns of the Christians of 8106: 7460: 7186: 7135: 7128: 7101: 6764: 6749: 6744: 6673: 6477: 6256: 6242: 6220: 6071: 5924: 5919: 5904: 5813: 5712: 5628: 5519: 5294: 3672: 3541: 2375:

is a modern forgery, and the artefact is not usually quoted by scholars of the

2371:

The Israeli Antiquities Authority and several scholars still maintain that the

2004: 1890: 1816: 1786: 1757: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1671:

Jerome's opinion suggests an identification of James the Just with the Apostle

1661: 1631: 1542: 1484: 1382: 1296: 1261: 1254: 1225: 1026: 1017: 1009: 789:, written sometime between 60 and 150 AD, also describes the period before the 735: 640: 479: 374: 311: 214: 192: 4774: 4347:

Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians"

3790: 3765: 3718: 1702:, who argues that after the early and childless death of Joseph, Mary married 519:. The Antioch community was concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be 279:

Christians teach that James, along with others named in the New Testament as "

8123: 7278: 6999: 6826: 6712: 6634: 6586: 6576: 6542: 6522: 6492: 6111: 5347: 5124: 4555: 4369: 4237: 3682: 3323: 3065: 3055: 3036: 2960: 2806:οὐχ οὖτός ἐστιν ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός; οὐχ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ λέγεται μαριὰμ καὶ οἱ 2426: 2372: 2310: 1828: 896: 774: 566: 490: 475: 440: 397: 389: 250: 242: 230: 5618: 4637: 4277:

Hill D., The Gospel of Matthew, p80 (1972) Marshall, Morgan and Scott:London

3933: 3886: 3822: 3738: 1508:

Possible identity as older stepbrother, son of Joseph by an earlier marriage

7251: 7030: 6931: 6901: 6896: 6881: 6851: 6556: 6116: 5854: 5037: 4341: 2252: 2083:

came to James for help in putting down Christian beliefs. The record says:

1694:

Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and a second husband

1602: 1530: 1500: 1434: 1362: 747: 724:

The James referred to in this passage is most likely the James to whom the

292: 234: 111: 5583: 5235: 5187:"Oded Golan is not guilty of forgery. So is the 'James ossuary' for real?" 4217: 2631:

These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean

1053:(writing in the second century) refers to "James the bishop and apostle". 291:, but were cousins of Jesus, or step-brothers from a previous marriage of 7256: 7155: 6926: 6591: 6561: 6276: 4184: 4036: 3993: 3212: 2529: 2489: 2485: 1869: 1699: 1331: 1098: 965: 801:

notes that he is a brother of James in that epistle's opening paragraph.

596: 548: 499: 432: 378: 5539:

Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence

3922: 3435: 3056:

Fortescue, Adrian. "Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099)." The Catholic Encyclopedia

2774:

According to Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius of Caesarea

1889:

Jerome also claimed that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as

7239: 6891: 6841: 6146: 6101: 5793: 5670: 5440:

The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine

5293:(1999). "For What Offense was James put to Death?". In Chilton, Bruce; 4696:"The Golden Legend (Aurea Legenda), Volume Three, Of S. James the Less" 4315:

The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Saint James | apostle, the Lord's brother

3911:

Un Éloge de Jacques, le frère du Seigneur, par un pseudo-André de Crète

2534: 2453: 2449: 2344: 2039: 1778: 1557: 1444: 1430: 1398: 956: 739: 471: 159: 50: 2639:, who were predominant. This is an oversimplification, as 1st-century 1683:

are thought to be different Greek renderings of the same Aramaic name

1184:

testify to the reverence Jewish followers of Jesus had for James. The

647:. The Synoptics mention his name, but provide no further information. 7290: 6956: 6806: 6683: 6596: 6571: 6455: 6151: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6106: 5999: 5934: 5400:

Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B., eds. (2000).

4157:

Riddle, M.B., "Introductory Notice To Pseudo-Clementine Literature",

2523: 2117: 2080: 2024: 2020: 2011:

had assumed office – which has been dated to 62. The

1941: 1578: 1572: 1571:, does not contain a word for 'cousin'. Furthermore, the Greek words 1463: 1421::14), and Jesus's brothers are described without allusion to others ( 704:), refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" by order of 508: 466:

to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the

262: 224: 92: 5479:(2004). "Who was James?". In Chilton, Bruce; Neusner, Jacob (eds.). 2992:

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: (ANRW) : Geschichte

2141: 7208: 6921: 6846: 6831: 6695: 6661: 6655: 6601: 6497: 6405: 6400: 6350: 5884: 5788: 5770: 5755: 5604: 5599: 5572:

Articles in various issues in 2004 and 2005 concerning the ossuary.

4898:

Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, Vol II, Chapter XXIII

3994:"Gospel of Thomas (Lambdin Translation) -- The Nag Hammadi Library" 3097:(3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. 3058:

Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 September 2021

2590: 2586: 2055: 1994: 1707: 1706:, whom he accepts as a younger brother of Joseph, according to the 1525: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1304: 1218: 1145: 691: 624: 620: 544: 524: 512: 385: 326: 272: 3235:"Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Same Hippolytus on the Seventy Apostles" 2019:) took advantage of this lack of imperial oversight to assemble a 1720:

Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less

6994: 6951: 6916: 6911: 6778: 6581: 6566: 6450: 6355: 6335: 6004: 5889: 5826: 5798: 3515:

The Bible Knowledge Commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation

3064:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2493: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2409: 2352: 2334: 2030: 1769: 1745: 1564: 1357:

Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and Joseph

928: 912: 889: 842: 536: 516: 163: 4927:

James and Paul: the Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages

4824:

James and Paul: The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages

4412:

The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III

3704: 3702: 3567:

James and Paul: The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages

3329: 2783: 1946:

and the Aramaic term for 'brother'. According to the apocryphal

1797: 1307:

describes James as "the brother of Jesus who is called Christ".

