411:
165:, has been dated from the middle of the 3rd century BC to the end of the 1st century BC. The town of the Laietani covered the hilltop and the adjoining southern and eastern flanks. An Iberian water cistern was found carved from the bedrock under the castle's subsoil. A number of Iberian house remains were excavated under the church, although none have been found under the main area of the castle due to later modifications to the land surface, in order to level the courtyard in the middle of the 16th century.
201:
326:
292:
20:
386:, in order to hold brigade soldiers accused of indiscipline. The prison guards were quartered in the chapel of the Virgen de la Salud ("Virgin of Health"). As soon as the base was put into use, 265 prisoners were moved to the castle. Ćopić immediately ordered that 60 of them be shot in order to reduce the number of prisoners held; during the months that followed, torture and executions were carried out in the castle by the Republican forces.
129:
429:, (dedicated by his wife) Valeria Haline for having been an excellent husband". The monument has been dated to the 2nd century AD. The inscription identified the block as one that had been examined and recorded in the same rectory by an 18th-century antiquarian. The excavator believes that the memorial stone was found very close to its original location, and that the Roman villa belonged to Trocina Synecdemus.
223:("Fortunate Castle" in Latin). Archaeologists have not identified any remains of this early castle, suggesting that it may have been just a tower or perishable fortification, or that it stood on the highest part of the hill, located within the present-day castle courtyard, the bedrock of which was levelled during the 16th century.
93:
The castle had largely fallen into ruin by the second half of the 19th century, although the church continued in use as the local parish church. In 1893 a notorious murder took place in the rectory when a young baker broke in and murdered the parish priest and his niece. The murderer was soon caught,
85:
dating from the 1st to the 6th century AD. The castle was first recorded in AD 967, and by the 14th century a fortified house existed with a strong curtain wall. The church was also fortified in the 14th century. The castle as it stands today was largely built in the 16th century as a response to the
418:
During the 1989 restoration project, workers uncovered a Latin inscription upon a limestone block embedded in the rectory wall. The block measured 93 by 60 by 52 centimetres (37 by 24 by 20 in), with the area of the inscription measuring 78 by 48.5 centimetres (30.7 by 19.1 in). The block
144:
The entire complex of buildings, incorporating both the keep and the church and their associated outbuildings, is contained within a fortified enclosure, the wall of which has been modified throughout the castle's history. The outer gate of the castle is at the northern extreme of the bailey; it is
308:
baker by the name of Joaquín
Figueras broke into the rectory and stabbed 60-year-old parish priest Jacint Orta Berenguer 14 times. He also attacked his ex-girlfriend, 21-year-old Rita Bosch Orta, who was the priest's niece, stabbing her 27 times and shooting her twice. He is reported to have raped
136:
The castle consists of a fortress dominated by a high, circular tower. It possesses a number of smaller towers of a variety of types, and the complex includes a church, and residential buildings on the western side. The southern portion of the castle bailey is occupied by the partially fortified
245:
By the 14th-15th centuries, regional instability led to the increased need for defences, and the church was fortified. Records from the period indicate that the hilltop had been occupied by a fortified house with a strong curtain wall. The earliest known remains of the castle date to the 14th
119:
The castle stands upon a 59-metre (194 ft) high hill to the northeast of the town centre, occupying a prominent position overlooking the coast. The hill has a number of artificial terraces on its eastern and southern sides, and its summit is covered with vegetation.
173:
The Roman villa has been dated from the 1st century BC to the 6th century AD. The discovery of a 2nd-century funerary monument dedicated to Caius
Trocina Synecdemus has led the excavator to attribute the ownership of the villa to him. The villa probably fell within the
102:
banker, who refurbished it and added decorative crenellations throughout. In the early 20th century the parish church was moved to its current location and the castle church was refurbished as a family chapel. The castle again achieved notoriety during the
382:. The castle was first used as a Republican military training centre. On 12 April 1938, Italian commissary general Luigi Gallo announced that the castle would be used as a prison. It was then prepared as a prison camp by the Croatian commander
137:
church and its associated outbuildings, including the rectory and vestry, and a cemetery. The castle keep, actually consisting of two main buildings, is on the west side. The eastern portion of the keep is built from red sandstone, quarried in
312:
Figueras was arrested in
Barcelona on 3 September and confessed to the murders, although he denied robbing and raping Rita Bosch Orta. He was tried in Barcelona in June 1894. He was quickly found guilty and was sentenced to death. He was
358:
Girona died in 1903, and his son, Manuel Girona Vidal, restored the church for use as a family chapel. He also built the current parish church in
Castelldefels, and the image of St. Mary was moved there from the castle in 1911.
