3397:...The exalted God loved the human race so much that He created man in such a condition that he was not only a sharer in good as are other creatures, but also that he would be able to reach and see face to face the inaccessible and invisible Supreme Good... Seeing this and envying it, the enemy of the human race, who always opposes all good men so that the race may perish, has thought up a way, unheard of before now, by which he might impede the saving word of God from being preached to the nations. He (Satan) has stirred up some of his allies who, desiring to satisfy their own avarice, are presuming to assert far and wide that the Indians...be reduced to our service like brute animals, under the pretext that they are lacking the Catholic faith. And they reduce them to slavery, treating them with afflictions they would scarcely use with brute animals... by our Apostolic Authority decree and declare by these present letters that the same Indians and all other peoples - even though they are outside the faith - ...should not be deprived of their liberty... Rather they are to be able to use and enjoy this liberty and this ownership of property freely and licitly, and are not to be reduced to slavery...
2104:(2) The scourging of Our Lord at the pillar. This also has been explained. What terrible cruelty existed in the world before Christianity ! In our times the brute beasts have more protection from cruel treatment than the pagan slaves had then. The Church came to their assistance. It taught that all men are God's children, that slaves as well as masters were redeemed by Jesus Christ, and that masters must be kind and just to their slaves. Many converts from paganism through love for Our Lord and this teaching of the Church, granted liberty to their slaves ; and thus as civilization spread with the teaching of Christianity, slavery ceased to exist. It was not in the power of the Church, however, to abolish slavery everywhere, but she did it as soon as she could. Even at present she is fighting hard to protect the poor negroes of Africa against it, or at least to moderate its cruelty.
4031:
of ownership that a slave-owner has over a slave is understood as nothing other than the perpetual right of disposing of the work of a slave for one's own benefitâservices which it is right for one human being to provide for another. From this, it follows that it is not contrary to the natural and divine law for a slave to be sold, bought, exchanged or donated, provided that in this sale, purchase, exchange or gift, the due conditions are strictly observed which the approved authors likewise describe and explain. Among these conditions, the most important ones are that the purchaser should carefully examine whether the slave who is put up for sale has been justly or unjustly deprived of his liberty, and that the vendor should do nothing which might endanger the life, virtue or
Catholic faith of the slave who is to be transferred to another's possession."
3761:(On Slavery in the Missions). In these letters, the Pope praised twelve previous Popes who had made determined efforts to abolish slavery. Maxwell (1975) noted that Leo did not mention conciliar or Papal documents, nor canons of Church Law that had previously sanctioned slavery. Five Popes praised by Leo issued documents that authorized slavery as an institution, as a penalty for ecclesiastical offences, or when arising through war. No distinction is made in Pope Leo's letters between "just" and "unjust" slavery and was interpreted as a condemnation of the slavery institution, though other Catholic moral theologians continued to teach up until the middle of the twentieth century that slavery was not intrinsically wrong. C. R. Boxer addressed this, referring to sources not cited by Maxwell.
2400:
exists as a consequence of original sin and says that it exists according to the "second intention" of nature; it would not have existed in the state of original innocence according to the "first intention" of nature; in this way he can explain the
Aristotelian teaching that some people are slaves "by nature" like inanimate instruments, because of their personal sins; for since the slave cannot work for his own benefit slavery is necessarily a punishment. He accepts the symbiotic master-slave relationship as being mutually beneficial. There should be no punishment without some crime, so slavery as a penalty is a matter of positive law. St Thomas' explanation continued to be expounded at least until the end of the 18th century.
145:
2808:
2421:
3458:" that each and every person of either sex, whether Roman or non-Roman, whether secular or clerical, and no matter of what dignity, status, degree, order or condition they be, may freely and lawfully buy and sell publicly any slaves whatsoever of either sex, and make contracts about them as is accustomed to be done in other places, and publicly hold them as slaves and make use of their work, and compel them to do the work assigned to them....irrespective of whether they were made Christians after enslavement, or whether they were born in slavery even from Christian slave parents according to the provisions of common law."
4190:, the product of seven years of research. It recorded sanctions of slavery by Councils and Popes and also censures and prohibitions. He explained that what appears to the layman, not familiar with the intricacies of Church teaching and law, to be contradictory teaching, often involving the same Pope, is actually only a reflection of the common and longstanding concept of permissible just, and unjust slavery. He cited examples from Council and Papal documents that just slavery was an acceptable part of Catholic teaching until the end of the 19th century. Dulles disagreed, making distinctions among types of servitude.
2717:.... disabilities of all kinds were enacted and as far as possible enforced against the wives and children of ecclesiastics. Their offspring were declared to be of servile condition .... The earliest decree in which the children were declared to be slaves, the property of the Church, and never to be enfranchised, seems to have been a canon of the Synod of Pavia in 1018. Similar penalties were promulgated later on against the wives and concubines (see the Synod of Melfi, 1189, can. xii), who by the very fact of their unlawful connection with a subdeacon or clerk of higher rank became liable to be seized as slaves ...
3374:
3532:
4057:(Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) stated, "Whatever violates the integrity of the human person, such as mutilation, torture...whatever insults human dignity, subhuman living conditions, arbitrary imprisonment, deportation, slavery ... the selling of women and children; as well as disgraceful working conditions, where men are treated as mere tools for profit, rather than as free and responsible persons; all these things and others of their like are infamies indeed ... they are a supreme dishonor to the Creator."
3708:." The exact meaning and scope of the Bull was disputed at the time, and remains so. New enslavements and slave trading were clearly and absolutely forbidden. However, the language in the passage quoted below and other passages was not sufficiently specific to make clear what, if anything, the bull had to say about the ongoing ownership of those already enslaved, although their sale appeared to be prohibited. No clear call for the emancipation of existing slaves was included, as had already happened in the British and French Empires.
6801:
3712:"We, by apostolic authority, warn and strongly exhort... that no one in the future dare to bother unjustly, despoil of their possessions, or reduce to slavery Indians, Blacks or other such peoples... We prohibit and strictly forbid any Ecclesiastic or lay person from presuming to defend as permissible this trade in Blacks under no matter what pretext or excuse, or from publishing or teaching in any manner whatsoever, in public or privately, opinions contrary to what We have set forth in these Apostolic Letters" (
3772:
2952:, which left many coastal areas unpopulated; isolated raids on England and Ireland continued as late as the 17th century. "As a consequence of the wars against the Mussulmans and the commerce maintained with the East, the European countries bordering on the Mediterranean, particularly Spain and Italy, once more had slaves: Turkish prisoners and also, unfortunately, captives imported by conscienceless traders .... this revival of slavery, lasting until the seventeenth century, is a blot on
2313:'And ye masters', he continues, 'do the same things unto them'. The same things. What are these? 'With good-will do service' ... and 'with fear and trembling' ... toward God, fearing lest He one day accuse you for your negligence toward your slaves ... 'And forbear threatening;' be not irritating, he means, nor oppressive ... the law of the common Lord and Master of all ... doing good to all alike ... dispensing the same rights to all". Chrysostom preaching on
9526:
3888:, Pope Gregory XVI admonished and adjured "all believers in Christ, of whatsoever condition, that no one hereafter may dare unjustly to molest Indians, Blacks, or other men of this sort;...or to reduce them to slavery...". Catholic bishops in the Southern U.S. focused on the word "unjustly". They argued that the Pope did not condemn slavery if the enslaved individuals had been captured justlyâthat is, they were either criminals or prisoners of war.
9515:
4538:
2550:
24:
3055:
wheresoever placed, and the kingdoms, dukedoms, principalities, dominions, possessions, and all movable and immovable goods whatsoever held and possessed by them and to reduce their persons to perpetual slavery, and to apply and appropriate to himself and his successors the kingdoms, dukedoms, counties, principalities, dominions, possessions, and goods, and to convert them to his and their use and profit...
4552:
3673:
2455:"Primitive Christianity did not attack slavery directly, but it acted as though slavery did not exist..... To reproach the Church of the first ages with not having condemned slavery in principle, and with having tolerated it in fact, is to blame it for not having let loose a frightful revolution, in which, perhaps, all civilization would have perished with Roman society."
2687:. As an administrative organization, the Church was conservative and forbade the alienation (loss) of church property. This, and the survival of church records, accounts for the final records of agricultural slaves in England for monastic properties in the =1120s, much later than in France, where they disappear from monastery records by the mid-9th century.
5508:
visible on earth. Since God is a God of justice, those who bear God's image must also be agents of justice ... Tragically, the entry of sin has distorted humanity's capacity to know the truth about God and to live justly. Rivalry, violence, and corruption have erupted in the human community (Genesis 4:1-16,23-24, 6:1-8,11-13).
3225:, a Brazilian abolitionist, is quoted saying, "No priest ever tried to stop a slave auction; none ever denounced the religious regimen of the slave quarters. The Catholic Church, despite its immense power in a country still greatly fanaticized by it, never raised its voice in Brazil in favor of emancipation."
2922:(1581â1660) was captured by Barbary corsairs and enslaved for some years before escaping. He used his position as chaplain to the aristocrat in charge of the French galley fleet to run missions to the slaves and ameliorate their conditions, without seriously challenging the galley-slave system itself.
5507:
In the biblical creation narratives, it is only human beings who are made in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:26-27, compare with 2:7, 5:1-2, 9:6). Humans are created to be representatives of God - a kind of icon of God in the world. They are the means by which God's loving rule is to be made
4516:
The Third
Council of the Lateran (1179 AD) decreed the penalty of enslavement on any Christian who provided material aid to for the repair of Saracen ships or provided navigational assistance. This penalty was repeated at three other General Councils. The same Council decreed enslavement as a penalty
4263:
issued a bull threatening excommunication for
Christian slave dealers and ordered Jews to wear a "badge of infamy" to deter, in part, the buying of Christians. Ten black slaves were presented as a gift to Martin by Prince Henry of Portugal in 1441. In 1452 Martin V condemned those who purchased Greek
4153:
The "servitude" that Panzer describes allows, subject to certain conditions, buying, selling, and exchange of human beings as described in the decree of 1866 and claimed that this was the teaching of Popes through the ages. Maxwell (1975) argued against a rigid understanding of Papal texts, and their
3453:
In 1545, Paul repealed an ancient law that allowed slaves to claim their freedom under the
Emperor's statue on Capitol Hill, in view of the number of homeless people and tramps in the city of Rome. The decree included those who had become Christians after their enslavement and those born to Christian
3434:
Falola (2007) contends that the bull related to New World populations and did not condemn the transatlantic slave trade. However, the bull did condemn the enslavement of all other people, seeming to indirectly condemn the transatlantic slave trade. The bull offered a significant defense of indigenous
3054:
We weighing all and singular the premises with due meditation, and noting that since we had formerly by other letters of ours granted among other things free and ample faculty to the aforesaid King
Alfonsoâto invade, search out, capture, vanquish, and subdue all Saracens, and other enemies of Christ
2262:
Early
Christianity encouraged kindness towards slaves. The rape of slaves, considered entirely normal in most preceding systems, was prohibited under the strict ban on sex outside marriage. Christianity recognised marriage of sorts among slaves, freeing slaves was regarded as an act of charity. Roman
2139:
The Church at times distinguished between various forms and elements of "slavery". These considered the making of slaves, or "new enslavement", trafficking and trading, and ownership. A distinction was made between "just" and "unjust" slavery, and whether a particular slave was "justly" or "unjustly"
1870:
as a means to repay a debt. Slaves, captured in war or purchased, and their children were enslaved for life. After
Christianity was legalized under the Roman empire, sentiment grew that many kinds of slavery were incompatible with Christian justice. Views ranged from rejecting all forms of slavery to
5478:
God ... did not intend that His rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion over anything but the irrational creation - not man over man, but man over the beasts ... the condition of slavery is the result of sin ... It is a name, therefore, introduced by sin and not by nature
4030:
of the Galla tribe in
Ethiopia: "... slavery itself, considered as such in its essential nature, is not at all contrary to the natural and divine law, and there can be several just titles of slavery and these are referred to by approved theologians and commentators of the sacred canons. For the sort
2836:
Enslaved
Christian captives were a particular concern, and their trafficking to non-Christian owners was especially disgraceful, and was repeatedly forbidden. Many figures from the Early Medieval to Early Modern periods took part in buying Christian slaves from their non-Christian owners. One of the
2360:
he wrote that "All men are equal by nature but .... a hidden dispensation by providence has arranged a hierarchy of merit and rulership, in that differences between classes of men have arisen as a result of sin and are ordained by divine justice". He directed slaves to be employed by the monasteries
4352:
In May 1537 Paul III followed the lead given by the Spanish crown and banned under pain of excommunication the enslavement of Indians whom he declared to be human beings. King Charles V objected since it âwas injurious to the Imperial right of colonization and harmful to the peace of the Indiesâ so
4148:
The development of over the span of nearly five centuries was occasioned by the unique and illicit form of servitude that accompanied the Age of Discovery. The just titles to servitude were not rejected by the Church, but rather were tolerated for many reasons. This in no way invalidates the clear
3948:
When the slave power predominates, religion is nominal. There is no life in it. It is the hard-working laboring man who builds the church, the school house, the orphan asylum, not the slaveholder, as a general rule. Religion flourishes in a slave state only in proportion to its intimacy with a free
3147:(or Laws of Burgos), were issued by Ferdinand II (Catholic) on 27 December 1512, and were the first rules created to control relations between the Spaniards and the indigenous people, but though intended to improve their treatment, they rather legalized and regulated the forced labour system. Under
2365:
Since our Redeemer, the Maker of every creature, was pleased mercifully to assume human flesh in order to break the chain of slavery in which we were held captive, and restore us to our pristine liberty, it is right that men, whom nature from the beginning produced free, and whom the law of nations
2242:
for humanity: "this ... is the glory of a Master, to have grateful slaves. And this is the glory of a Master, that He should thus love His slaves ... Let us therefore be stricken with awe at this so great love of Christ. Let us be inflamed with this love-potion. Though a man be low and mean, yet if
4038:
in the US or that it referred only to a "particular situation in Africa to have slaves under certain conditions," and not necessarily to the situation in the U.S. Maxwell (1975) wrote that this document sets out a contemporary theological exposition of morally legitimate slavery and slave trading.
2486:
Paul implied that the brotherhood shared by Christians is ultimately incompatible with chattel slavery. In the case of Onesimus, Paul wrote to Philemon, the slave's master, instructing him to receive Onesimus back "no longer as a slave but more than a slave, a brother" (Philem. 6). With respect to
2172:
They teach concerning slavery what was taught yesterday and the day before, but what no priest or layman believes any longer today. They teach that slavery is not unlawful, firstly, when it proceeds from a legitimate war or voluntary sale; secondly, provided it respects the soul, body, family, and
4165:
Biorseth argued that "In all of recorded history, there is no such thing as a matter of faith and morals on which the Holy Catholic Church has ever changed its teaching." Maxwell asserted that it has been difficult for Catholic historians to write impartially on this subject. By way of example he
2399:
St Thomas Aquinas in mid-thirteenth century accepted the new Aristotelian view of slavery as well as the titles of slave ownership derived from Roman civil law and attemptedâwithout complete successâto reconcile them with Christian patristic tradition. He takes the patristic theme... that slavery
5449:
God ... did not intend that His rational creature, who was made in His image, should have dominion over anything but the irrational creation - not man over man, but man over the beasts ... the condition of slavery is the result of sin ... It is a name .. introduced by sin and not by nature ...
4294:
of Portugal to âinvade, search out, capture and subjugate the Saracens and Pagans and any other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as well as their kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property...and to reduce their persons into perpetual slaveryâ. This was
4497:
The 3rd General Council of the Lateran (1179 AD) decreed the penalty of enslavement on any Christian who provided material aid to for the repair of Saracen ships or provided navigational assistance. This penalty was subsequently repeated at three other General Councils. The same Council decreed
3840:
In 1820, the Jesuits had nearly 400 slaves on their Maryland plantations who worked on the community's farms. Realizing that their properties were more profitable if rented to tenant farmers rather than worked by enslaved people, the Jesuits began selling off their bondsmen in 1837. One notable
3641:, in 1815, urging the suppression of the slave trade. By now the major opposition to this came from Spain and Portugal, who required a steady supply of new slaves. In the United States, the slave population was able to reproduce itself, and many slave-owners accepted the end of the slave trade.