734:

The context of the passage is the period following the death of

6689: 6482: 6385: 6380: 6309: 5894: 5803: 5740: 4572:

Cradle of Redeeming Love: the Theology of the Christmas Mystery

4376:. masseiana.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 4255:

Eisenman, Robert (2002), James, the Brother of Jesus" (Watkins)

3358: 3356: 3257: 2967:, New York: Robert Appleton Company (retrieved from New Advent) 2636: 2457: 2100: 2049: 1808: 1703: 1635: 1610: 1606: 1474: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1189: 1153: 1134: 1122: 1038: 1034: 899:'s persecution, he asks for James to be informed (Acts 12:17). 794: 628: 7615: 3852:(Second, revised ed.). Leiden : Brill. pp. 626–627. 686:

Josephus on Jesus § "James, the brother of Jesus" passage

7065: 6836: 6547: 6537: 6156: 6039: 5954: 5765: 5709: 3699: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 2804: 2517: 2445: 2440:

List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

2355:, Ontario, Canada, late that year; but on June 18, 2003, the 2330: 2298: 2248: 1385: 1366: 1288: 467: 284: 218: 37: 3423: 3353: 5562:

Jonathan Bourgel, "James the Just, One Among Many Oblias",

3383: 2632: 2564: 2120:'s siege and capture of Jerusalem delayed the selection of 1985:, a manuscript dating from late 10th or early 11th century. 1601:) reports the tradition that James the Just was the son of 1489:

visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple of Jerusalem

1377:, were the natural sons of Mary and Joseph and, thus, half 1201: 1081:

quotes Hegesippus' account of James from the fifth book of

588:, James is thought to have espoused the opposite position. 424: 56: 4038:

The (First) Apocalypse of James -- The Nag Hammadi Library

3287: 1815:. Jerome concluded that James "the brother of the Lord", ( 1740:, Mary the mother of James the Younger and of Joseph, and 1736:

Some women were watching from a distance. Among them were

1037::12), and later that his brothers did not believe in him ( 611:, the main sources for the life of James the Just are the 531:. James played a prominent role in the formulation of the 5503:

Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition

4848:

Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition

3373: 3371: 3277: 3275: 3006:

Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition

2365: 1716:

suggested that James was probably Jesus's older brother.

1271: 504: 4510:(Second, revised ed.). Leiden : Brill. p. 36. 4435: 4251: 4249: 4247: 3395: 2855: 1884: 857:, as one to whom Jesus appeared after his resurrection: 676:, state that "these lists are unfortunately worthless". 4751:, page 101 (University of North Carolina Press, 2009). 4639:"On the Twelve Apostles" and "On the Seventy Disciples" 4373:

The Panarion Book I (Sects 1-46) Part 29:3:9 and 29:4:1

631:, the last two of which also quote the early Christian 3368: 3272: 2924:

Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison

2585:

Since Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, as well as some

1073:. In describing James's ascetic lifestyle, Eusebius's 902:

James is also an authority in the early church at the

5377: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4537:

Constantine Zalalas: Holy Theotokos: Apologetic Study

4244: 3980:

New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings

3441: 2386: 1314:

had additional children after Jesus (e.g., historian

5481:

The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission

5161:"Golan and Deutsch Acquitted of All Forgery Charges" 4924: 3983:, by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Robert McLachlan, p. 119 3540:. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. 3495:

The Epistle of James: A Commentary on the Greek Text

3470:"When and Why Was the Acts of the Apostles Written?" 3341: 3204:

Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man

2978:

The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission

2861: 2338: 1928:

of whom John makes mention in his book (John 19:25).

1558:

Possible identity as cousin, son of a sister of Mary

1143:(4th century), bishop of Salamis, wrote in his work 208: 5276:

Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church

4370:Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus). 3824:

