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in 1524, the Casa de
Contratación had broad powers over overseas matters, especially financial matters concerning trade and legal disputes arising from it. It also was responsible for the licensing of emigrants, training of pilots, creation of maps and charters, probate of estates of Spaniards dying
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Cartographers in
England, the Low Countries, and Germany, however, continued to improve their skills in making maps and in organizing and presenting geographic information, until by the end of the 17th century, even Spanish intellectuals were lamenting that the maps produced by foreigners were
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The other taxes could run as high as 40% to provide naval protection for the trading ships or as low as 10 per cent during financial turmoil to encourage investment and economic growth in the colony. Each ship was required to employ a clerk to keep detailed logs of all goods carried and all
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In 1562, Gutierrez published the map entitled "Americae ... Descriptio" in
Antwerp. It was published in Antwerp instead of Spain because the Spanish engravers did not have the necessary skill to print such a complicated document. Other cosmographers included
65:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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was a huge undertaking, and critical to the success of the voyages of discovery. Without good navigational aids, the ability of Spain to exploit and profit from what it found would have been limited. The
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collected all colonial taxes and duties, approved all voyages of exploration and trade, maintained secret information on trade routes and new discoveries, licensed captains, and administered
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Although these maps are not especially accurate or detailed, his work represented the apogee of
Spanish mapmaking in that period, and surpassed anything done by the other European powers.
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had fallen into bureaucratic gridlock, and the empire as a whole was failing, due primarily to Spain's inability to finance both war on the
Continent and a global empire.
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had a large number of cartographers and navigators (pilots), archivists, record keepers, administrators and others involved in producing and managing the
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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El piloto mayor de la Casa de la
Contratación de Sevilla: pilotos mayores, catedráticos de cosmografía y cosmográfos
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was named factor for the Crown by King
Ferdinand "the Catholic: and Queen Juana I of Castile in 1509 for the Casa.
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He produced a master map and twelve subsidiary maps portraying the worldwide
Spanish empire in cartographic form.
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Pedro Ruiz-Castell and Ximo
Guillem-Llobat; Josep Simon; Néstor Herran with Tayra Lanuza-Navarro (27 May 2009).
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His nephew, Juan Vespucci, inherited his famous uncle's maps, charts, and nautical instruments, and along with
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Although the Casa de Contratación was not located in a specific building, its documents can now be seen in the
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It was constantly improved from its first version in 1508, and was the counterpart of the Portuguese map, the
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on October 22, 1554, after the death of his father Diego in January 1554; he also worked on the Padrón Real.
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were also officially ended due to the abolition, bringing an end to the prosperous Spanish colonial income.
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Cartografía y navegación: del portulano a la carta esférica : del siglo XIII a comienzos del siglo XIX
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Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific
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805:"OCHOA ALVAREZ DE YSASAGA, PROTAGONISTA DEL CICLO "CONOCIENDO LA HISTORIA DE VILLAFRANCA""
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Collins, Edward. "Portuguese Pilots at the Casa de la Contratación and the Examenes de Pilotos".
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was appointed to Amerigo's former position as the official Spanish government pilot at Seville.
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Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia
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to Spain were officially signed over to Spain's creditors before the Manila galleon made port.
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345:. Trade with the overseas possessions was handled by a merchants' guild based in Seville, the
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also ran a navigation school; new pilots, or navigators, were trained for ocean voyages here.
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The Mapping of New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geograficas
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274:, and Francisco Pinelo the first factor. They soon controlled the economic development of
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The Crown, the Court and the Casa da Índia: Political Centralization in Portugal 1479-1521
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The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 8, The American and French Revolutions, 1763-93
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On Wolves and Sheep: Exploring the Expression of Political Thought in Golden Age Spain
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A History of Latin America, Volume 1: Ancient America to 1910: Ancient America to 1910
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James D. Henderson; Helen Delpar; Maurice Philip Brungardt; Richard N. Weldon (2000).
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in 1503, eleven years after Christopher Columbus's landfall in the Americas in 1492.
