Catalan independence movement

2327: 2627:' became popular on social media and received widespread media attention. Tabarnia is a fictional region covering urban coastal Catalonia demanding independence from the wider region, should it proceed with independence. Arguments in favor of Tabarnia satirically mirror those in favor of Catalan independence from Spain. Numerous pro-independence groups and individuals were critical of the concept and responded that the parody unfairly trivializes Catalonia's independence movement, which is based in part on Catalonia's distinct culture and identity. This proposal, from a platform created in 2011, was shown to map the electoral results of the Catalan regional election of 21 December 2017, which provoked renewed interest. The word 'Tabarnia' went viral on 26 December 2017, reaching worldwide top-trending status with over 648,000 mentions. The first major demonstration in favour of Tabarnia's autonomy from Catalonia took place in Barcelona on 4 February 2017, with 15,000 participants according to the 1080:' anti-independence Ciudadanos party was the most voted party with 25.4% of votes, the first time in Catalan history that a non-nationalist party won most votes and seats in an election. Parties which endorsed the suspension of autonomy by central government represented 43.5% of votes cast and parties which did not include independence in their electoral program amounted to 52.5% of the vote, notably Catcomu-Podem (7.5% of votes and 8 seats), which is opposed to independence but supports a legal referendum and denounced the suspension of autonomy. The excellent performance of the centre-right parties on both sides of the independence debate, Ciudadanos and Juntxcat, and the underperformance of all other parties (notably, left wing parties and the Partido Popular) were the most significant factor in this election result. 849: 2587: 900:, took place on 11 September 2014, when protesters wearing the Catalan colours of yellow and red filled two of Barcelona's avenues to form a giant "V", to call for a vote. Following the Constitutional Court's ruling, the Catalan government changed the vote to a "process of citizen participation" and announced that it would be supervised by volunteers. The Spanish government again appealed to the Constitutional Court, which suspended the process pending the appeal, but the vote went ahead. The result was an 81% vote for yes-yes, but the turnout was only 42%, which could be seen as a majority opposed to both independence and the referendum. Criminal charges were subsequently brought against Mas and others for defying the court order. 990: 1026:", to provide a legal framework pending the adoption of a new constitution, after similar protests and another walkout by opposition parties. The same day, 7 September, the Spanish Constitutional Court suspended the 6 September law while it considered an appeal from Mariano Rajoy, seeking a declaration that it was in breach of the Spanish constitution, meaning that the referendum could not legally go ahead on 1 October. The law was finally declared void on 17 October and is also illegal according to the Catalan Statutes of Autonomy which require a two-thirds majority in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status. 3306: 904: 456: 1214: 2308: 1256:) did not endorse the event as well as representatives of the latter contested its very nature as "strike". Five peaceful marches converged on Barcelona's city center, essentially bringing the city to a halt. Protesters further blocked the road on the French-Spanish border. At least 20 other major roads were also blocked. Clashes nevertheless took place, with masked protesters confronting riot police by throwing stones and setting alight rubbish bins. 25,000 university students joined in the protest movement by declaring a peaceful 1099: 744: 251: 786:. The case lasted four years. In its judgement, issued on 18 June 2010, the court ruled that fourteen articles in the statute were unconstitutional, and that 27 others were to be interpreted restrictively. The affected articles included those that gave preference to the Catalan language, freed Catalonia from responsibility for the finances of other autonomous communities, and recognised Catalonia as a nation. The full text of the judgement was released on 9 July 2010, and the following day a 3318:, despite Kosovo having a strong humanitarian claim to independence. Most of Catalonia's foreign exports go to the European Union; Catalonia would need Spain's permission if it wishes to eventually re-enter the EU following secession. Catalonia already runs its own police, schools, healthcare, transport, agriculture, environment policy, and municipal governments. Other institutions, such as a central bank and a revenue collection service would have to be rebuilt, possibly losing existing 681: 1046:, declared the independence of Catalonia but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, "the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament "suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution" with the Spanish Government. 521: 3483: 3495: 3412:(Committees for the Defense of the Republic; CDR) were created and organised to hinder police action through passive resistance. In September 2019, seven members of the CDR, alleged to be a branch called "Equipos de Respuesta Técnica" (Tactical Response Teams), were arrested for terrorist offenses; they were said to have been found with explosive material and maps of official buildings. Three of them were released on bail in October 2019. 8975: 8989: 1350:. In 2024, the Congress of Deputies voted in favour of amnesty for all those involved in the 2017 campaign, including Carles Puigdemont; despite the law being vetoed by the Senate, it was expected to be enacted by the end of May 2024. On May 30, the Spanish Parliament voted 177 to 172 to pass a bill granting amnesty to hundreds of Catalan secessionists involved in the Catalan declaration of independence from 2011 to 2017. 3507: 3519: 3531: 20: 1050:

autonomy, stating "This action constitutes retrogression in human rights protection, incompatible with Articles 1, 19, 25 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Pursuant to Articles 10(2) and 96 of the Spanish Constitution, international treaties constitute the law of the land and, therefore, Spanish law must be interpreted in conformity with international treaties."

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inclusive nor progressive", and criticised nationalists for excluding the Spanish speaking population of Catalonia, and resorting to what they argue are appeals to ethnicity. These criticisms of ethnic-based appeals and exclusion of Spanish speakers have been echoed by other politicians and public figures opposed to independence, such as former Spanish Prime Minister

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actions, discreet or aggressive, are continued, and reach the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate prohibiting "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish." These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive, and still in forces, have been and still are the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the State.

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vote and close polling locations, but parents scheduled events at schools (where polling places are located) over the weekend and vowed to occupy them to keep them open during the vote. Some election organizers were arrested, including Catalan cabinet officials, while demonstrations by local institutions and street protests grew larger.

731:, which was supported by the CiU and was approved by the parliament by a large majority. The draft statute then had to be approved by the Spanish parliament, which could make changes; it did so, removing clauses on finance and the language, and an article stating that Catalonia was a nation. When the amended statute was 198:. In 2019, the new Spanish government agreed to hold a 'table of negotiations' with the government of Catalonia, though refusing beforehand to consider independence or self-determination. In 2020, the Spanish government began processing a request for the pardon of the arrested leaders, which was effective in June 2021. 1310:

foam and rubber bullets, tear gas and smoke grenades. The Mossos used for the first time the water cannon trunk acquired in 1994 from Israel in order to make way across the barricades. The clashes spread to cities outside Barcelona, with Spain's acting interior minister stating that 207 policemen had

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in Madrid to show support for ongoing reform of Catalan Statute of Autonomy, which sought to resolve territorial tensions, and among other things better protect the Catalan language. On the Catalan side, a flight was made with one hundred representatives of the cultural, civic, intellectual, artistic

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It begins with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed", and from there the

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cite estimates that in 2014 Catalans may have paid about 10 billion euros (or about US$ 12 billion) more in taxes to the state than what it received in exchange. As of 2014, an independent Catalonia would be the 34th largest economy in the world. Should Catalonia secede from Spain, some residents of

2620:, in a demonstration called by Societat Civil Catalana. According to the Delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia the turnout was of 1,000,000 people whereas according to the Barcelona police it was of 300,000 people. Societat Civil Catalana itself estimated the turnout at 1,000,000 people. 1263:

As a result of the strike, trains and metro lines saw a reduction to 33% of their usual capacity, while buses saw a reduction to 25–50% of their usual capacity. The roads to the French border remained blocked and all roads leading into Barcelona were also cut. 190 flights in and out of the city were

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was adopted in 1978, which asserted the "indivisible unity of the Spanish Nation", but acknowledged "the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions which form it". Independence parties objected to it on the basis that it was incompatible with Catalan self-determination, and formed the Comité

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said that the state would "use any available judicial and political mechanism contained in the constitution and in the laws to defend the sovereignty of the Spanish people and of the general interest of Spain", a hint that he would not stop at military intervention. Following prolonged negotiations

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The national government seized ballot papers and cell phones, threatened to fine people who staffed the polling stations up to €300,000, shut down web sites, and demanded that Google remove a voting location finder from the Android app store. Police were sent from the rest of Spain to suppress the

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should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia. A slight majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia In Common-We Can (Catalunya En Comú-Podem) (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain.

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The referendum took place on 1 October 2017, despite being suspended by the Constitutional Court, and despite the action of Spanish police to prevent voting in some centres. Images of violence from Spanish riot police beating Catalan voters shocked people and human rights organizations across the

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On 25 October 2017, after the Spanish government had threatened to suspend the Catalan autonomy through article 155 of the Spanish constitution, the UN Independent expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Alfred de Zayas, deplored the decision to suspend Catalan

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would be held in the second half of September 2017, with or without the consent of the Spanish institutions. Puigdemont announced in June 2017 that the referendum would take place on 1 October, and that the question would be, "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a

871:, which was adopted by the parliament at its first sitting in January 2013. The declaration stated that "the Catalan people have, for reasons of democratic legitimacy, the nature of a sovereign political and legal subject", and that the people had the right to decide their own political future. 185:

lacks legal jurisdiction to organize referendums. The referendum was nonetheless held in 2017 amidst great political and social controversy including police violence aimed at stopping it both before and during the voting. Amidst large protests from both the pro- and anti-independence camps, the

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This group of states comprised the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, the principality of Catalonia, and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne; further afield it embraced the kingdoms of Sicily and Sardinia. These states had no common institutions or bonds save allegiance to a common

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Members of the Catalan independence movement have strongly denied their movement is xenophobic or supremacist and define it as "an inclusive independence movement in which neither the origin nor the language are important". In addition, independence supporters usually allege most far-right and

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Aurora Nacarino-Brabo and Jorge San Miguel Lobeto, two political scientists affiliated with the anti-independence Ciutadans Spanish nationalist party, disputed the claim that Catalonia has been oppressed or excluded from Spanish politics. They argued that the independence movement is "neither

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condemned the violent incidents and called for peaceful protests against the ruling. The protests grew larger, as more and more Catalans took to the streets. Some demonstrators attempted to storm buildings belonging to the Spanish Government and clashed with police forces. The Spanish Police

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On 18 October, Barcelona became paralyzed, as tens of thousands of peaceful protesters answered the Catalan President's call and rallied in support of the jailed independence leaders. The demonstration grew quickly, with the Barcelona police counting at least 525,000 protesters in the city.

595:(National Front of Catalonia; FNC) in Paris in 1940. The FNC declared its aim to be "an energetic protest against Franco and an affirmation of Catalan nationalism". Its impact, however, was on Catalan exiles in France rather than in Catalonia itself. The FNC in turn gave rise to the 2908:

Questions about a referendum are listed below if asked, however the ICPS also asked 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state or do you prefer to stay part of Spain?', where 'stay part of Spain' regularly performs ~10 points better than 'No' on the referendum question.