De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) Chapter 2

2958: 2652:One corpus commonly cited as proof of this are the 8160:Burials at the Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem 5421:Early Christian Life and Thought in Social Context 5264:James: Wisdom of James, disciple of Jesus the sage 4761: 4188: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3517:, page 260 (Cook Communication Ministries, 2005). 3180:, Vol. 3 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993); See also 3079:Explorations in a Christian theology of pilgrimage 2821: 2819: 439:and from the time when Peter left Jerusalem after 5592:"The martyrdom of James, the brother of the Lord" 5438:Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (2006). 5399: 4870:, page 329 (Wayne State University Press, 1987). 4574:, page 18 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2002). 3615:Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord. Fragment X 3335: 2606:This position is articulated in footnotes of the 478:. In Paul's account of his visit to Jerusalem in 356: 8121: 2272:Episcopal Church of the United States of America 2255:. His final feast day is on January 4 among the 1834:In two small but potentially important works of 919:James is presented as a principal author of the 793:in 70 AD. It has three mentions of a James. The 4929:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 45–50. 3917:, n. ser., Vol. 31, No. 1 (1980), pp. 226–228. 3807: 2816: 1381:. Others, such as K. Beyer, point out that the 306:holds that this James is to be identified with 16:Brother of Jesus according to the New Testament 3653:. Translated by Alexander Roberts. Peter Kirby 3456:http://www.jstor.org/stable/24667592.Retrieved 2862:Longenecker, Dwight; Gustafson, David (2003). 2728:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 15 March 2024. 883:There is a James mentioned in Acts, which the 493:, Paul mentions James with Cephas (Peter) and 368:Early centers of Christianity § Jerusalem 7349: 7046: 5686: 5437: 4887:Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Vol XXII, P142 4179: 4177: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3362: 3094:The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church 2810:αὐτοῦ ἰάκωβος καὶ ἰωσὴφ καὶ σίμων καὶ ἰούδας; 1798:Possible identity with James, son of Alphaeus 1785:Catholic interpretation generally holds that 431:James the Just was "from an early date, with 7060: 4730:, page 429 (Mercer University Press, 1991). 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4340: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2168:introducing citations to additional sources 1642: – in the following manner: 1175: 785:, have two passages mentioning a James. The 454:portray James as an important figure in the 5627: 5346: 4821: 4693: 4673:Golden Legend: Life of Saint James the Less 4560: 4285: 4283: 3564: 3429: 3178:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament 3077:"Jerusalem in Early Christian Thought" p75 1913: 1625: 377:. Eusebius says he was appointed bishop by 7356: 7342: 7053: 7039: 5693: 5679: 5536: 5110: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4174: 3641: 3630: 3401: 3255: 2722:"Saint-James. Apostle, the Lord's brother" 2304: 1803: 1724:A Mary is also mentioned as the mother of 1121:"The Lord after his resurrection imparted 607:Apart from a handful of references in the 49: 5087:"Israel Antiquities Authority - Articles" 4540: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3748: 3746: 3611: 3533: 3407: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3015: 2937: 2709: 2231:In the Catholic Church, the feast day of 1554:son of Mary" in his hometown (Mark 6:3). 1353:was later converted to his mother, Mary. 777:mentions several people named James. The 381:, James (the Greater), and John (II, i). 5700: 5289: 4951:"Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord" 4925:See also Shillington, V. George (2015). 4566:"Classical Greek has a word for cousin, 4503: 4469: 4280: 3845: 3417: 3389: 2739:Eddy, Paul R.; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). 2738: 2682:See Jerome and the Early Church Fathers. 2673:See the Early Church Fathers and Jerome. 2158:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1974: 554: 415: 5497: 5475: 5418: 5278:. London: T & T Clark, 1990, 2004. 4772: 4601: 4329: 4215: 3888:The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary 3788: 3763: 3757: 3671: 3377: 3302: 3281: 3211:particularly by the Antioch episode in 2092:Accordingly, the scribes and Pharisees 1895:The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary 1541:Also, Aramaic and Hebrew tended to use 1480:The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary 1192:(5th century) quotes the non-canonical 1158:The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary 878: 361: 253:. Traditionally, it is believed he was 8122: 5526:. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. 5147:"BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon" 4961:from the original on November 23, 2022 4504:Williams, translated by Frank (2013). 4470:Williams, translated by Frank (1994). 4058: 4006: 3873: 3846:Williams, translated by Frank (2013). 3743: 3605: 3025: 3012: 1935: 1272:Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph 1083:Commentaries on the Acts of the Church 1071:Commentaries on the Acts of the Church 639:. There is no mention of James in the 287:, were not the biological children of 7337: 7034: 5674: 5659:New International Encyclopedia: James 5456: 4507:The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 4266:The Gospel according to Saint Matthew 4183: 3467: 3347: 3090: 1885:Possible identity with James the Less 1794:, although this is disputed by some. 1217:(Panarion 29.4) describes James as a 5459:A History of the Holy Eastern Church 5322:An Introduction to the New Testament 5300:James the Just and Christian origins 5019:from the original on October 2, 2022 4826:. Fortress Press. pp. 145–150. 4350:, Ignatius Press, pp. 284–287, 4222:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4126: 3839: 3767:Church History Book II Chapter 1:3-4 3268:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3237:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 3081:ed Craig G. Bartholomew, Fred Hughes 2868:. Gracewing Publishing. p. 64. 2135: 1279: – James as well as 4990:from the original on April 29, 2023 4850:, page 205 (Fortress Press, 1997). 