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Experiencing Nature: The Spanish American Empire and the Early Scientific Revolution
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In the 1530s and 1540s, the principal mapmakers (known as "cosmographers") in the
180:. It functioned until 1790, when it was abolished in a government reorganization.
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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Dr. Sancho de Matienzo became the first treasurer, Jimeno de Bribiesca the first
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Trade and Navigation Between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Hapsburgs
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1398:. Latin American Institute of the University of New Mexico. 1989. p. 16.
456:, who made at least two voyages to the New World, was a pilot working at the
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The Iberian Bases of the English Art of Navigation in the Sixteenth Century
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Lexikon of the Hispanic Baroque: Transatlantic Exchange and Transformation
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until his death in 1512. A special position was created for Vespucci, the
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466:(chief of navigation), in 1508; he trained new pilots for ocean voyages.
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Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe
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In theory, no Spaniard could sail anywhere without the approval of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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2521:
2421:
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227:. However, smuggling often took place in different parts of the vast
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1689:, vol. 1, pp. 589–90. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe
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was the Spanish counterpart of the Portuguese organization, the
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The Consulados de Comercio and Defense of Maritime Commerce
1570:
409:, diminishing Seville's importance in international trade.
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1247:
877:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 53.
1703:. Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano- Americanos, 1950.
1365:
598:, vol. 1, p. 589. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
1597:
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Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800
1439:
Beyond Borders: Fresh Perspectives in History of Science
164:("House of Trade of the Indies") was established by the
1429:
978:. UC Biblioteca Geral 1. p. 13. GGKEY:KXSJC7ZAS51.
638:
The Coronado Expedition: From the Distance of 460 Years
1628:
Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography
1550:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 17–18, 22–23.
944:
855:
635:
Richard Flint; Shirley Cushing Flint (18 March 2003).
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Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
1254:. Escuela Tipográfica y Librería Salesianas. p.
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1205:
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1049:
The Age of Absolutism (Routledge Revivals): 1660-1815
940:
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355:. Trade was physically controlled in well-regulated
58:
1296:William Patterson Cumming; Louis De Vorsey (1998).
1251:
Los trabajos geográficos de la Casa de Contratación
95:{{Translated|es|Casa de la Contratación de Indias}}
1687:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1262:
1124:
935:
887:
663:
655:
596:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1571:Martin Jay; Sumathi Ramaswamy (29 January 2014).
1462:
1302:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 4.
1289:
1155:Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History
828:
721:
694:
382:More often than not, the riches transported from
4123:
1664:Buisseret, David. "Spain Maps Her 'New World'",
1564:
1543:
1359:
1099:
891:Conquest: The Destruction of the American Indios
875:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526
2609:
1624:
1516:
1366:Pamela Smith; Paula Findlen (18 October 2013).
1332:
1328:. Royal Geographical Society. 1915. p. 83.
1015:
748:
1489:
1415:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 219.
1151:
1072:
989:Benjamin Keen; Keith A. Haynes (1 July 2008).
982:
914:
881:
484:who was then leading an expedition in Brazil.
83:accompanying your translation by providing an
49:Click for important translation instructions.
36:expand this article with text translated from
2254:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
1735:
1673:The International Journal of Maritime History
1618:
1598:Evonne Levy; Kenneth Mills (6 January 2014).
1591:
1510:
1496:. University of Chicago Press. p. 1146.
1456:
1442:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 83.
1408:
1342:Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793
1041:
1039:
628:
1929:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
1631:. University of Chicago Press. p. 101.
1483:
1158:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 84.
971:
948:Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500–1900
822:
688:
607:
337:model, governed (at least in theory) by the
4197:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
1577:. Duke University Press. pp. 215–216.
1066:
1009:
849:
666:A Reference Guide to Latin American History
263:, established in 1434 and destroyed by the
1742:
1728:
1685:Fisher, John R. "Casa de Contratación" in
1661:(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006).
1339:Richard L. Kagan; Fernando Marías (2000).