333:
By the second half of the 19th century, the castle had fallen into ruin and, at the end of the century, its ownership passed into the hands of Manuel Girona, a powerful
Barcelonan banker and politician. He contracted
278:
ordered the construction of an extensive series of fortifications along the
Mediterranean coast. At this time, the existing fortified house was demolished and the first phase of the castle was constructed from red
246:
century; a truncated circular tower to the south of the church is of this date. Also in the 14th century, the church was partially fortified, particularly the southern apse, and battlements were added.
317:
beneath the castle walls at 9am on 19 June 1895 before an estimated crowd of eight thousand people. His corpse was displayed until 5pm; he was then buried next to his victims in the castle cemetery.
394:
In 1988, ownership of the castle passed to
Castelldefels municipal council. In 1989, the council launched a project to restore the church and its associated buildings, including the
216:. The new church was first mentioned in a document dating to AD 967. The first mention of a castle on the hill is an indirect reference to the church of St. Mary of
153:
Archaeological reconnaissance of the hillside below the castle revealed abundant ancient remains, leading to the conclusion that the hill supported an ancient
1127:
757:
899:
154:
66:. The fortress was first recorded in the 10th century, as was the former parish church of St. Mary, contained within its outer wall.
962:
737:
1117:
1032:
786:] (in French). Vol. IV (Barcino). Paris, France: Universitat de Barcelona with Fundació "La Caixa" and De Boccard.
283:. At this time the castle's basal platform and retaining walls were built. The great southwest tower was erected in 1590.
304:
In 1893, the castle church still served as the parish church, and the rectory was inhabited. On 26 August, a 25-year-old
1053:
906:. I, Prehistoria y Arqueología (in Spanish) (5). Madrid, Spain: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: 389–400.
1102:
1001:
946:
791:
69:
The castle occupies a hilltop to the northeast of the modern town centre and the castle complex includes the castle
1107:
826:[The Press and Criminal Events: The case of crime in Castelldefels (Barcelona), August 1893 - June 1895].
230:
in style and dates from the 11th century. The
Romanesque church was probably consecrated in 1106. It has a single
1122:
1112:
810:
184:, and was at the edge of a small port; it was probably used by Trocina Synecdemus to fund his public office of
811:"Un castillo de muy mal agüero: El castillo de Castelldefels, antigua prisión de las brigadas internacionales"
1092:
410:
259:
189:
74:
813:[A Castle of Ill Omen: The castle of Castelldefels, former prison of the International Brigades].
761:
350:
were added to the great southwest tower, and to most of the castle walls. The work was completed in 1897.
343:
181:
95:
1027:. Studies in Canadian Military History Series. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 125–137.
824:"Prensa y sucesos delictivos: El caso de crimen de Castelldefels (Barcelona), agosto 1893 - junio 1895"
213:
204:
The church of St. Mary within the curtain wall, with the base of a 14th-century tower in the foreground
923:
983:
368:
227:
209:
857:"La restauración de la iglesia de Santa María del Castillo de Castelldefels (Barcelona, España)"
599:
63:
1097:
371:
108:
1020:
932:
823:
777:
77:. The hill was first occupied in ancient times and archaeologists have excavated remains of a
741:
867:(445). Madrid, Spain: Instituto de las Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja: 33–49.
141:. The western portion is bulkier and has plaster-coated masonry, giving it a beige colour.
583:
8:
900:"Redescubrimiento de una inscripción latina en el castillo de Castelldefels (Barcelona)"
98:
outside the castle walls in 1895. Soon afterwards the castle was purchased by a wealthy
275:
59:
1038:
1028:
1007:
997:
952:
942:
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907:
886:
878:
843:
835:
797:
787:
263:
104:
696:
868:
383:
305:
39:
31:
902:[Rediscovery of a Latin Inscription in Castelldefels Castle (Barcelona)].
267:
200:
760:. Heidelberg, Germany: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Archived from
740:(in Spanish). Castelldefels, Spain: Ajuntament de Castelldefels. Archived from
402:. At the same time an investigation of the castle complex was also undertaken.
379:
325:
291:
255:
87:
111:
used it as a disciplinary prison camp, with resulting executions and torture.
1086:
1068:
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890:
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347:
339:
176:
47:
422:
C. TROCINAE C. LIB. SYNECDEMO IIIIII VIR. AUG. VALERIA.HALINE MARITO.OPTIMO
128:
73:, a church, associated outbuildings, and a cemetery, all contained within a
982:
Navarro Pérez, Jordi; García
Rosauro, Gabriel; Cardona Vives, Neus (1999).