4747:Ryan Byrne, Bernadette McNary-Zak, 4669: 4635: 4476:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 607. 4363: 4219:A new history of early Christianity 4013:. nazarenespace.com. Archived from 3792:Church History Book II Chapter 23:1 2865:Mary: A Catholic Evangelical Debate 2828:"I: Burial Box of St. James Found?" 2347:. The ossuary was exhibited at the 824: 804: 204: 13: 7373:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem 5731:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 5381:; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). 5353:Josephus, Judaism and Christianity 4868:Josephus, Judaism and Christianity 4797: 3915:The Journal of Theological Studies 2834:, Catholic Answers, archived from 2340:"Ya'aqov bar Yosef achui d'Yeshua" 1698:A variant on this is presented by 906:(James is quoting Amos 9:11–12): 811:Epistle of James § Authorship 408:, subsequent bishops were Greeks. 388:, the Jerusalem church escaped to 14: 8216: 5631:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 5577: 5541:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 5404:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 5009:"Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles" 4608:. HarperCollins. pp. 23–24. 4436:St. Epiphanius of Cyprus (2014). 3884: 3820: 3442:Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995 3256:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2965:The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 2691:One of the works included in the 1044: 951:are mentioned in the list of the 849:A "James" is mentioned in Paul's 670:though some sources, such as the 295:(as related in the non-canonical 65:Apostle and Martyr, Adelphotheos 8140:1st-century bishops of Jerusalem 7614: 5641:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 5402:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 5228: 5204: 5179: 5153: 5139: 5104: 5079: 5055: 5030: 5001: 4972: 4943: 4918: 4902: 4891: 4880: 4860: 4840: 4815: 4791: 4741: 4718: 4687: 4663: 4654: 4629: 4595: 4268:(InterVarsity Press 1961), p. 36 4065:. www.earlychristianwritings.com 4062:The (Second) Apocalypse of James 3569:. Fortres Press. pp. 3–31. 3534:McCartney, Dan G. (2009-11-01). 3059: 2825: 2600: 2420: 2408: 2396: 2247:, where he is commemorated with 2151:relies largely or entirely on a 2140: 1840:On the Twelve Apostles of Christ 1291: – are named in 851:First Epistle to the Corinthians 768: 174:There is disagreement about the 5557:Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles. 5252: 5038:"ИАКОВ, БРАТ ГОСПОДЕНЬ - Древо" 4822:Shillington, V. George (2015). 4584: 4531: 4497: 4463: 4429: 4415:. Leiden : BRILL. p. 622. 4402: 4306: 4271: 4258: 4209: 4164: 4151: 4120: 4097: 4083:Robinson, James M., ed. (1978) 4077: 4052: 4029: 4000: 3986: 3972: 3960: 3939: 3927: 3903: 3782: 3732: 3711: 3665: 3594: 3583: 3565:Shillington, V. George (2015). 3558: 3527: 3507: 3487: 3468:Tyson, Joseph B. (April 2011). 3461: 3447: 3336:Freedman, Myers & Beck 2000 3308: 3249: 3227: 3218: 3193: 3171: 3150: 3139: 3118: 3084: 3071: 3049: 3042:History of the Christian Church 2998: 2984: 2971: 2916: 2893: 2842: 2745:. Baker Academic. p. 130. 2685: 2676: 2667: 2646: 2625: 2579: 1979:Martyrdom of James the Just in 783:sixth decade of the 1st century 523:to be saved, and sent Paul and 337:He is sometimes referred to in 8190:People in Acts of the Apostles 5537:Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). 5442:. Cambridge University Press. 4728:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible 4602:Crossan, John Dominic (1995). 3322:, based on the translation of 2790: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2732: 2544: 2510: 2315:In the November 2002 issue of 543:as well as meat sacrificed to 450:and the later chapters of the 357:Leader of the Jerusalem Church 247:leader of the Jerusalem Church 26:. For the King of Aragon, see 1: 8145:1st-century Christian martyrs 5594:Quotes from lost writings of 5324:. New York: Doubleday, 1997. 5113:Currents in Biblical Research 4694:de Voragine, Iacobus (1260). 3708:Jerome, On Illustrious Men, 2 3326:, The Loeb Classical Library. 2850:Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume IX 2702: 2435:Divine Liturgy of Saint James 2357:Israeli Antiquities Authority 2333:published the report that an 1614: 1591: 1467: 1448: 643:or the early portions of the 6056:People named Simon or Simeon 5566:59 (2013), 222–46, (French). 5423:. Sheffield Academic Press. 5350:; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). 5165:Biblical Archaeology Society 5089:. 2014-04-08. Archived from 4636:of Rome, Pseudo-Hippolytus. 3947:"James the Brother of Jesus" 3618:. earlychristianwritings.com 3474:The Bible and Interpretation 2959:Camerlynck, Achille (1910), 2565: 2524: 2131: 2025: 1942: 1804:§ Relationship to Jesus 1584:our Lord" (Galatians 1:19). 1579: 1573: 1264:ascribed to the 1st century 225: 7: 8165:Christian clerical marriage 7225:Commissioning of the Twelve 6473:Mary, mother of (John) Mark 5570:Biblical Archaeology Review 5303:. BRILL. pp. 199–232. 5266:. London: Routledge, 1999. 2902:All the People in the Bible 2595:perpetual virginity of Mary 2382: 2339: 2318:Biblical Archaeology Review 1546:out that Jesus was called " 1320:perpetual virginity of Mary 679: 209: 166:'s club; man holding a book 10: 8221: 8185:People executed by stoning 6046:People named Judas or Jude 5457:Neale, John Mason (2003). 2805: 2554: 2518: 2308: 1850:he relates the following: 1801: 1550:son of Mary" rather than " 1386: 1237:Second Apocalypse of James 1160:", writing the following: 966:Simon, who is called Peter 945:James, the son of Alphaeus 934: 808: 683: 602: 365: 346: 321: 219: 189:James, brother of the Lord 22:James the Brother of Jesus 18: 8195:Saints from the Holy Land 8111:Latin rule over Jerusalem 8103: 7623: 7612: 7379: 7217: 7174: 7072: 6975: 6797:Alexander the Coppersmith 6777: 6704: 6626: 6615: 6295: 6249:Disciple whom Jesus loved 6189: 6097:Female disciples of Jesus 6064: 6018: 5748: 5739: 5708: 5666:. 1915. pp. 544–545. 4700:IntraText Digital Library 4605:A Revolutionary Biography 4394:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4216:Freeman, Charles (2009). 3363:Mitchell & Young 2006 3091:Cross, F.L., ed. (2005). 