1357:, the pro-independence parties lost their majority in the parliament for the first time in 10 years. Junts slightly increased their number of seats, but the ERC and CUP lost heavily, meaning the pro-independence were far short of the 68 seats needed to form a government. 1342:, pro-independence parties won over 50% of the popular vote for the first time, and increased their representation in the parliament from 70 to 74 seats. In June 2021, the nine activists who had been jailed in 2019 were released, having been pardoned by King 1021:

in a session on 6 September 2017. Opposition parties protested against the bill, calling it "a blow to democracy and a violation of the rights of the opposition", and staged a walkout before the vote was taken. On 7 September, the Catalan parliament passed a

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Under Spanish law, lawfully exiting Spain would require the Spanish parliament to amend the constitution. It may be difficult for an independent Catalonia to gain international recognition; for example, many countries (including Spain) fail to recognize

1326:, refused to hold talks with the Catalan government, as it deemed the former had not condemned the violence strongly enough. He further categorically rejected the idea of discussing Catalan Independence, stating that it was impossible under Spanish law. 2606:; the organisers claimed that over a million people attended, while the Barcelona police force estimated the number at about 300,000. To date this event is the largest pro-Constitution and anti-independence demonstration in the history of Catalonia. 1038:, condemned violence and called for dialogue. According to the Catalan authorities, 90% of voters supported independence, but turnout was only 43%, and there were reports of irregularities. On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the 2892:

This is a list of recent opinion polling on the subject. Most polls are conducted by the Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, a research institute under the purview of the Catalan government, or the Institut de Ciencès Politiques i Socials, a part of the

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on 13 September 2009. About 40% of eligible voters participated, of whom 96% voted for independence. In all, 552 towns held independence referendums between 2009 and 2011. These, together with demonstrations organised by Òmnium Cultural and the

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and a desire for self-government, through a Spanish federal republic or even the independence. Between the 1850s and the 1910s, some individuals, organisations and political parties started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.

7269: 3401:, who was appointed president of the regional parliament of Catalonia in 2018, was also involved in controversy regarding past tweets suggesting "Spaniards know only how to plunder" and describing them as having "a rough patch in their DNA". 1075:

Under direct rule from Spain, elections were held in Catalonia on 21 December 2017. The three pro-independence parties retained their control of parliament with a reduced majority of 70 seats and a combined 47.5% of valid votes cast.

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Català Contra la Constitució Espanyola (Catalan Committee Against the Constitution) to oppose it. The constitution was approved in a referendum by 88% of voters in Spain overall, and just over 90% in Catalonia. It was followed by the

5633: 1315:, the Catalan Interior Minister, responsible for public order, and a pro-independence politician, called the violence "unprecedented" and distanced himself from the violent events, instead calling for peaceful protests to continue. 878:, which ruled in March 2014 that the declaration of sovereignty was unconstitutional. The court did not, however, reject the "right to decide", arguing that that right didn't necessarily imply sovereignty or self-determination. 3284:

Question: 'If tomorrow a referendum were held to decide the independence of Catalunya, what would you do?' Responses: 'I would vote in favour', 'I would vote against', 'I wouldn't vote', 'Blank or empty vote' or 'Don't know/No

2565:. The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (13.9% of the vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012, the official position as of 2015 is that the 1293:

By the end of the day, just like the previous days, riots developed in the centre of Barcelona. Masked individuals blocked the boulevard close to the city's police headquarters in Via Laetana. Withdrawn to the vicinity of the

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on 18 June 2006, the ERC, in protest, called for a "no" vote. The statute was approved, but turnout was only 48.9%. At the subsequent election, the left-wing coalition was returned to power, this time under the leadership of

672:, among other things campaigning for labelling in Catalan only, and targeting big companies. In 1983, the Crida's leader, Àngel Colom, left to join the ERC, "giving an impulse to the independentist refounding" of that party. 1144:. The trial proceedings officially ended on 12 June 2019. A unanimous verdict by the seven judges that tried the case was made public on 14 October 2019. Nine of the 12 accused received prison sentences for the crimes of 1203:

had evolved into open street battles between protesters and police, as both violent demonstrators attacked and provoked police forces, and police officers charged peaceful protesters for their proximity to violent ones.

623:, which was approved in a referendum, with 88% of voters supporting it. This led to the marginalisation or disappearance of pro-independence political groups, and for a time the gap was filled by militant groups such as 7097: 6001:"El president catalán Carles Puigdemont declara la independencia en el Parlament, pero la deja en suspenso (The Catalan President Carles Puigdemont declares the independence in the Parliament, but leaves it suspended)" 8336: 7251: 3651:

The region is only unique in its later statehood and conjunction with the kingdom of Aragon in the high Middle Ages, while other former Carolingian territories were eventually reabsorbed by the French crown.

3337:(population 10,000) have stated they might break away from Catalonia, although others state that the local identity has only been recognised by the Catalan government, something the Spanish state never did. 5084: 8941: 560:(Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), with Macià as its first leader. The following month, the ERC achieved a spectacular victory in the municipal elections that preceded the 14 April proclamation of the 4186: 810:(ANC), represented a "bottom-up" process by which society influenced the political movement for independence. At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the 7265: 556:

in 1926. In March 1931, following the overthrow of Primo de Rivera, Estat Català joined with the Partit Republicà Català (Catalan Republican Party) and the political group L'Opinió (Opinion) to form

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for 25 November 2012, and the parliament resolved that a referendum on independence would be held in the life of the next legislature. Although the CiU lost seats to the ERC, Mas remained in power.

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capitulated to a Bourbon army on 11 September 1714. 11 September, the date of the fall of Barcelona, was commemorated by Catalan nationalists from 1886, and in the 20th century it was chosen as the

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on 9 November 2014, and that it would ask two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and (if yes) "Do you want this State to be independent?". A further mass demonstration, the

9044: 428:, with a centralised Spanish government. Like other contemporary European states, political union is the first step in the creation of the Spanish nation-state, in this case not on a uniform 5641: 2386:

to obtain amnesty for Catalan politicians persecuted by the Spanish justice system. Among the signatories are four Nobel Peace Prize winners and several world-renowned personalities such as

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Shortly thereafter, the Catalan President attempted to rally the crowd by stating that he will push for a new independence referendum as large scale protests continued for the fourth day.

5663: 6856: 5476: 8021: 7628: 1199:, called for an immediate halt to violence and disassociated himself from violent protesters, while at the same time calling for more peaceful protests. Nevertheless, the situation in 432:

basis, but through the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group. in this case the Castilians, over those of other ethnic groups, become

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Opponents of Catalan independence have accused the movement of racism or elitism, and argue that the majority of the Catalan public does not support independence. In an op-ed for

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Clashes erupted into open violence, as protesters reacted violently at police efforts to end the demonstration, with some demonstrators setting cars on fire and throwing jars of

7089: 6568: 3358:. Polls show that the wish for independence is positively correlated with having Catalonia-born parents and grandparents, families which also tend to fare better economically. 2454:, Catalan scientist, director of the Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program of the Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research and editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed journal 1353:

Junts and the ERC split in October 2022, leaving Pere Aragonès leading a minority government. In March 2024 Aragonès called a snap election after his budget was voted down. In

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which are pro-referendum but have remained neutral on the issue. Together they represent a minority of votes and a minority of seats in the Catalan parliament. Others such as

8971: 662:. There was a surge of popular protest against it. The Crida and others organised a huge rally against LOAPA in Barcelona on 14 March 1982. In March 1983, it was held to be 2616:

On 29 October 2017, hundreds of thousands of people demonstrated on the streets of Barcelona in favor of the unity of Spain and celebrating the Spanish government forcing

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in 1713, and shortly thereafter, Habsburg troops were evacuated from Italy and from Spain. This left the Catalan government isolated, but it remained loyal to Charles and

5715: 7470: 927:, Junts pel Sí and the CUP between them won a majority of seats, but fell short of a majority of votes, with just under 48%. On 9 November 2015, the parliament passed a 7889: 7247: 9255: 1023: 940:

in January 2016. Puigdemont, on taking the oath of office, omitted the oath of loyalty to the king and the Spanish constitution, the first Catalan president to do so.

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From around 2010, support for Catalan independence broadened from being the preserve of traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the

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globe and resulted in hundreds of injured citizens according to Catalan government officials. Some foreign politicians, including the former Belgian Prime-Minister

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On 19 October, following a fifth consecutive night of violence, Catalan President Quim Torra called for talks between the Catalan independence movement and the

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by a vote of 70–10 in the absence of the constitutionalist deputies, who refused to participate in a vote considered illegal for violating the decisions of the

6692: 771:, did not attend any more. The subsequent failure of the statutory reform with respect to its objectives opened the door to the growth of Catalan sovereignty. 8036: 650:

on 24 June 1981. Beginning as a cultural organisation, the Crida soon began to demand independence. In 1982, at a time of political uncertainty in Spain, the

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Several reports claim that the protests and subsequent riots had been infiltrated by Neo-Nazis who used the marches as an opportunity to incite violence.

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signed an agreement by which the ERC would support the CiU on sovereignty issues while on other matters it might oppose it. The two leaders drafted the

658:(LOAPA) was introduced in the Spanish parliament, supposedly to "harmonise" the autonomy process, but in reality to curb the power of Catalonia and the 9207: 8284: 354:

count of Barcelona. After a decade of war, the Spanish Monarchy counter-attacked in 1652 and recovered Barcelona and the rest of Catalonia, except for

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abolished Catalan autonomy in 1938. Following Franco's death in 1975, Catalan political parties concentrated on autonomy rather than independence.

7980: 7945: 2789: 2727: 7044: 2603: 6338: 1744:(a total of 74 out of 135 seats). Including those who won no seats, pro-independence parties had an overall share of 51.3% of the popular vote. 9420: 9039: 6542: 6231: 6151: 5468: 5415: 4931: 3393:, including comparing members of those two parties with pigs to be exported, or for revealing the address of the school where Citizens' leader 1515: 811: 748: 8612: 5515:

The Catalan government has not set a threshold for minimum turnout, arguing the vote will be binding regardless of the level of participation.

3127: 8963: 7636: 5446: 5381: 5350: 3747: 3461: 798: 298:. Initially, the various polities of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, kept their own laws and customs, known as 154: 7762: 6471: 4221: 10040: 5947:"Violence can never be the answer! We condemn all forms of violence and reaffirm our call for political dialogue #CatalanReferendum #Spain" 596: 169:

in 2014, which yielded a large majority in favour of independence, but with a low turnout due to boycotting by anti-independence voters. A

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On 12 October 2017, 65,000 people, according to the Barcelona police, marched against independence in a smaller demonstration marking the

1476: 1017:—in the event that the referendum took place and there was a majority "yes" vote, without requiring a minimum turnout—was approved by the 9086: 8722: 8168: 7796: 7496: 6944: 1068:

was triggered by the Spanish government; the Catalan government was dismissed and direct rule was imposed from the central government in

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to be assimilated. In fact, since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards Catalan-speaking territories (

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which brought local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination. The

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Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are PDeCAT (formerly called

646:, out of which a popular movement arose. The Crida organised a series of protests that culminated in a massive demonstration in the 9825: 9805: 9537: 9009: 7577: 3421: 1054: 620: 573: 146: 6857:"L'evolució del PSC: d'incloure el "dret a decidir" al programa electoral a aplaudir que es condemnin els "referèndums il·legals"" 1322:, adding that violence had never been the "flag" of the independence movement. The head of the Spanish Government, Prime Minister 9133: 9056: 8307: 7837: 6729: 5802: 3456: 3185: 2887: 1311:

been injured since the start of the protests, while also noting that 128 people had been arrested by the nation's police forces.

1089: 819: 2326: 923:(Together for "Yes"), which announced that it would declare independence if it won the election scheduled for September. In the 848: 10328: 10025: 9981: 9445: 8864:(A video based on an article in favour of Catalonia's independence by professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin from Columbia University.) 6437: 4304:

What began as a cultural renaissance in the 1840s, ended as a growing call for political autonomy and, eventually, independence

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came out against independence and fared badly in every subsequent election, eventually disbanding due to bankruptcy in 2017.