2156:
laws. It remained important in Christian thinking and legal systems, in particular for new enslavements. The Christian church treated slaves as persons, and they were allowed to be baptised, marry, and to be ordained as pastors. This tended to be reflected in slavery laws of Catholic countries,
3720:
The Bull was ignored by the Spanish and Portuguese governments, both at that point of an anti-clerical cast and on poor terms with the Vatican. The ambiguity in the text allowed some Catholics, including some bishops in the United States and elsewhere, to continue to say that slave-owning was
2143:
The Church contrasted this with "just servitude", making a metaphysical distinction between owning a person as an object, and owning that person's work product. A person could be bought sold or exchanged as a form of "just servitude" subject to certain conditions. Debt slavery was typically a
2112:
The Seventh Commandment forbids acts or enterprises that .... lead to the enslavement of human beings, to their being bought, sold and exchanged like merchandise, in disregard for their personal dignity. It is a sin against the dignity of persons and their fundamental rights to reduce them by
4472:
The 9th Council of Toledo in 655 AD decreed that the penalty of enslavement was not to be applied to priests who violated clerical celibacy rules but rather their children who would thereafter be forever slaves of the Church. This decree became part of the collection of Canons of the Western
3309:
and other naval powers. Galley slaves were recruited by criminal sentencing, usually for enough years that many never survived. Others were captured in war, mostly Muslims, and other supplied by the African slave-trade. Some Popes were personally involved in these activities. Ottoman admiral
3245:, was a legalistic proclamation required to be read to indigenous populations, demanding that local populations convert to Christianity, on pain of slavery or death, and intended to give legality to Spanish actions. This drew on centuries-old precedents, used in conflicts with Muslims and
2976:
and Christian attempts to expand into North Africa, were augmented with slaves from sub-Saharan Africa. Spain and Portugal were the leaders in the Age of Discovery, and took slave-making to their territories in the Americas. The first African slaves arrived in the Spanish territory of
2122:
Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Christian understanding of slavery reflected significant internal conflict and endured dramatic change. Ultimately, the concept of slavery as private property was condemned by the Church, which classified it as the theft of human rights, a concept of
4426:
in 1888 and 1890 praised 12 past Popes who sought to abolish slavery with no mention of just or unjust enslavement. Five of the Popes mentioned were authors of public documents that sanctioned enslavement either as an institution, for ecclesiastical transgressions, or as a result of
2408:, contending that Aquinas held that slavery could not be arrived at via natural law. It could, thus, only be arrived at as a consequence of man's action. Thus, slavery could not be the natural state, but could be imposed as a legal or political consequence. Aquinas's contemporary
5728:
Thomas Aquinas Q94, A5 In this sense, "the possession of all things in common and universal freedom" are said to be of the natural law, because, to wit, the distinction of possessions and slavery were not brought in by nature, but devised by human reason for the benefit of human
3255:. The most famous version was used between 1510 and 1556, but others were used until the 18th century. It was introduced after Dominican friars accompanying the conquistadors protested to the Crown enslavement of the New World indigenous peoples. Comparing the situation to
2140:
kept in that condition might depend on religious status. The church long accepted the right to sell oneself or one's children into slavery, at times fairly common, or to be sentenced to slavery as a criminal punishment. Slavery was long regarded as a matter of secular law.
5522:|quote=So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. And God blessed them ... And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.}}
4450:
The Council of Gangra (340 AD) anathematized anyone who taught that it was permissible for a slave to withdraw his services from the master who owned him on religious grounds. This decree became part of the Western Churchâs collection of canons for the subsequent 1,400
4356:
In 1535 Paul III renewed the ancient privilege of the magistrates to emancipate slaves who fled to the Capital after it had lapsed. After appeals from the magistrates Paul revoked the privilege in 1548 and declared it lawful to hold and trade slaves in Rome including
2144:
different matter legally under both pre-Christian and Christian legal systems; it might be for a specific period, and the owner typically did not have the right to sell the slave without his/her agreement, along with other restrictions. This might be better termed
3132:
issued two bulls that extended the identical "favours, permissions, etc. granted to the Monarchy of Portugal in respect of West Africa to the Monarchy of Spain in respect of America.....and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery...wherever they may be".
2698:; this included slaves as well as prisoners of war, who could be held for ransom even though their enslavement was unacceptable. The Irish Council of Armagh (1171) decreed the liberation of all English slaves, but this was after, and specifically linked to, the
3482:, highly organized rural settlements where Jesuit missionaries presided over Indian communities, were begun in 1609, and lasted until the 1767 suppression of the order in Spain. The Jesuits armed the Indians, who fought pitched battles with Portuguese
1643:
3990:, a prominent Union general during the Civil War, was a baptized Catholic whose son became a priest, but who disavowed Catholicism after the war ended. Sherman's military campaigns of 1864 and 1865 freed many slaves, who joined his marches through
5479:... circumstances could never have arisen save through sin ... The prime cause, then, of slavery is sin which brings man under the dominion of his fellow ... But by nature, as God first created us, no one is the slave either of man or of sin.
5467:""Chapter 15 - Of the Liberty Proper to Man's Nature, and the Servitude Introduced by Sin â A Servitude in Which the Man Whose Will is Wicked is the Slave of His Own Lust, Though He is Free So Far as Regards Other Men." in City of God (Book 19)"
3746:
By 1890, slavery was no longer a significant issue for governments of most Christian states. The church debated the common Catholic teaching on slavery, in the main founded on Roman civil law, and whether it could be subject to change. In 1888,
2833:(816) said that the death of a bishop should be marked by the enfranchisement (manumission) of the English who he enslaved; later pronouncements called for enfranchisement on such occasions, and there was a widespread tradition of such actions.
5438:""Chapter 15 - Of the Liberty Proper to Man's Nature, and the Servitude Introduced by SinâA Servitude in Which the Man Whose Will is Wicked is the Slave of His Own Lust, Though He is Free So Far as Regards Other Men." in City of God (Book 19 )"
3205:
The Church's view on the African slave trade in Latin America mimicked that of the European trade, as in they did not view them as morally equal. The Church, however, mandated slaves to be baptized, given the sacraments, and allowed to attend
1970:
greatly increased the number of slaves owned by Christians, the response of the clergy, under strong political pressures, was ineffective in preventing the establishment of slave-owning societies in the colonies of Catholic countries. Earlier
5450:
circumstances could never have arisen save through sin ... The prime cause, then, of slavery is sin, which brings man under the dominion of his fellow ... But by nature, as God first created us, no one is the slave either of man or of sin.
4476:
The 816 Synod of Chelsea in Saxon England decreed that at the death of every Bishop, all English slaves he owned were to be freed, with each Abbot or Bishop who attended his funeral having to emancipate three slaves and give to each three
2876:, who soon converted to Christianity. She was apparently given to Clovis as a present, but emerged as his queen. She acted against the slave trade, forbidding slave exports and using her own money to manumit slaves, especially children.
2646:
were one factor that broke the serf system. Chattel slavery continued on the fringes of Christendom, and revived in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, enslaving Muslims. As in other societies, new slaves were continually needed. The
4201:
with "Thirty years later, taking up the words of the Council and with the same forcefulness I repeat that condemnation in the name of the whole Church, certain that I am interpreting the genuine sentiment of every upright conscience".
2152:, which also typically distinguished between native and foreign slaves, with better protection for the former. This distinction was applied to Christian versus non-Christian slaves, sometimes with an origin component, for example in
2113:
violence to their productive value or to a source of profit. St. Paul directed a Christian master to treat his Christian slave "no longer as a slave but more than a slave, as a beloved brother .... both in the flesh and in the Lord."
4438:: "Thirty years later, taking up the words of the Council and with the same forcefulness I repeat that condemnation in the name of the whole Church, certain that I am interpreting the genuine sentiment of every upright conscience..â
4236:âThe Greatâ, reigned 590-604, directed that slaves should behave humbly as they are only slaves but that Masters, like their slaves, were also slaves of God. He also commended the act of manumission for those who had been condemned
2209:
Master as well. Slaves who are treated wrongly and unjustly are likened to the wrongs that Christ unjustly suffered, and Masters are told that God "shows no favoritism" and that "anyone who does wrong will be repaid for his wrong."
4376:
1591 ordered the emancipation of all Indian slaves held by the Spanish in the Philippines under pain of excommunication. The prohibitions of Paul III and Gregory XIV were not applicable to âjustâ enslavement, e.g. those considered
2619:"one of the finest achievements of Christian ethics was the enforcement of respect for this maxim , slowly to be sure, for it is still being recalled in England early in the eleventh century, but in the long run most effectively."
2173:
instruction of the slave. But I challenge anyone to show me today, throughout all Christianity, a single slave who has become such as a prisoner of war or through voluntary sale, to say nothing of the manner in which he is treated.
1883:
who focused on ransoming Christian slaves. By the end of the Medieval period, enslavement of Christians had been largely abolished throughout Europe, although enslavement of non-Christians remained permissible and was revived in
2622:
Slave trafficking was often condemned, and was regarded by Christians as ethically dubious, rife with abuse (as it had been before Christianity). The sale of Christians to non-Christians, which was often forbidden (except for
4170:
who singled out for praise twelve previous Popes who worked to end slavery. Maxwell pointed out that five of the mentioned Popes actually authorized slavery, but suggests the error could be due to the Popes' "ghost writers".
4322:
in 1488 distributed amongst the clergy a share of the hundred slaves he received as gift from King Ferdinand. He was advised by King Jao in 1488 that slave trade profits were helping to finance wars against Muslims in North
3159:
system, which forced the natives to abandon their lifestyle and destroyed their culture. His role in the reform movement earned him the nickname, "Defender of the Indians". He was able to influence the king, leading to the
3644:
Pius wrote letters to the restored King of France in 1814 and the King of Portugal in 1823 urging the same thing. By now the Papacy was under pressure from the British government, because British support was needed at the
3490:
was asked about the morality of enslaving innocent blacks. The practice was rejected, as was trading such slaves. Slaveholders, the Holy Office declared, were obliged to emancipate and compensate blacks unjustly enslaved.
3267:
and rejected him, so that waging a crusade against them was legitimate. In contrast, wars against the Native Americans, who had never had contact with Christianity, were unacceptable. As a response to this position, the
2721:
Laws sometimes stated that conversion to Christianity, especially by Muslim slaves, allowed emancipation, but as such conversions often resulted in the freed slave returning home and reverting to Islam. For example, the
2968:, where contact with non-Christian societies was more common. Some Italian maritime states continued the slave trade. The only Christian area where agricultural slaves were economically significant was the south of the
3136:
Although the church was excited by the potential for conversions in the New World, the clergy there were often horrified by the methods used by the conquerors, and tensions between church and state grew rapidly. The
2086:
Thirty years later, taking up the words of the Council and with the same forcefulness I repeat that condemnation in the name of the whole Church, certain that I am interpreting the genuine sentiment of every upright
4255:
Between 1309 and 1535 various States, Cities and families were subject to the penalty of enslavement by Popes. Examples include the Florentines in 1376, the Venetians (1309, 1283 and 1509) and the Colonna family in
2515:
Even where slavery was not fully repudiated, slaves and free men had equal access to the sacraments. Many clerics were from slave backgrounds, including popes. This implied a fundamental equality incompatible with
2233:
points out that, "while discreetly suggesting that he manumit Onesimus, does not say that Philemon is morally obliged to free Onesimus and any other slaves he may have had." However, in his homilies on Philemon,
3325:
removed the ability of slaves in Rome to claim freedom by reaching the Capitol Hill, although this was restored some years later. He legalized slave trading and ownership, including of Christian slaves in Rome.
2463:
While Paul told slaves to obey their masters, he made no general defense of slavery, anymore than he made a general defense of pagan Rome, in which Christians were instructed to obey despite its injustices (cf.
4149:
and consistent teaching against the unjust slavery that came to prevail in Africa and the Western Hemisphere, first in Central and South America and then in the United States, for approximately four centuries.
2005:
Multiple popes issued papal bulls condemning mistreatment of Native Americans and "unjust" enslavement ("just" enslavement was an accepted form of punishment); however, these were largely ignored. Nonetheless,
4420:
condemned the unjust trade in black Africans as unchristian and morally unlawful. Unlike the censures of Paul III, Gregory XIV and Benedict XIV relating to Indians, no penalty of excommunication was specified.
4369:, as a sign of appreciation, allowed Fernando Jimenez (the most important slave merchant in the mid-sixteenth century) to use his own surname, contrary to the normal restrictions applied to Jews of the period.
4384:
authorized the purchase of forty privately owned slaves who were serving in the galleys of the Papal fleet. In 1639 he condemned slavery of Indians, but not black Africans, without qualification in a letter
3855:
Catholics only started to become a significant part of the overall US population in the 1840s with the arrival of Irish, German, and Southern Italian immigrants who congregated in urban Northern free areas.
3737:
a sin and that some good could come of it. It was not until the last Catholic country to retain legal slavery, Brazil, abolished it in 1888, that the Vatican pronounced definitively against slavery as such.
2535:
for a list of twenty practices including forbidding marriage, abandoning their families, slaves despising masters and running away under the pretext of piety, false asceticism and reviling married priests.
3427:) was annulled the following year. Davis (1988) asserted that it was annulled due to a dispute with the Spanish crown. The Council of The West Indies and the Crown concluded that the documents broke their
3419:
2317:
in a sermon entitled, "Should we not make it a heaven on earth?", stated, "I will not speak of slaves, since at that time there was no such thing, but doubtless such as were slaves they set at liberty..."
4302:
extended the grants of Nicholas V to the Kings of Portugal and applied the penalty of excommunication to those who had enslaved some Christians along with Muslims during raids on the Turkish and Egyptian
2606:
was to abolish the enslavement of previously free Christians. Slaves who converted or were baptized as infants in slavery were not included. It was common practice in the ancient world and Christianized
4336:. He described the enslavement of Indians as an offense against Christianity and nature, however âthere would certainly have been one or two slaves from the coast of Guinea in the Vatican in his dayâ.
1638:
4284:, now allowing the Portuguese to conquer any unconverted parts of the Canary Islands. Christians would be protected by the earlier edict but the un-baptized were implicitly allowed to be enslaved.
3852:
and the southern part of the state (Louisiana's Catholic region). More than in other areas of the South, free blacks in New Orleans were middle class and well-educated; many were property owners.
2285:
for twenty practices including forbidding marriage, not eating meat, urging that slaves should liberate themselves, abandoning their families, asceticism and reviling married priests. The later
2071:
in 1888 wrote to the bishops of Brazil setting forth the position of the Church on slavery: he condemned the cruelties of the slave-trade and commended the abolition of slavery in the region.
1875:). The Christian West almost entirely enforced that a free Christian could not be enslaved, for example as a captive in war. However, this was not consistently applied throughout history. The
4140:
Church leaders sought to alleviate the evils of slavery and repeatedly denounced the mass enslavement of conquered populations and the slave trade, thereby undermining slavery at its sources.
2263:
law instead regarded slaves as property rather than persons. Slaves could marry and be ordained as priests. This difference in legal status in the long term undermined slavery's legitimacy.
4469:
In 633 AD it was decreed by the 4th Council of Toledo that women who were having âforbidden relationshipsâ with clerics were to be put up for sale as slaves and that the clerics do penance.
4060:
Nevertheless, some Catholic Church institutions continued to be linked with forced labour throughout the 20th century. In Ireland, up to 30,000 women were subjected to forced labour at the
3001:. They lived without towns, long-range ships or writing, and had intermittent contacts with seafarers. In 1402 the Spanish invaded, island by island, in a serendipitous rehearsal for their
3097:
Despite the papal condemnations of slavery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Spain and Portugal were never explicitly forbidden from partaking in slavery, but did strongly contribute to the
4094:
As made evident below, it is debated among researchers and writers whether the Catholic Church changed teachings under the criteria of âfaith and moralsâ to fit with social mores or not.
2512:
Some early Christians liberated their slaves, while some churches redeemed slaves using the congregation's common means. Some Christians sold themselves into slavery to emancipate others.
2243:
we hear that he loves us, we are above all things warmed with love towards him, and honor him exceedingly. And do we then love? And when our Master loves us so much, we are not excited?"
2956:". Many Medieval popes condemned Muslim enslavement of Christians. Several religious orders were organized to free them. No general condemnation of slavery or tied servitude was issued.
3921:
leader of the Irish in Ireland, supported the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and in America. Garrison recruited him to the abolitionist cause. O'Connell, black abolitionist
2014:
worked to alleviate the suffering of Native American slaves. Debate about the morality of slavery continued throughout this period. Some books critical of slavery were placed on the
2502:
writers are ultimately incompatible with chattel slavery, even if, because of its deeply established role as a social institution, this point was not clearly understood at the time.
6546:
3721:
permitted by the church, while others claimed that it was a general condemnation. Theologically, the position of the church remained unchanged: slavery was not intrinsically evil.
5230:
2519:
The Church ameliorated the harsher aspects of slavery in the Empire, even trying to protect slaves by law, until slavery all but disappeared in the West. It re-emerged during the
3953:
Between 1821 and 1836 when Mexico opened up its Texas territory to American settlers, many had problems bringing their slaves into Catholic Mexico (which did not allow slavery).
3217:
bordered the slave market. The nuns purchased slaves for personal use and to tend to their convents. One revealing case of the Church's participation are lottery prizes from the
2773:
Unjust aggression or other crimes (1309â1535). Capture and enslavement for Christian families or cities or states was enacted several times by Popes. Those sentenced included
3210:. Slaveholders were required to give slaves the day of rest. Uniquely, in Latin America the Church made marriage a requirement and couples could not be forcefully separated.
3009:
in 1496, which was accompanied by the enslavement of large parts of the Guanche population. Distinct Guanche communities, language and culture then ceased to exist, although
3462:
Stogre (1992) contends that lifting restrictions was due to a shortage of slaves in Rome. In 1547 Pope Paul III sanctioned the enslavement of the Christian King of England,
2127:
that dominated most of the Western world beginning in the 19th century. However, the Church never viewed slavery as intrinsically evil, and some forms of servitude, such as
4463:
The Council of Orleans in 541 AD decreed that slaves who were emancipated by a Bishop would be allowed to remain free so long as they remained in the service of the Church.