1220:
1093:
1045:
1036:
965:
908:
859:Pre-history. America and the Pacific ocean
769:
701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
594:John R. Fisher, "Casa de Contratación" in
4048:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
1604:. University of Texas Press. p. 26.
1537:
1469:. Stanford University Press. p. 70.
1386:
1179:Frederick Julius Pohl (28 October 2013).
1118:
742:
715:
698:Trade and Peace with Old Spain, 1667–1750
601:
204:, chartered companies established by the
4053:Colonial universities in the Philippines
1402:
1241:
1199:
1172:
1145:
120:
3044:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
1668:, February 1992, No. 8, pp. 14–19.
1523:. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
1493:Cartography in the European Renaissance
951:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 46.
918:Natural and Moral History of the Indies
802:
725:The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire
538:(Cosmographer-Chronicler Major) of the
351:, which worked in conjunction with the
4187:Organizations established in the 1500s
4124:
3997:
1463:Daniela Bleichmar (18 December 2008).
921:. Duke University Press. p. 177.
722:William S. Maltby (24 November 2008).
695:Jean O. McLachlan (19 November 2015).
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2001:
1990:
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1761:
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1345:. Yale University Press. p. 55.
1019:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830
872:
866:
507:was appointed as cosmographer in the
476:In 1524, Juan Vespucci was appointed
397:reduced the power of Seville and the
161:Casa de la Contratación de las Indias
149:
4147:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2325:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1817:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
1544:Barbara E. Mundy (1 December 2000).
1372:. Taylor & Francis. p. 91.
1233:. Harvard University Press. p.
1131:. Courier Corporation. p. 143.
1104:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 180.
1073:Albert Goodwin (23 September 1976).
1052:. Taylor & Francis. p. 51.
915:José de Acosta (24 September 2002).
18:
4028:Indochristian painting in New Spain
2148:
1490:David Woodward (1 September 2007).
1409:Aaron M. Kahn (22 September 2011).
1248:Manuel de la Puente y Olea (1900).
945:Patrick O'Flanagan (28 June 2013).
436:The cartographic enterprise at the
421:, abolished it altogether in 1790.
176:in 1717) as a crown agency for the
16:Crown agency for the Spanish Empire
13:
2995:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2468:
1749:
1650:
1212:. Harper & Brothers. pp.
1152:Elizabeth Nash (13 October 2005).
1016:Richard Harding (4 January 2002).
728:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 81.
413:further limited the powers of the
244:Ochoa Alvarez de Isasaga (Ysasaga)
14:
4208:
2225:
2088:
1969:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
1708:
829:Susannah Ferreira (29 May 2015).
552:superior to those made in Spain.
333:Spain employed the then standard
292:(royal fifth) was levied by the
4080:Criollos in the colonial society
4008:Spanish missions in the Americas
3130:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
1275:. Armada Nacional. p. 275.
995:. Cengage Learning. p. 91.
480:(Examiner of Pilots), replacing
195:
188:overseas. Its official name was
183:Before the establishment of the
23:
4107:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
1991:
1625:David Buisseret (6 July 1998).
1517:David Buisseret (22 May 2003).
1316:
1100:Timothy R Walton (April 2002).
1046:Max Beloff (19 December 2013).
856:Hans Ferdinand Helmolt (1901).
2436:
2159:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1867:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1227:Clarence Henry Haring (1918).
1206:Frederick Albion Ober (1907).
796:
588:
375:By the late 17th century, the
151:[ˈkasaðekontɾataˈθjon]
93:You may also add the template
1:
4058:General Archive of the Indies
3319:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
2990:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2975:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
1924:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
1877:War of the Spanish Succession
1842:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
1182:Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major
776:John Michael Francis (2006).
580:
393:In the 18th century, the new
370:
190:La Casa y Audiencia de Indias
4152:1503 establishments in Spain
3016:
2130:Captaincy General of Yucatan
2060:Union with Holy Roman Empire
2039:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
1954:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
1696:. Avon Books, New York, USA.