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Question 'In a referendum on Catalan independence, what way would you vote?' Responses: 'Yes', 'No', 'Don't know, No answer'

2586: 194:. The autonomous government leaders were arrested in the subsequent weeks with some fleeing abroad including then president 9991: 9839: 9569: 9106: 2613:. The turnout was thirteen times more than the prior year and the highest on record in Barcelona's history for this event. 2273: 1006: 568:

on 14 April, but after negotiations with the provisional government he was obliged to settle for autonomy, under a revived

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were not part of the 'Catalan people' and hence were 'enemies' to defeat. Former president of the Parliament of Catalonia

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within Spain in 1931, subsequently accepting autonomy within the Spanish state after negotiations with the leaders of the

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Statements by different key figures in the independence movement have sometimes contributed to this view. In 2013

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plant and most of Barcelona's tourist sites had been closed and occupied by pro-independence demonstrators waving

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republic?" The Spanish government said in response, "that referendum will not take place because it is illegal."

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xenophobic groups in Catalonia support Spanish nationalism, and usually participate in unionist demonstrations.

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In these years, different figures from Catalan culture and politics have spoken out against the process, like

2628: 2543: 1106:

In 2018 some of the independence leaders were sent to preventive detention without bail, accused of crimes of

369:, most of the territories of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia, fiercely supported 10241: 10055: 10045: 9768: 9469: 9051: 8275: 5242:"The evolution of sub-state nationalist parties as state-wide parliamentary actors: CiU and the PNV in Spain" 4371:"Spanish Province Talks Secession: Catalonia, Aroused Against Madrid, Is Agitating for Complete Independence" 4187:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 4170:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 2575: 1991: 1907: 1879: 1851: 1823: 1709: 1630: 1595: 1161: 1058: 916: 875: 787: 685: 366: 346:. The following year, the Catalan government seceded, establishing the independence of the Principality as a 202: 186:

Catalan parliament approved a motion with the aim to proclaim an independent republic. At the same time, the

158: 150: 8441:"Arrimadas defends "civil patriotism" and differentiates it from Catalan, Basque and Le Penna "nationalism"" 7603:"65.000 manifestantes en el 12-O de Barcelona, según la Guardia Urbana, trece veces más que el año anterior" 1306:(debris from broken paving stones) and other solid objects at riot policemen. The riot units responded with 157:

between 2009 and 2011. The 2010 ruling of the court that parts of the statute were unconstitutional sparked

10202: 10109: 9457: 8949: 8788: 7421: 7310: 6996: 6650: 3212: 3098: 3040: 2526: 2512: 1705: 1441: 615: 529: 339: 210: 9327: 9282: 7602: 7522: 7443: 7077: 7075:

Joan Massagué o Xavier Estivill, entre los 13 científicos que firman un manifiesto de apoyo a Junts pel Sí

7074: 6569:"Batalla campal por las calles del centro de Barcelona en la quinta jornada de protestas independentistas" 6040: 6026: 2946: 2902: 2610: 10035: 9920: 9882: 9877: 9704: 9508: 9425: 9143: 9118: 7395: 5760: 5077:"El Ple Municipal aprova la proposta de crear una associació per promoure el Dret a Decidir de Catalunya" 5015: 3446: 3366: 807: 592: 9357: 9332: 8414: 10269: 9520: 9081: 8861: 7942: 3473: 3275:

Question: 'Do you want Catalunya to be an independent state?' Responses: Yes, No, Don't know, No answer

1339: 964: 783: 299: 8462: 7819: 7152:"El Tenor José Carreras ante una cámara: ' Visca Catalunya Lliure' | Intereconomía | 376462" 6000: 5946: 5776: 2375:

led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill, was founded in 2007. It affiliated with

1601: 1567: 759: 10264: 10197: 10119: 9892: 9790: 9734: 9664: 9347: 9166: 6027:"OHCHR | UN independent expert urges Spanish Government to reverse decision on Catalan autonomy" 5634:"Catalan Parliament Passes Bill to Secede from Spain at 1 a.m., after Second Marathon Day in Chamber" 4913: 3376: 3241: 3156: 2554: 2421: 2315: 1484: 822:

explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process of secession. Immediately after it,

777: 402: 259: 222: 140: 9014: 5407: 385:

contender, who would later abolish the Catalan constitutions and political institutions through the

9961: 8620: 5438: 5408:"The Catalan cauldron: The prospect of the break-up of Spain poses yet another challenge to Europe" 3305: 2542:

All of the Spanish national political parties in Catalonia reject the idea of independence, except

2445: 1729: 782:, which had opposed the statute in the Spanish parliament, challenged its constitutionality in the 708: 569: 553: 182: 9377: 7090:"Give Catalonia its freedom to vote – by Pep Guardiola, Josep Carreras and other leading Catalans" 6097:"PPC, PSC y Ciudadanos abandonarán el Parlament si se vota la resolución de Junts pel Sí y la CUP" 5373: 5342: 2407: 10274: 10187: 10129: 10030: 9971: 9966: 9815: 9795: 9486: 9019: 6914: 3370: 2752: 2599: 2352:(elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and current 1701: 1519: 1156:

and were sentenced to pay a fine but received no prison term. The court dismissed the charges of

1138: 1018: 998: 889: 768: 643: 565: 561: 214: 133:

The contemporary independence movement began around 2009 after a series of events, including the

119: 115: 3431: 2868: 2345: 599:(Socialist Party of National Liberation; PSAN), which combined a pro-independence agenda with a 10182: 10099: 9956: 9915: 9900: 9872: 9762: 9586: 9474: 9292: 9176: 9171: 8762:"Detenidos siete radicales en Cataluña acusados de preparar atentados "terroristas" inminentes" 3672: 3665: 2294: 1554: 1122: 903: 549: 533: 87: 6940: 6589:"Los Mossos utilizan por primera vez la tanqueta de agua para abrir paso entre las barricadas" 5277: 5241: 5046:

Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe?: A Debate on Secession Within the European Union

4959: 4818:

Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe?: A Debate on Secession Within the European Union

4700: 4666: 4611: 4434: 4400: 3799: 1152:. Their sentences ranged from 9 to 13 years. The remaining three accused were found guilty of 919:(UDC) – over the independence process. Mas's CDC joined with the ERC and other groups to form 630:

In 1981, a manifesto issued by intellectuals in Catalonia claiming discrimination against the

10224: 10124: 10094: 9944: 9724: 9563: 9287: 8789:"Sabotajes, explosivos y el asalto al Parlament: los planes de los CDR que investiga el juez" 5122: 5041: 4892:"El suport explícit de la societat civil de Madrid a l'Estatut es limita a Santiago Carrillo" 4849: 4813: 4755: 4577: 4538: 4504: 4470: 4280: 3869: 3709: 2697: 2693: 2456: 1169: 1093: 378: 230: 6807: 5861: 3835: 2802: 2682: 2661: 911:

In June 2015 the CiU broke up as a result of disagreement between its constituent parties –

668:

by the Spanish Constitutional Court. During the 1980s, the Crida was involved in nonviolent

10298: 10177: 10172: 10147: 10139: 10104: 9986: 9862: 9810: 9778: 9696: 9612: 9091: 5246:

Contesting Spain? The Dynamics of Nationalist Movements in Catalonia and the Basque Country

3773: 3441: 2859:, Catalan publicist, author, music producer, talent show judge, TV presenter and songwriter 2566: 2435: 1768: 1183:, which had previously been accused of aiding the independence movement, replied by firing 1180: 1065: 386: 355: 351: 9581: 9004: 7222:"Nació Digital: Miquel Calçada: "La dignitat de Catalunya només té un nom: independència"" 2716: 1786:

Evolution of the independence vote in the Spanish general elections (Congress of Deputies)

970: 689: 455: 8: 9820: 9772: 9719: 9181: 9024: 8979: 8225: 8111: 7418:"L'última batalla dels catalanistes del PSC – Crònica.cat – La informació imprescindible" 7266:"El actor Joel Joan, directo a la independencia de Cataluña: 'España ya no nos da miedo'" 5210: 4245:

Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities

3328: 2311: 508: 441: 394: 327: 279: 271: 178: 64: 9503: 9029: 7019:"El Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes presenta el manifest fundacional per la independència" 4435:"Rapping on the Cast(i)le Gates: Nationalism and Culture-planning in Contemporary Spain" 3386: 1295: 1083: 801:

were held in municipalities throughout Catalonia. The first of these was in the town of

330:, for which they fought a civil war during the actual union of the crowns, known as the 10307: 10219: 10192: 9622: 9542: 8879: 7554: 4321: 3647:

Carolingian Catalonia: Politics, Culture, and Identity in an Imperial Province, 778–987

3319: 2808: 2635: 2562: 2444:, Catalan economist, director of the Centre for Research in International Economics at 1370: 1319: 1213: 1188: 881:

On 11 September 2013, an estimated 1.6 million demonstrators formed a human chain, the

504: 162: 60: 9515: 9430: 7204:"Teresa Forcades: "En Catalunya ya no es ridículo decir independencia, se ve posible"" 4932:"Fotos – Set anys de la manifestació del 10-J, punt de partida del procés sobiranista" 3351: 2781: 2307: 1160:. Some of the defendants of the trial have expressed their intention to appeal to the 791: 755: 472: 9744: 9739: 9367: 9317: 9239: 9161: 8796: 8731: 7890:

Quiénes son los grandes empresarios catalanes a favor y en contra de la independencia

7318: 7178:"Carreras, emocionado con la independencia: "Yo no la veré... mis nietos, quizás sí"" 6902: 6617: 6445: 6273: 6239: 5283: 5249: 5128: 5049: 4967: 4855: 4821: 4761: 4706: 4672: 4617: 4583: 4546: 4510: 4476: 4442: 4406: 4286: 4249: 4149: 4124: 4099: 4074: 4049: 3995: 3970: 3945: 3907: 3875: 3841: 3807: 3715: 3676: 3621: 2820: 1634: 1307: 1230: 1043: 994: 937: 764: 577: 424:

through the Decrees of Nova planta was the first step in the creation of the Spanish

413: 390: 374: 331: 283: 195: 161:, and a snap election in 2012 led to the first pro-independence majority ever in the 123: 9302: 9297: 8643:"La reaparició de l'extrema dreta durant les manifestacions contra la independència" 5279:

Secessionism and the European Union: The Future of Flanders, Scotland, and Catalonia

4019: 3355: 2794: 2732: 2494: 1195:

On 17 October, the pro-independence President of the Catalan Autonomous government,

545: 525: 107: 10050: 9547: 9387: 9198: 9101: 9066: 6643:"Spanish government dismisses call for Catalan talks; police brace for more unrest" 6045: 5215: 4668:

The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation

4506:

The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation

4073:(in Catalan). Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. p. 410. 3561: 2399: 1681: 1149: 1115: 897: 724: 631: 581: 500: 464: 445: 421: 382: 335: 315: 291: 275: 218: 127: 48: 40: 32: 9392: 6206:"UNPO: Catalonia: Spanish Supreme Court to Issue Final Verdict on Catalan Leaders" 4757:

Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies

4472:

Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies

4267:...which had started with a cultural renaissance (Renaixença) between 1833-1885... 2770: 2651: 2417: 1652: 1347: 1323: 1130: 1129:

of the regional government and most of the cabinet as well as political activists

743: 737: 9754: 9729: 9352: 9342: 9123: 8918: 8849: 8138: 8079: 8040: 7968: 7949: 7736: 6870: 6711: 6491: 6438:"Barcelona: violence erupts after huge rally over jailing of Catalan separatists" 6389: 6298: 6124: 5974: 5923: 5720: 5689: 3487: 3362: 3011: 2764: 2482: 2011:

ERC (466,020), Junts (395,429), CUP (99,644), PDeCAT (32,016)

1700:

The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the

1141: 1126: 864: 856: 591:

which had broken away from the ERC in 1936 joined with other groups to found the

491:

Although since its loss there were claims to recover the Furs, the beginnings of

459:

School map of Spain from 1850. The Spanish State is divided into four parts: The

417: 343: 263: 56: 10231: 9440: 5580: 2850: 2832: 2702: 2665: 1756: 1550: 1098: 1053:

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament voted in a secret ballot to approve a

920: 638:

Crida a la Solidaritat en Defensa de la Llengua, la Cultura i la Nació Catalanes

588: 541: 408:

After the War of the Spanish Succession, based on the political position of the

103: 10279: 10089: 10020: 9850: 9749: 5042:"Catalonia at the crossroads: Analysis of the increasing support for secession" 3499: 2475: 2451: 2391: 1287: 1257: 1245: 1077: 1035: 802: 433: 319: 295: 287: 201:

In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence are

187: 9397: 8855: 8107:"Analysis | What South Sudan can teach Catalonia about creating a new country" 7961: 7659:"Manifestación Barcelona: 1.000.000 personas según la delegación del Gobierno" 7578:"Barcelona vive la manifestación más multitudinaria de su historia en un 12-O" 7497:"Manifestación Barcelona: 1.000.000 personas según la delegación del Gobierno" 2463: 2214:

Evolution of the independence vote in unofficial consultations and referendums

250: 10322: 9909: 9479: 9372: 9362: 9307: 8913: 8800: 8735: 7322: 6621: 6593: 6449: 6277: 6243: 6101: 6069:"Los letrados del Parlament advierten de que la votación de la DUI es ilegal" 6041:"Un Parlament semivacío consuma en voto secreto la rebelión contra el Estado" 5740: 3511: 3394: 3334: 2898: 2862: 2844: 2826: 2722: 2643: 2639: 2522: 2469: 2427: 2395: 2349: 2339: 1558: 1134: 932: 669: 9784: 7686:"Catalonia: Madrid warns of Puigdemont jailing as thousands rally for unity" 5664:"Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law: court source" 4071:

Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII

2758: 2738: 2515:, former Catalan footballer who previously played for and currently manages 2441: 1279: 931:, proposed by Junts pel Sí and the CUP. In response, Spanish Prime Minister 496: 10259: 10065: 9532: 9496: 9462: 9096: 7763:"Protesters mock Catalan independence bid with secession call of their own" 7523:"Más de un millón de personas colapsan Barcelona contra el independentismo" 7344:"Beth, de dar la cara por España en Eurovisión a musa 'indepe' en la Diada" 6871:"Catalonia Spain: Separatists set to boost majority in regional parliament" 6766:"Catalonia president calls snap elections for May 12 after budget rejected" 6266:"Third night of violence in Barcelona after jailing of Catalan separatists" 5439:"Catalonia to hold independence referendum with or without Spain's consent" 3535: 3523: 3466: 2874: 2856: 2516: 2488: 2431: 2403: 2357: 2353: 2331: 1760: 1737: 1691: 1480: 1283: 1153: 1111: 956: 869:

Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People

720: 680: 624: 429: 425: 234: 68: 7120:"Lluis Llach: "El camino español está vallado"... menos para su fundación" 6993:"Alfons López Tena: 'Espanya era el país del meu pare, però no és el meu'" 6915:"Resultados elecciones Europeas 9J en Catalunya (comunidad) - elDiario.es" 3927: 1955:

ERC (1,020,392), JxCAT (500,787), Front Republicà (113,807)

1525:

CiU (1,116,259), ICV (359,705) and PSC (524,707) in favor of a referendum

1118:. Carles Puigdemont and four members of his cabinet fled into self-exile. 520: 10152: 9322: 9061: 9034: 5343:"Independence parties win in Catalonia but fall short of overall victory" 1312: 882: 664: 323: 95: 91: 8723:"Catalonia braced for fresh unrest after terrorism raids on separatists" 8463:"El apoyo a la independencia tiene raíces económicas y de origen social" 7820:"La plataforma por Tabarnia exhibe músculo y se manifiesta en Barcelona" 7550:"'I Am Spanish': Thousands in Barcelona Protest a Push for Independence" 6610:"Catalan president calls for talks with Spain's government after unrest" 3482: 607:(Socialist Party of National Liberation – Provisional; PSAN-P) in 1974. 9382: 9312: 8005:"Famosos catalanes que defienden a España... o apoyan la independencia" 7078:

http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2015/09/22/5601340146163f72078b4578.html

6693:"Jailed Catalan separatists are released from prison following pardons" 6073: 5880:"'Bloomberg' destaca como imagen del año la violencia policial del 1-O" 5585: 5469:"Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed" 3958: 3398: 2571: 2372: 2028:

Evolution of the independence vote in the European Parliament elections

1196: 971:

2017 Referendum, Declaration of Independence and new regional elections

815: 492: 83: 8842: 6004: 5554:"Catalonia's parliament approves law aimed at independence from Spain" 4039: 4037: 2811:, Catalan musician, singer-songwriter, recording artist, and performer 2590:

Pro-Constitucionalist march in Barcelona in 2017 "Recuperem el seny" (

9687: 9656: 9337: 7248:"Joel Joan: "España ya no nos da miedo, ya no esperamos los tanques"" 5529:"Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests" 4282:

Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain

3004: 2706: 2688: 2647: 2550: 2500: 2342: 1564:

CiU was dissolved before the regional elections, leaving CDC and UDC.

1343: 1299: 1269: 1200: 1157: 1107: 1084:

The trial of Catalonia independence leaders and October 2019 protests

960: 852: 823: 697: 600: 437: 398: 72: 9925: 7878:

Independenciómetro: famosos a favor o en contra del 'procés' catalán

7045:"El Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes esdevé la fundació de Solidaritat" 6232:"Catalan leader defends push for independence on final day of trial" 6180:"Violent clashes rock Barcelona on fifth day of separatist protests" 5845:

Spanish Police Detain Catalan Politicians Ahead Of Independence Vote

2835:, Catalan theatre and television actress, theatre and opera director 2330:"Only dictatorships jail peaceful political leaders": a banner at a 2020: 1371:

Catalan regional elections, consultation and independence referendum

548:. Estat Català went into exile in France during the dictatorship of 10167: 10114: 9714: 9709: 9617: 9491: 8415:"Felipe González: "Hi ha supremacisme en l'independentisme català"" 7471:"Adiós definitivo a Unió, la última víctima de la maldición de Mas" 5736:"Catalonia plans an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not" 4034: 2747: 2624: 2506: 2387: 2319: 1772: 1733: 1274: 1184: 1145: 943:

Further pro-independence demonstrations took place in Barcelona in

936:

between Junts pel Sí and the CUP, Mas was replaced as president by

859:, signing the 2012–2016 governability agreement on 19 December 2012 647: 6364:"Lluvia de golpes de unos neonazis a un antifascista en Barcelona" 5124:

National Identities and the Right to Self-Determination of Peoples

4582:. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. 71–2. 3944:(in Catalan) (del 1979 ed.). Edicions del 1979. p. 230. 1278:

independence flags and posters with pro-independence slogans. The

10249: 10207: 10162: 10157: 8505:"Quim Torra sworn in as Catalan president amid xenophobia claims" 8393:"Catalan nationalism isn't the progressive cause you might think" 8341: 8337:"A split within a split – the Catalan valley sticking with Spain" 8221:"Analysis | Catalonia's independence vote: What you need to know" 6205: 3774:"The War of the Spanish Succession in the Catalan-speaking Lands" 3390: 2472:, Catalan politician, lawyer, economist, and science popularizer. 794:

was attended by over a million people, and led by José Montilla.

763:

and sporting world of Catalonia, but on the Spanish side, except

452:) and other national minorities have been a historical constant. 334:(1462–1472) between foralists and royalists. In 1640, during the 8370:""Who is the real bad guy?" Spain's political game in Catalonia" 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7369: 6992: 6785:"Spain's Socialists win Catalan vote, separatists lose majority" 6674:"Catalonia election: pro-independence parties increase majority" 6152:"Exclusive: Puigdemont vows to lead Catalan government in exile" 4613:

Catalonia Since the Spanish Civil War: Reconstructing the Nation

4204:"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols" 3992:

En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana

1378:

Evolution of the independence vote in Catalan regional elections

814:, an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in 102:

at the time. The first organised Catalan independence party was

19: 8932: 8868:

Party Urging More Autonomy From Spain Seems to Win in Catalonia

8194:"Independent Catalonia would need to apply to join EU: Juncker" 8022:

Loquillo: "La independencia de Cataluña es una cortina de humo"

7981:

Serrat: "A Catalunya no le conviene la independencia de España"

7444:"El PSC renuncia en su programa electoral al derecho a decidir" 4231:(in Catalan). Ponència del Consell de l'advocacia de Catalunya. 3315: 2814: 2656: 2394:. The Nobel Peace Prize winners that signed the manifesto are: 1685: 1303: 1069: 1064:

As a result, the same day (27 October 2017) Article 155 of the

952: 885:, from the French border to the regional border with Valencia. 758:

organized a meeting of Catalan and Madrid intellectuals in the

449: 397:

to Philip V and the Kingdom of France. After a 14-month siege,

389:. The Habsburgs' English allies withdrew from the war with the 267: 99: 8491:"Núria de Gispert, la verdadera cara del nacionalismo catalán" 7902:

Rouco Varela y Albert Boadella, unidos contra la independencia

7838:"22 FAMOSOS CATALANES A FAVOR Y EN CONTRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA" 7391: 1264:

cancelled as a result of the strike. Spanish car manufacturer

1005:

In late September 2016, Puigdemont told the parliament that a

8308:"Fake Country Carved From Catalonia Means to Mock Separatism" 7852: 7311:"Xavi: "Lo que está sucediendo en Cataluña es una vergüenza"" 6748:"Spain passes bill granting amnesty to Catalan secessionists" 5499:"Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid" 4851:'Goodbye, Spain?': The Question of Independence for Catalonia 3595:

Blank and null votes are subtracted from the number of voters

948: 495:

in Catalonia can be traced back to the mid–19th century. The

304: 76: 6691:

Baquero, Camilo S.; Congostrina, Alfonso L. (23 June 2021).

6472:"Indignación sindical: es un 'paro patronal', no una huelga" 4046:

Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones

1983:

ERC (869.934), JxCat (527,375), CUP (244,754)

584:

abolished both the Statute of Autonomy and the Generalitat.

540:

The first pro-independence political party in Catalonia was

10213: 8843:"Catalonia Votes", website on self-determination referendum 8787:

Pérez, Fernando J.; López-Fonseca, Óscar (1 October 2019).