4183:
through its "misleading" account of Papal condemnation of slavery. Maxwell described the situation as the historical "whitewashing" of the Church's involvement in slavery.
3596:, and alarmed by British attempts to link up with slave rebels, in 1794 the French abolished slavery in all French territories. Napoleon reversed this when he took power.
2100:
of Christian Doctrine used to teach the Catholic Faith in North America from 1885 to 1960 details the following explanation of the second sorrowful mystery of the rosary:
2309:' in his Homilies on Ephesians. Moreover, quoting partly from Paul the Apostle, Chrysostom opposed unjust slavery by giving these instructions to those who owned slaves:
2157:
French slaves, for example, were allowed to marry other slaves or free people, though neither baptism nor marriage emancipated themâan issue in the French legal case of
1764:
3729:, disagreed with him that slavery was intrinsically evil and instead compared slavery to despotism. Stating that neither is intrinsically evil, so though he believed
2451:
claimed that, in order for the Church to have condemned slavery, it would have had to be willing to incite a revolution that could have destroyed "all civilization".
8726:
2856:
turned bishop, used his wealth to do so on a large scale, apparently including non-Christian slaves. Others used church funds as permitted by church councils. Queen
2361:
as well as forbidding the unrestricted allowance of slaves joining the monastery to escape their servitude. Upon manumitting two slaves held by the Church, he wrote:
4488:
of Seville to affirm the justice of enslavement. The Council of Pavia in 1012 AD enacted a similar decree, but included those children who were born of free women.
3039:
confirmed this (7 October 1462, Apud Raynaldum in Annalibus Ecclesiasticis ad ann n.42), referring to those covered by the prohibitions of Pius II as "neophytes".
2615:. This remained acceptable to the Church only for non-Christian captives. Getting this principle accepted in Christian societies took centuries. According to the
3050:"...the rights of conquest and permissions previously granted not only to the territories already acquired but also those that might be acquired in the future".
2444:, the patron saint of Ireland, who had been taken there by pirates and enslaved. He escaped and returned on orders of the pope to evangelize the pagans there.
2395:. Aquinas did not believe that slavery was justified by natural law, since all men are equal by nature. For Aquinas, slavery only arises through positive law.
2356:(c. 600), a popular text for centuries, wrote "Slaves should be told ... to despise their masters and recognise they are only slaves". In his Commentary on the
1628:
1159:
3035:
also condemned the enslavement of Christians. Scholars point out that slavery continued, since Pius II's prohibition related only to those recently baptised.
3450:, to locals who had been forced into slavery by Europeans, and he commanded under pain of excommunication that all native slaves in the islands be set free.
3272:
provided a justification for such conquest, given their rejection of the "legitimate" authority of the Kings of Spain and Portugal, as granted by the Pope.
8761:
2915:). Both collected money to redeem captives, and organized the business of purchasing them, so that they were useful to families who already had the money.
1513:
885:
622:
2934:, which had the same protocol regarding Muslims. In wars between the two religions, all captives were liable to be enslaved, as regularly happened in the
2841:
is given as the "ransoming of captives", but this originally meant slaves or prisoners of war, a distinction that mostly emerged during the Middle Ages.
2683:
in 1086 were slaves, far more than in France at the same date. Church bodies remained slave-owners even as church leaders fought new enslavement and the
1858:
have a long and complicated history. Slavery was practiced and accepted by many cultures and religions around the world throughout history, including in
1249:
890:
7787:
5604:
4240:
to slavery. Gregory wrote to a military governor in Africa to request a delivery of prisoners of war for enslavement in the service of the poor in Rome.
3285:
Slavery in Europe, mainly around the Mediterranean, continued and was amplified by the larger size of Mediterranean navies used to combat the powerful
4466:
At the 2nd Council of Macon in 585 AD, Bishops were instructed to defend the freedom of former slaves who had been legitimately emancipated in Church.
5199:
4035:
3933:
organized a petition with 60,000 signatures urging Irish immigrants to support abolition. O'Connell also spoke in the United States for abolition.
582:
4523:
In 1965 the Second Vatican Council described slavery, without qualification, as an infamy that dishonored the Creator and poisoned human society.
4504:
In 1965 the Second Vatican Council described slavery, without qualification, as an infamy that dishonored the Creator and poisoned human society.
4083:
2468:). He seems simply to have regarded slavery as an intractable part of the social order, an order that he may well have thought would pass away (
9562:
4491:
Pope Urban II in 1089 at the Synod of Melfi granted to princes the power to enslave the wives of clerics in order to enforce clerical celibacy.
3349:, probably for Papal galleys. The Knights of Malta attacked pirates and Muslim shipping, and their base became a centre for enslaving captured
2295:, who renounced Manicheanism, opposed unfair and unjust forms of slavery by observing that they originate in human sinfulness, rather than the
937:
6413:
3615:
and diplomatic pressure to lead the international movement eradicating international slave-trafficking, which was almost entirely successful.
9229:
8352:
3431:
rights and the Pope withdrew them, though they continued to circulate and be quoted by Las Casas and others who supported indigenous rights.
3128:
requested the same Papal authority and permissions for the new lands that Portugal had received for West Africa. Accordingly, on 3 May 1493
3013:
find Guanche genes among modern Canarians. Church injunctions rejected the enslavement of the Guanches, but they had little effect. In 1435
2567:
1633:
1483:
41:
5320:
The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice: Its Distinctive Features Shown by Its Statutes, Judicial Decisions, and Illustrative Facts
2509:
and John Chrysostom) strongly denounced it. But then, the state often failed to enact a just social order in accord with Church teachings.
88:
6536:
3377:
Amerindians labouring with overseer in Brazil, 1820s. As with many such pictures, their status cannot be determined from the image alone.
2041:
Throughout the 1700s and 1800s, the Church did missionary work in the Americas, targeting both slave and non-slave. On 22 December 1741,
964:
5344:
5234:
4520:
The Fifth Lateran Council (15th century) regularised the procedure for baptizing slaves who were about to die in transit on slave ships.
2289:
declared that the canons of the Synod were ecumenical (in other words, were viewed as conclusively representative of the wider church).
60:
9708:
9185:
4413:
in 1741 condemned the unjust enslavement of Indians, Christian and non-Christian, and repeated the censures of Paul III and Urban VIII.
2305:
described slavery as 'the fruit of covetousness, of degradation, of savagery ... the fruit of sin, of rebellion against ... our true
1710:
462:
6020:
8736:
4501:
The Fifth Lateran Council (1512â1517) regularised the procedure for baptizing slaves who were about to die in transit on slave ships.
4360:
Pius V in 1566 restored to the magistrates of Rome the right to emancipate slaves who fled to the Capital under an ancient privilege.
2642:
had almost entirely replaced agricultural slavery, and by then was itself dying out. Labour shortages caused by the mid-14th century
912:
6306:
2238:
opposes unfair and unjust forms of slavery by stating that those who own slaves are to passionately love their slaves with the very
2205:; however Masters were told to serve their slaves "in the same way" and "even better" as "brothers", to not threaten them as God is
8688:
8640:
3588:, in which Raynal and Gregoire were notable figures, did not initially have emancipation as a goal. After failing to stamp out the
3547:
formed in Europe and the Americas with the stated aim of abolishing slavery and the slave trade. These movements were based on the
3409:
1683:
1503:
676:
67:
3172:'s half-brother, and the alarmed government weakened them in response. Continuing armed indigenous resistance, for example in the
6973:
4316:
anathematized those who were enslaving the Christian converts in the Canary Islands. He renewed the grants of Nicholas V in 1481.
3829:, had large contingents of Catholic residents. Both states had the largest numbers of freed slaves. The Archbishop of Baltimore,
3202:("Manual of Deals and Contracts") rejected the morality of enslaving Africans, though he accepted "just-title" slaves in theory.
2376:
However, papal estates continued to possess several hundred slaves despite Gregory's rhetoric on the natural liberty of mankind.
1841:
3413:
excommunication rescindable only by the Pope for those who attempted to enslave or rob the indigenous. Stogre (1992) noted that
2270:
gave protection to fugitive slaves, but the Church often condemned with anathema slaves who fled their masters and refused them
9653:
8618:
8608:
8372:
8227:
Slavery and the Catholic Church: The history of Catholic teaching concerning the moral legitimacy of the institution of slavery
8009:
Slavery and the Catholic Church: The history of Catholic teaching concerning the moral legitimacy of the institution of slavery
7618:, p. 464 claimed that though this censure was primarily directed towards Indians, it clearly covers black slavery as well.
4188:
Slavery and the Catholic Church: The history of Catholic teaching concerning the moral legitimacy of the institution of slavery
2627:). Export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands was often prohibited, for example at the Council of Koblenz (922) and the
947:
365:
5877:
4775:
4309:
in 1462 decreed ecclesiastical censures for those enslaving the recently baptised of Guinea. Slavery itself was not condemned.
3082:. But there were various other papal bull condemnations of Spanish and Portuguese practices of slavery and slave raids in the
2705:
Christian people could be enslaved as a criminal punishment, for debt, or could sell themselves or their children. In 655 the
2366:
has subjected to the yoke of slavery, should be restored by the benefit of manumission to the liberty in which they were born.
9197:
8321:
8300:
8199:
8153:
8125:
8104:
8085:
8061:
8042:
8016:
7997:
7978:
7905:
7884:
7865:
7826:
7776:
7387:
7341:
7316:
7251:
7081:
6750:
6278:
6135:
5941:
5786:
5392:
5328:
4844:
4758:
4712:
4685:
3930:
3848:
Although Louisiana was a slaveholding state, it also held one of the US' largest populations of former slaves. Most lived in
2217:
is an important text in regard to slavery; it was used by pro-slavery advocates as well as by abolitionists. In the epistle,
2002:
in 1517. However, Las Casas later rejected all forms of "unjust" slavery and became known as the protector of Indian rights.
1525:
1202:
974:
74:
4252:
in 1174 appealed to the Moorish King of Valencia for the release of prisoners of war on the basis that they were Christians.
9322:
7810:
3656:
Maxwell (1975) concluded that "In Catholic countries the abolition of slavery has been due mainly to humanist influences".
1717:
1678:
1321:
6918:
4929:
4329:
in 1493 granted to Spain the same rights to the Americas as had been granted to Portugal for Africa by Nicholas V in 1454.
4144:
In a modern work that denies any fundamental change in the Church's teaching over the centuries, Father Joel Panzer wrote:
2168:, reviewing the moral arguments that underpinned Church teaching and definitions relating to "just" slavery wrote in 1861:
9360:
6685:
5846:
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe from the Decline of the Roman Empire: Volume 1, Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages
4072:
1759:
1396:
1056:
907:
703:
612:
4276:) imposed the penalty of excommunication on those who enslaved recent converts in the Canary Islands. Eugenius tempered
4246:
in 1089 at the Synod of Melfi granted to princes the power to enslave the wives of clerics to enforce clerical celibacy.
3984:, the Vatican never recognized the Confederacy, and the Pope received Bishop Lynch only in his ecclesiastical capacity.
3660:
argued that the change in attitude to slavery among Christian thinkers followed its abolition rather than preceding it.
2872:, the last pagan king there, who was either captured by pirates or sold into slavery, probably when he was succeeded by
2201:, slaves (the Greek word used, ΎοῊλοÎč , is ambiguous, also used to mean servant), are admonished to obey their masters,
56:
9555:
3361:
remained a slave market until well into the late 18th century. It required a thousand slaves to equip its own galleys.
3180:
of 1550 resulted in the full enslavement of thousands of captives, often beyond the control of the Spanish government.
1940:
1905:
By the 1800s, the Church reached relative consensus in favor of condemning chattel slavery and praising its abolition.
1779:
1473:
1227:
4127:) was not part of the primary intention of natural law, it was appropriate and socially useful in a world impaired by
3833:, had two black servantsâone free and one enslaved. (He is alleged to have been related to a slave descendant, Sister
3190:, wrote to the king in 1560 protesting the importation of Africans, and questioning the "justness" of enslaving them.
9698:
9663:
9246:
8345:
8220:
8180:
7962:
7943:
7924:
7049:
6524:
6351:
6215:
5854:
5644:
5500:
4078:
apologized on behalf of Africans for the part Africans played in the slave trade. The apology was accepted by Bishop
3998:
in the tens of thousands, although his personal views on the rights of African Americans and the morality of slavery
2763:
issued two constitutions. Traffic in Christian slaves was not forbidden, but their sale to non-Christian masters was.
2748:
Slavery was imposed as an ecclesiastical penalty by General Councils and local Church councils and Popes, 1179â1535:
2589:
1601:
1478:
902:
671:
538:
107:
3626:, who also became the Father of the Mexican nation, declared slavery abolished, but this was not official until the
3543:
The 18th century saw the massive expansion of the transatlantic slave trade. Around the end of the century, various
2797:, and legalized the arrest and enslavement of Florentines and the confiscation of their property throughout Europe.
9713:
9703:
9677:
9627:
9490:
3393:
prohibited the enslavement of indigenous Americans, declaring that they "should not be deprived of their liberty":
3314:
was captured and made a Genoan galley slave for nearly four years before he was imprisoned and ransomed. After the
2251:
1732:
942:
927:
873:
558:
548:
543:
372:
228:
6892:
1448:
8757:
8655:
8623:
4454:
In 419 the Council of Carthage decreed that not even an enfranchised slave could give evidence in a court of law.
1727:
1498:
304:
6672:
4825:"The Papacy and the Atlantic Slave Trade: Lourenço da Silva, the Capuchins, and the Decisions of the Holy OfïŹce"
3999:
2817:
The Church established a tradition of charitable aid to slaves, without necessarily challenging slavery itself.
9449:
8698:
8613:
8281:
5305:
3704:
in which he condemned slavery, with particular reference to New World slavery and the slave trade, calling it "
3487:
2571:
2487:
salvation in Christ, Paul insisted that "there is neither slave nor free ... you are all one in Christ Jesus" (
2469:
2165:
2023:
1960:
1197:
1185:
765:
577:
223:
45:
8416:
2635:, typically the only non-Christian group accepted in these societies, were forbidden to own Christian slaves.
2158:
9548:
9256:
8578:
3965:
3733:
would have ended both if he could, he was not bound to try, as he could not. He claimed that slavery was not
3552:
3148:
2907:, whose particular original mission was the saving of Christian slave-captives in the wars between Christian
2299:
that had included the basic equality of all human beings as good creatures made in God's image and likeness.
2182:
1999:
1769:
1552:
413:
5369:
4216:
Apostle Peter in 1 Peter 2:18-25 teaches Christian slaves to obey their masters, after the example of Jesus.
3218:
2314:
9261:
8338:
8236:
Weithman, Paul J. (1992). "Augustine and Aquinas on Original Sin and the Function of Political Authority".
4064:
from 1922 to 1996. Magdalene asylums in Ireland were not limited to Catholics, however, and the Protestant
2638:
By the end of the Medieval period, enslavement of Christians had been largely abolished throughout Europe.
1863:
1774:
1618:
1488:
1149:
917:
897:
457:
425:
7897:
Rome Has Spoken...: A Guide to Forgotten Papal Statements, and How They Have Changed Through the Centuries
5018:
3517:
condemned the enslavement of Native Americans, specifically in the Portuguese colonies, in the papal bull
2412:
argued on ethical grounds that slavery was "infamous" and "perverting virtue", but accepted its legality.
144:
9332:
9113:
8975:
5084:
4640:, p. 22; see also pp. 23â26 for different forms of slavery and how they compared with other nations.
3627:
3511:
and does not end equality between humans, as slaves retain rights such as the right to humane treatment.
2807:
2488:
2229:; Paul also entreats Philemon to regard Onesimus as a beloved brother in Christ, rather than as a slave.
1834:
1784:
1508:
553:
334:
154:
81:
5207:
4895:
2611:
societies for war captives, often including the entire population of captured cities, to be enslaved as
9585:
9442:
9404:
8891:
7167:
5519:
5181:
5095:
5073:
5029:
5007:
4600:
4575:
4460:
In 517 AD the Council of Jena decreed that slaves bestowed on monastic orders could not be emancipated.
4332:
Pope Leo X in his bull of 1513 regularized the procedure for baptising slaves who were about to die on
3608:
3504:
2825:(already common in Roman life) was encouraged, especially on the conversion or death of the owner. The
2699:
2603:
2296:
2226:
1693:
1545:
1530:
1421:
617:
287:
7142:
6519:"Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage", Toyin Falola, Amanda Warnock, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007,
5051:
2879:
Societies and clerical orders were founded to free Christian slaves. The best known of these were the
2709:, in order to keep priests celibate, ruled that all children of clerics were to be enslaved. In 1089,
2480:
2391:, it could be appropriate based on an individual's actions and socially useful in a world impaired by
9485:
9475:
9437:
9192:
9002:
8970:
8924:
8901:
7246:. The Menahem Stern Jerusalem lectures. Hanover (N.H.): University Press of New England. p. 63.
6729:
Panzer, 6-8, himself supporting strongly a "wide" interpretation, quotes from several opposing views.
5062:
4585:
3904:
3830:
3623:
2476:
2465:
1991:
1789:
1688:
1219:
1207:
797:
770:
275:
7311:(1. issued as an Oxford Univ. Press paperback ed.). New York: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 100.