1079:. CUP Archive. p. 402.
862:. W. Heinemann. p. 388.
803:Kultura (20 February 2018).
755:. Kensal Press. p. 19.
563:The Virgin of the Navigators
431:
281:
7:
2894:
2610:Administrative subdivisions
1807:War of the League of Cognac
1574:Empires of Vision: A Reader
1299:The Southeast in early maps
1125:Lloyd Arnold Brown (1979).
1102:The Spanish Treasure Fleets
888:Massimo Livi-Bacci (2008).
555:
10:
4213:
4142:Political history of Spain
3324:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
3309:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
3211:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
2373:
2109:), Western United States (
2002:
1872:Portuguese Restoration War
1692:McDougall, Walter (1993):
1185:. Routledge. p. 187.
641:. UNM Press. p. 265.
530:In the late 16th century,
57:Machine translation, like
4182:National mapping agencies
4137:Economic history of Spain
4092:Slavery in Spanish Empire
4003:
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3672:
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3379:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
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3120:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
3082:
3026:
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3011:
2980:Barcelona Trading Company
2947:
2904:
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2745:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
2715:
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2379:
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2252:Venezuela, part of Guyana
2231:
2154:
2105:, Central United States (
2094:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1837:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
1822:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1768:
1757:
1657:Barrera Osorio, Antonio,
1022:. Routledge. p. 24.
782:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
536:Cosmógrafo-Cronista Mayor
401:. In 1717 they moved the
311:produced and managed the
168:, in 1503 in the port of
38:the corresponding article
4033:Quito painting tradition
4023:Cusco painting tradition
3384:García López de Cárdenas
3374:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
3281:Felipe González de Ahedo
3201:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1778:Conquest of the Americas
1325:The Geographical Journal
749:J. A. C. Hugill (1991).
3818:Comuneros (New Granada)
3595:Balearic Islands (1558)
3314:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3241:Ruy López de Villalobos
3196:Miguel López de Legazpi
3110:García de Toledo Osorio
1974:Western Sahara conflict
1964:Independence of Morocco
1904:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1847:Piracy in the Caribbean
1832:French Wars of Religion
894:. Polity. p. 293.
670:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
499:, Sebastian Cabot, and
426:Spanish treasure fleets
348:Consulado de mercaderes
286:A 20 per cent tax, the
259:, or House of Índia of
104:For more guidance, see
4063:Colonial Spanish Horse
3737:Colonia del Sacramento
2960:Spanish treasure fleet
2537:Royal Decree of Graces
835:. BRILL. p. 169.
752:No Peace Without Spain
611:El hierro y la pólvora
265:1755 Lisbon earthquake
147:Spanish pronunciation:
136:
4167:18th century in Spain
4162:17th century in Spain
4157:16th century in Spain
3221:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
3181:Juan Sebastián Elcano
2496:Council of the Indies
1857:Spanish–Moro conflict
1827:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1787:Treaty of Tordesillas
972:David Waters (1970).
614:. UNAM. p. 231.
608:Jorge Galván (2006).
540:Council of the Indies
532:Juan López de Velasco
478:examinador de pilotos
240:Isabella I of Castile
238:was created by Queen
185:Council of the Indies
128:Archive of the Indies
124:
106:Knowledge:Translation
77:copyright attribution
4018:Mesoamerican Codices
3742:Comuneros (Paraguay)
3580:Siege of Castelnuovo
3166:Christopher Columbus
2985:Consulate of the Sea
2965:Casa de Contratación
2556:Titles and positions
1949:Spanish–American War
1939:Liberal constitution
1782:Asia and the Pacific
1699:Pulido Rubio, José.
873:Floyd, Troy (1973).