8559:"Diccionari de l'extrema dreta a Catalunya, de la A a la Z" 8169:"An independent Catalonia: practicalities of leaving Spain" 8162: 8160: 7711:"Protesters stage big anti-independence rally in Catalonia" 6967:"Joan Laporta i Estruch (2003–2010) | FCBarcelona.cat" 6573: 6321:"Spanish PM: we will not be provoked by Catalonia violence" 3837:

Catalonia: National Identity and Cultural Policy, 1980–2003

3389:

has been involved in controversy over the years due to her

2557:, which had 25.4% and 4.2% of the vote respectively in the 2206: 1265: 1253: 1176: 342:, Catalan peasants and institutions revolted, starting the 7789:"Spanish unionist rally mocks Catalan separatist movement" 6730:"Spain Amnesty Bill Back To Lower House After Senate Veto" 5374:"How the Catalonia vote will ramp up tensions with Madrid" 4579:

The Failure of Catalanist Opposition to Franco (1939–1950)

3618:

The Wreck of Catalonia. Civil War in the Fifteenth Century

1187:

at the demonstrators. The pro-independence speaker of the

929:

resolution declaring the start of the independence process

499:(cultural renaissance), which aimed at the revival of the 6517:"Barcelona protests: General strike shuts down Catalonia" 5975:"Catalonia independence declaration signed and suspended" 5557: 4543:

The Architect of Modern Catalan: Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)

4146:

Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània

4121:

L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya

3930:, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València 3323: 2746:, Catalan businessman, Founder of pharmaceutical company 1778: 1740:. They obtained 33, 32 and 9 seats, respectively, in the 1365: 997:

and over 700 mayors from Catalonia meeting to support an

8822:"Tres dels CDR acusats de terrorisme surten de la presó" 8695:"Spain's far-right gains visibility in Catalonia crisis" 8157: 7962:

Jordi Évole: "Yo no quiero la independencia de Cataluña"

5828:

Catalonia on collision course as banned referendum nears

5803:"Catalonia riven with tension as referendum day arrives" 3967:

Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana

3711:

Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy

888:

The following month, the CiU, the ERC, the ICV-EUiA and

603:

stance. A split in the PSAN led to the formation of the

483:, with the remaining colonial territories for that year. 190:

voted to take control of the Catalan institutions until

114:(Republican Left of Catalonia, ERC). Macià proclaimed a 8900:

Voters in Catalonia Approve A Plan for Greater Autonomy

8054:"Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal" 7629:"The Latest: 65,000 recorded at Spanish loyalist rally" 6608:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (19 October 2019).

6543:"'Clasico' between Barcelona and Real Madrid postponed" 6436:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (18 October 2019).

6264:

Madrid, Stephen Burgen Sam Jones in (16 October 2019).

5690:"Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum" 5406:

Simms, Brendan; Guibernau, Montserrat (25 April 2016).

1179:

at police officers. The Catalan Law Enforcement agency

874:

The Spanish government referred the declaration to the

675: 605:

Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional - Provisional

237:

supports federalism and a legal and agreed referendum.

5777:"Las diez claves de la ley del referéndum de Cataluña" 4123:(in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 4098:(in Catalan) (62 ed.). Edicions 62. p. 320. 2382:

At the beginning of 2021, Òmnium Cultural published a

797:

During and after the court case, a series of symbolic

479:, which includes the Basque-speaking territories; and 358:, which was annexed by France. Catalonia retained its 266:. The Principality was the result of the absortion or 221:. Parties opposed to the Catalan independence are the 8273:

Alexander, Harriet; Badcock, James (5 October 2017).

8246: 8139:"Reality Check: Would Catalonia be a viable country?" 7548:

Horowitz, Jason; Kingsley, Patrick (8 October 2017).

7138:"El "sí" y el "no" a la independencia de los famosos" 4960:"From Devolution to Secession: the Case of Catalonia" 3471: 2083:

ERC (249,757), CUP (6,185), EC (1,540)

1168:. The verdict delivered by the Supreme Court sparked 552:(1923–1930), launching an unsuccessful uprising from 8906:

Spain Moves On Law to Give Broad Powers To Catalonia

8613:"Unitat de l'extrema dreta a la manifestació de SCC" 6712:"Spain MPs back amnesty law for Catalan separatists" 6492:"Barcelona hit by fresh clashes amid general strike" 6390:"Catalan leader pushes for second independence vote" 6089: 5206:"Eying Scotland, Spain Catalans seek secession vote" 4317:"Spanish Affairs: The Republicans of Spain (letter)" 286:

in 1137. In the late 15th century, Aragon united by

9224:

White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia

8477:"Forcadell defendía que C's y PPC no son catalanes" 8249:"Catalonia's independence referendum: What to know" 6299:"Thousands return to streets in Catalonia protests" 5491: 4536: 3644: 1244:) linked to pro-independence movement called for a 654:

Ley Orgánica de Armonización del Proceso Autonómico

634:, drew a response in the form of published letter, 8786: 8721: 8391:Aurora, Nacarino-Brabo; Lobeto, Jorge San Miguel. 8276:"Why does Catalonia want independence from Spain?" 8274: 6690: 6150:Madrid, Owen Bowcott Sam Jones in (2 March 2018). 5437:Berwick, Angus; Cobos, Tomás (28 September 2016). 5312:"Catalan separatists send shudders through Madrid" 5120: 3664: 1268:further announced a halt in the production of its 7918:"Famosos a favor y en contra de la independencia" 6061: 5898:"Spain: Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia" 5826:Isa Soares, Vasco Cotovio and Laura Smith-Spark, 5716:"Spain just declared Catalan referendum law void" 4394: 4392: 4241: 4068: 2853:, Catalan actor, showman and television presenter 2841:Catalan singer and television and radio presenter 2021:Elections to the European Parliament in Catalonia 2014:En Comú Podem (497,617) in favor of a referendum 1986:En Comú Podem (546,733) in favor of a referendum 1958:En Comú Podem (615,665) in favor of a referendum 1930:En Comú Podem (853,102) in favor of a referendum 350:, called France for protection and finally named 110:. In 1931, Estat Català and other parties formed 94:movements of the mid–19th century, influenced by 10320: 8670:"How the Catalan crisis helps Spain's far right" 8272: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7547: 6889:"November 2019 Spanish general election results" 6672:Jones, Sam; Burgen, Stephen (15 February 2021). 5401: 5399: 5244:. In Gillespie, Richard; Gray, Caroline (eds.). 5008:"Catalan town votes for independence from Spain" 4964:Multinational Federalism: Problems and Prospects 4760:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. 4571: 4569: 4475:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 50. 4229:VIII Jornada sobre l'Ús del Català a la Justícia 3703: 3701: 3699: 2761:, Catalan novelist, journalist and screenwriter. 2430:, Catalan former football player and manager of 1192:announced that 51 protesters had been arrested. 7070: 7068: 7066: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6511: 6509: 6033: 4962:. In Seymour, Michel; Gagnon, Alain-G. (eds.). 4222:"L'espanyolisme lingüístic i la llengua comuna" 3939: 2379:(Catalan Solidarity for Independence) in 2011. 1680:Junts (681,470), ERC (431,128), CUP (129,059), 262:was a state of the composite monarchy known as 9421:Association of Municipalities for Independence 8133: 8131: 8129: 6635: 5405: 4811: 4786: 4784: 4671:. University of Nevada Press. pp. 143–4. 4402:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 4398: 4389: 4093: 3408:On the part of the independence movement, the 907:Pro-referendum rally in Montjuic, 11 June 2017 812:Association of Municipalities for Independence 749:Association of Municipalities for Independence 9672: 8957: 8908:Article in The New York Times, March 31, 2006 8384: 8361: 7986: 5969: 5967: 5396: 5191: 5189: 5039: 4575: 4566: 4509:. University of Nevada Press. pp. 38–9. 4096:La persecució política de la llengua catalana 3696: 3462:List of active separatist movements in Europe 3374: 2905:also sometimes conduct polls on the subject. 2773:, Catalan television presenter and journalist 2581: 2532: 1763:. There are also youth organisations such as 1598:(948,233), ERC–CatSí (935,861), CUP (195,246) 775: 652: 636: 309: 177:. This was however considered illegal by the 138: 8902:Article in The New York Times, June 19, 2006 7063: 6901:Elections data obtained from the website of 6795: 6506: 6339:"Watch dramatic street battles in Barcelona" 5581:"Catalan authorities call independence vote" 5436: 5107: 5105: 5103: 4992: 4990: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4441:. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 124. 4143: 4069:Sobrequés Callicó, Jaume (29 January 2021). 4043: 2561:, have always opposed the notion of Catalan 1055:resolution declaring independence from Spain 727:. The government produced a draft for a new 9248:Law on the Referendum on Self-determination 8870:Article on New York Times, November 2, 2006 8852:set up by the 2015–2017 Catalan government. 8433: 8330: 8328: 8126: 8034:Así desmonta Javier Cárdenas al separatismo 7912: 7910: 6806:Election data obtained from the website of 6671: 6429: 5578: 5035: 5033: 4781: 3906:(in Catalan). El Gall editor. p. 422. 3901: 3615: 3354:, and the leader of Ciutadans in Catalonia 1522:(126,435), SI (46,838), PIRATA.CAT (18,219) 1360: 844:Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014 23:A Catalan independence protest in July 2010 9679: 9665: 9436:Committees for the Defense of the Republic 9208:Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic 8964: 8950: 8080:"Catalonia's quarrel with Spain explained" 7268:. Mediterráneo Digital. 18 February 2015. 6820:"Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012" 5964: 5608:"Catalan Parliament passes transition law" 5186: 4651: 4649: 4537:Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). 4432: 4242:Mar-Molinero, Clare; Smith, Angel (1996). 4219: 3928:Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme 3840:. University of Wales Press. p. 160. 3793: 3791: 3671:. University of California Press. p. 3237: 3208: 3181: 3152: 3123: 3094: 3065: 2971: 2525:, Catalan singer; she was a contestant at 1732:(CUP), which included the smaller parties 1329: 1148:; of them, four were also found guilty of 318:), and political institutions such as the 302:, equivalent in the other kingdoms to the 165:. The new government held a "non-binding" 9232:Initiation of the Process of Independence 8532:"Unabhängigkeit für eine bessere Zukunft" 8529: 7737:"Pro-unity Catalans parody secessionists" 7308: 6313: 5461: 5100: 4987: 4957: 4946: 4934:(in Catalan). Nació digital. 10 July 2017 4807: 4805: 4545:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 20. 4405:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. 4008: 3989: 3771: 3707: 3242:Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials 3157:Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials 2377:Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència 1899:ERC (601,782), CDC-DL (567,253) 1040:President of the Generalitat of Catalonia 597:Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional 475:, including most Catalan-speaking areas; 9538:Republican Left of the Valencian Country 8922:) is being considered for deletion. See 8390: 8367: 8325: 8218: 7907: 7817: 7350:(in European Spanish). 10 September 2018 6709: 5924:"'More than 700 hurt' in Catalonia poll" 5579:Spongenberg, Helena (7 September 2017). 5235: 5233: 5030: 4749: 4747: 4705:. Oxford University Press. p. 204. 4664: 4502: 3904:L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932 3867: 3797: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3422:Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 3309:Catalan nationalism on display in Girona 3304: 2767:, Catalan actor, director and playwright 2585: 2325: 2306: 2207:Unofficial consultations and referendums 2167:JxCat (981,357), ERC (727,039) 1775:, and the student unions SEPC and FNEC. 1346:on the advice of Spanish prime minister 1229:By late 18 October, minor trade unions ( 1212: 1125:, including the previous vice president 1097: 988: 902: 847: 742: 679: 621:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979 610:Following Franco's death in 1975, Spain 519: 454: 326:as a guarantee of their sovereignty and 249: 18: 9087:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 8479:(in Spanish). e-noticies. 15 July 2015. 7370:"Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía" 5087:from the original on 16 September 2013. 4847: 4646: 4609: 4278: 3994:(in Catalan). Cossetània. p. 216. 3902:Sales Vives, Pere (22 September 2020). 3833: 3788: 3649:. Oxford University Press. p. 22. 3571:Western Catalan (including Valencian): 3457:National and regional identity in Spain 2888:Opinion polling on Catalan independence 2485:, Catalan physician and Benedictine nun 2360:or the jurist and former member of the 2210: 2142:CiU (549,096), ICV (259,152) 2114:CiU (441,810), ICV (119,755) 2086:CiU (369,103), ICV (151,871) 2024: 1782: 1374: 1090:Trial of Catalonia independence leaders 985:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 790:organised by the cultural organisation 173:in 2015 was followed by the calling of 153:; Catalan municipalities held symbolic 10321: 9686: 9446:Socialist Party of National Liberation 8720:Terol, Alan Ruiz (29 September 2019). 8667: 8610: 8583: 8556: 8305: 8166: 8104: 7920:. La Nueva España. 27 September 2015. 7468: 7398:from the original on 28 September 2012 7250:. Libertad Digital. 18 February 2015. 6772:. Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2024. 6607: 6469: 6435: 6263: 6174: 6172: 6149: 5944: 5800: 5309: 4966:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 166–7. 4802: 4698: 4616:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 152. 3942:Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola 3620:. Oxford University Press. p. v. 3300: 2139:ERC (595,493), CDC (549,096) 1927:ERC (632,234), CDC (483,488) 1779:Spanish general elections in Catalonia 1366:Recent pro-independence vote evolution 1302:setting trash bins in fire and hurled 1235:Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya 719:(ERC) and a far-left/Green coalition ( 16:Catalan independence movement in Spain 9660: 8945: 8719: 8586:"L'extrema dreta que no marxa de C's" 8530:Forcadell, Carme (16 February 2015). 8493:(in Spanish). El Español. 3 May 2019. 7683: 7575: 7284:"Txarango pone la banda sonora al sí" 6229: 5801:Burgen, Stephen (30 September 2017). 5526: 5353:from the original on 20 December 2016 5275: 5239: 5230: 4854:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 39. 4753: 4744: 4468: 4399:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). 4137: 4118: 3964: 3871:Catalan Nationalism: Past and Present 3574: 3560: 3427:2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis 2877:, Catalan Grand Prix motorcycle racer 2631:and 200,000 according to organizers. 2420:, Catalan scientist, director of the 1447:CiU (935,756) and ICV (316,222) were 1338:, which saw a low turnout due to the 981:Catalan independence referendum, 2017 913:Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya 181:and the Constitutional Court, as the 9570:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 8742:from the original on 12 January 2022 8287:from the original on 12 January 2022 8219:Erickson, Amanda (27 October 2017). 7924:from the original on 29 October 2015 7392:"Partit Popular de Catalunya |" 7126:from the original on 3 January 2015. 6854: 6808:Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña 6782: 6736:. Agence France Presse. 14 May 2024. 6470:Farrés, Cristina (19 October 2019). 5774: 5449:from the original on 11 October 2016 5371: 5340: 5040:Guinjoan, Marc; Rodon, Toni (2016). 5005: 4248:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 194. 3662: 3609: 3365:, then president of the influential 3322:. Accounting measures vary, but the 2671: 2537: 1102:Protest in Barcelona in October 2019 1015:law creating an independent republic 676:Second Statute of Autonomy and after 544:(Catalan State), founded in 1922 by 515: 294:to form what would later become the 106:(Catalan State), founded in 1922 by 9576:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 9528:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 9264:Catalan declaration of independence 8668:Newton, Creede (28 November 2017). 8334: 7450:from the original on 9 January 2016 7309:Tronchoni, Nadia (1 October 2017). 7272:from the original on 30 March 2015. 7254:from the original on 23 March 2015. 7154:. Intereconomia.com. Archived from 7100:from the original on 5 October 2016 6999:from the original on 9 October 2011 6412:"Demonstrations paralyse Barcelona" 6169: 5418:from the original on 4 October 2016 5322:from the original on 5 October 2016 5044:. In Cuadras Morató, Xavier (ed.). 4894:(in Catalan). Vilaweb. 26 July 2013 4816:. In Cuadras Morató, Xavier (ed.). 4048:(in Catalan). Planeta. p. 78. 3667:An Historical Essay on Modern Spain 2737:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2721:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2696:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2687:, Catalan businessman, Chairman of 2293:Referendum declared illegal by the 2111:ERC (181,213), RC (4,891) 2055:Pro-independence political parties 1815:Pro-independence political parties 1753:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 1694:(184,297) in favor of a referendum 1655:(195,462) in favor of a referendum 1604:(326,360) in favor of a referendum 977:Catalan declaration of independence 463:, that includes most of the former 207:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 86:in Catalonia can be traced back to 13: 9603:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 9134:2019 trial of independence leaders 9072:2014 self-determination referendum 9040:2009–2011 independence referendums 7228:from the original on 22 March 2012 7206:. El Periódico. 10 November 2013. 7122:. Libertad Digital. 5 March 2011. 5945:Michel, Charles (1 October 2017). 5640:. 8 September 2017. Archived from 5341:Buck, Tobias (27 September 2015). 5121:Moodrick-Even Khen, Hilly (2016). 4209:. Plataforma per la llengua. 2019. 4196: 4179: 4162: 4112: 3983: 3772:Alcoberro, Agustí (October 2010). 3748:"Catalonia, Revolt of (1640–1652)" 3410:Comitès de Defensa de la República 2895:Autonomous University of Barcelona 2881: 2865:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2799:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2786:, Catalan presenter and journalist 2618:new regional elections in December 2604:rally against Catalan independence 2362:Consejo General del Poder Judicial 1765:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 1561:), CUP (337,794), PIRATA.CAT (327) 1007:binding referendum on independence 837: 826:, whose CiU had regained power in 820:demonstration of 11 September 2012 14: 10340: 9452:Catalan European Democratic Party 8926:to help reach a consensus. › 8836: 8368:Tremlett, Giles (November 2017). 7210:from the original on 28 May 2015. 7140:. La Vanguardia. 24 October 2017. 