5040:
4010:, was baptized as a Catholic in infancy, though it is not clear whether he practiced that religion.
3603:, which outlawed international slave-trafficking, but not slave-owning, which remained legal in the
3152:
2737:
In the early thirteenth century, official support for some kinds of servitude was incorporated into
1995:
9590:
9465:
9370:
9365:
9180:
9145:
9071:
9027:
9022:
8819:
8645:
8490:
8387:
8382:
6421:
4580:
4158:
in 1995, "in the name of the whole Church", Catholicism forbade the selling of women and children.
4075:
3810:
and join the Spanish military. This is thought to have been a factor in the events of the Catholic
3535:
3315:
2964:
By the end of the Middle Ages slavery had become rare in Northern Europe, but continued around the
2931:
2873:
2628:
2420:
2387:
taught that, although the subjection of one person to another (servitus) could not be derived from
2247:
2015:
1933:
218â222) was a slave in his youth. Slavery decreased with multiple abolition movements in the late
1569:
1438:
991:
780:
265:
166:
5700:
5679:
4494:
In 1117 AD the Council of Armagh decreed that all English slaves in Ireland should be emancipated.
2930:
The position of the Western Church that Christian captives could not be enslaved mirrored that in
445:
9595:
9150:
8884:
8789:
8678:
8628:
8485:
8402:
8377:
8035:
Tradition, Culture, and Development in Africa: Historical Lessons for Modern Development Planning
7097:
4590:
3566:
3551:
and on Christian ethical principles; in the English-speaking countries many leading figures were
2869:
2782:
2706:
2560:
1754:
1493:
1443:
1371:
1144:
922:
866:
849:
280:
34:
7004:
6944:
5933:
Tradition, Culture and Development in Africa: Historical Lessons for Modern Development Planning
4407:
directed the Holy Office to appeal to his nuncios in Madrid and Lisbon to act in ending slavery.
3907:, Van Buren's Secretary of State, to explain how he and most other American bishops interpreted
3584:(1772) essentially ended slavery in the home countries, but did not extend to the colonies. The
3213:
Priests, nuns, and brotherhoods all controlled many slaves. For example, the largest convent in
2181:, contrasted servitude as practised in Christian Europe with that of the Indians in a letter to
9658:
9470:
9061:
8919:
8861:
8752:
8731:
8496:
4435:
4264:
rite Christians and sold them to non-Christians. Only the sale to non-Christians was forbidden.
4048:
3884:
3842:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3700:
3373:
3121:
3109:
2953:
2198:
2079:
2055:
1827:
1796:
1301:
1042:
954:
802:
526:
492:
487:
7069:
6821:
6740:
6268:
6125:
5916:
5844:
5829:
5382:
4702:
9637:
9611:
9529:
9128:
8854:
8663:
8566:
8521:
8450:
7001:, 59 fn. 117; "the Holy office is a true organ of the Pope and the magesterium" p. 38, fn. 70
6654:
6366:"A medical service for slaves in Malta during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem"
6050:
5931:
5776:
5348:
4605:
4457:
The Council of Agde in 506 AD decreed that Bishops could not sell slaves owned by the Church.
3892:
3864:
3726:
3125:
2448:
2007:
1914:
1663:
1518:
1431:
1416:
1098:
1086:
832:
817:
602:
377:
299:
270:
6568:
5567:
4363:
Pius V in 1571 excommunicated those who were enslaving Christians to serve as galley-slaves.
3289:. The main type of Mediterranean naval ship, unlike the Atlantic and Northern seas, was the
3187:
2505:
While the Christian Empire did not immediately outlaw slavery, some Church fathers (such as
9571:
9350:
9300:
9285:
9162:
8871:
8771:
8721:
8716:
8673:
8633:
8561:
8230:
6541:
6028:
4595:
4565:
4172:
4007:
3991:
3961:
3937:
3922:
3612:
3600:
3593:
3548:
2726:
2663:
began. England was relatively late to lose slavery, although it declined sharply after the
2384:
2286:
2124:
1952:
1801:
1705:
1668:
1596:
1540:
1409:
1366:
1180:
1110:
785:
565:
467:
351:
258:
3470:. In 1548 he authorized the purchase and possession of Muslim slaves in the Papal States.
2034:
of black slaves in the Americas, although they were reinstated when the Holy Office under
8:
9519:
9495:
9480:
9399:
9389:
9375:
9355:
9345:
9315:
9295:
9224:
8955:
8784:
8711:
8541:
8470:
8397:
5466:
4610:
4543:
4291:
3981:
3926:
3914:
3581:
3531:
3346:
3195:
3047:
2857:
2838:
2695:
2214:
2097:
1289:
1269:
1154:
1139:
1008:
979:
969:
859:
807:
775:
572:
430:
398:
393:
346:
203:
8192:
That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights
6786:(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978): see note 45 (p. 126).
5694:
5673:
5285:
3802:, and also involved Catholic African slaves. No rebellion occurred there, but the city (
3454:
slaves. The right of Romans to publicly buy and sell slaves of both sexes was affirmed.
3191:
2821:
was the first of many authorities to say that slaves should be treated kindly, and that
9394:
9340:
9251:
9241:
9032:
8947:
8896:
8506:
8253:
7971:
All Oppression Shall Cease: A History of Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Catholic Church
7832:
6493:
6390:
6365:
5462:
5433:
5136:
4570:
4485:
4392:
4299:
4281:
4249:
3987:
3957:
3834:
3790:
Catholic slavery in what would become the United States began in the Spanish colony of
3776:
3646:
3638:
3589:
3403:
3105:
3010:
2774:
2684:
2341:(588â650) used his wealth to manumit British and Saxon slaves in groups of 50 and 100.
2292:
2049:
against the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and other countries.
1922:
1535:
1381:
1356:
1346:
1311:
1306:
1274:
1239:
1232:
1173:
1166:
1023:
842:
837:
827:
597:
450:
408:
403:
356:
324:
314:
251:
8117:
Slavery in Early Mediaeval England: From the Reign of Alfred Until the Twelfth Century
8011:. Barry Rose Publishers the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights.
6977:
3895:, Bishop England noted the slavery/slave trade distinction. To prove this England had
2108:
The Catechism of the Catholic Church published in 1994 set out the official position:
472:
418:
9431:
9310:
9216:
9140:
9039:
9012:
8931:
8879:
8829:
8588:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8526:
8475:
8317:
8311:
8296:
8277:
8216:
8195:
8176:
8149:
8121:
8100:
8081:
8057:
8038:
8012:
7993:
7974:
7958:
7939:
7920:
7901:
7895:
7880:
7861:
7844:
7822:
7772:
7424:
7383:
7337:
7312:
7247:
7077:
7045:
7038:
6746:
6520:
6485:
6395:
6347:
6274:
6211:
6131:
5990:
5937:
5850:
5782:
5640:
5633:
5496:
5388:
5324:
5154:
5128:
4840:
4754:
4708:
4681:
4431:
4410:
4326:
4123:
on this point. Aquinas taught that although the subjection of one person to another (
3785:
3722:
3585:
3514:
3479:
3169:
3129:
3098:
3060:
2969:
2880:
2145:
2075:
2042:
1892:. Slavery remained a subject of debate within the Church for centuries, with several
1623:
1341:
1336:
1279:
1264:
1244:
1066:
1061:
996:
959:
792:
758:
587:
440:
329:
208:
8257:
6025:
Of Germs, Genes, and Genocide: Slavery, Capitalism, Imperialism, Health and Medicine
5718:. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 4. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 554.
5158:
4401:
in 1645 authorized the purchase of 100 Turkish slaves to serve in the Papal galleys.
3814:
in South Carolina in 1739, which involved slaves who planned to march to freedom in
2483:), implying that slaves are not mere property for masters to do with as they please.
9175:
9017:
8992:
8571:
8531:
8245:
8075:
7814:
7416:
7014:
6477:
6385:
6377:
5982:
5881:
5120:
4881:
4832:
4373:
4267:
4061:
3868:
3692:
2949:
2818:
2660:
2624:
2608:
2506:
2330:
2326:
2266:
Nevertheless, early Christianity rarely criticised the institution of slavery. The
2194:
2050:
2035:
1984:
1967:
1956:
1926:
1813:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1351:
1316:
1284:
1254:
1127:
1115:
1093:
1071:
1018:
854:
822:
124:
7404:
3570:
3120:
Slavery was part of indigenous cultures before Europeans reached America in 1492.
9384:
9290:
9081:
8779:
8115:
7420:
5563:
5535:
5318:
5281:
5256:
4748:
4675:
4658:
4398:
4381:
4053:
4027:
3969:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3682:
3467:
3330:
3184:
3165:
3144:
3043:
3036:
2919:
2830:
2786:
2742:
2664:
2528:
2302:
2278:
2235:
2059:
also condemned slavery as contrary to human dignity. In 1866, the Holy Office of
2027:
1976:
1722:
1613:
1608:
1361:
1331:
1326:
1049:
1013:
812:
730:
435:
181:
6079:
Stark, Rodney (1 July 2003). "The Truth About the Catholic Church and Slavery".
2250:, slave traders are condemned, and listed among the sinful and lawbreakers. The
9380:
9280:
9076:
8965:
8911:
8844:
8824:
8583:
8424:
8054:
A Church That Can and Cannot Change: The Development of Catholic Moral Teaching
7065:
6945:"Cover story: Ghanaian bishop offers apology for Africans' part in slave trade"
5970:
4933:
4557:
4353:
Paul annulled the executive brief decree associated with the bull in June 1538.
4233:
4159:
3918:
3677:
3604:
3423:, a compendium of the Church's teachings, and that the executing brief for it (
3354:
3350:
3222:
3207:
3177:
3143:
system of forced/tenured labour, begun in 1503, often amounted to slavery. The
3083:
3064:
3032:
3014:
2990:
2349:
2306:
2239:
2218:
1930:
1872:
1806:
1700:
592:
233:
191:
6693:
6381:
5986:
5539:
5437:
4932:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1994. Paragraph number 2401â2463. Archived from
4824:
4197:
repeated a list of infamies that included slavery. He prefaced the passage in
3867:
of Charleston wrote several letters to the Secretary of State under President
3771:
2337:(c.185â254) favoured the Jewish practice of freeing slaves after seven years.
2185:: 'they treat slaves as relations, while the Christians treat them as dogs'.
9692:
9305:
9236:
9086:
8794:
8434:
8429:
8137:
The American Catholic Church and the Negro Problem in the XVIII-XIX Centuries
8071:
7428:
6658:
6489:
6180:
5994:
5408:
5260:
5132:
4836:
4498:
enslavement as a penalty for anyone involved with brigandage in the Pyrenees.
4366:
4346:
4319:
4260:
4243:
4226:
4112:
3748:
3555:
3390:
3322:
3242:
3237:
3091:
2998:
2965:
2904:
2888:
2849:
2845:
2760:
2710:
2680:
2672:
2499:
2441:
2405:
2353:
2338:
2322:
2149:
2068:
1951:
in particular. Some Catholic saints appeared to have owned slaves, including
1898:
1744:
1673:
1120:
1103:
878:
708:
698:
482:
132:
7336:. Reference publication in Afro-American studies. Boston, Mass: G. K. Hall.
4154:
immutability, noting that torture was once sanctioned by Papal decree. Pope
3173:
2729:
had such laws, but such provisions were often ignored and became less used.
9118:
9066:
8997:
8987:
8668:
8600:
8465:
8361:
8208:
8168:
7836:
6270:
Iberia and the Americas [3 Volumes]: Culture, Politics, and History
6249:
4155:
4128:
4120:
4098:
4065:
4003:
3657:
3650:
3577:
3544:
3483:
3385:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3264:
3078:
served as justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European
3028:
2884:
2713:
ruled at the Synod of Melfi that the wives of priests were to be enslaved.
2612:
2532:
2494:
Christian principles of charity ("love your neighbor as yourself") and the
2392:
2282:
2230:
2128:
2060:
2031:
1980:
1948:
1944:
1918:
1880:
1859:
1749:
1586:
1562:
1468:
1461:
1192:
720:
693:
656:
634:
521:
238:
218:
196:
186:
176:
171:
161:
8249:
7405:"Christopher Columbus and the Enslavement of Amerindians in the Caribbean"
6974:"Defending the Faith - The Popes and Slavery: Setting the Record Straight"
6399:
4434:
repeated the condemnation of "infamies", including slavery, issued by the
2078:
repeated the condemnation of "infamies", including slavery, issued by the
1001:
9671:
9420:
9170:
9133:
8982:
8834:
8809:
8706:
4896:"An Explanation of the Baltimore Catechism of Christian Doctrine, p. 272"
4417:
4272:
4162:
also reported a change in church teaching, which she dated to the 1880s.
4116:
4079:
4019:
3849:
3753:
3562:
3508:
3447:
3443:
3342:
3311:
3214:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3063:
confirmed these grants to the Kings of Portugal and they were renewed by
3022:
2973:
2939:
2826:
2822:
2668:
2648:
2643:
2523:, as Europeans encountered Muslim slave traders and indigenous Americans.
2520:
2495:
2433:
2409:
2388:
2357:
2153:
2019:
1943:, religious orders, and popes owned slaves, and the naval galleys of the
1934:
1876:
1591:
1579:
932:
735:
725:
683:
497:
7818:
6893:"Magdalene laundries survivors threaten hunger strike | World news"
6858:
6742:
Religious Morality in John Henry Newman: Hermeneutics of the Imagination
4137:
No pope or council ever made a sweeping condemnation of slavery as such.
4108:
Popes held slaves, including hundreds of Muslim captives to man galleys.
3318:
approximately 12,000 Christian galley slaves were freed from the Turks.
3112:, and distributed those slaves to his cardinals and the Roman nobility.
2993:, 100 kilometres off Africa in the Atlantic. They were inhabited by the
2659:
with many captives, they still had significant numbers of slaves as the
9540:
9268:
9007:
8804:
8460:
8392:
8313:
The Slave Trade: the story of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440–1870
8172:
6497:
5917:"Anglo-Norman Studies XXIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2000"
5140:
4404:
4340:
4333:
4287:
4219:
3463:
3139:
3068:
2978:
2912:
2868:
and then regent for her son, was apparently an Anglo-Saxon relative of
2574: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2267:
2064:
1972:
1963:. Catholic teaching began, however, to turn against slavery from 1435.
1867:
1739:
1036:
740:
607:
3164:
of 1542. However these provoked a revolt by the conquistadors, led by
9425:
9273:
9108:
9098:
9091:
9049:
9044:
8839:
8799:
7849:
Cathedral and Crusade: Studies of the Medieval Church 1050–1350
6465:
5108:
4674:
Muldoon, Kathleen M.; Wallace, Susan Helen (2012). "St. Callista I".
4511:
Ecumenical church councils and slavery - chronological reference list
4313:
3995:
3977:
3826:
3002:
2900:
2865:
2853:
2794:
2738:
2498:("Do unto others as you would have them to do unto you") espoused by
2271:
2178:
984:
649:
511:
6481:
5124:
2549:
2038:
sided with them rather than the bishop who had excommunicated them.
1921:, Church teachings concerning charity and justice began influencing
666:
23:
8814:
8683:
8146:
A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal 1441-1555
6645:
Response of the Congregation of the Holy Office, 230, 20 March 1686
4423:
4167:
3973:
3822:
3730:
3634:
3338:
3246:
3161:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2935:
2892:
2790:
2767:
2753:
2723:
2656:
2222:
1889:
1574:
1132:
1076:
1028:
688:
533:
388:
294:
8135:
Caravaglios, Maria Genoino (1974). Unterkoefler, Ernest L. (ed.).
8077:
Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity
7334:
Black chronology from 4 000 BC to the abolition of the slave trade
5107:
Stewart, James Brewer; McKivigan, John R.; Snay, Mitchell (1999).
4134:
No Father or Doctor of the Church was an unqualified abolitionist.
4105:
For many centuries the Church was part of a slave-holding society.
3821:
After the founding of the United States, two slaveholding states,
9514:
9123:
9103:
8960:
8849:
7788:"Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach"
5605:"Religions and the abolition of slavery - a comparative approach"
4537:
4306:
4023:
3799:
3696:
3678:
Slavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying â Typhoon coming on
3221:
in Brazil. Child slaves were auctioned off for Catholic Charity.
2676:
2639:
2631:. Slave ownership was not condemned in the same way, except that
2011:
1557:
639:
319:
136:
5971:"Negotiating Survival: Florence and the Great Schism, 1378-1417"
4445:
Local church councils and slavery - chronological reference list
3005:
conquests. The process lasted until the defeat of resistance in
2131:(which can be construed as slavery), continue to be acceptable.
8330:
7746:
7744:
6307:"Famous Battles in History The Turks and Christians at Lepanto"
6027:. United Kingdom Council for Human Rights. 1989. Archived from
3891:
Answering the charge that Catholics were widely supporting the
3806:) eventually became a haven for runaways willing to convert to
3619:
3334:
3302:
3290:
2908:
2861:
2691:
2437:
2334:
1259:
1081:
661:
644:
506:
341:
309:
7807:
Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805â1915
6537:"Slavery and the Catholic Church :: Catholic News Agency"
6445:
5699:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp.