497:Alonso de Santa Cruz
489:Casa de Contratación
471:Andrés de San Martín
458:Casa de Contratación
438:Casa de Contratación
399:Casa de Contratacion
377:Casa de Contratación
353:Casa de Contratación
309:Casa de Contratación
236:Casa de Contratación
202:East India Companies
172:(and transferred to
142:Casa de Contratación
4192:Government of Spain
3747:Cartagena de Indias
3369:Diego de Mazariegos
3339:Pere Fages i Beleta
3206:Sebastián de Ocampo
2687:Provincias Internas
2659:Captaincies General
2573:Municipal president
2542:School of Salamanca
2313:Spanish East Indies
2292:Misiones Orientales
2164:Spanish West Indies
2128:, Central America (
2075:Pyrénées-Orientales
2028:Union with Portugal
1919:Napoleonic invasion
1899:War of Jenkins' Ear
527:(Diego's brother).
4172:History of Seville
4043:Academia Antártica
3998:Other civil topics
3364:Pánfilo de Narváez
3266:Sebastián Vizcaíno
3231:Andrés de Urdaneta
3191:Juan Ponce de León
3176:Ferdinand Magellan
3150:Bernardo de Gálvez
3049:Indian auxiliaries
2547:Trial of residence
2527:Laws of the Indies
2311:Asia and Oceania (
2172:Dominican Republic
1675:26 (2014): 179–92.
521:Jerónimo de Chaves
212:, and others, the
137:
85:interlanguage link
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
3988:
3987:
3893:Spanish conquests
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3668:
3667:
3349:Pedro de Alvarado
3334:Gaspar de Portolà
3329:Pedro de Valdivia
3304:Francisco Pizarro
3256:Nicolás de Ovando
3251:Alonso de Ercilla
3226:Alonso de Salazar
3059:Ships of the line
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2431:
2430:
2388:Northern Africa (
2384:Equatorial Guinea
2368:
2367:
2305:
2304:
2220:
2219:
2143:
2142:
2134:Spanish Caribbean
2107:Spanish Louisiana
2083:
2082:
2018:Crown of Castille
1982:
1981:
1959:Spanish Civil War
1934:Adams–Onís Treaty
1914:Nootka Convention
1862:Thirty Years' War
1852:Eighty Years' War
1773:Catholic Monarchs
1763:Timeline–immersed
1682:65 (2013): 25–36.
1638:978-0-226-07993-6
1611:978-0-292-75309-9
1584:978-0-8223-7897-6
1557:978-0-226-55097-8
1530:978-0-19-150090-9
1503:978-0-226-90733-8
1476:978-0-8047-7633-2
1449:978-1-4438-1147-7
1422:978-1-4438-3417-9
1379:978-1-135-30035-7
1352:978-0-300-08314-9
1282:978-9974-7624-1-1
1192:978-1-136-22713-4
1165:978-0-19-518204-0
1138:978-0-486-23873-9
1128:The Story of Maps
1086:978-0-521-29108-8
1059:978-1-317-81664-5
1029:978-1-135-36486-1
1002:978-0-618-78320-5
958:978-1-4094-8011-2
901:978-0-7456-4001-3
842:978-90-04-29819-4
789:978-1-85109-421-9
762:978-0-946041-58-9
735:978-1-137-04187-6
708:978-1-107-58561-4
681:978-1-56324-744-6
648:978-0-8263-2977-6
621:978-970-770-393-3
200:Unlike the later
117:
116:
50:
46:
4204:
4177:History of Cádiz
3994:
3993:
3960:Chibchan Nations
3889:
3888:
3858:Santiago de Cuba
3717:Guadalupe Island
3677:
3676:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3359:Diego de Almagro
3236:Antonio de Ulloa
3140:Ambrosio Spinola
3135:Pedro de Zubiaur
3105:Alfonso d'Avalos
3095:Antonio de Leyva
3039:Army of Flanders
3024:
3023:
3013:
3012:
2902:
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2891:
2890:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2433:
2432:
2406:Peñón of Algiers
2370:
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2307:
2306:
2222:
2221:
2145:
2144:
2127:
2085:
2084:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1909:Seven Years' War
1882:Queen Anne's War
1759:
1758:
1744:
1737:
1730:
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1643:
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1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:Amerigo Vespucci
1203:
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632:
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625:
605:
599:
592:
525:Sancho Gutiérrez
517:Alonso de Chaves
454:Amerigo Vespucci
405:from Seville to
300:entering Spain.