6969:. Fcbarcelona.com. Archived from 6947:from the original on 26 June 2010 6649:. 19 October 2019. Archived from 5756:"Catalan independence referendum" 5479:from the original on 10 June 2017 5384:from the original on 9 April 2017 5310:Heller, Fernando (22 July 2015). 5163:Tribunal Constitucional de España 5083:(in Catalan). 12 September 2011. 5006:Webb, Jason (13 September 2009). 4914:"En busca de la "España educada"" 4541:. In Costa Carreras, Joan (ed.). 4148:(7th ed.). Manresa: Parcir. 4094:Ferrer Gironès, Francesc (1985). 3969:(in Catalan). Base. p. 300. 3562:[indəpəndənˈtizməkətəˈla] 2466:, Catalan composer and songwriter 2211: 2025: 1783: 1724:, and splinter elements from the 1706:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 1375: 1290:was postponed due to the strike. 717:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 558:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 145:(People's Party) challenging the 112:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 8987: 8973: 8814: 8780: 8754: 8713: 8687: 8661: 8635: 8611:Borràs, Jordi (8 October 2017). 8604: 8584:Chaika, Cris (12 January 2018). 8577: 8550: 8523: 8497: 8483: 8469: 8455: 8407: 8299: 8266: 8240: 8212: 8186: 8098: 8072: 8046: 8027: 8015: 7974: 7955: 7936: 7895: 7883: 7880:www.vanitatis.elconfidencial.com 7830: 7818:Blanchar, Clara (4 March 2018). 7811: 7781: 7755: 7729: 7703: 7677: 7651: 7621: 7595: 7569: 7541: 7515: 7489: 7462: 7436: 7410: 7384: 7362: 7336: 7302: 7276: 7258: 7240: 7214: 7196: 7170: 7144: 7130: 7112: 7082: 7037: 7011: 6985: 6959: 6933: 6907: 6895: 6881: 6863: 6848: 6812: 6776: 6758: 6740: 6722: 6703: 6684: 6665: 6601: 6581: 6561: 6535: 6484: 6463: 6404: 6382: 6356: 6331: 6291: 6257: 6223: 6198: 6143: 5527:Jones, Sam (10 September 2017). 5372:Buck, Tobias (9 November 2015). 5282:. Lexington Books. p. 108. 5195:Guinjoan and Rodon (2016), p. 36 5156:"Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo" 3728:from the original on 27 May 2016 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 2491:, Catalan journalist and writer. 1121:Twelve people were tried by the 576:in 1932, which lasted until the 9057:2012 independence demonstration 8768:(in Spanish). 23 September 2019 8105:Taylor, Adam (2 October 2017). 7469:Planas, Pablo (25 March 2017). 6710:Hedgecoe, Guy (14 March 2024). 6117: 6019: 5993: 5938: 5916: 5890: 5872: 5854: 5837: 5820: 5794: 5775:Ríos, Pere (6 September 2017). 5768: 5748: 5728: 5708: 5682: 5656: 5626: 5600: 5572: 5546: 5520: 5430: 5365: 5334: 5303: 5269: 5198: 5177: 5148: 5114: 5091: 5069: 4999: 4924: 4906: 4884: 4875: 4841: 4812:Cuadras Morató, Xavier (2016). 4793: 4735: 4726: 4692: 4658: 4637: 4603: 4576:Güell Ampuero, Casilda (2006). 4530: 4496: 4462: 4426: 4363: 4337: 4309: 4279:Holguin, Sandy Eleanor (2002). 4272: 4235: 4213: 4087: 4062: 3933: 3920: 3895: 3861: 1714:Crida Nacional per la República 1490:CiU (1,202,830), ICV (230,824) 1248:. However, major trade unions ( 9608:Nationalist Youth of Catalonia 9129:2017 Catalan regional election 8883:. 22 June 2006. Archived from 8247:Lauren Said-Moorhouse (2017). 8167:Henley, Jon (9 October 2017). 7684:Jones, Sam (29 October 2017). 6941:"Sala-i-Martin's Independence" 6855:Font, Marc (5 November 2019). 6131:(in Spanish). 22 December 2017 4958:Guibernau, Montserrat (2012). 4044:de la Cierva, Ricardo (1981). 3965:Lluís, García Sevilla (2021). 3940:Mayans Balcells, Pere (2019). 3827: 3806:. Tamesis Books. p. 126. 3804:A Companion to Catalan Culture 3765: 3740: 3708:Guibernau, Montserrat (2004). 3656: 3638: 3549: 3452:Galician independence movement 2871:, Catalan television presenter 2705:, Catalan banker, Chairman of 2592:Let's recover the common sense 2559:2017 Catalan regional election 1166:European Court of Human Rights 1137:and the former Speaker of the 747:Municipalities supporting the 713:Socialists' Party of Catalonia 471:: territories from the former 227:Socialists' Party of Catalonia 1: 10329:Catalan independence movement 8911: 8649:(in Catalan). 7 November 2017 8557:Borràs, Jordi (31 May 2016). 8465:. El Pais. 28 September 2017. 8421:(in Catalan). 16 January 2018 7576:Razón, La (12 October 2017). 7420:. Cronica.cat. Archived from 6370:(in Spanish). 18 October 2019 6105:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 6077:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 6049:(in Spanish). 27 October 2017 4220:Moreno Cabrera, Juan Carlos. 4144:Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). 3602: 3288: 3278: 2897:. However newspapers such as 2369:Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes 1641:(77,250), Primaries (6,006), 1570:, which favored a referendum 1162:Constitutional Court of Spain 1059:Constitutional Court of Spain 917:Unió Democràtica de Catalunya 784:Spanish High Court of Justice 686:2010 Catalan autonomy protest 395:unilaterally declared the war 245: 167:self-determination referendum 151:Constitutional Court of Spain 135:financial crisis of 2007–2008 29:Catalan independence movement 9458:Republican Left of Catalonia 9107:2017 independence referendum 8619:(in Catalan). Archived from 4702:Arguing Comparative Politics 4192:. Plataforma per la llengua. 4175:. Plataforma per la llengua. 3645:Chandler, Cullen J. (2019). 3437:Carles Castellanos i Llorenç 3340: 3269: 2920:Polling organisation/client 2527:Eurovision Song Contest 2003 1730:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular 1219:Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona 890:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular 876:Spanish Constitutional Court 715:(PSC), the pro-independence 507:, led to the development of 211:Republican Left of Catalonia 205:(Junts), heir of the former 7: 9836:Declaration of independence 9645:marks defunct organisations 9426:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 9256:Law of juridical transition 9144:2019 Catalan general strike 9119:2017 Catalan general strike 9010:1918-1919 autonomy campaign 8443:. Europa Press. 21 May 2018 7840:. No. Público.es. 2018 6783:Doce, Nacho (12 May 2024). 6230:Jones, Sam (12 June 2019). 4433:Harrington, Thomas (2005). 4285:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 3802:. In Keown, Dominic (ed.). 3447:Basque Country independence 3415: 3373:publicly declared that the 3369:and later president of the 3367:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 2555:People's Party of Catalonia 2544:Catalonia In Common-We Can 2413:Other individuals include: 1722:Els Verds–Alternativa Verda 808:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 799:referendums on independence 707:, the moderate nationalist 593:Front Nacional de Catalunya 155:referendums on independence 10: 10345: 9831:Statute of Autonomy (2006) 9826:Statute of Autonomy (1979) 9806:Statute of Autonomy (1932) 9216:Declaration of Sovereignty 6754:. Al Jazeera. 30 May 2024. 5276:Duerr, Glen M. E. (2015). 5248:. Routledge. p. 117. 4790:Conversi (2000), pp. 146–7 4699:Stepan, Alfred C. (2001). 4665:Conversi, Daniele (2000). 4503:Conversi, Daniele (2000). 4437:. In Moraña, Mabel (ed.). 3990:Bea Seguí, Ignaci (2013). 2885: 2805:, Catalan operatic soprano 2582:Anti-independence movement 2533:Opposition to independence 1087: 974: 841: 612:moved to restore democracy 572:. Catalonia was granted a 461:fully constitutional Spain 416:, the assimilation of the 240: 10292: 10240: 10138: 10085: 10078: 10016: 10009: 9952: 9943: 9906:Unique territorial entity 9891: 9858: 9849: 9735:Principality of Catalonia 9695: 9636: 9595: 9557:Autonomist and federalist 9556: 9413: 9406: 9275: 9190: 9167:Principality of Catalonia 9154: 9092:2017 National Day for Yes 8997: 7446:. El Mundo. 2 July 2015. 6829:: 9. 2012. Archived from 6547:The Sydney Morning Herald 5240:Field, Bonnie N. (2015). 5048:. Routledge. p. 40. 4848:Crameri, Kathryn (2014). 4820:. Routledge. p. 12. 3868:Balcells, Albert (1996). 3834:Crameri, Kathryn (2008). 3798:Strubell, Miquel (2011). 3778:Catalan Historical Review 3714:. Routledge. p. 30. 3375: 3213:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3186:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3099:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 3041:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 2947:Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió 2829:, Catalan flamenco singer 2546:(Catalunya En Comú-Podem) 2422:Sloan Kettering Institute 2316:Catalan National Assembly 2302: 892:(CUP) agreed to hold the 776: 403:National Day of Catalonia 377:contender, who swore the 367:War of Spanish Succession 260:Principality of Catalonia 175:a new, binding referendum 139: 9333:Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira 8924:templates for discussion 8857:Catalonia's independence 8848:10 November 2014 at the 8306:Minder, Raphael (2018). 5097:Crameri (2014), pp. 48–9 4610:Dowling, Andrew (2013). 4345:"Current Foreign Topics" 3874:. Springer. p. 15. 3542: 3010:21 February 2021 at the 2817:, Catalan rock/rumba duo 2623:In 2017 the concept of ' 2268:Unofficial consultation 1566:ICV was integrated into 1361:Support for independence 767:, a politician from the 570:Generalitat of Catalonia 254:Iberian Kingdoms in 1400 147:2006 Statute of Autonomy 10275:Pi de les Tres Branques 9992:International relations 9763:Northern Catalonia loss 9487:Popular Unity Candidacy 9020:Catalan Republic (1931) 8039:21 January 2018 at the 6903:Ministerio del Interior 4732:Conversi (2000), p. 145 4439:Ideologies of Hispanism 3371:Parliament of Catalonia 3005:ElectoPanel/Electomanía 2847:, Catalan film director 2753:Eduardo Mendoza Garriga 2600:Societat Civil Catalana 2434:and current manager of 2038:Pro-independence votes 1712:coalition (composed of 1330:2021 and 2024 elections 1282:football match between 1139:Parliament of Catalonia 999:independence referendum 894:independence referendum 760:Círculo de bellas artes 688:in the intersection of 644:University of Barcelona 562:Second Spanish Republic 215:Popular Unity Candidacy 120:Second Spanish Republic 53:independentisme catalan 45:independentismo catalán 9801:Republican Generalitat 9587:Proposta per les Illes 9293:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 9177:Anti-Catalan sentiment 9172:Republican Generalitat 9015:Plot of Prats de Molló 8875:"Courage in Catalonia" 7795:. 2018. Archived from 6919:elecciones.eldiario.es 6827:Programa Electoral PSC 6125:"Elecciones catalanas" 4539:"The Catalan Language" 3800:"The Catalan Language" 3663:Herr, Richard (1974). 3557:independentisme català 3310: 2595: 2478:, Catalan tenor singer 2350:Ramon Tremosa Balcells 2335: 2323: 2295:Supreme Court of Spain 1742:2021 regional election 1718:Acció per la República 1553:(1,628,714, CDC, ERC, 1336:2021 regional election 1222: 1150:misuse of public funds 1123:Supreme Court of Spain 1116:misuse of public funds 1103: 1002: 908: 860: 751: 700: 653: 637: 537: 534:President of Catalonia 484: 412:and the absolutism of 410:Count-Duke of Olivares 310: 255: 203:Together for Catalonia 192:new regional elections 52: 44: 37:independentisme català 36: 24: 9997:Independence movement 9564:Assembly of Catalonia 9288:Enric Prat de la Riba 9102:2017 Operation Anubis 9052:2010 autonomy protest 8984:independence movement 5183:Crameri (2014), p. 52 5127:. BRILL. p. 49. 5111:Crameri (2014), p. 50 4996:Crameri (2014), p. 44 4881:Crameri (2014), p. 40 4754:Lluch, Jaime (2014). 4469:Lluch, Jaime (2014). 4119:Benet, Josep (1995). 3397:'s daughter studied. 3308: 2932:No Answer/Don't Know 2823:, Catalan rock singer 2698:Inmobiliaria Colonial 2589: 2408:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 2334:match in October 2019 2329: 2310: 1874:CiU (1,015,691) 1298:, protesters erected 1217:March for Liberty on 1216: 1101: 1094:2019 Catalan protests 992: 906: 851: 788:protest demonstration 746: 683: 564:. Macià proclaimed a 536:between 1931 and 1933 524:On the left, Colonel 523: 458: 379:Catalan constitutions 253: 22: 10178:Gegants i capgrossos 9811:Catalan State (1934) 9759:Republic (1640–1641) 9124:2017 Wake Up Europe! 8929:Independentist sites 8011:. 23 September 2017. 7224:. Naciodigital.cat. 5018:on 17 September 2016 3616:Ryder, Alan (2007). 3442:History of Catalonia 3432:Anna Arqué i Solsona 2869:Jorge Javier Vázquez 2611:Spanish national day 2567:Spanish Constitution 2509:, Catalan music band 2497:, Catalan journalist 2346:Xavier Sala-i-Martín 2200:AraRep includes ERC 1688:(14,104), FNC (269) 1066:Spanish constitution 947:, and in Barcelona, 387:Nueva Planta Decrees 98:ideas widespread in 9773:War of the Catalans 9720:County of Barcelona 9582:Catalonia in Common 9470:Junts per Catalunya 9025:Events of 6 October 8980:Catalan nationalism 8226:The Washington Post 8112:The Washington Post 8060:. 26 September 2017 7943:Ya no soy del Barça 7394:. Ppcatalunya.com. 7372:. Ciudadanos-cs.org 7096:. 10 October 2014. 7025:. 10 September 2007 6891:. 13 November 2019. 6877:. 15 February 2021. 5886:. 27 December 2017. 5851:, 20 September 2017 5834:, 29 September 2017 5218:. 11 September 2014 5211:Washington Examiner 4799:Lluch (2014), p. 58 4741:Lluch (2014), p. 53 4655:Lluch (2014), p. 52 4643:Lluch (2014), p. 51 3329:The Washington Post 3301:Long-term prospects 3153:25 Sep–23 Oct 2019 2943:17 Nov–17 Dec 2021 2598:On 8 October 2017, 2364:Alfons López Tena. 2312:Concert for Freedom 2217: 2031: 1846:CiU (779,425) 1789: 1710:Junts per Catalunya 1381: 1172:across the region. 863:Mas and ERC leader 733:put to a referendum 729:Statute of Autonomy 709:Convergència i Unió 574:statute of autonomy 509:Catalan nationalism 434:national minorities 280:County of Barcelona 272:County of Barcelona 65:Catalan nationalism 9543:Democratic Tsunami 9139:2019–2020 protests 8880:The New York Times 8312:The New York Times 8145:. 22 December 2017 7967:2016-01-09 at the 7948:2015-11-02 at the 7555:The New York Times 7290:. 4 September 2017 7051:. 25 November 2011 6653:on 19 October 2019 6597:. 19 October 2019. 6577:. 18 October 2019. 6327:. 16 October 2019. 5902:Human Rights Watch 5843:Camila Domonoske, 5764:. 10 October 2017. 5724:. 17 October 2017. 5696:. 8 September 2017 5670:. 7 September 2017 5644:on 23 October 2017 5614:. 8 September 2017 5560:. 7 September 2017 5505:. 6 September 2017 4920:. 2 November 2005. 4375:The New York Times 4349:The New York Times 4325:. 