5678:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp.
9056:
8516:
8455:
8412:
4349:
in 1535 sentenced King Henry VIII to capture and enslavement.
3672:
3358:
3306:
3260:
3256:
3251:
2943:
2896:
2844:
The liberation of slaves is a common theme in early medieval
2652:
1885:
516:
502:
477:
7741:
5491:
Marshall, Chris (2005). "The contours of biblical justice".
4484:
In 817 AD the Council of Aachen used a previous teaching of
4395:
in 1661 sought to purchase 100 slaves for the Papal galleys.
4205:
4034:
The statement may have been triggered by the passage of the
3980:. Despite Bishop Lynch's mission, and an earlier mission by
3561:
Notable anti-slavery French Catholic intellectuals included
8295:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
7558:
5896:
4864:
4862:
4280:
with another bull (15 September 1436) due to complaints by
4229:
wrote that a slave could not be divorced from their spouse.
2887:. The Trinitarians were founded in France in 1198 by Saint
2632:
2475:
Paul told masters to treat their slaves justly and kindly (
2459:
Brumley claimed, regarding early Christianity and slavery:
2425:
1893:
383:
213:
7769:
Infallibility on Trial: Church, Conciliarity and Communion
7546:
7382:. Santa Barbara (Calif.) Denver (Colo.) Oxford: ABC-Clio.
6713:
6711:
6001:
5384:
Infallibility on Trial: Church, Conciliarity and Communion
5337:
3345:, while purchasing non-Indian slaves for himself from the
3297:; galleys declined only after about 1600. The navy of the
7731:
7729:
7692:
7690:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7599:
7597:
7524:
7522:
7495:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7260:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7196:
7194:
7192:
6629:
6627:
6625:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5558:
5556:
5530:
5528:
4989:
3155:
as a leading advocate. His goal was the abolition of the
1987:(1454) were used to justify enslavement during this era.
7483:
7447:
7179:
7177:
7175:
6789:
6612:
6610:
6324:
6287:
6229:
6227:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6107:
6105:
5950:
4859:
3794:, where North America's first slave rebellion occurred.
2942:. Coastal Europe remained prey throughout the period to
8029:
United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2016. Print.
7123:
6708:
6414:"Brief History of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem"
6092:
6090:
5795:
5231:"A Necessary Bondage? When the Church Endorsed Slavery"
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
3863:
as condemning the slave trade, but not slavery. Bishop
2770:
mountainous districts (Third Lateran Council, Canon 27)
2671:
legal framework, and brought in more Church-influenced
2063:
stated that, subject to conditions, it was not against
1879:
witnessed the emergence of orders of monks such as the
8027:
A History of Modern Latin America 1800 to the Present,
7726:
7714:
7702:
7687:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7621:
7594:
7582:
7570:
7534:
7519:
7507:
7471:
7459:
7435:
7350:
7281:
7218:
7206:
7189:
6839:
6759:
6622:
5807:
5553:
5525:
5153:
4977:
4948:
7172:
7111:
6607:
6224:
6205:
6153:
6102:
5756:
5744:
5732:
4704:
Consul of God The Life and Times of Gregory the Great
3151:, the reformers gained sway, with Spanish missionary
2891:, with the original aim of ransoming captives in the
6784:
The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440â1770
6595:
6087:
5106:
4793:
4776:"The Popes and Slavery: Setting the Record Straight"
4721:
4533:
4517:
for anyone involved with brigandage in the Pyrenees.
3899:
translated and published in his diocesan newspaper,
3775:
A Catholic Union army chaplain at a Mass during the
3263:, the clerics claimed that Muslims had knowledge of
1514:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5830:"Let My People Go: The Catholic Church and Slavery"
5653:
5455:
5426:
5274:
4222:
decreed in 443 that no slave could become a priest.
3446:ordered reparations to be made by Catholics in the
1871:
accepting slavery subject to certain restrictions (
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7143:"Development or Reversal? | Avery Cardinal Dulles"
7037:
7035:
6592:"The problem of slavery in Western culture, P. 56"
6529:
6187:. Vol. XIV. New York: Robert Appleton Company
5632:
5249:
4805:
2428:of Saint Patrick, who had been enslaved by pirates
2254:describes lawful manumission as ideal for slaves.
5109:"Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery"
4211:Papacy and Slavery - Chronological reference list
2759:Selling Christian slaves to the Saracens (1425).
9690:
7244:Poverty and leadership in the later Roman Empire
6043:
5919:. Boydell & Brewer – via Google Books.
4831:, Routledge, pp. 109â123, 11 January 2013,
2811:Redemption of Christian slaves by Catholic monks
2789:excommunicated all members of the government of
1629:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
7990:Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery
6561:
6051:"Sicut Dudum Pope Eugene IV - January 13, 1435"
5409:"CHURCH FATHERS: Synod of Gangra (4th Century)"
4753:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
3936:One outspoken critic of slavery was Archbishop
3524:
3183:The second Archbishop of Mexico (1551â72), the
3017:condemned slavery of Christians, including the
2188:
1990:An early shipment of Black Africans during the
7894:Fiedler, Maureen; Rabben, Linda, eds. (1998).
6299:
5461:
5432:
4673:
4006:, the Union General who was victorious at the
3875:, condemned the slave trade, but not slavery
2148:. Ancient legal systems included those in the
2067:for a slave to be sold, bought, or exchanged.
9556:
9230:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
8929:
8346:
7987:
7893:
6919:"Protestant abuse victims must also be heard"
6738:
5323:. American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
2989:Europe had been aware since antiquity of the
2972:. Slaves from wars with Muslims, both in the
1835:
7936:Social theories of the Middle Ages 1200-1500
7402:
7380:The historical encyclopedia of world slavery
6885:
6127:The Catholic Tradition of the Law of Nations
5842:
4089:
1634:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
8134:
7843:
7098:"Roman Catholic Church Teaching on Slavery"
6911:
6732:
6466:"The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture"
6463:
5849:. Cambridge University Press. p. 248.
5562:
5534:
5513:
5280:
5255:
2756:1179â1450 (Third Lateran Council, Canon 24)
2297:Creator's original just design of the world
9563:
9549:
8353:
8339:
7785:
7074:Change in official Catholic moral teaching
6967:
6965:
6464:Donald, David; Davis, David Brion (1967).
6130:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 425.
5914:
5626:
5624:
5602:
3751:issued a letter to the Bishops of Brazil,
2602:The main thrust of the church's policy on
2379:
1842:
1828:
8271:
7968:
7858:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
7377:
7309:The problem of slavery in Western culture
6389:
6256:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 61.
5484:
5193:
5191:
5189:
4206:Chronology of slavery-related Church acts
3845:by the Jesuit Maryland Province in 1838.
3663:
3507:asserted that slavery is compatible with
2590:Learn how and when to remove this message
1866:sanctioned forms of temporal slavery for
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
9570:
8276:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
8235:
8143:
8113:
7877:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe
6670:indios, tanto cristianos como infieles..
6569:"The Popes and Slavery by Joel S Panzer"
6210:. Christian Classics, Inc. p. 315.
6172:
6123:
6074:
6072:
6007:
5902:
5801:
5490:
4700:
3770:
3671:
3530:
3372:
2806:
2694:of captives" was one of the traditional
2419:
2404:Jarrett and Herbert side with historian
1639:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1504:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1484:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889â90
8162:
8114:Pelteret, David Anthony Edgell (2001).
8006:
7988:McKivigan, John R.; Snay, eds. (1998).
7933:
7914:
7874:
7766:
7735:
7720:
7708:
7696:
7681:
7660:
7648:
7603:
7576:
7552:
7528:
7501:
7441:
7365:
7294:
7266:
7229:
7212:
7200:
7129:
7010:
6962:
6845:
6717:
6678:
6633:
6330:
6293:
6266:
6233:
6166:
6111:
5969:Lewin, Alison Williams (October 2005).
5956:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5630:
5621:
5380:
5316:
4983:
4971:
4954:
4922:
4868:
4811:
4799:
4734:
4707:. Routledge Revivals. pp. 98â102.
4637:
3466:, in the aftermath of the execution of
3198:who had lived in Mexico and whose 1571
3071:renewed and confirmed these documents.
2925:
2732:
2415:
2325:(415â493) argued for abolition, as had
2177:In 1530 the first judges in Audiencia,
9691:
9654:History of slavery in the Muslim world
8309:
8189:
8094:
8070:
8051:
7879:. University of North Carolina Press.
7804:
7750:
7627:
7615:
7588:
7564:
7540:
7513:
7489:
7477:
7465:
7453:
7183:
7117:
6998:
6836:Holy Office, Instruction 20, June 1866
6807:
6795:
6616:
6601:
6451:
6363:
6178:
6096:
5836:
5781:. Transaction Publishers. p. 62.
5713:
5692:
5671:
5197:
5186:
5147:
4995:
4967:
4919:Catechism of the Catholic Church #2414
4656:
4343:repeated all the grants of Nicholas V.
4186:Father John Francis Maxwell published
4022:issued an Instruction (signed by Pope
3903:, and wrote a series of 18 letters to
3798:came soon after, in what would become
3599:The British followed in 1807 with the
3333:forbade the slavery of the Indians of
3194:was a theologian and economist of the
2959:
9544:
8334:
8293:The Civil War as a theological crisis
7957:, New York: Oxford University Press,
7855:
7331:
7306:
7241:
7064:
6823:The Southern Confederacy and the Pope
6248:
6244:
6242:
6078:
6069:
5968:
5659:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
4746:
4657:Butsch, Joseph (1911). "Negro Race".
4389:â) to his representative in Portugal.
3901:The United States Catholic Miscellany
3108:accepted the gift of 100 slaves from
2257:
1526:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1203:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
8290:
8238:Journal of the History of Philosophy
8215:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007,
8032:
7811:Catholic University of America Press
6406:
5929:
5915:Gillingham, John (22 January 2001).
5228:
5222:
5163:. New York: Joseph Ladd. p. 140
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4193:Pope John Paul II in his encyclical
3280:
3115:
2617:Cambridge Economic History of Europe
2572:adding citations to reliable sources
2543:
2091:
1896:issuing bulls on the issue, such as
1718:Slave marriages in the United States
1322:Human trafficking in the Middle East
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
7955:Race and Slavery in the Middle East
7403:Sued-Badillo, Jalil (8 July 1992).
7040:A Church That Can and Cannot Change
6942:
6819:
6739:Gerard Magill (24 September 2014).
6549:from the original on 2 October 2012
6357:
5827:
5572:Christian Classics Ethereal Library
5493:The little book of biblical justice
5387:. Christian Classics. p. 313.
5171:– via medicolegal.tripod.com.
4893:
4747:Tours, Gregory (23 November 2016).
2895:. The Mercedarians are an order of
1057:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
8316:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
8274:Angola: five centuries of conflict
8213:Encyclopedia of the middle passage
8056:. University of Notre Dame Press.
7969:Kellerman, Christopher J. (2022).
7938:. London: Frank Cass and Company.
7919:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
7044:. University of Notre Dame Press.
6971:
6863:Catholic Education Resource Center
6346:, 1992, Christian Classics, Inc.,
6239:
5775:Herbert, Gary (8 September 2003).
5585:
5229:Curp, T. David (7 February 2009).
4930:"Catechism of the Catholic Church"
4773:
3949:state, or as it is adjacent to it.
3859:Some American bishops interpreted
3592:, led by devout Catholic ex-slave
3249:, and perhaps copying the Islamic
2984:
2225:, a fugitive slave, to his master
1917:legalized Christianity within the
1711:last survivors of American slavery
14:
9725:
9709:Catholicism-related controversies
7917:A Philosophical History of Rights
6254:A History of Modern Latin America
5930:Njoh, Ambe J. (5 December 2016).
5778:A Philosophical History of Rights
4643:
4042:
3611:. From 1807 the British began to
3501:Compendium Institutionum Civilium
3438:In a decree dated 18 April 1591 (
2531:in Asia Minor, condemned certain
2344:
672:Field slaves in the United States
539:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
9678:Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
9525:
9524:
9513:
8641:State church of the Roman Empire
8360:
8165:The Essential Catholic Catechism
7900:. Crossroad Publishing Company.
7633:
7609:
7396:
7371:
7325:
7300:
7272:
7235:
7161:
7135:
7090:
7058:
7029:
7020:
6992:
6936:
6876:
6851:
6830:
6813:
6777:
6768:
6723:
6663:
6648:
6639:
4550:
4536:
4295:reconfirmed by Nicholas in 1454.
3940:of Cincinnati, Ohio. In an 1863
3764:
3741:
3725:, in a letter to fellow convert
3401:The bull was accompanied by the
3228:
2800:
2604:slavery in early medieval Europe
2548:
2281:in Asia Minor condemned certain
2252:First Epistle to the Corinthians
1994:was initiated at the request of
549:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
544:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
373:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
143:
22:
8624:First seven ecumenical councils
8265:
8139:. Charleston S.C.: Caravaglios.
7992:. University of Georgia Press.
6586:
6513:
6504:
6457:
6436:
6336:
6260:
6199:
6144:
6117:
6013:
5962:
5923:
5908:
5870:
5821:
5768:
5722:
5707:
5686:
5665:
5401:
5374:
5363:
5310:
5299:
5175:
5100:
5089:
5078:
5067:
5056:
5045:
5034:
5023:
5012:
5001:
4960:
4913:
4887:
4874:
4817:
4026:) in reply to questions from a
3494:
3473:
3364:
3275:
2559:needs additional citations for
1499:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1050:East, Southeast, and South Asia
33:needs additional citations for
9491:Relations with other religions
8897:Church of the East (Nestorian)
8892:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
8272:Henderson, Lawrence W (1979).
8148:. Cambridge University Press.
8007:Maxwell, John Francis (1975).
7805:Curran, Robert Emmett (2012).
7072:. In Curran, Charles E (ed.).
6826:. University of Northern Iowa.
6267:Francis, John Michael (2006).
6206:Luis M. Bermejo, S.J. (1992).
5495:. Good Books. pp. 25â26.
5317:Goodell, William (1853). "6".
5198:Dulles, Avery (October 2005).
4901:. Benzger Brotherâs 1891, 1921
4767:
4740:
4694:
4667:
4631:
3637:joined the declaration of the
3565:and later the radical priests
3488:Holy Office of the Inquisition
3243:Spanish invasion the New World
2539:
2203:as to the Lord, and not to men
2134:
2117:
1198:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
7378:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997).
6882:Gaudium et spes 27; cf. no 29
6124:Eppstein, John (April 2012).
5113:Journal of the Early Republic
4966:Holy Office decree 1866, ref
4829:Origins of the Black Atlantic
4680:. Pauline Books & Media.
4624:
4013:
3871:explaining that the Pope, in
2679:'s population entered in the
2000:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
57:"Catholic Church and slavery"
8194:. Sherbrooke: Ăd. Paulines.
8052:Noonan, John T. Jr. (2005).
7421:10.14452/mr-044-03-1992-07_8
5345:"Slavery in the Middle Ages"
3580:v. Verdelin of 1738 and the
3525:Towards abolition of slavery
2741:(Corpus Iuris Canonici), by
2690:What is usually termed "the
2221:writes that he is returning
2189:Slavery in the New Testament
1489:Temporary Slavery Commission
1150:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
9198:Views on poverty and wealth
7875:Epstein, Steven A. (1991).
7860:. Oxford University Press.
7856:Davis, David Brion (2008).
7332:Diggs, Ellen Irene (1983).
7307:Davis, David Brion (1988).
7036:John T. Noonan Jr. (2005).
4529:
3649:for the restoration of the
3628:Mexican War of Independence
3200:Summa de Tratos y Contratos
2045:promulgated the papal bull
1961:Marie-Marguerite d'Youville
1856:Catholic Church and slavery
1509:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
554:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
9730:
9443:World Evangelical Alliance
9405:Traditionalist Catholicism
7760:
6673:Bull translated in Spanish
6181:"Slavery and Christianity"
5631:Rowling, Marjorie (1968).
5200:"Development or Reversal?"
4701:Richards, Jeffery (1980).
4601:Slavery in medieval Europe
4576:Christian views on slavery
4225:In the mid-fourth century
3972:to be its delegate to the
3783:
3706:inhumanum illud commercium
3609:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
3219:Santa Casa da Misericordia
2793:and placed the city under
2700:Norman invasion of Ireland
2440:, had been slaves, as had
2047:Immensa Pastorum Principis
1908:
1694:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1531:Anti-Slavery International
1296:North Africa and West Asia
9646:
9620:
9604:
9578:
9508:
9458:
9438:World Council of Churches
9413:
9331:
9215:
9206:
9161:
8946:
8930:
8925:Latter Day Saint movement
8910:
8870:
8770:
8751:
8697:
8654:
8599:
8505:
8484:
8443:
8411:
8368:
8229:, Barry-Rose Publishers
7915:Herbert, Gary B. (2002).
7767:Bermejo, Luis M. (1998).
7026:"Envangelium Vitae", 1995
6774:Maxwell, 1975, p. 115-123
6745:. Springer. p. 121.
6659:Ethical Aspect of Slavery
6382:10.1017/s0025727300013314
5987:10.1017/s0038713400001913
5936:. Routledge. p. 31.
5381:Bermejo, Luis M. (1992).