212:, which had been given instruction to develop the Castelldefels region by
425:
This was interpreted as "To Caius
Trocina Synecdemus, freedman of Caius,
158:
82:
990:
The Crime of Castelldefels: Castelldefels at the end of the 19th century
981:
635:
633:
620:
618:
208:
The church of St. Mary was built on the hill in the 10th century by the
19:
941:] (in Catalan). Castelldefels, Spain: Ajuntament de Castelldefels.
559:
549:
547:
545:
543:
630:
615:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
280:
271:
99:
51:
571:
540:
395:
375:
335:
239:
162:
78:
454:
996:(in Spanish). Castelldefels, Spain: Ajuntament de Castelldefels.
985:
El Crimen de Castelldefels: Castelldefels a finales del siglo XIX
419:
possibly served as the base of a statue, and was inscribed with:
399:
314:
873:
856:
218:
138:
686:
684:
503:
501:
499:
497:
444:
442:
295:
The decorative main gate dates to the end of the 19th century
55:
518:
516:
484:
482:
480:
478:
81:
settlement dating from the 3rd to the 1st century BC, and a
681:
669:
657:
235:
231:
70:
494:
439:
62:
against neighbouring Muslim territories, particularly the
528:
513:
475:
374:
from April 1938 to January 1939, being moved there from
270:
presented increased danger to the coastal population of
854:
735:
639:
624:
609:
605:
589:
577:
565:
553:
469:
645:
367:The castle was used as a base of operations by the
414:Limestone block with 2nd century Roman inscription
834:. Murcia, Spain: Universidad de Murcia: 327–339.
817:(in Spanish). Castelldefels, Spain: La Mirada 09.
1084:
342:to restore the castle walls and towers, and add
712:
58:, that was built to defend the frontier of the
821:
775:
706:
593:
1025:Renegades: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War
776:Fabre, G.; Mayer, Marc; Rodâ, Isabel (1984).
756:Epigraphic Database Heidelberg (2009-10-12).
930:
897:
702:
690:
675:
663:
534:
522:
507:
488:
448:
145:decorative in nature and was built in 1897.
161:. The Iberian settlement, inhabited by the
1128:Buildings and structures in Baix Llobregat
872:
808:
651:
16:Historic fortress in Castelldefels, Spain
855:González Moreno-Navarro, Antoni (1996).
409:
324:
290:
199:
127:
46:) is a frontier fortress in the town of
18:
1085:
1018:
254:By the middle of the 16th century the
226:The church structure visible today is
195:
132:The eastern section of the castle keep
939:The Castle and the Towers of Defence
736:Ajuntament de Castelldefels (n.d.).
389:
378:under pressure from an offensive by
362:
755:
718:
168:
13:
974:
934:El Castell i les torres de defensa
809:Forssmann, Alec (5 October 2011).
779:Inscriptions romaines de Catalogne
299:
242:, and supports a small belltower.
14:
1139:
405:
828:Anales de Historia Contemporánea
822:García Rosauro, Gabriel (1995).
784:Roman Inscriptions of Catalonia
353:
286:
249:
931:López Mullor, Alberto (2000).
898:López Mullor, Alberto (1992).
738:"El Castillo de Castelldefels"
346:windows and doors. Decorative
320:
123:
1:
1118:19th-century murders in Spain
728:
707:Fabre, Mayer & Rodâ 1984
640:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
625:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
610:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
590:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
578:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
566:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
554:González Moreno-Navarro 1996
23:Castelldefels Castle in 2006
7:
861:Informes de la Construcción
606:Ajuntament de Castelldefels
470:Ajuntament de Castelldefels
262:and controlled much of the
114:
10:
1144:
214:Sunyer, Count of Barcelona
148:
36:Castillo de Castelldefels
1103:Roman sites in Catalonia
1019:Petrou, Michael (2008).
432:
1108:Spanish Civil War sites
904:Espacio, Tiempo y Forma
210:monastery of Sant Cugat
157:settlement and a later
1123:1890s murders in Spain
1113:1893 murders in Europe
963:"Downloadable version"
415:
372:International Brigades
330:
309:her as she lay dying.
296:
266:; their alliance with
205:
133:
109:International Brigades
43:
35:
24:
413:
328:
294:
260:increasingly powerful
203:
131:
22:
1093:Castles in Catalonia
329:Interior of the keep
274:. In response, King
64:Caliphate of Córdoba
28:Castelldefels Castle
1065: /
709:, pp. 197–198.