2609:Christian Community Bible 2179:"James, brother of Jesus" 1948:First Apocalypse of James 1827:of Jesus, and the son of 1640:Mary, the mother of Jesus 1433::55–56 says, "Isn't this 1318:) and those who hold the 1229:First Apocalypse of James 1176:Early Christian apocrypha 998:James the son of Alphaeus 666:, he is the first of the 652:Pseudo-Hippolytus of Rome 411: 341:as "James Adelphotheos" ( 170: 153: 123: 110: 98: 86: 78: 64: 48: 35: 7230:calling of the disciples 6172:Women at the crucifixion 5125:10.1177/1476993X07080242 4292:The Birth of the Messiah 4195:. Simon & Schuster. 4106:The Secret Book of James 4007:of Salamis, Epiphanius. 3651:Early Christian Writings 2614:Claretian Communications 2503: 2337:bearing the inscription 1957: 1523:, wrote too in his work 1260:In a 4th-century letter 974:James the son of Zebedee 831:Epistle to the Galatians 791:destruction of Jerusalem 474:). This was a charge of 265:on order of High Priest 257:in AD 62 or 69 by being 8130:James, brother of Jesus 7624:Patriarchs of Jerusalem 7391:James, brother of Jesus 7313:Relics and burial sites 7204:James, brother of Jesus 6411:James, brother of Jesus 6331:Ananias son of Nedebeus 5965:Simon, brother of Jesus 5651:Encyclopædia Britannica 5638:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5609:Antiquities of the Jews 5505:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5343:, Viking Penguin, 1997. 4773:of Caesarea, Eusebius. 4294:(Doubleday 1999, p. 132 4085:The Nag Hammadi Library 3909:S. G. Hall, "Review of 3789:of Caesarea, Eusebius. 3764:of Caesarea, Eusebius. 3673:Churton, Tobias Churton 3612:of Hierapolis, Papias. 3430:Feldman & Hata 1987 3316:Antiquities of the Jews 2726:Encyclopædia Britannica 2305:The ossuary controversy 2270:Recent versions of the 2000:Antiquities of the Jews 1519:The bishop of Salamis, 763:Christian interpolation 697:Antiquities of the Jews 650:In the extant lists of 562:Encyclopædia Britannica 423:, 16th-century Russian 104:Christian denominations 8180:Ancient letter writers 7097:James, son of Alphaeus 6216:James, son of Alphaeus 5915:Mary, sister of Martha 5664:Dodd, Mead and Company 5522:and Ben Witherington, 5419:Harding, Mark (2003). 5216:www.antiquities.org.il 2922:Jackson, Gregory Lee, 2904:(Eerdmans 2008, p. 283 2115: 2090: 2069:(see links below) and 1986: 1982:Menologion of Basil II 1930: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1856: 1821:James, son of Alphaeus 1783: 1774: 1750: 1673:James, son of Alphaeus 1649: 1626: 1235:The pseudepigraphical 1206: 1170:Pseudo-Andrew of Crete 1167: 1127: 1115: 1092: 1075:Ecclesiastical History 1014: 917: 876: 864: 847: 722: 428: 308:James, son of Alphaeus 196: 139:Episcopal Church (USA) 8175:Founders of religions 7109:James, son of Zebedee 6967:Tryphena and Tryphosa 6228:James, son of Zebedee 5910:Mary, mother of James 5900:Mary, mother of Jesus 5585:The Real Jesus Christ 5067:The Church of England 4702:. William Caxton 1483 4059:W. Hedrick, Charles. 3683:Watkins Media Limited 3320:Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 3265:Catholic Encyclopedia 2765:According to Josephus 2662:Clementine literature 2235:, along with that of 2094: 2085: 2071:Clement of Alexandria 2042:replaced Ananus with 1978: 1963:Clement of Alexandria 1922: 1905: 1899: 1852: 1775: 1762: 1734: 1728:and of Joseph in the 1644: 1477:asserts in his tract 1342:). The only Catholic 1198: 1194:Gospel of the Hebrews 1186:Gospel of the Hebrews 1162: 1119: 1111: 1095:Clement of Alexandria 1087: 961: 949:James, son of Zebedee 908: 885:Catholic Encyclopedia 868: 859: 838: 738:, and the journey to 717: 702:Book 20, Chapter 9, 1 673:Catholic Encyclopedia 633:chronicler Hegesippus 555:Modern interpretation 500:Pillars of the Church 419: 353:, uses this epithet. 331:Clement of Alexandria 289:Mary, mother of Jesus 7381:Bishops of Jerusalem 7318:Apostolic succession 7286:Acts of the Apostles 6792:Alexander of Ephesus 5990:Syrophoenician woman 5939:Nicodemus ben Gurion 5702:New Testament people 5621:De Viris Illustribus 5559:Cultural background. 5524:The Brother of Jesus 5483:. Liturgical Press. 4127:Barriger, Lawrence. 4017:on 26 September 2015 3967:The Gospel of Thomas 3934:Early Church Fathers 3739:Early Church Fathers 3601:1 Corinthians 15:3-9 3420:, pp. 199–203). 3206:(pontifex maximus!) 2961:"St. James the Less" 2349:Royal Ontario Museum 2253:Joseph the Betrothed 2164:improve this article 2044:Jesus son of Damneus 1916:De Viris Illustribus 1714:John Dominic Crossan 1638:and the "sister" of 1627:De Viris Illustribus 1588:Eusebius of Caesarea 1487:'s reporting of the 904:Council of Jerusalem 879:Acts of the Apostles 787:Acts of the Apostles 645:Acts of the Apostles 617:Acts of the Apostles 452:Acts of the Apostles 362:The Jerusalem Church 347:Ἰάκωβος ὁ Ἀδελφόθεος 339:Eastern Christianity 187:, or a variation of 106:that venerate saints 7396:Simeon of Jerusalem 7245:coming persecutions 6867:Euodia and Syntyche 6036:People named Joseph 5930:Son of Nain's widow 5860:Joseph of Arimathea 5761:Anna the Prophetess 5385:. Kregel Academic. 5191:The Times of Israel 4779:. www.newadvent.org 4139:on 27 February 2020 3795:. www.newadvent.org 3770:. www.newadvent.org 3590:Galatians 1:18–2:10 3444:, pp. 284–285. 3392:, pp. 199–203. 3305:, pp. 134–141. 2900:Richard R. Lorsch, 2797:Greek New Testament 2693:Nag Hammadi library 2660:(also known as the 2658:Homilies of Clement 2576:'brothers'. 2122:Simeon of Jerusalem 1936:Other relationships 1879:Jacobus de Voragine 1813:perpetual virginity 1664:, or Joseph, as in 1494:The modern scholar 1244:Apocryphon of James 1103:James (the Greater) 1061:bishop of Jerusalem 1012:, who betrayed him. 1008:the Cananaean, and 996:the tax collector; 834:Galatians 1:18–2:10 751:Procurator of Judea 584:over observance of 574:Jewish Christianity 527:to confer with the 437:Church at Jerusalem 351:Liturgy of St James 245:. He was the first 241:, according to the 70:Bishop of Jerusalem 8170:Followers of Jesus 7262:Farewell Discourse 7235:calling of Matthew 6466:cousin of Barnabas 6026:People named James 5980:Simon the Pharisee 5613:Book 20, Chapter 9 4670:Stracke, Richard. 4290:Raymond E. Brown, 4087:Harper & Row. 3497:(Eerdmans, 1982). 3314:Flavius Josephus: 3187:2007-12-19 at the 3164:New American Bible 3158:"Footnote on 2:12" 3132:New American Bible 2233:Philip the Apostle 2124:to succeed James. 