4586:Slavery in ancient Greece
4181:New Catholic Encyclopedia
4090:Critical Views and Debate
3624:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1992:transatlantic slave trade
1790:Emancipation Proclamation
1462:Opposition and resistance
1220:Sex trafficking in Europe
1208:Blackbirding in Polynesia
771:Trans-Saharan slave trade
9699:Catholic social teaching
9466:Anti-Christian sentiment
8646:Christian biblical canon
8190:Stogre, Michael (1992).
8120:. Boydell & Brewer.
8095:Panzer, Joel S. (1996).
7070:"Reflections on Slavery"
5540:"Homily 22 on Ephesians"
4837:10.4324/9780203036426-13
4616:
4581:Islamic views on slavery
4372:Following a Royal Edict
4290:in 1452 authorized King
4076:Charles G. Palmer-Buckle
3944:editorial Purcell wrote:
3841:example of this was the
3695:issued a bull, with the
2675:governance. Over 10% of
2629:Council of London (1102)
2248:First Epistle to Timothy
2016:Index of Forbidden Books
1570:Compensated emancipation
781:Indian Ocean slave trade
9714:Catholicism and slavery
9704:Catholic moral theology
9520:Christianity portal
8679:Investiture Controversy
8167:. Servant Publications
7953:Lewis, Bernard (1992).
7950:originally printed 1926
6342:Luis M. Bermejo, S.J.,
6273:. Bloomsbury Academic.
4750:A History of the Franks
4677:My First Book of Saints
4591:Slavery in ancient Rome
4282:King Duarte of Portugal
3757:, and another in 1890,
3567:Guillaume-Thomas Raynal
2870:Ricberht of East Anglia
2783:War of the Eight Saints
2707:Ninth Council of Toledo
2380:Aquinas and Bonaventure
2022:between 1573 and 1826.
1494:1926 Slavery Convention
1250:Germany in World War II
867:North and South America
389:Contract of manumission
9659:Christian abolitionism
9471:Christian universalism
8862:Western Rite Orthodoxy
8707:Protestant Reformation
8163:Schreck, Alan (1999).
8037:. Ashgate Publishing.
8033:Nioh, Ambe J. (2006).
7934:Jarrett, Bede (1968).
7786:Clarence-Smith, W. G.
7771:. Christian Classics.
6344:Infallibility on Trial
6208:Infallibility on Trial
5818:Catholic Encyclopaedia
5693:Barmby, James (1879).
5672:Barmby, James (1879).
5635:Life in Medieval Times
5603:Clarence-Smith, W. G.
5261:"Homily 2 on Philemon"
5155:Rev. George B. Cheever
4894:Kinkead, Rev. Thomas.
4436:Second Vatican Council
4151:
4068:suffered from abuses.
3951:
3909:In supremo apostolatus
3885:In supremo apostolatus
3804:St. Augustine, Florida
3796:Mission Nombre de Dios
3792:San Miguel de Gualdape
3779:
3718:
3714:In supremo apostolatus
3701:In supremo apostolatus
3686:
3665:In supremo apostolatus
3545:abolitionist movements
3538:
3486:or slave-hunters. The
3460:
3399:
3378:
3153:Bartolomé de las Casas
3110:Ferdinand II of Aragon
3057:
2997:, a people related to
2954:Christian civilization
2812:
2719:
2457:
2429:
2402:
2374:
2371:Pope Gregory the Great
2199:First Epistle of Peter
2175:
2115:
2106:
2096:An explanation of the
2089:
2080:Second Vatican Council
2056:In supremo apostolatus
975:British Virgin Islands
527:Circassian slave trade
493:Safavid imperial harem
488:Ottoman Imperial Harem
9129:Anointing of the Sick
8310:Thomas, Hugh (1997).
8250:10.1353/hph.1992.0058
8144:Saunders, A. (1982).
8097:The Popes and Slavery
7242:Brown, Peter (2002).
6655:Catholic Encyclopedia
6185:Catholic Encyclopedia
6179:Allard, Paul (1912).
5878:"Domesday Book Slave"
5843:Postan, M.M. (1966).
5714:Durant, Will (1950).
5306:1 Corinthians 7:21â23
4660:Catholic Encyclopedia
4606:The Bible and slavery
4232:The Pastoral Rule of
4146:
4084:Pensacola-Tallahassee
3946:
3893:abolitionist movement
3774:
3727:Thomas William Allies
3710:
3675:
3613:use their naval power
3536:Toussaint L'Ouverture
3534:
3456:
3395:
3376:
3241:, in relation to the
3086:and the New World in
3052:
2810:
2715:
2470:1 Corinthians 7:29â31
2453:
2449:Catholic Encyclopedia
2423:
2397:
2363:
2170:
2110:
2102:
2084:
2024:Capuchin missionaries
2008:Catholic missionaries
1947:used captured Muslim
1214:Europe and North Asia
1174:Australia and Oceania
874:Pre-Columbian America
446:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
378:Slavery in al-Andalus
300:Black Sea slave trade
229:21st-century jihadism
9572:Slavery and religion
9450:Nondenominationalism
9323:Role in civilization
8790:Independent Catholic
8732:Relations with Islam
8712:Catholic Reformation
8225:J. F Maxwell, 1975,
7809:. Washington, D.C.:
7567:, pp. 449, 464.
6765:Maxwell, 1975, p.118
6542:Catholic News Agency
5370:Deuteronomy 23:15â16
4936:on 28 September 2007
4880:Pope John Paul II, "
4596:Slavery in antiquity
4566:Slavery and religion
4179:was critical of the
4166:noted texts of Pope
4008:Battle of Gettysburg
3978:diplomatic relations
3962:Patrick Neeson Lynch
3938:John Baptist Purcell
3923:Charles Lenox Remond
3759:Catholicae Ecclesiae
3601:Slave Trade Act 1807
3594:Toussaint Louverture
3576:Legal cases such as
3259:'s wars against the
2948:or slaving raids by
2926:Wars against Muslims
2918:French priest Saint
2860:(died 680), wife of
2733:Slavery in Canon Law
2727:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2568:improve this article
2287:Council of Chalcedon
2125:classical liberalism
2030:for calling for the
1953:Philemon of Colossae
1669:Indentured servitude
1597:Underground Railroad
1397:United Arab Emirates
786:Zanzibar slave trade
753:By country or region
566:Atlantic slave trade
468:Ma malakat aymanukum
352:Venetian slave trade
42:improve this article
9496:Unlimited atonement
9481:Cultural Christians
8920:Jehovah's Witnesses
8542:Sermon on the Mount
8471:Christian tradition
8398:Lists of Christians
8291:Noll, Mark (2006).
7819:10.2307/j.ctt284vw2
6573:churchinhistory.org
6442:Sublimis Deus, 1537
6364:Cassar, P. (1968).
6021:"Health in Slavery"
5905:, pp. 255â258.
5884:on 27 February 2009
5351:on 26 February 2006
5237:on 11 February 2009
5160:God Against Slavery
4611:Judaism and slavery
4544:Christianity portal
4073:Archbishop of Accra
4062:Magdalene Laundries
3982:Ambrose Dudley Mann
3407:, which attached a
3196:School of Salamanca
2960:Early modern period
2839:Seven Acts of Mercy
2696:Seven Acts of Mercy
2215:Epistle to Philemon
2098:Baltimore Catechism
1755:Slave Route Project
886:Americas indigenous
776:Red Sea slave trade
766:Contemporary Africa
629:Topics and practice
399:Crimean slave trade
394:Bukhara slave trade
347:Genoese slave trade
224:Contemporary Africa
204:Forced prostitution
9341:Crusading movement
8609:Ante-Nicene period
8211:, Amanda Warnock,
7845:Daniel-Rops, Henri
7639:The Gospel of Life
7555:, pp. 71, 72.
7013:, p. 13, cf.
6980:on 9 November 2009
6470:American Quarterly
6424:on 12 January 2009
6311:trivia-library.com
6081:Christianity Today
6010:, pp. 83, 86.
5463:Augustine of Hippo
5434:Augustine of Hippo
5019:Colossians 3:22â25
4998:, p. 104-105.
4774:Panzer, Fr. Joel.
4571:History of slavery
4393:Pope Alexander VII
4270:in 1433 and 1435 (
3988:William T. Sherman
3942:Catholic Telegraph
3843:sale of 272 slaves
3835:Anne Marie Becraft
3780:
3777:American Civil War
3687:
3647:Congress of Vienna
3639:Congress of Vienna
3590:Haitian Revolution
3539:
3425:Pastorale officium
3417:is not present in
3404:Pastorale Officium
3379:
3188:Alonso de MontĂșfar
3176:(1540â41) and the
3106:Pope Innocent VIII
2911:and Muslim Spain (
2813:
2430:
2416:Early Christianity
2293:Augustine of Hippo
2258:Early Christianity
1998:and authorized by
1862:. Passages in the
1536:Blockade of Africa
843:Somali slave trade
759:Sub-Saharan Africa
451:Turkish Abductions
409:Khivan slave trade
404:Khazar slave trade
357:Balkan slave trade
315:Prague slave trade
9686:
9685:
9538:
9537:
9504:
9503:
9432:Charta Oecumenica
8942:
8941:
8932:Iglesia ni Cristo
8747:
8746:
8727:French Revolution
8717:Thirty Years' War
8589:Apostolic fathers
8557:Great Commandment
8323:978-0-684-81063-8
8302:978-0-8078-3012-3
8201:978-2-89039-549-7
8155:978-0-521-23150-3
8127:978-0-85115-829-7
8106:978-0-8189-0764-7
8087:978-0-679-72232-8
8063:978-0-268-03604-1
8044:978-0-7546-4884-0
8018:978-0-859-92015-5
7999:978-0-8203-2076-2
7980:978-1-62698-489-9
7907:978-0-8245-1774-8
7886:978-0-8078-1939-5
7867:978-0-19-505639-6
7828:978-0-8132-1967-7
7778:978-0-87061-190-2
7504:, pp. 68â70.
7492:, pp. 64â67.
7456:, pp. 82â83.
7389:978-0-87436-885-7
7343:978-0-8161-8543-6
7318:978-0-19-505639-6
7269:, pp. 36â37.
7253:978-1-58465-145-1
7083:978-0-8091-4134-0
7076:. Paulist Press.
6899:. 5 February 2013
6798:, pp. 30â51.
6752:978-3-319-10271-9
6476:(2): 170, fn. 9.
6333:, pp. 74â75.
6296:, pp. 76â78.
6280:978-1-85109-421-9
6137:978-1-58477-822-6
6057:. 13 January 1435
6055:Papal Encyclicals
5959:, pp. 48â49.
5943:978-1-351-87832-6
5788:978-0-7658-0542-3
5696:Gregory the Great
5675:Gregory the Great
5639:. B.T. Batsford.
5413:www.newadvent.org
5394:978-0-87061-190-2
5330:978-1-4255-4691-5
4871:, pp. 78â79.
4846:978-0-203-03642-6
4760:978-1-5405-7551-7
4714:978-1-315-77252-3
4687:978-0-8198-4917-5
4432:Pope John Paul II
4411:Pope Benedict XIV
4000:were more nuanced
3786:Black Catholicism
3723:John Henry Newman
3586:French Revolution
3515:Pope Benedict XIV
3480:Jesuit reductions
3316:battle of Lepanto
3301:was like that of
3281:Slavery in Europe
3170:Francisco Pizarro
3130:Pope Alexander VI
3116:Spanish New World
3099:Valladolid debate
3067:in 1481. In 1514
3061:Pope Calixtus III
2970:Iberian peninsula
2903:in 1218 by Saint
2881:Trinitarian Order
2600:
2599:
2592:
2489:Galatians 3:27â28
2432:Two early Popes,
2410:Saint Bonaventure
2329:(c.335â394), and
2146:indentured labour
2092:Catholic teaching
2076:Pope John Paul II
2053:in his 1839 bull
2043:Pope Benedict XIV
1852:
1851:
1802:Freedmen's Bureau
1624:Third Servile War
1619:International law
1186:Human trafficking
948:Human trafficking
623:Thirteen colonies
441:Sack of Baltimore
209:Human trafficking
118:
117:
110:
92:
9721:
9579:Views on slavery
9565:
9558:
9551:
9542:
9541:
9528:
9527:
9518:
9517:
9361:Environmentalism
9311:Church buildings
9213:
9212:
9028:Eastern Orthodox
9023:Eastern Catholic
8935:
8934:
8902:Eastern Catholic
8880:Eastern Orthodox
8768:
8767:
8689:Age of Discovery
8674:EastâWest Schism
8572:Great Commission
8503:
8502:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8332:
8331:
8327:
8306:
8287:
8261:
8205:
8186:
8159:
8140:
8131:
8110:
8091:
8067:
8048:
8022:
8003:
7984:
7949:
7930:
7911:
7890:
7871:
7852:
7840:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7792:
7782:
7754:
7748:
7739:
7733:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7685:
7679:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7348:
7347:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7304:
7298:
7292:
7279:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7257:
7239:
7233:
7227:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7187:
7181:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7043:
7033:
7027:
7024:
7018:
7015:Pope Innocent IV
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6976:. Archived from
6972:Panzer, Joel S.
6969:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6889:
6883:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6736:
6730:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6696:on 16 April 2010
6692:. Archived from
6690:users.binary.net
6686:"polycarp/slave"
6682:
6676:
6667:
6661:
6652:
6646:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6620:
6614:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6533:
6527:
6517:
6511:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6420:. Archived from
6410:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6361:
6355:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6246:
6237:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6151:
6150:Romanus Pontifex
6148:
6142:
6141:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6100:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6076:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5981:(4): 1320â1321.
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5880:. Archived from
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5716:The Age of Faith
5711:
5705:
5704:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5600:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5532:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5378:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:. Archived from
5341:
5335:
5334:
5314:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5233:. Archived from
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5206:. Archived from
5195:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5104:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5027:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4882:Evangelium Vitae
4878:
4872:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4719:
4718:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4641:
4635:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4374:Pope Gregory XIV
4268:Pope Eugenius IV
4195:Evangelium Vitae
3915:Daniel O'Connell
3869:Martin Van Buren
3693:Pope Gregory XVI
3582:Somersett's Case
3519:Immensa Pastorum
3440:Bulla Cum Sicuti
3410:latae sententiae
3347:Knights of Malta
3192:TomĂĄs de Mercado
2950:Barbary corsairs
2938:and the Spanish
2661:Age of Discovery
2625:Eastern Orthodox
2609:migration period
2595:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2552:
2544:
2507:Gregory of Nyssa
2372:
2331:Acacius of Amida
2327:Gregory of Nyssa
2312:
2195:Pauline epistles
2164:Catholic layman
2051:Pope Gregory XVI
2036:Pope Innocent XI
1996:Bishop Las Casas
1985:Romanus Pontifex
1968:Age of Discovery
1957:Gregory of Tours
1927:Pope Callixtus I
1913:After 313, when
1844:
1837:
1830:
1814:Emancipation Day
1647:
1614:Slave Trade Acts
305:Byzantine Empire
147:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
9729:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9642:
9616:
9605:Religious texts
9600:
9574:
9569:
9539:
9534:
9512:
9500:
9454:
9409:
9327:
9208:
9202:
9157:
9082:One true church
8938:
8906:
8866:
8755:
8743:
8693:
8650:
8595:
8522:in Christianity
8508:
8494:
8488:
8480:
8439:
8415:
8407:
8364:
8359:
8324:
8303:
8284:
8268:
8202:
8183:
8156:
8128:
8107:
8088:
8064:
8045:
8019:
8000:
7981:
7946:
7927:
7908:
7887:
7868:
7829:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7779:
7763:
7758:
7757:
7749:
7742:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7695:
7688:
7680:
7667:
7659:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7535:
7527:
7520:
7512:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7488:
7484:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7436:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7376:
7372:
7364:
7351:
7344:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7305:
7301:
7293:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7254:
7240:
7236:
7228:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7190:
7182:
7173:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7128:
7124:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7009:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6970:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6949:www.natcath.org
6941:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6902:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6820:Bigelow, John.
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6668:
6664:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6623:
6615:
6608:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6552:
6550:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6482:10.2307/2710792
6462:
6458:
6454:, 115, fn. 133.
6450:
6446:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6370:Medical History
6362:
6358:
6341:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6265:
6261:
6247:
6240:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6177:
6173:
6165:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6138:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6088:
6077:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6032:
6031:on 17 June 2008
6019:
6018:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5913:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5841:
5837:
5828:Brumley, Mark.