7 September 1854 4322:The New York Times 3567:Regional variants: 3320:economies of scale 3311: 3182:16 Sep–7 Oct 2019 3128:GAD3/La Vanguardia 3070:GAD3/La Vanguardia 3037:23 Sep–9 Oct 2020 2976:GAD3/La Vanguardia 2809:Joan Manuel Serrat 2803:Montserrat Caballé 2755:, Catalan novelist 2662:Montserrat Caballé 2636:Joan Manuel Serrat 2596: 2563:self-determination 2336: 2324: 2229:% Pro-independence 2221:Political process 2041:% Pro-independence 1902:En Comú (929,880) 1871:ERC (244,854) 1843:ERC (298,139) 1801:% Pro-independence 1702:Catalan Parliament 1413:political parties 1395:% Pro-independence 1320:Spanish government 1223: 1221:on 18 October 2019 1189:Catalan Parliament 1104: 1019:Catalan parliament 1003: 993:Catalan President 925:September election 909: 861: 754:In November 2005, 752: 701: 632:Castilian language 538: 505:Catalan traditions 485: 340:Franco-Spanish War 256: 183:Catalan government 179:Spanish government 163:Catalan parliament 82:The beginnings of 67:) which seeks the 61:political movement 25: 10316: 10315: 10288: 10287: 10074: 10073: 10005: 10004: 9982:Political parties 9939: 9938: 9931:Spanish provinces 9769:War of Succession 9745:Catholic Monarchs 9654: 9653: 9632: 9631: 9368:Carles Puigdemont 9318:Josep Tarradellas 9240:Let Catalans Vote 9162:Catalan Countries 9097:2017 Yes Campaign 9082:2016 We are ready 9005:¡Cu-Cut! incident 8828:. 4 October 2019. 8701:. 15 October 2017 8349:on 9 October 2017 7717:. 29 October 2017 7665:. 29 October 2017 7609:. 12 October 2017 7503:. 29 October 2017 7184:. 20 October 2018 6549:. 19 October 2019 6523:. 18 October 2019 6494:. 18 October 2019 6392:. 17 October 2019 6301:. 15 October 2019 6186:. 18 October 2019 6007:. 10 October 2017 5981:. 10 October 2017 5904:. 12 October 2017 5081:Ajuntament de Vic 4080:978-84-18601-20-0 3951:978-84-947201-4-7 3627:978-0-19-920736-7 3569:Eastern Catalan: 3555:Pronunciation of 3266: 3265: 3238:8 Oct–5 Nov 2018 3095:9 Feb–3 Mar 2020 2694:Juan José Brugera 2672:Other individuals 2538:Political parties 2322:, on 29 June 2013 2314:organised by the 2300: 2299: 2204: 2203: 2196:AraRep (354,247) 2018: 2017: 1698: 1697: 1340:COVID-19 pandemic 1231:Intersindical-CSC 1181:Mossos d'Esquadra 1170:multiple protests 1044:Carles Puigdemont 995:Carles Puigdemont 938:Carles Puigdemont 774:The conservative 765:Santiago Carrillo 705:elections in 2003 690:Passeig de Gràcia 578:Spanish Civil War 516:Twentieth century 469:Assimilated Spain 391:Treaty of Utrecht 332:Catalan Civil War 296:Monarchy of Spain 284:Kingdom of Aragon 196:Carles Puigdemont 124:Spanish Civil War 10336: 10301: 10083: 10082: 10026:Financial crisis 10014: 10013: 9950: 9949: 9856: 9855: 9681: 9674: 9667: 9658: 9657: 9548:Catalan Alliance 9504:Més per Mallorca 9414:Pro-independence 9411: 9410: 9388:Elisenda Paluzie 9283:Valentí Almirall 9268: 9267:(10/27 Oct 2017) 9260: 9252: 9244: 9236: 9228: 9220: 9212: 9204: 9199:Bases de Manresa 9067:2014 Catalan Way 9062:2013 Catalan Way 9030:Operation Garzón 8992: 8991: 8990: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8858: 8830: 8829: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8725: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8345:. 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October 2017. 5860: 5859: 5855: 5842: 5838: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5809: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5773: 5769: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5721:The Independent 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5591: 5589: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5533:Theguardian.com 5525: 5521: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5475:. 9 June 2017. 5467: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5404: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5378:Financial Times 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5347:Financial Times 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5238: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5165:. 25 March 2014 5158: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5038: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4956: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4930: 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3884: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3796: 3789: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3722: 3706: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3661: 3657: 3643: 3639: 3628: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3480: 3472: 3418: 3377:Partido Popular 3363:Carme Forcadell 3352:Felipe González 3343: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3012:Wayback Machine 2972:10–12 May 2021 2916: 2890: 2884: 2882:Opinion polling 2839:Javier Cárdenas 2792: 2779: 2765:Albert Boadella 2730: 2714: 2680: 2678:José Luis Bonet 2674: 2584: 2574:former-partner 2540: 2535: 2503:, Catalan actor 2483:Teresa Forcades 2436:Manchester City 2388:Yoko Ono Lennon 2305: 2274:2017 referendum 2249:2014 referendum 2230: 2225: 2216: 2209: 2042: 2030: 2023: 1802: 1797: 1788: 1781: 1633:(570,733), CUP- 1629:ERC (605,529), 1565: 1475:ERC (219,173), 1449:pro-sovereignty 1412: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1332: 1237: 1142:Carme Forcadell 1127:Oriol Junqueras 1096: 1088:Main articles: 1086: 987: 975:Main articles: 973: 865:Oriol Junqueras 857:Oriol Junqueras 846: 840: 838:2014 Referendum 792:Òmnium Cultural 778:Partido Popular 769:Second Republic 756:Omnium Cultural 678: 550:Primo de Rivera 518: 473:Crown of Aragón 422:Castilian Crown 418:Crown of Aragon 264:Crown of Aragon 248: 243: 141:Partido Popular 63:(with roots in 17: 12: 11: 5: 10342: 10332: 10331: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10302: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10280:Catalan donkey 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10246: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10217: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10021:Catalan peseta 10017: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9921:Municipalities 9918: 9913: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9883:Extreme points 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9766: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9715:Roman Hispania 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: articles 9684: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9328:Guillem Agulló 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9303:Lluís Companys 9300: 9298:Francesc Macià 9295: 9290: 9285: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9261: 9253: 9245: 9237: 9229: 9221: 9213: 9205: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8995: 8994: 8969: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8887:on 1 June 2013 8871: 8865: 8853: 8838: 8837:External links 8835: 8832: 8831: 8813: 8795:(in Spanish). 8779: 8753: 8712: 8686: 8660: 8634: 8623:on 13 May 2018 8603: 8576: 8549: 8522: 8496: 8482: 8468: 8454: 8432: 8406: 8395:. The Guardian 8383: 8372:. Newstatesman 8360: 8324: 8298: 8265: 8239: 8211: 8185: 8156: 8125: 8097: 8071: 8045: 8026: 8014: 7985: 7973: 7954: 7935: 7906: 7894: 7882: 7851: 7829: 7810: 7780: 7754: 7743:. 4 March 2018 7728: 7702: 7676: 7650: 7620: 7594: 7568: 7540: 7514: 7488: 7461: 7435: 7409: 7383: 7361: 7335: 7317:(in Spanish). 7301: 7275: 7257: 7239: 7213: 7195: 7169: 7143: 7129: 7111: 7081: 7062: 7036: 7010: 6995:. Vilaweb.tv. 6984: 6973:on 28 May 2008 6958: 6932: 6906: 6894: 6880: 6862: 6847: 6811: 6794: 6775: 6757: 6739: 6721: 6702: 6683: 6664: 6634: 6600: 6580: 6560: 6534: 6505: 6483: 6477:Crónica Global 6462: 6428: 6403: 6381: 6355: 6330: 6312: 6290: 6256: 6222: 6197: 6168: 6142: 6116: 6088: 6060: 6032: 6018: 6003:(in Spanish). 5992: 5963: 5951:@charlesmichel 5937: 5915: 5889: 5871: 5853: 5836: 5819: 5793: 5767: 5761:The Daily Star 5747: 5727: 5707: 5681: 5655: 5625: 5599: 5571: 5545: 5519: 5490: 5460: 5429: 5395: 5364: 5333: 5302: 5289:978-0739190852 5288: 5268: 5255:978-1317409489 5254: 5229: 5197: 5185: 5176: 5147: 5134:978-9004294332 5133: 5113: 5099: 5090: 5068: 5055:978-1317580553 5054: 5029: 4998: 4986: 4973:978-0230337114 4972: 4945: 4923: 4905: 4883: 4874: 4861:978-1782841630 4860: 4840: 4827:978-1317580553 4826: 4814:"Introduction" 4801: 4792: 4780: 4767:978-0812209617 4766: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4712:978-0198299974 4711: 4691: 4678:978-0874173628 4677: 4657: 4645: 4636: 4623:978-1782840176 4622: 4602: 4589:978-8400084738 4588: 4565: 4552:978-9027232649 4551: 4529: 4516:978-0874173628 4515: 4495: 4482:978-0812209617 4481: 4461: 4448:978-0826514721 4447: 4425: 4412:978-0810857841 4411: 4388: 4377:. 18 June 1917 4362: 4336: 4308: 4292:978-0299176341 4291: 4271: 4255:978-1859731802 4254: 4234: 4212: 4195: 4178: 4161: 4154: 4136: 4129: 4111: 4105:978-8429723632 4104: 4086: 4079: 4061: 4054: 4033: 4007: 4000: 3982: 3975: 3957: 3950: 3932: 3926:Antoni Simon, 3919: 3912: 3894: 3881:978-1349242788 3880: 3860: 3847:978-0708320136 3846: 3826: 3813:978-1855662278 3812: 3787: 3764: 3739: 3721:978-1134353262 3720: 3695: 3681: 3655: 3637: 3626: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3573: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3356:Inés Arrimadas 3342: 3339: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3209:4–25 Mar 2019 3206: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3002: 3001:8–12 Feb 2021 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2886:Main article: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2725: 2712:José Creuheras 2709: 2700: 2691: 2673: 2670: 2668:among others. 2629:Guàrdia Urbana 2583: 2580: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2513:Xavi Hernández 2510: 2504: 2498: 2495:Miquel Calçada 2492: 2486: 2479: 2476:Josep Carreras 2473: 2467: 2461: 2452:Manel Esteller 2449: 2439: 2425: 2392:Dilma Rousseff 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231:(valid votes) 2227: 2222: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043:(valid votes) 2039: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803:(valid votes) 1799: 1794: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1397:(valid votes) 1393: 1388: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1331: 1328: 1288:Real Madrid CF 1258:student strike 1246:general strike 1085: 1082: 1078:Ines Arrimadas 1036:Charles Michel 1024:transition law 972: 969: 965:September 2016 945:September 2015 842:Main article: 839: 836: 803:Arenys de Munt 677: 674: 582:General Franco 554:Prats de Molló 546:Francesc Macià 526:Francesc Macià 517: 514: 481:Colonial Spain 381:, against the 320:Catalan Courts 247: 244: 242: 239: 223:People's Party 188:Spanish senate 108:Francesc Macià 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10341: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10015: 10012: 10008: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9725:Constitutions 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9682: 9677: 9675: 9670: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9407:Organisations 9405: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9393:Pere Aragonès 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9373:Roger Torrent 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9363:Jordi Cuixart 9361: 9359: 9358:Jordi Sànchez 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9348:Muriel Casals 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308:Joan Comorera 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9265: 9262: 9257: 9254: 9249: 9246: 9241: 9238: 9233: 9230: 9225: 9222: 9219:(23 Jan 2013) 9217: 9214: 9209: 9206: 9201: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9077:2015 Free Way 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8985: 8981: 8967: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8827: 8826:Nació Digital 8823: 8817: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8728:The Telegraph 8724: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8511:. 17 May 2018 8510: 8506: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8478: 8472: 8464: 8458: 8442: 8436: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8394: 8387: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8331: 8329: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8286: 8282: 8281:The Telegraph 8277: 8269: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8215: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8161: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8059: 8058:The Economist 8055: 8049: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7903: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7839: 7833: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7502: 7501:La Vanguardia 7498: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7371: 7365: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7289: 7288:La Vanguardia 7285: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6594:La Vanguardia 6590: 6584: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6391: 6385: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6294: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6120: 6104: 6103: 6102:La Vanguardia 6098: 6092: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5741:The Economist 5737: 5731: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5412:New Statesman 5409: 5402: 5400: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5180: 5164: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4993: 4991: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4863: 4857: 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3126: 3124:3–6 Feb 2020 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899:La Vanguardia 2896: 2889: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863:Susanna Griso 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2845:Isabel Coixet 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827:Miguel Poveda 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771:Mercedes Milá 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2723:Planeta Group 2718: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2675: 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