166:Crown of Castile
153:
148:
96:
90:
63:Google Translate
48:
44:
27:
26:
19:
4212:
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4111:
4087:Old inquisition
3999:
3984:
3894:
3867:
3823:Trinidad (1797)
3793:La Noche Triste
3781:
3777:San Juan (1797)
3727:San Juan (1595)
3664:
3553:
3393:Notable battles
3388:
3354:Martín de Ursúa
3285:
3216:Alonso de Ojeda
3186:Juan de la Cosa
3171:Pinzón brothers
3154:
3125:John of Austria
3100:Martín de Goiti
3078:
3018:
2999:
2943:
2896:
2877:
2789:
2785:Terra Australis
2780:Río de la Plata
2725:Castilla de Oro
2711:
2653:
2649:Río de la Plata
2611:
2592:
2551:
2510:
2506:Santa Hermandad
2470:
2451:
2447:Terra Australis
2438:
2427:
2394:Spanish Morocco
2375:
2364:
2355:Northern Taiwan
2316:
2301:
2272:Río de la Plata
2227:
2216:
2150:
2149:Central America
2139:
2121:
2090:
2079:
2023:Crown of Aragon
2004:
1993:
1978:
1894:Bourbon Reforms
1764:
1753:
1748:
1711:
1706:
1653:
1651:Further reading
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871:
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854:
850:
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827:
823:
814:
812:
809:ORDIZIAKO UDALA
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633:
629:
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602:
593:
589:
583:
558:
505:Diego Gutiérrez
503:. The mapmaker
501:Pedro de Medina
491:working on the
482:Sebastian Cabot
434:
417:, and his son,
373:
365:Manila galleons
361:Flota de Indias
298:precious metals
284:
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113:
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51:
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17:
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3903:Canary Islands
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3759:
3757:Túpac Amaru II
3754:
3749:
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3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Bogotá savanna
3699:
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3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
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3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:Spanish Armada
3607:
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3555:
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3511:
3506:
3504:White Mountain
3501:
3499:Cape Celidonia
3496:
3494:English Armada
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
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3456:
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3446:
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3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Juan Fernández
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Diego Columbus
3243:
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3228:
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3218:
3213:
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3117:
3112:
3107:
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3084:
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3079:
3077:
3076:
3074:Army of Africa
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:Spanish Armada
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
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2987:
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2957:
2955:Manila galleon
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2469:Administration
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2390:Western Sahara
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2103:Coastal Alaska
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1751:Spanish Empire
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1709:External links
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534:was the first
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304:transactions.
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229:Spanish Empire
218:commercial law
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156:House of Trade
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3288:
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3115:Duke of Savoy
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2621:Viceroyalties
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359:, the famous
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196:Establishment
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47:
45:(August 2017)
41:
39:
34:You can help
30:
21:
20:
4013:Architecture
3908:The Americas
3772:Newfoundland
3762:Túpac Katari
3752:Cuerno Verde
3687:Tenochtitlan
3519:Valenciennes
3276:Luis Fajardo
3145:Blas de Lezo
3090:Duke of Alba
2970:Spanish Road
2964:
2808:Buenos Aires
2717:Governorates
2486:Ayuntamiento
2479:Organization
1944:Carlist Wars
1792:Italian Wars
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
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883:
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858:
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831:
824:
813:. Retrieved
811:(in Spanish)
808:
798:
778:
771:
751:
744:
724:
717:
697:
690:
665:
657:
637:
630:
610:
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542:in Seville.
