293:
513:
240:
341:
379:
3487:
529:
542:
521:
3499:
57:
47:
452:
have become popular with collectors due to their relative affordability, and, unlike most gold and platinum issues which are valued based upon the markets, silver issues are more often valued as collectibles, far higher than their actual bullion value.
307:
series, which go up to 99.999% purity. A 100% pure bullion is nearly impossible: as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of
251:
if it is rare. The discovery of new sources of ore or improvements in mining or refining processes may cause the value of a precious metal to diminish. The status of a "precious" metal can also be determined by high
401:
50 million AUD. China has produced coins in very limited quantities (less than 20 pieces minted) that exceed 8 kilograms (260 ozt) of gold. Austria has minted a coin containing 31 kg of gold (the
371:. Although the exact moment that the $ 1,075 figure was determined is unknown, it may be considered a reasonable value for the time. Bullion coins' minting by national governments gives them some
403:
393:
coin minted in
Australia which consists of a full kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. In 2012, the Perth Mint produced a 1-tonne coin of 99.99% pure gold with a face value of
1392:
1311:
367:) at a face value of $ 50 containing one troy ounce (31.1035 g) of gold—as of January 2022. The USD to CAD exchange rate averaged 1.129 in July 2009 according to
500:
is also of cast aluminium. Over time, however, the price of the metal has dropped. The dawn of commercial electric generation in 1882 and the invention of the
476:. The great expense of refining the metal made the small available quantity of pure aluminium more valuable than gold. Bars of aluminium were exhibited at the
3292:
3302:
324:) show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition. Many coins historically showed a
3352:
3449:
3327:
406:
minted in 2004 with a face value of 100,000 euro). As a stunt to publicise the 99.999% pure one-ounce
Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, in 2007 the
217:, of which platinum is the most widely traded. The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as
3332:
3307:
2753:
1282:
3287:
3003:
1722:
484:'s most important guests were given aluminium cutlery, while those less worthy dined with mere silver. In 1884, the pyramidal capstone of the
3416:
1485:
3426:
3421:
1507:
David R. Lide, ed. (2005). "Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and
Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea".
303:
The level of purity varies from issue to issue. "Three nines" (99.9%) purity is common. The purest mass-produced bullion coins are in the
3362:
3322:
3317:
3277:
1663:
1427:
3337:
3272:
3058:
3431:
3411:
3198:
465:
3267:
3231:
1247:
3312:
3262:
1206:
3357:
3282:
3193:
1509:
1505:
The abundance of the element, a measure for its rarity, is given in mass fraction as kg in the earth's crust (CRC Handbook).
1380:
1996:
472:
in the Earth's crust, it was at first found to be exceedingly difficult to extract the metal from its various non-metallic
2791:
2746:
1750:
1303:
3226:
3183:
469:
3399:
581:
1137:
3347:
3221:
1304:"Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to curb inflation but it may be out of reach for the average citizen"
559:
359:, these coins' face value as currency is far below that of their value as bullion. For instance, Canada mints a
31:
17:
3502:
3384:
2739:
563:
414:
1 million, and now manufactures them to order, but at a substantial premium over the market value of the gold.
2958:
3376:
3297:
3187:
493:
477:
464:
is now commonplace but was considered to be a precious metal until the late 1800s. Although aluminium is the
488:
was cast of 100 ounces of pure aluminium. By that time, aluminium was as expensive as silver. The statue of
1577:
1172:
38:
3406:
1689:
1333:
Aharon DY, and Qadan M. (2018-10-04). "What drives the demand for information in the commodity market?".
1178:
181:, which are gold and silver. Although both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in
2968:
2963:
1566:
1546:
501:
3241:
1157:
345:
3174:
2207:
1528:
1278:
1162:
3524:
2776:
2043:
1865:
1222:
418:
364:
321:
304:
3394:
1646:
1632:
276:. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass and purity rather than by a
3490:
3459:
2953:
2910:
2781:
2674:
1767:
1743:
1449:
1167:
1132:
552:
441:
382:
325:
225:. Historically, precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals.
2048:
2980:
2807:
481:
390:
135:
3213:
3454:
3035:
2574:
1660:
1613:
1415:
1122:
437:
292:
3136:
2820:
2411:
2068:
1461:
1307:
422:
397:
1 million AUD, making it the largest minted coin in the world with a gold value of around
316:
is the first modern example of measuring in "pure gold": it should contain at least 12/11
8:
3053:
2406:
1147:
504:
in 1886 caused the price of aluminium to drop substantially over a short period of time.