2076:Historia Ecclesiae 2060:siege of Jerusalem 1987: 1787:James, the Younger 1726:James, the Younger 1301:Jewish Antiquities 1182:apocryphal gospels 1123:knowledge (gnōsin) 872:1 Corinthians 15:6 855:1 Corinthians 15:7 660:Chronicon Paschale 595:has proposed that 435:, a leader of the 429: 394:siege of Jerusalem 304:Catholic tradition 176:exact relationship 28:James II of Aragon 8200:Seventy disciples 8155:Brothers of Jesus 8117: 8116: 7331: 7330: 7240:Mission Discourse 7182:Seventy disciples 7028: 7027: 6773: 6772: 6185: 6184: 6162:Seventy disciples 6051:People named Mary 6031:People named John 5832:Impenitent thief 5461:. Gorgias Press. 5392:978-0-8254-3260-6 5363:978-90-04-08554-1 5348:Feldman, Louis H. 5310:978-90-04-11550-7 5291:Bauckham, Richard 4936:978-1-4514-8213-3 4833:978-1-4514-8213-3 4757:978-0-8078-3298-1 4449:978-0-8132-2591-3 4301:978-0-385-49447-2 4229:978-0-300-12581-8 3576:978-1-4514-8213-3 3551:978-0-8010-2676-8 3503:978-0-8028-2388-5 3493:Peter H. Davids, 3432:, pp. 54–57. 3162:Galatians 2 from 3130:Galatians 2 from 3126:"Footnote on 2:9" 2990:Haase, Wolfgang. 2932:978-0-615-16635-3 2593:, believe in the 2575: 2563: 2291:Church of England 2229: 2228: 2214: 2026:synhedrion kriton 2017:Ananus ben Ananus 2015:Hanan ben Hanan ( 1874:The Golden Legend 1862:Pseudo-Hippolytus 1754:Gospel of Matthew 1460:Bonosus of Nairus 1429::5. For example, 1379:brothers of Jesus 1262:pseudographically 1226:pseudepigraphical 1022:Gospel of Matthew 923:of Acts 15. 781:, from about the 706:Ananus ben Ananus 664:Dimitry of Rostov 656:Dorotheus of Tyre 402:Bar Kokhba revolt 267:Ananus ben Ananus 182: 181: 99:Venerated in 82:Early 1st century 8212: 8150:1st-century Jews 7618: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7308:Pauline epistles 7269:Great Commission 7161:Simon the Zealot 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7031: 7020:Whore of Babylon 6624: 6623: 6431:Judas of Galilee 6421:Joseph Barsabbas 6396:Ethiopian eunuch 6326: 6318: 6282:Simon the Zealot 6077:Jesus's brothers 5850:John the Baptist 5840:Jairus' daughter 5835: 5817: 5784: 5746: 5745: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5662:. Vol. 12. 5642: 5555:Francis Watson. 5552: 5516: 5494: 5472: 5453: 5434: 5415: 5396: 5379:Flavius Josephus 5374: 5372: 5370: 5318:Raymond E. Brown 5314: 5260:Richard Bauckham 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4922: 4916: 4906: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4864: 4858: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4798:Schaff, Philip. 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4770: 4759: 4745: 4739: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4599: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4564: 4558: 4553: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4338: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4310: 4304: 4287: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4242: 4241: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135:. Archived from 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4101: 4095: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3639: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3609: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3531: 3525: 3513:Craig A. Evans, 3511: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3414:Richard Bauckham 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3324:Louis H. Feldman 3312: 3306: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3259:"Disciple" 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3200:The Canon Debate 3197: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2935: 2920: 2914: 2911:978-0-80282454-7 2897: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2832:Ossuary of James 2823: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2718: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2617: 2604: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2516:In Koine Greek, 2514: 2482:1 Corinthians 15 2425: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2412: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2377:historical Jesus 2342: 2257:Seventy Apostles 2237:James the Lesser 2224: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2172: 2144: 2136: 2113: 2028: 2009:Lucceius Albinus 1945: 1926:Mary of Cleophas 1919: 1846:Seventy Apostles 1658:Synoptic Gospels 1629: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1582: 1576: 1472: 1469: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1392:Raymond E. Brown 1389: 1388: 1328:Eastern Orthodox 1277:Jesus's brothers 1210:Gospel of Thomas 953:twelve disciples 941:Synoptic Gospels 921:Apostolic Decree 825:Pauline epistles 818:Epistle of James 805:Epistle of James 779:Pauline epistles 744:Lucceius Albinus 727:Epistle of James 668:Seventy Apostles 613:Pauline epistles 609:synoptic Gospels 593:James D. G. Dunn 529:Jerusalem church 495:John the Apostle 487:1 Corinthians 15 456:Jewish Christian 448:Pauline epistles 406:Aelia Capitolina 348: 239:brother of Jesus 228: 222: 221: 212: 206: 147:Eastern Orthodox 145:), December 26 ( 143:Eastern Orthodox 53: 33: 32: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8205:Anglican saints 8120: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8099: 7798:Christodulus II 7625: 7619: 7610: 7382: 7375: 7362: 7332: 7327: 7323:Apostles' Creed 7213: 7170: 7141:Judas Thaddaeus 7068: 7062:Twelve Apostles 7059: 7029: 7024: 6971: 6769: 6700: 6649:Herod the Great 6617: 6611: 6426:Judas Barsabbas 6324: 6316: 6291: 6262:Judas Thaddaeus 6181: 6060: 6014: 5975:Simon the Leper 5970:Simon of Cyrene 5950:Samaritan woman 5833: 5815: 5814:Penitent thief 5782: 5735: 5721:In Christianity 5704: 5699: 5656: 5629:Singer, Isidore 5580: 5575: 5549: 5513: 5491: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5412: 5393: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5335:Robert Eisenman 5311: 5295:Evans, Craig A. 5255: 5250: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5167:. 14 March 2012 5159: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4923: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4723: 4719: 4705: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4642:. newadvent.org 4634: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4339: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3891:. newadvent.org 3885:saint, Jerome. 3883: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3827:. newadvent.org 3821:saint, Jerome. 