5826:
5822:
5817:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5723:
5712:
5708:
5691:
5687:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5629:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5601:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5564:John Chrysostom
5561:
5554:
5544:
5542:
5536:John Chrysostom
5533:
5526:
5520:Genesis 1:27â31
5518:
5514:
5503:
5489:
5485:
5471:
5469:
5460:
5456:
5442:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5417:
5415:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5282:John Chrysostom
5279:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5257:John Chrysostom
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5210:on 31 July 2010
5196:
5187:
5182:Philemon 1:1â25
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5152:
5148:
5125:10.2307/3125264
5105:
5101:
5096:Colossians 3:25
5094:
5090:
5085:1 Peter 2:18â25
5083:
5079:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5013:
5008:Ephesians 6:5â8
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4860:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4745:
4741:
4733:
4722:
4715:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4655:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4382:Pope Urban VIII
4212:
4208:
4199:Gaudium es spes
4177:The Slave Trade
4092:
4054:Gaudium et spes
4045:
4028:vicar apostolic
4016:
3970:Jefferson Davis
3931:Theobald Mathew
3812:Stono Rebellion
3788:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3744:
3689:
3688:
3683:J. M. W. Turner
3668:
3541:
3540:
3527:
3505:cardinal Gerdil
3497:
3476:
3468:Sir Thomas More
3381:
3380:
3369:
3331:Pope Urban VIII
3283:
3278:
3233:
3166:Gonzalo Pizarro
3145:Leyes de Burgos
3118:
3044:Pope Nicholas V
3037:Pope Urban VIII
3011:genetic studies
2987:
2985:Before Columbus
2962:
2928:
2920:Vincent de Paul
2848:. The Frankish
2815:
2814:
2803:
2787:Pope Gregory XI
2743:Pope Gregory IX
2735:
2665:Norman Conquest
2596:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2565:
2553:
2542:
2529:Synod of Gangra
2418:
2382:
2373:
2370:
2347:
2310:
2303:John Chrysostom
2279:Synod of Gangra
2260:
2231:Cardinal Dulles
2191:
2137:
2120:
2094:
1977:Pope Nicholas V
1941:Catholic clergy
1911:
1848:
1819:
1818:
1723:Slave narrative
1679:Fugitive slaves
1659:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1609:Slave rebellion
1464:
1454:
1453:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1224:United Kingdom
1160:Yankee princess
754:
746:
745:
473:Avret Pazarları
419:Avret Pazarları
288:Medieval Europe
254:
244:
243:
182:Forced marriage
157:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
9727:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9675:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9656:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9582:
9580:
9576:
9575:
9568:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9545:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9532:
9522:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9378:
9373:
9371:Fundamentalism
9368:
9366:Existentialism
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9337:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9276:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9257:God the Father
9254:
9249:
9244:
9234:
9233:
9232:
9221:
9219:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9173:
9167:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9143:
9138:
9137:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9077:Body of Christ
9074:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8952:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8936:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8914:
8912:Restorationist
8908:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8876:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8774:
8765:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8703:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8621:
8616:
8614:Late antiquity
8611:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8584:Church fathers
8581:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8513:
8511:
8500:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8421:
8419:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8358:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8322:
8307:
8301:
8288:
8282:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8244:(3): 353â376.
8233:
8223:
8206:
8200:
8187:
8181:
8160:
8154:
8141:
8132:
8126:
8111:
8105:
8099:. Alba House.
8092:
8086:
8072:Pagels, Elaine
8068:
8062:
8049:
8043:
8030:
8025:Meade, Teresa
8023:
8017:
8004:
7998:
7985:
7979:
7966:
7951:
7944:
7931:
7925:
7912:
7906:
7891:
7885:
7872:
7866:
7853:
7841:
7827:
7802:
7783:
7777:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7740:
7725:
7713:
7701:
7686:
7665:
7653:
7641:
7632:
7630:, p. 665.
7620:
7608:
7593:
7591:, p. 456.
7581:
7569:
7557:
7545:
7543:, p. 117.
7533:
7518:
7516:, p. 125.
7506:
7494:
7482:
7480:, p. 124.
7470:
7468:, p. 396.
7458:
7446:
7434:
7409:Monthly Review
7395:
7388:
7370:
7349:
7342:
7324:
7317:
7299:
7280:
7278:Cochin , p.342
7271:
7259:
7252:
7234:
7217:
7205:
7188:
7171:
7160:
7149:. October 2005
7134:
7132:, p. 107.
7122:
7110:
7089:
7082:
7057:
7050:
7028:
7019:
7003:
6991:
6961:
6943:Roberts, Tom.
6935:
6910:
6884:
6875:
6850:
6838:
6829:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6751:
6731:
6722:
6720:, p. 124.
6707:
6677:
6662:
6647:
6638:
6636:, p. 118.
6621:
6619:, p. 116.
6606:
6594:
6585:
6560:
6528:
6512:
6503:
6456:
6444:
6435:
6405:
6376:(3): 270â277.
6356:
6335:
6323:
6298:
6286:
6279:
6259:
6238:
6223:
6216:
6198:
6171:
6152:
6143:
6136:
6116:
6101:
6086:
6068:
6042:
6012:
6000:
5961:
5949:
5942:
5922:
5907:
5895:
5869:
5855:
5835:
5820:
5806:
5804:, p. 356.
5794:
5787:
5767:
5755:
5743:
5731:
5721:
5706:
5685:
5664:
5652:
5645:
5620:
5584:
5552:
5524:
5512:
5501:
5483:
5454:
5425:
5400:
5393:
5373:
5362:
5336:
5329:
5309:
5298:
5273:
5248:
5221:
5185:
5174:
5146:
5099:
5088:
5077:
5066:
5055:
5044:
5033:
5022:
5011:
5000:
4988:
4986:, p. 108.
4976:
4970:, p. 110
4959:
4957:, p. 317.
4947:
4921:
4912:
4886:
4873:
4858:
4845:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4766:
4759:
4739:
4720:
4713:
4693:
4686:
4666:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:History portal
4547:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4285:
4265:
4259:In March 1425
4257:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4109:
4106:
4091:
4088:
4044:
4043:1900 - present
4041:
4036:13th Amendment
4015:
4012:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3743:
3740:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3605:British Empire
3553:non-conformist
3529:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3496:
3493:
3475:
3472:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3351:North Africans
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3232:
3227:
3223:Joaquim Nabuco
3178:Chichimeca War
3117:
3114:
3084:Canary islands
3065:Pope Sixtus IV
3033:Pope Sixtus IV
3015:Pope Eugene IV
2999:Berber peoples
2991:Canary Islands
2986:
2983:
2961:
2958:
2927:
2924:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2766:Brigandage in
2764:
2757:
2734:
2731:
2667:dissolved the
2651:wars provided
2598:
2597:
2556:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2503:
2492:
2484:
2481:Colossians 4:1
2473:
2417:
2414:
2385:Thomas Aquinas
2381:
2378:
2368:
2350:Pope Gregory I
2346:
2345:Pope Gregory I
2343:
2321:Onetime slave
2315:Acts 4:32â4:33
2259:
2256:
2240:Love of Christ
2190:
2187:
2136:
2133:
2119:
2116:
2093:
2090:
2028:excommunicated
1931:bishop of Rome
1925:and policies.
1910:
1907:
1873:Thomas Aquinas
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1701:List of slaves
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:Dutch Republic
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
962:
957:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
895:
894:
893:
883:
882:
881:
870:
869:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
789:
788:
778:
773:
768:
762:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
716:
712:
711:
706:
704:Child soldiers
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
680:
679:
669:
664:
659:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
615:
613:Spanish Empire
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Middle Passage
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
568:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
423:
422:
421:
414:Ottoman Empire
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
369:
368:
362:
361:
360:
359:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
327:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
290:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
234:Sexual slavery
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
200:
199:
194:
192:Child marriage
189:
179:
174:
169:
167:Child soldiers
164:
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
140:
139:
129:
128:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9726:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9566:
9561:
9559:
9554:
9552:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9531:
9523:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9510:
9507:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9448:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9429:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9306:Popular piety
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9239:
9238:
9235:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9160:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9087:People of God
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9069:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8945:
8933:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8753:Denominations
8750:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8722:Enlightenment
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8504:
8501:
8498:
8492:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8436:
8435:New Testament
8433:
8431:
8430:Old Testament
8428:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8356:
8351:
8349:
8344:
8342:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8325:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8308:
8304:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8269:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8222:
8221:0-313-33480-3
8218:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8203:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8184:
8182:1-56955-128-6
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8118:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8014:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7967:
7964:
7963:0-19-505326-5
7960:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7945:0-7146-1327-4
7941:
7937:
7932:
7928:
7926:0-7658-0124-8
7922:
7918:
7913:
7909:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7892:
7888:
7882:
7878:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7764:
7752:
7747:
7745:
7738:, p. 48.
7737:
7732:
7730:
7723:, p. 43.
7722:
7717:
7711:, p. 42.
7710:
7705:
7699:, p. 37.
7698:
7693:
7691:
7684:, p. 36.
7683:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7663:, p. 40.
7662:
7657:
7651:, p. 30.
7650:
7645:
7636:
7629:
7624:
7617:
7612:
7606:, p. 73.
7605:
7600:
7598:
7590:
7585:
7579:, p. 77.
7578:
7573:
7566:
7561:
7554:
7549:
7542:
7537:
7531:, p. 76.
7530:
7525:
7523:
7515:
7510:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7486:
7479:
7474:
7467:
7462:
7455:
7450:
7444:, p. 53.
7443:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7368:, p. 51.
7367:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7345:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7297:, p. 49.
7296:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7275:
7268:
7263:
7255:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7232:, p. 41.
7231:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7215:, p. 34.
7214:
7209:
7203:, p. 12.
7202:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7186:, p. 31.
7185:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7169:
7168:1 Peter 2:124
7164:
7148:
7144:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7120:, p. 12.
7119:
7114:
7099:
7093:
7085:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7053:
7051:9780268036034
7047:
7042:
7041:
7032:
7023:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6966:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6879:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6848:, p. 78.
6847:
6842:
6833:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6809:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6735:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6674:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6642:
6635:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6613:
6611:
6604:, p. 79.
6603:
6598:
6589:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6526:
6525:0-313-33480-3
6522:
6516:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6439:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6352:0-87061-190-9
6349:
6345:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6250:Meade, Teresa
6245:
6243:
6236:, p. 55.
6235:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6217:0-87061-190-9
6213:
6209:
6202:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6169:, p. 54.
6168:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6147:
6139:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6120:
6114:, p. 52.
6113:
6108:
6106:
6099:, p. 72.
6098:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6009:
6008:Pelteret 2001
6004:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5953:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5903:Pelteret 2001
5899:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5858:
5856:9780521045056
5852:
5848:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5824:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5803:
5802:Weithman 1992
5798:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5771:
5765:, p. 97.
5764:
5759:
5753:, p. 84.
5752:
5747:
5741:, p. 47.
5740:
5735:
5725:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5668:
5662:, p. 66.
5661:
5656:
5648:
5646:9780713416848
5642:
5637:
5636:
5627:
5625:
5606:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5568:"Homily XXII"
5565:
5559:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5502:9781561485055
5498:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5451:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5377:
5371:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5074:1 Timothy 6:2
5070:
5064:
5063:Ephesians 6:9
5059:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5030:1 Timothy 6:1
5026:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4916:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4802:, p. 65.
4801:
4796:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4737:, p. 75.
4736:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4534:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:Pope Sixtus V
4365:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4347:Pope Paul III
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:Innocent VIII
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4261:Pope Martin V
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:Alexander III
4248:
4245:
4244:Pope Urban II
4242:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:Pope Julius I
4224:
4221:
4220:Leo the Great
4218:
4215:
4214:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3964:was named by
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3773:
3765:United States
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3749:Pope Leo XIII
3742:Pope Leo XIII
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3571:Abbé Gregoire
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3549:Enlightenment
3546:
3537:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:Pope Paul III
3388:
3387:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3323:Pope Paul III
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3295:galley-slaves
3292:
3288:
3273:
3271:
3270:Requerimiento
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:Requerimiento
3231:
3230:Requerimiento
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:Sublimis Deus
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3046:granted King
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:Mediterranean
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:Peter Nolasco
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:John of Matha
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:Saint Eligius
2847:
2846:hagiographies
2842:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2801:Aiding slaves
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:(1375â1378),
2784:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:Pope Martin V
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:Pope Urban II
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:Domesday Book
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:spoils of war
2610:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2583:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2557:This section
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:New Testament
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:Ephesians 6:9
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:Romans 13:1â7
2462:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2442:Saint Patrick
2439:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:Paul Weithman
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:Pastoral Care
2351:
2342:
2340:
2339:Saint Eligius
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:Saint Patrick
2319:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2150:Old Testament
2147:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2069:Pope Leo XIII
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:galley slaves
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:Sublimis Deus
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:Old Testament
1861:
1857:
1845:
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1833:
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1745:Slave catcher
1743:
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1674:Forced labour
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1534:
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1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:Abolitionists
1517:
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1497:
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1199:
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1187:
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1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:comfort women
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:Chukri System
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
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1038:
1034:
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1027:
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1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
992:Latin America
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
943:interregional
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:prison labour
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
898:United States
896:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
844:
841:
840:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
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772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:White slavery
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Slave raiding
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
668:
667:Corvée labour
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Abbasid harem
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Barbary Coast
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
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379:
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336:
333:
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328:
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323:
322:
321:
318:
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313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
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292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
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274:
272:
269:
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264:
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248:
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237:
235:
232:
230:
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220:
217:
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212:
210:
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202:
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193:
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188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
151:
150:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:Forced labour
131:
130:
126:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
9670:
9632:
9628:BahĂĄ'Ă Faith
9430:
9225:Architecture
9119:Confirmation
9067:Ecclesiology
8998:Original sin
8988:Nicene Creed
8785:Old Catholic
8669:Papal States
8601:Great Church
8567:Resurrection
8509:Christianity
8466:New Covenant
8417:(Scriptures)
8362:Christianity
8312:
8292:
8273:
8266:Bibliography
8241:
8237:
8226:
8212:
8209:Toyin Falola
8191:
8169:Nihil obstat
8164:
8145:
8136:
8116:
8096:
8076:
8053:
8034:
8026:
8008:
7989:
7970:
7954:
7935:
7916:
7896:
7876:
7857:
7848:
7806:
7794:. Retrieved
7768:
7753:, 396, fn 2.