485:
407:
143:
1465:
3141:
3101:
1815:
1795:
1736:
1477:
1358:
1255:
444:, and sometimes other precious metals, are often seen as defensive assets against both
27:
Rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic and cultural value
3236:
3106:
2262:
1845:
1481:
1362:
1350:
1077:
497:
398:
394:
123:
101:
1346:
3471:
3389:
3165:
3030:
2988:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2172:
2001:
1955:
1875:
1469:
1450:"The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument"
1342:
1203:
265:
119:
3342:
3203:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2267:
2202:
2013:
1986:
1693:
1667:
1617:
1581:
1570:
1550:
1210:
512:
411:
368:
297:
239:
3151:
3146:
3116:
3096:
2762:
2620:
2564:
2552:
2481:
2063:
1142:
222:
190:
178:
105:
1840:
375:
value in addition to their bullion value, as well as certifying their purity.
3518:
2695:
2625:
2584:
2252:
2006:
1991:
1940:
1354:
3466:
3131:
3126:
2880:
2815:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2662:
2615:
2445:
2391:
2177:
2058:
2018:
1910:
426:
356:
352:
329:
257:
151:
127:
1685:
The metal Price ($ /kg)s of gallium, germanium, and indium are taken from
340:
3246:
3121:
2875:
2668:
2657:
2547:
2386:
2336:
2331:
2247:
2089:
1965:
1915:
1790:
1785:
1709:
Tolcin A. (2012) U.S. Geological Survey
Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012.
1183:
1152:
449:
372:
50:
378:
3020:
2491:
2436:
2311:
2224:
2182:
2084:
2033:
1970:
1945:
1820:
1473:
566: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
317:
313:
277:
218:
2192:
1725:
US Commodity
Futures Trading Commission Precious Metals Fraud Advisory
3076:
3045:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2637:
2630:
2501:
2496:
2476:
2401:
2326:
2320:
2301:
2197:
2138:
2053:
1950:
1885:
1860:
1850:
1780:
1759:
1514:
1024:
912:
885:
854:
734:
461:
445:
360:
202:
194:
186:
167:
131:
81:
73:
541:
528:
389:
One of the largest bullion coins in the world was the 10,000-dollar
3068:
3025:
2705:
2679:
2605:
2532:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2416:
2356:
2346:
2306:
2288:
2277:
2272:
2187:
2143:
2028:
2023:
1960:
1900:
1890:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1800:
1127:
1117:
672:
214:
171:
163:
147:
69:
1596:
320:
of at least 11/12 pure gold. Other bullion coins (for example the
46:
2895:
2731:
2700:
2610:
2522:
2431:
2396:
2381:
2366:
2351:
2341:
2214:
2148:
2099:
2038:
1895:
1870:
1835:
1542:
1112:
1050:
996:
825:
765:
641:
520:
489:
234:
210:
198:
139:
97:
89:
85:
1563:
30:
This article is about valuable rare metals. For other uses, see
2600:
2506:
2466:
2441:
2376:
2361:
2257:
2242:
2237:
2153:
2104:
2094:
1810:
1775:
1647:
http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/iridium/1-year/
1633:
http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/rhodium/1-year/
1574:
969:
938:
796:
253:
206:
159:
93:
77:
65:
1686:
56:
3012:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2486:
2316:
2296:
2232:
2164:
1905:
1880:
1825:
309:
281:
269:
116:
1728:
2451:
2426:
2421:
2371:
2133:
703:
410:
made a 100 kg 99.999% gold coin, with a face value of
273:
155:
61:
1661:
http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/ruthenium/
473:
182:
150:
but are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial
104:. They are labeled and arranged by their location on the
1332:
1447:
507:
1700:precious metals used for investment / speculation.
1610:
146:. Historically, precious metals were important as
602:
189:, and coinage. Other precious metals include the
37:"Rare metal" redirects here. For other uses, see
3516:
1416:"Fernerer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Aluminiums"
1204:Platinum Guild: Applications Beyond Expectation
1681:
1679:
1677:
2747:
1744:
1506:
260:. Precious metals in bulk form are known as
1674:
2754:
2740:
1751:
1737:
429:at the market value for its gold content.