3819: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3721:. Newadvent.org 3717: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3640: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3532: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3462: 3458:9 January 2022. 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3412: 3408: 3402:Van Voorst 2000 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3354: 3350:, pp. 2–3. 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3198: 3194: 3189:Wayback Machine 3176: 3172: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3004:Painter, John. 3003: 2999: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2957: 2938: 2921: 2917: 2898: 2894: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2824: 2817: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2651: 2647: 2641:Judaea Province 2630: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2612:, published by 2605: 2601: 2584: 2580: 2549: 2545: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2498:Epistle of Jude 2431: 2421: 2419: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2313: 2307: 2276:Lutheran Church 2225: 2219: 2216: 2173: 2171: 2157: 2145: 2134: 2114: 2111: 1989:According to a 1960: 1938: 1897:the following: 1887: 1858: 1825:Twelve Apostles 1819:) is therefore 1806: 1800: 1792:James the Great 1722: 1696: 1621: 1617: 1598: 1594: 1569:Biblical Hebrew 1560: 1543:circumlocutions 1514:Gospel of James 1510: 1496:Robert Eisenman 1470: 1455: 1451: 1435:the carpenter's 1427:1 Corinthians 9 1359: 1351:Robert Eisenman 1334:, such as many 1316:Charles Freeman 1274: 1266:Clement of Rome 1251:Gospel of James 1178: 1047: 1031:wedding at Cana 937: 881: 827: 813: 807: 799:Epistle of Jude 771: 688: 682: 605: 557: 414: 370: 364: 359: 324: 316:James the Great 297:Gospel of James 259:stoned to death 133:), October 23 ( 91: 74: 60: 44: 41: 40: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8218: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8115: 8114: 8107:Constantinople 8105:: in exile at 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8095:Theophilus III 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7979: 7977:Theophanes III 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7913:Athanasius III 7910: 7905: 7900: 7898:Sophronius III 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7783:Christodulus I 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7376: 7361: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7136:Judas Iscariot 7133: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6628: 6621: 6619:Herod's family 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Judas Iscariot 6254: 6253: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5925:Naked fugitive 5922: 5920:Mary of Clopas 5917: 5912: 5907: 5905:Mary Magdalene 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5654: 5643: 5625: 5616: 5602: 5589: 5579: 5578:External links 5576: 5574: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5534: 5520:Hershel Shanks 5517: 5511: 5495: 5489: 5473: 5467: 5454: 5448: 5435: 5429: 5416: 5410: 5397: 5391: 5375: 5362: 5344: 5332: 5315: 5309: 5287: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5227: 5203: 5178: 5152: 5138: 5103: 5078: 5063:"The Calendar" 5054: 5029: 5000: 4971: 4942: 4935: 4917: 4901: 4890: 4879: 4859: 4839: 4832: 4814: 4790: 4760: 4740: 4717: 4686: 4662: 4653: 4628: 4614: 4594: 4583: 4559: 4539: 4530: 4516: 4496: 4482: 4462: 4448: 4439:Ancoratus 60:1 4428: 4422:978-9004228412 4421: 4401: 4362: 4356: 4328: 4305: 4279: 4270: 4264:Tasker, R.V., 4257: 4243: 4228: 4208: 4201: 4185:Tabor, James D 4173: 4163: 4150: 4119: 4096: 4076: 4051: 4028: 3999: 3985: 3971: 3959: 3938: 3926: 3902: 3872: 3859:978-9004228412 3858: 3838: 3806: 3781: 3756: 3742: 3731: 3710: 3698: 3691: 3664: 3629: 3604: 3593: 3582: 3575: 3557: 3550: 3542:Baker Academic 3526: 3506: 3486: 3460: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3380:, p. 126. 3367: 3365:, p. 297. 3352: 3340: 3338:, p. 670. 3328: 3307: 3286: 3284:, p. 317. 3271: 3248: 3226: 3217: 3192: 3182:Strong's G2919 3170: 3149: 3146:Galatians 2:12 3138: 3117: 3103: 3083: 3070: 3048: 3024: 3011: 2997: 2983: 2970: 2936: 2915: 2892: 2874: 2854: 2841: 2815: 2789: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2751: 2731: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2645: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2599: 2578: 2543: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2384: 2381: 2329:University in 2309:Main article: 2306: 2303: 2227: 2226: 2162:. Please help 2149:This section 2148: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2109: 2005:Porcius Festus 1959: 1956: 1937: 1934: 1891:James the Less 1886: 1883: 1817:Galatians 1:19 1799: 1796: 1758:Gospel of Mark 1738:Mary Magdalene 1730:Gospel of Mark 1721: 1718: 1695: 1692: 1567:, which, like 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1509: 1506: 1358: 1355: 1273: 1270: 1255:Infancy Gospel 1177: 1174: 1049:Fragment X of 1046: 1045:Church Fathers 1043: 1027:Gospel of John 1018:Gospel of Mark 1010:Judas Iscariot 936: 933: 880: 877: 826: 823: 809:Main article: 806: 803: 770: 767: 736:Porcius Festus 694:, in his work 681: 678: 641:Gospel of John 604: 601: 556: 553: 480:Galatians 1:18 464:Herod's Temple 421:James the Just 413: 410: 396:by the future 375:Galatians 1:19 363: 360: 358: 355: 323: 320: 312:James the Less 229:, can also be 185:James the Just 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 157: 151: 150: 127: 121: 120: 114: 108: 107: 100: 96: 95: 90:62 AD or 69 AD 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 73: 72: 66: 62: 61: 55:Neo-Byzantine 54: 46: 45: 43:James the Just 42: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8217: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973:Sophronius IV 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7952:Athanasius IV 7951: 7949: 7948:Theophanes II 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Theophilus II 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7893:Athanasius II 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Nicephorus II 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833:Sophronius II 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708:Anastasius II 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7617: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 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6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Pilate's wife 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543:Seven