7736:Maxwell 1975
7721:Maxwell 1975
7716:
7709:Maxwell 1975
7704:
7697:Maxwell 1975
7682:Maxwell 1975
7661:Maxwell 1975
7656:
7649:Maxwell 1975
7644:
7635:
7623:
7611:
7604:Maxwell 1975
7584:
7577:Maxwell 1975
7572:
7560:
7553:Maxwell 1975
7548:
7536:
7529:Maxwell 1975
7509:
7502:Maxwell 1975
7497:
7485:
7473:
7461:
7449:
7442:Maxwell 1975
7437:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7379:
7373:
7366:Maxwell 1975
7333:
7327:
7308:
7302:
7295:Maxwell 1975
7274:
7267:Maxwell 1975
7262:
7243:
7237:
7230:Maxwell 1975
7213:Maxwell 1975
7208:
7201:Maxwell 1975
7163:
7151:. Retrieved
7147:First Things
7146:
7137:
7130:Maxwell 1975
7125:
7113:
7103:12 September
7101:. Retrieved
7092:
7073:
7066:Hayes, Diana
7060:
7039:
7031:
7022:
7011:Maxwell 1975
7006:
6994:
6984:12 September
6982:. Retrieved
6978:the original
6952:. Retrieved
6948:
6938:
6926:. Retrieved
6922:
6913:
6901:. Retrieved
6897:The Guardian
6896:
6887:
6878:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:
6853:
6846:Maxwell 1975
6841:
6832:
6822:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6741:
6734:
6725:
6718:Maxwell 1975
6698:. Retrieved
6694:the original
6689:
6680:
6669:
6665:
6650:
6641:
6634:Maxwell 1975
6597:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6572:
6563:
6551:. Retrieved
6540:
6531:
6515:
6510:Lampe, p. 17
6506:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6447:
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6422:the original
6417:
6408:
6373:
6369:
6359:
6343:
6338:
6331:Maxwell 1975
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6310:
6301:
6294:Maxwell 1975
6289:
6269:
6262:
6253:
6234:Maxwell 1975
6207:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6184:
6174:
6167:Maxwell 1975
6146:
6126:
6119:
6112:Maxwell 1975
6080:
6059:. Retrieved
6054:
6045:
6033:. Retrieved
6029:the original
6024:
6015:
6003:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5957:Maxwell 1975
5952:
5932:
5925:
5910:
5898:
5888:12 September
5886:. Retrieved
5882:the original
5872:
5860:. Retrieved
5845:
5838:
5823:
5797:
5777:
5770:
5763:Jarrett 1968
5758:
5751:Maxwell 1975
5746:
5739:Maxwell 1975
5734:
5724:
5715:
5709:
5695:
5688:
5674:
5667:
5655:
5634:
5611:. Retrieved
5575:. Retrieved
5571:
5543:. Retrieved
5515:
5506:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5470:. Retrieved
5457:
5448:
5441:. Retrieved
5428:
5416:. Retrieved
5412:
5403:
5383:
5376:
5365:
5355:11 September
5353:. Retrieved
5349:the original
5339:
5319:
5312:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5276:
5264:. Retrieved
5251:
5241:13 September
5239:. Retrieved
5235:the original
5224:
5214:11 September
5212:. Retrieved
5208:the original
5204:First Things
5203:
5177:
5165:. Retrieved
5159:
5149:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5091:
5080:
5069:
5058:
5052:1 Peter 2:18
5047:
5041:Titus 2:9â10
5036:
5025:
5014:
5003:
4991:
4984:Maxwell 1975
4979:
4974:, p. 87
4972:Maxwell 1975
4962:
4955:Schreck 1999
4950:
4938:. Retrieved
4934:the original
4924:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4889:
4876:
4869:Maxwell 1975
4850:, retrieved
4828:
4819:
4812:Maxwell 1975
4807:
4800:Maxwell 1975
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4779:
4769:
4749:
4742:
4735:Maxwell 1975
4703:
4696:
4676:
4669:
4659:
4638:Maxwell 1975
4633:
4620:
4478:
4386:
4327:Alexander VI
4300:Calixtus III
4277:
4271:
4238:jus gentium
4237:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4175:, author of
4164:
4156:John Paul II
4152:
4147:
4143:
4129:original sin
4124:
4099:Avery Dulles
4096:
4093:
4070:
4066:Bethany Home
4059:
4052:
4046:
4033:
4018:In 1866 the
4017:
4004:George Meade
3986:
3976:to maintain
3955:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3913:
3908:
3905:John Forsyth
3900:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3865:John England
3860:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3831:John Carroll
3820:
3789:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3734:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3676:
3664:
3655:
3651:Papal States
3643:
3632:
3617:
3598:
3578:Jean Boucaux
3575:
3560:
3542:
3518:
3513:
3500:
3498:
3495:18th century
3484:Bandeirantes
3477:
3474:17th century
3461:
3457:
3452:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:Sublimus Dei
3414:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:Sublimus Dei
3384:
3383:In the bull
3382:
3366:Sublimis Dei
3365:
3328:
3320:
3299:Papal States
3287:Ottoman navy
3284:
3276:16th century
3269:
3265:Jesus Christ
3250:
3236:
3235:The Spanish
3234:
3229:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3182:
3156:
3138:
3135:
3119:
3103:
3096:
3073:
3058:
3053:
3041:
3029:Pope Pius II
3027:
2988:
2963:
2944:
2929:
2917:
2885:Mercedarians
2878:
2843:
2837:traditional
2835:
2816:
2780:
2747:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2704:
2689:
2637:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2586:
2577:
2566:Please help
2561:verification
2558:
2527:In 340, the
2526:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2431:
2403:
2398:
2393:original sin
2383:
2375:
2364:
2348:
2320:
2301:
2291:
2276:
2265:
2261:
2245:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2159:Jean Boucaux
2142:
2138:
2129:penal labour
2121:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2073:
2061:Pope Pius IX
2054:
2046:
2040:
2032:emancipation
2010:such as the
2004:
1989:
1981:Dum Diversas
1965:
1945:Papal States
1939:
1919:Roman Empire
1912:
1904:
1897:
1881:Mercedarians
1860:ancient Rome
1855:
1853:
1750:Slave patrol
1587:Freedom suit
1563:Sierra Leone
1553:Colonization
1469:Abolitionism
1449:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
1426:
1422:Christianity
1372:Saudi Arabia
1228:Penal Labour
1193:Blackbirding
1099:Debt bondage
1087:penal system
913:Contemporary
903:Field slaves
891:U.S. Natives
850:South Africa
721:Galley slave
694:Slave market
684:House slaves
657:Blackbirding
635:Conscription
559:21st century
522:Umm al-walad
366:Muslim world
335:Emancipation
239:Wage slavery
219:Penal labour
197:Wife selling
187:Bride buying
172:Conscription
162:Child Labour
155:Contemporary
104:
98:January 2024
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
9672:Sicut dudum
9633:Catholicism
9486:Persecution
9421:Christendom
9414:Cooperation
9351:Charismatic
9262:Holy Spirit
9171:Natural law
9134:Holy orders
8983:Christology
8976:Holy Spirit
8845:Pentecostal
8825:Evangelical
8820:Charismatic
8664:Monasticism
8656:Middle Ages
8619:Constantine
8562:Crucifixion
8444:Foundations
8231:Online text
8080:. Vintage.
7837:j.ctt284vw2
7751:Thomas 1997
7628:Thomas 1997
7616:Thomas 1997
7589:Thomas 1997
7565:Thomas 1997
7541:Thomas 1997
7514:Thomas 1997
7490:Thomas 1997
7478:Thomas 1997
7466:Thomas 1997
7454:Thomas 1997
7184:Thomas 1997
7153:6 September
7118:Thomas 1997
6999:Panzer 1996
6928:15 December
6923:Irish Times
6903:15 December
6868:6 September
6810:, p. .
6808:Panzer 1996
6796:Curran 2012
6700:15 December
6617:Stogre 1992
6602:Noonan 2005
6578:15 December
6553:15 December
6452:Stogre 1992
6428:15 December
6316:15 December
6097:Thomas 1997
6061:15 December
5862:15 December
5577:11 February
5545:11 February
5472:11 February
5443:11 February
5291:11 February
5286:"Homily II"
5266:11 February
5167:15 December
4996:Thomas 1997
4968:Panzer 1996
4940:27 December
4486:St. Isidore
4418:Gregory XVI
4357:Christians.
4334:slave ships
4278:Sicut Dudum
4273:Sicut Dudum
4173:Hugh Thomas
4121:Augustinian
4080:John Ricard
4020:Holy Office
3966:Confederacy
3956:During the
3850:New Orleans
3808:Catholicism
3754:In plurimis
3563:Montesquieu
3556:Protestants
3509:natural law
3448:Philippines
3444:Gregory XIV
3343:West Indies
3312:Turgut Reis
3293:, rowed by
3215:Mexico City
3090:(1435) and
3088:Sicut Dudum
3080:colonialism
3076:papal bulls
3023:Sicut Dudum
2974:Reconquista
2940:Reconquista
2899:founded in
2827:Anglo-Saxon
2823:manumission
2781:During the
2685:slave trade
2669:Anglo-Saxon
2649:Reconquista
2644:Black Death
2540:Middle Ages
2521:Renaissance
2496:Golden Rule
2434:Callixtus I
2389:natural law
2358:Book of Job
2333:(400â425).
2277:In 340 the
2274:communion.
2272:Eucharistic
2193:In several
2154:Anglo-Saxon
2135:Definitions
2118:Development
2087:conscience.
2020:Holy Office
1983:(1452) and
1973:Papal bulls
1935:5th century
1915:Constantine
1877:Middle Ages
1765:court cases
1642: [
1592:Slave Power
1580:Manumission
1427:Catholicism
1302:Afghanistan
1043:Puerto Rico
955:The Bahamas
933:Slave codes
736:Shanghaiing
726:Impressment
618:Slave Coast
498:Qajar harem
458:Concubinage
431:slave trade
9693:Categories
9400:Prosperity
9376:Liberation
9316:Cathedrals
9301:Pilgrimage
9286:Literature
9163:Philosophy
9099:Sacraments
9072:Four marks
9033:Protestant
9008:Born again
8805:Anabaptist
8795:Protestant
8737:Influences
8699:Modern era
8403:By country
8283:0801412471
8173:Imprimatur
7796:24 January
6954:25 January
6191:4 February
6035:13 January
5660:Hayes 2003
5613:24 January
5418:25 January
5119:(3): 571.
4852:25 January
4625:References
4405:Clement XI
4399:Innocent X
4288:Nicholas V
4101:observed:
4049:Vatican II
4014:Ethiopians
3968:President
3927:temperance
3897:In supremo
3873:In supremo
3861:In supremo
3816:La Florida
3784:See also:
3630:finished.
3607:until the
3464:Henry VIII
3341:, and the
3305:, France,
3174:MixtĂłn War
3157:encomienda
3140:encomienda
3069:Pope Leo X
2979:Hispaniola
2913:Al-Andalus
2819:Saint Paul
2752:Assisting
2533:Manicheans
2283:Manicheans
2268:Pentateuch
2236:Chrysostom
2197:, and the
2065:divine law
1975:, such as
1966:While the
1923:Roman laws
1868:Israelites
1780:J.Q. Adams
1770:Washington
1740:Slave name
1689:convention
1664:Common law
1037:Encomienda
833:Seychelles
818:Mauritania
741:Slave ship
608:Panyarring
603:New France
252:Historical
68:newspapers
9638:Mormonism
9621:Religions
9612:The Bible
9586:Christian
9476:Criticism
9426:Ecumenism
9390:Mysticism
9356:Democracy
9346:Anarchism
9333:Movements
9296:Mythology
9274:Catechism
9269:Education
9186:Evolution
9109:Eucharist
9092:Canon law
9050:Theotokos
9045:Mariology
9003:Salvation
8993:Tradition
8840:Methodist
8800:Adventist
8634:Chalcedon
7973:. Orbis.
7851:. Dutton.
7429:0027-0520
7415:(3): 71.
6490:0003-0678
6354:, p. 316.
5995:0038-7134
5133:0275-1275
4314:Sixtus IV
4292:Alfonso V
4234:Gregory I
4119:were all
4111:Aquinas,
4097:Cardinal
4051:document
3996:Carolinas
3960:, Bishop
3958:Civil War
3827:Louisiana
3691:In 1839,
3618:In 1810,
3521:in 1741.
3429:patronato
3420:Denzinger
3185:Dominican
3149:Charles V
3122:Ferdinand
3104:In 1488,
3059:In 1456,
3048:Alfonso V
3003:New World
2981:in 1501.
2901:Barcelona
2874:Sigeberht
2866:Clovis II
2854:goldsmith
2829:Synod of
2795:interdict
2775:Venetians
2739:Canon Law
2692:ransoming
2580:June 2024
2183:Charles V
2179:New Spain
2074:In 1995,
1775:Jefferson
1432:Mormonism
1367:Palestine
1181:Australia
1111:Indonesia
1002:Lei Ăurea
985:Code Noir
965:Caribbean
938:Treatment
677:Treatment
650:Devshirme
512:Odalisque
330:In Russia
271:Babylonia
259:Antiquity
9530:Category
9395:Pacifism
9209:features
9193:Politics
9146:Ablution
9114:Marriage
9018:Catholic
8948:Theology
8855:Reformed
8835:Lutheran
8830:Holiness
8810:Anglican
8780:Catholic
8684:Crusades
8629:Nicaea I
8579:Apostles
8552:Miracles
8547:Parables
8537:Ministry
8527:Nativity
8491:timeline
8388:Prophets
8383:Glossary
8258:33285873
8074:(1989).
7847:(1957).
7068:(2003).
6547:Archived
6418:hmml.org
6252:(2016).
5975:Speculum
5157:(1857).
4884:" (1995)
4530:See also
4430:In 1995
4424:Leo XIII
4416:In 1839
4380:In 1629
4377:enemies.
4339:In 1514
4312:In 1476
4298:In 1456
4168:Leo XIII
4125:servitus
4071:In 2002
3994:and the
3974:Holy See
3919:Catholic
3823:Maryland
3731:St. Paul
3716:, 1839).
3635:Pius VII
3569:and the
3442:), Pope
3435:rights.
3389:(1537),
3339:Paraguay
3329:In 1639
3321:In 1535
3247:Guanches
3162:New Laws
3126:Isabella
3094:(1537).
3042:In 1454
3019:Guanches
3007:Tenerife
2995:Guanches
2936:Crusades
2893:Crusades
2883:and the
2862:Frankish
2791:Florence
2777:in 1309.
2768:Pyrenees
2754:Saracens
2724:Crusader
2657:Portugal
2516:slavery.
2369:â
2227:Philemon
2223:Onesimus
2161:(1737).
1890:Portugal
1807:Iron bit
1797:40 acres
1760:breeding
1575:Freedman
1410:Religion
1270:Portugal
1155:Thailand
1145:Maldives
1140:Malaysia
1133:Kwalliso
1077:Booi Aha
1029:Restavek
1009:Colombia
980:Trinidad
970:Barbados
860:Zanzibar
808:Ethiopia
689:Saqaliba
583:Database
534:Saqaliba
295:Ancillae
125:a series
123:Part of
9591:Islamic
9459:Related
9252:Trinity
9217:Culture
9181:Science
9151:Hygiene
9141:Mission
9124:Penance
9104:Baptism
9040:Worship
9013:Liturgy
8961:Trinity
8872:Eastern
8850:Quakers
8815:Baptist
8772:Western
8762:members
8532:Baptism
8486:History
8476:Worship
8378:Outline
7761:Sources
6498:2710792
6400:4875614
6391:1033829
5141:3125264
4473:Church.
4387:Immensa
4323:Africa.
4307:Pius II
4303:coasts.
4024:Pius IX
3992:Georgia
3929:priest
3800:Florida
3697:incipit
3622:Father
3620:Mexican
2945:razzias
2858:Bathild
2831:Chelsea
2677:England
2640:Serfdom
2424:Modern
2352:in his
2246:In the
2018:by the
2012:Jesuits
1909:History
1785:Lincoln
1658:Related
1558:Liberia
1444:Judaism
1382:Tunisia
1357:Morocco
1347:Lebanon
1312:Bahrain
1307:Algeria
1275:Romania
1240:Denmark
1233:Slavery
1167:Vietnam
838:Somalia
828:Nigeria
803:Comoros
731:Pirates
640:Ghilman
573:Bristol
463:history
436:pirates
325:History
214:Peonage
137:slavery
82:scholar
9664:Quaker
9647:Topics
9596:Jewish
9176:Ethics
9057:Saints
8966:Father
8885:Church
8497:spread
8461:Gospel
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4451:years.
4117:Calvin
4115:, and
4113:Luther
3925:, and
3917:, the
3877:per se
3735:per se
3685:, 1840
3658:Sturzo
3335:Brazil
3303:Venice
3291:galley
3074:These
2909:Aragon
2897:friars
2673:Norman
2438:Pius I
2335:Origen
2307:Father
2166:Cochin
1706:owners
1342:Kuwait
1337:Jordan
1290:Sweden
1280:Russia
1265:Poland
1260:Norway
1082:Laogai
1067:Brunei
1062:Bhutan
1024:revolt
997:Brazil
960:Canada
923:partus
908:female
793:Angola
662:Coolie
645:Mamluk
598:Nantes
578:Brazil
507:Cariye
342:Thrall
310:Kholop
276:Greece
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9291:Music
9242:Jesus
9207:Other
9062:Angel
8517:Jesus
8507:Early
8456:Creed
8425:Canon
8413:Bible
8373:Index
8254:S2CID
7833:JSTOR
7791:(PDF)
6494:JSTOR
5729:life.
5682:â203.
5608:(PDF)
5137:JSTOR
4899:(PDF)
4617:Notes
4341:Leo X
4256:1535.
4160:Hayes
3633:Pope
3359:Malta
3355:Turks
3307:Genoa
3261:Moors
3257:Spain
3252:dawah
3021:, in
2932:Islam
2864:king
2653:Spain
2207:their
2026:were
1894:Popes
1886:Spain
1733:songs
1728:films
1646:]
1602:songs
1439:Islam
1417:Bible
1392:Yemen
1387:Qatar
1377:Syria
1352:Libya
1317:Egypt
1285:Spain
1255:Malta
1128:Korea
1116:Japan
1094:India
1072:China
1019:Haiti
879:Aztec
855:Sudan
823:Niger
715:Naval
588:Dutch
517:Qiyan
503:Jarya
478:Harem
320:Serfs
266:Egypt
89:JSTOR
75:books
9381:Left
9281:Flag
9247:Mary
8758:list
8318:ISBN
8297:ISBN
8278:ISBN
8217:ISBN
8196:ISBN
8177:ISBN
8150:ISBN
8122:ISBN
8101:ISBN
8082:ISBN
8058:ISBN
8039:ISBN
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7975:ISBN
7959:ISBN
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7921:ISBN
7902:ISBN
7881:ISBN
7862:ISBN
7823:ISBN
7798:2024
7773:ISBN
7425:ISSN
7384:ISBN
7338:ISBN
7313:ISBN
7248:ISBN
7155:2019
7105:2009
7078:ISBN
7046:ISBN
6986:2009
6956:2024
6930:2017
6905:2017
6870:2019
6747:ISBN
6702:2017
6580:2017
6555:2017
6521:ISBN
6486:ISSN
6430:2017
6396:PMID
6348:ISBN
6318:2017
6275:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6193:2006
6132:ISBN
6063:2017
6037:2010
5991:ISSN
5938:ISBN
5890:2009
5864:2017
5851:ISBN
5783:ISBN
5641:ISBN
5615:2024
5579:2016
5547:2016
5497:ISBN
5474:2016
5445:2016
5420:2024
5389:ISBN
5357:2009
5325:ISBN
5293:2016
5268:2016
5243:2009
5216:2009
5169:2017
5129:ISSN
4942:2008
4907:2020
4854:2024
4841:ISBN
4787:2020
4780:EWTN
4755:ISBN
4709:ISBN
4682:ISBN
4427:war.
4047:The
3825:and
3478:The
3353:and
3208:mass
3124:and
3031:and
2852:, a
2655:and
2633:Jews
2447:The
2436:and
2426:Icon
2219:Paul
2213:The
1959:and
1888:and
1854:The
1684:laws
1546:U.S.
1541:U.K.
1479:U.S.
1474:U.K.
1362:Oman
1332:Iraq
1327:Iran
1014:Cuba
918:maps
813:Mali
798:Chad
384:Baqt
281:Rome
177:Debt
135:and
61:news
9237:Art
8971:Son
8956:God
8246:doi
7815:doi
7417:doi
6478:doi
6386:PMC
6378:doi
5983:doi
5701:203
5680:202
5121:doi
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