594:García Rosauro 1995
196:10th–14th centuries
416:
331:
297:
276:Philip II of Spain
206:
134:
60:Carolingian Empire
25:
1034:978-0-7748-1417-1
1021:"10: Punishments"
703:López Mullor 1992
691:López Mullor 1992
676:López Mullor 1992
664:López Mullor 1992
568:, pp. 36–37.
535:López Mullor 2000
523:López Mullor 2000
508:López Mullor 1992
489:López Mullor 2000
449:López Mullor 1992
390:Late 20th century
363:Spanish Civil War
264:Mediterranean Sea
105:Spanish Civil War
86:expansion of the
1135:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:41.284°N 1.978°E
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1046:
1015:
995:
969:
967:
960:
927:
922:. Archived from
894:
876:
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818:
805:
772:
770:
769:
752:
750:
749:
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467:
452:
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427:sevir augustalis
186:sevir augustalis
169:Roman occupation
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1082:
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977:
975:Further reading
972:
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713:
705:, p. 396;
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300:Murders of 1893
289:
268:Barbary pirates
252:
198:
188:(priest of the
171:
151:
126:
117:
44:Castell de Fels
17:
12:
11:
5:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1016:
1002:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:
947:
928:
926:on 2015-02-02.
895:
863:(in Spanish).
852:
830:(in Spanish).
819:
806:
792:
773:
753:
732:
730:
727:
724:
723:
711:
695:
693:, p. 396.
680:
678:, p. 391.
668:
666:, p. 390.
656:
652:Forssmann 2011
644:
629:
614:
598:
596:, p. 330.
592:, p. 37;
582:
570:
558:
539:
527:
512:
510:, p. 398.
493:
474:
453:
451:, p. 389.
437:
436:
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407:
406:Roman monument
404:
391:
388:
380:General Franco
364:
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322:
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256:Ottoman Empire
251:
248:
197:
194:
192:) in Barcino.
170:
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88:Ottoman Empire
15:
9:
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3:
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1098:Castelldefels
1096:
1094:
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1078:
1074:41.284; 1.978
1044:
1040:
1036:
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1022:
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1005:
1003:84-920013-3-X
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948:84-920013-4-8
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793:84-7488-117-X
789:
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764:on 2015-02-02
763:
759:
754:
744:on 2014-09-11
743:
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720:
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699:
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687:
685:
677:
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665:
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653:
648:
642:, p. 37.
641:
636:
634:
627:, p. 35.
626:
621:
619:
612:, p. 33.
611:
607:
602:
595:
591:
586:
580:, p. 36.
579:
574:
567:
562:
556:, p. 34.
555:
550:
548:
546:
544:
537:, p. 16.
536:
531:
525:, p. 12.
524:
519:
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491:, p. 10.
490:
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48:Castelldefels
45:
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37:
33:
29:
21:
1050:
1024:
989:
984:
938:
933:
924:the original
903:
864:
860:
831:
827:
815:Cielo Oscuro
814:
783:
778:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
714:
698:
671:
659:
647:
601:
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530:
426:
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344:Gothic-style
332:
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253:
250:16th century
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185:
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143:
135:
118:
92:
75:curtain wall
68:
27:
26:
1072: /
384:Milan Ćopić
321:Restoration
234:with three
159:Roman villa
124:Description
83:Roman villa
1087:Categories
1057:41°17′02″N
874:10.3989/ic
768:2015-02-02
758:"HD056880"
748:2015-02-01
729:References
369:Republican
338:architect
228:Romanesque
100:Barcelonan
1060:1°58′41″E
1043:549296964
1012:807624574
957:807794033
920:803347452
912:1130-0116
891:226370350
883:1988-3234
848:733135656
840:1989-5968
802:489637008
306:Aragonese
281:sandstone
272:Catalonia
107:when the
52:Barcelona
719:EDH 2009
396:sacristy
376:Albacete
315:garroted
240:transept
163:Laietani
115:Location
96:executed
94:and was
79:Laietani
400:rectory
336:Catalan
219:Castrum
182:Barcino
155:Iberian
149:History
50:, near
40:Catalan
32:Spanish
1041:
1031:
1010:
1000:
992:]
955:
945:
918:
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889:
881:
846:
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139:Begues
994:(PDF)
988:[
966:(PDF)
937:[
782:[
433:Notes
236:apses
221:Felix
56:Spain
1039:OCLC
1029:ISBN
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