535:
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492:
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463:piloto mayor
461:
457:
451:
446:
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437:
435:
423:
414:
402:
398:
392:
381:
376:
374:
360:
357:trade fleets
352:
346:
338:
335:mercantilist
332:
327:
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312:
308:
306:
302:
293:
287:
285:
271:
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224:
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199:
189:
182:
160:
159:
155:
141:
140:
138:
127:
118:
81:edit summary
72:
43:
35:
4132:Exploration
3980:Philippines
3945:El Salvador
3565:Capo d'Orso
3449:St. Quentin
3424:Rome (1527)
3083:Strategists
2833:Guadalajara
2760:New Navarre
2755:New Castile
2740:La Luisiana
2692:Puerto Rico
2682:Philippines
2639:New Granada
2329:Philippines
2290:(Uruguay),
2286:(Bolivia),
2236:New Granada
2176:Puerto Rico
2122: [
1992:Territories
1812:Encomiendas
1680:Imago Mundi
493:Padrón Real
447:Padrón Real
411:Charles III
323:Padrão Real
314:Padrón Real
289:quinto real
4126:Categories
3650:Somosierra
3640:Manila Bay
3514:Nördlingen
3454:Gravelines
2934:Columnario
2906:Currencies
2823:Concepción
2795:Audiencias
2770:New Toledo
2735:La Florida
2568:Corregidor
2532:Papal bull
2437:Antarctica
2345:Micronesia
1802:Golden Age
1395:Encounters
815:2021-12-28
581:References
419:Charles IV
371:Reductions
276:Hispaniola
40:in Spanish
3955:Nicaragua
3933:Guatemala
3843:Pichincha
3828:Chacabuco
3767:Pensacola
3712:Mataquito
3692:Cajamarca
3673:New World
3645:Trafalgar
3549:Alhucemas
3429:Landriano
3414:Comuneros
3400:Old World
3344:Joan Orpí
3064:Royalists
2838:Guatemala
2765:New Spain
2702:Venezuela
2677:Guatemala
2634:New Spain
2629:Columbian
2522:Exequatur
2422:Cape Juby
2276:Argentina
2099:New Spain
2033:Gibraltar
1797:Habsburgs
495:included
452:Explorer
432:Mapmakers
282:Operation
99:talk page
3965:Colombia
3950:Honduras
3863:Asomante
3848:Ayacucho
3838:Carabobo
3813:Curalaba
3590:Ceresole
3484:Gembloux
3444:Mühlberg
3159:Mariners
3017:Military
2939:Doubloon
2924:Maravedí
2868:Santiago
2775:Paraguay
2501:Germania
2341:Caroline
2296:Malvinas
2280:Paraguay
2240:Colombia
2182:Trinidad
2049:Sardinia
1889:Bourbons
1666:ncounter
556:See also
388:Acapulco
363:and the
272:contador
75:provide
4097:Asiento
4068:Mustang
3928:Yucatán
3923:Chiapas
3803:Tucapel
3635:Passaro
3585:Algiers
3575:Preveza
3544:Tetouan
3539:Vitoria
3529:Bitonto
3469:Antwerp
3464:Lepanto
3419:Bicocca
2895:Economy
2818:Charcas
2813:Caracas
2707:Yucatán
2578:Regidor
2563:Alcalde
2491:Cabildo
2398:Tripoli
2337:Mariana
2284:Charcas
2260:(Peru,
2244:Ecuador
2207:Bonaire
2202:Curazao
2187:Jamaica
2115:Florida
343:Seville
296:on all
210:English
170:Seville
133:Seville
97:to the
79:in the
42:.
4075:Castas
3833:Boyacá
3808:Guiana
3798:Iguape
3722:Recife
3660:Mactan
3655:Annual
3620:Rocroi
3615:Leiden
3600:Djerba
3534:Bailén
3489:Ostend
3474:Azores
3069:Legión
3034:Tercio
3027:Armies
2929:Escudo
2858:Panamá
2853:Mexico
2848:Manila
2803:Bogotá
2588:Vecino
2583:Syndic
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2248:Panama
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2119:Mexico
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3439:Tunis
3434:Pavia
2948:Trade
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