Deacons 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 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5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5093:on 2014-04-08 5092: 5088: 5082: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5043: 5042:drevo-info.ru 5039: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4915: 4914:1-110-37346-5 4911: 4905: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4876:0-8143-1831-2 4873: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4856:0-567-08697-6 4853: 4849: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4794: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4736:0-86554-373-9 4733: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4657: 4641: 4640: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4580:0-89870-886-9 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4534: 4519: 4517:9789004228412 4513: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4485: 4483:9789004098985 4479: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4359: 4357:9780898701777 4353: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4202:0-7432-8723-1 4198: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4138: 4134: 4133:www.ACROD.org 4130: 4123: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4093:0-06-066933-0 4090: 4086: 4080: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4040: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3692:9781780282572 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3523:0-7814-4228-1 3520: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3418:Bauckham 1999 3415: 3410: 3404:, p. 83. 3403: 3398: 3391: 3390:Bauckham 1999 3386: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3106: 3104:9780192802903 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3066:public domain 3057: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3037:Philip Schaff 3033: 3031: 3029: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2877: 2875:9780852445822 2871: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2838:on 2014-02-10 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826:Akin, Jimmy, 2822: 2820: 2809: 2802: 2801:Matthew 13:55 2798: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2754: 2752:9780801031144 2748: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2552: 2551:Ancient Greek 2547: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373:James Ossuary 2369: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323:André Lemaire 2320: 2319: 2312: 2311:James Ossuary 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2223: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: – 2180: 2176: 2175:Find sources: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2153:single source 2147: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023:(literally a 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829:Mary Cleophas 1826: 1823:, one of the 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1465: 1461: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1152:According to 1150: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1129:According to 1126: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980:his brother; 979: 975: 972:his brother; 971: 967: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 932: 930: 924: 922: 916: 914: 907: 905: 900: 898: 897:Herod Agrippa 893: 891: 886: 875: 873: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 846: 844: 837: 835: 832: 822: 820: 819: 812: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:New Testament 769:New Testament 766: 764: 758: 756: 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 729: 728: 721: 716: 714: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698: 693: 690:According to 687: 677: 675: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 600: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 567:Philip Schaff 564: 563: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501: 497:as the three 496: 492: 491:Galatians 2:9 488: 483: 481: 477: 476:antinomianism 473: 469: 465: 461: 458:community of 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 441:Herod Agrippa 438: 434: 426: 422: 418: 409: 407: 403: 399: 398:Emperor Titus 395: 391: 387: 384:According to 382: 380: 376: 369: 354: 352: 344: 343:Ancient Greek 340: 335: 332: 329:records that 328: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:Apostolic Age 248: 244: 243:New Testament 240: 236: 232: 227: 216: 211: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 119: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 39: 34: 29: 25: 23: 8050:Procopius II 8040:Athanasius V 8015:Sophronius V 7990:Dositheos II 7967:Dorotheus II 7938:Theophanes I 7888:Euthemius II 7823:Nicephorus I 7818:Theophilus I 7778:Athanasius I 7638:Anastasius I 7390: 7252:Holy Kinship 7203: 7015:Three Angels 6882:Jesus Justus 6852:Epaphroditus 6737: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6688: 6666: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6557:Simeon Niger 6410: 6117:Myrrhbearers 5658: 5649: 5648:in the 1911 5636: 5620: 5608: 5584: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5538: 5523: 5502: 5480: 5458: 5439: 5420: 5401: 5382: 5367:. Retrieved 5352: 5338: 5321: 5299: 5286:(paperback). 5275: 5263: 5253:Bibliography 5239:. Retrieved 5230: 5219:. Retrieved 5215: 5206: 5194:. Retrieved 5190: 5181: 5169:. Retrieved 5164: 5155: 5141: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5095:. Retrieved 5091:the original 5081: 5070:. Retrieved 5066: 5057: 5046:. Retrieved 5044:(in Russian) 5041: 5032: 5021:. Retrieved 5012: 5003: 4992:. Retrieved 4983: 4974: 4963:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4926: 4920: 4904: 4893: 4882: 4867: 4862: 4847: 4842: 4823: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4800: 4793: 4781:. Retrieved 4775: 4748: 4743: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4711: 4704:. Retrieved 4699: 4689: 4677:. Retrieved 4672: 4665: 4656: 4646:10 September 4644:. Retrieved 4638: 4631: 4619:. Retrieved 4604: 4597: 4586: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4533: 4523:18 September 4521:. Retrieved 4506: 4499: 4489:18 September 4487:. Retrieved 4472: 4465: 4455:22 September 4453:. Retrieved 4438: 4431: 4411: 4404: 4380:11 September 4378:. Retrieved 4372: 4365: 4346: 4342:Karl Keating 4319:. 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