296:500 g silver bullion bar produced by
1413:
1276:
1223:"Australian Kangaroo One Tonne Gold Coin"
582:Learn how and when to remove this message
1374:
1372:
527:
519:
511:
377:
339:
312:, with the purity a local standard. The
291:
238:
60:A selection of precious metal elements;
55:
45:
1381:"Aluminum: Common Metal, Uncommon Past"
1248:"the Greatest coined gold in the world"
177:The best known precious metals are the
14:
3517:
1378:
2735:
1732:
1510:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1369:
138:than most elements. They are usually
1513:(85 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
1314:from the original on 1 November 2023
564:adding citations to reliable sources
535:
126:. Precious metals, particularly the
3498:
268:. Bullion metals may be cast into
24:
2761:
1395:from the original on 26 April 2019
287:
25:
3536:
1716:
3497:
3486:
3485:
1138:List of elements facing shortage
540:
508:Rough world market price ($ /kg)
355:. Although nominally issued as
1703:
1652:
1638:
1624:
1602:
1597:http://www.bullionexchanges.com
1588:
1555:
1534:
1521:
1499:
1488:from the original on 2016-01-24
1430:from the original on 2023-08-22
1347:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.09.013
1285:from the original on 2014-02-27
1175:(precious metal transformation)
610:Valuable metal price (US$ /kg)
551:needs additional citations for
432:
369:OANDA Historical Exchange Rates
328:in currency (example: American
32:precious metal (disambiguation)
2816:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
1543:http://www.thebulliondesk.com/
1441:
1407:
1326:
1296:
1270:
1240:
1215:
1197:
496:(1885–1893) in London's
478:Exposition Universelle of 1855
115:are rare, naturally occurring
13:
1:
3358:Thermal expansion coefficient
3054:Lists of metalloids by source
1758:
1564:http://www.thebulliondesk.com
1448:George J. Binczewski (1995).
1190:
516:Rhodium daily price 1992-2022
494:Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain
346:Vienna Philharmonic gold coin
1575:http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk
1173:Synthesis of precious metals
456:
39:Rare metals (disambiguation)
7:
3097:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
2800:By periodic table structure
1179:Taxation of precious metals
1105:
466:third most abundant element
10:
3541:
3242:Goldschmidt classification
1385:Chemical Heritage Magazine
1158:Palladium as an investment
1076:
1049:
1023:
995:
968:
937:
911:
884:
853:
824:
795:
764:
733:
702:
671:
640:
532:Palladium prices 1977-2022
335:
232:
228:
36:
29:
3480:
3442:
3375:
3255:
3212:
3173:
3164:
3089:
3067:
3044:
3011:
3001:
2979:
2909:
2821:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
2806:
2799:
2790:
2769:
2688:
2650:
2593:
2515:
2286:
2223:
2162:
2124:
2117:
2077:
1979:
1933:
1926:
1766:
1163:Platinum as an investment
609:
599:
596:
419:Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
404:Vienna Philharmonic Coin
305:Canadian Gold Maple Leaf
247:A metal is deemed to be
243:1,000 oz silver bar
3460:systematic element name
3432:in East Asian languages
2782:Extended periodic table
2253:Nickel silver (alpacca)
1420:Polytechnisches Journal
1168:Silver as an investment
1133:List of bullion dealers
524:Price of gold 1915-2022
448:and economic downturn.
425:which is recognized as
383:American Platinum Eagle
3303:Electron configuration
3293:Electrical resistivity
3232:Electron configuration
3036:Post-transition metals
1414:Karmarsch, C. (1864).
1279:"100kg Fine Gold Coin"
533:
525:
517:
391:Australian Gold Nugget
386:
348:
300:
244:
109:
53:
3137:Transuranium elements
2594:Other natural objects
1723:Precious Metals Fraud
1529:London Metal Exchange
1123:Gold as an investment
531:
523:
515:
381:
343:
295:
242:
59:
49:
3353:Thermal conductivity
3328:Heat of vaporization
2770:Periodic table forms
2069:Wire wrapped jewelry
2049:Repoussé and chasing
1379:Geller, Tom (2007).
1308:ABC News (Australia)
1227:www.perthmint.com.au
560:improve this article
502:Hall–Héroult process
423:Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin)
3385:Element discoveries
3142:Superheavy elements
3102:Rare-earth elements
2611:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1466:1995JOM....47k..20B
1148:Metallurgical assay
486:Washington Monument
470:most abundant metal
408:Royal Canadian Mint
136:chemically reactive
134:resistant and less
1956:Jewellery designer
1692:2008-05-15 at the
1666:2016-05-17 at the
1616:2022-08-22 at the
1584:(mid price quoted)
1580:2021-04-21 at the
1569:2012-09-14 at the
1549:2012-09-14 at the
1527:Mostly taken from
1474:10.1007/bf03221302
1277:UKBullion (2014).
1209:2009-05-03 at the
534:
526:
518:
387:
351:Many nations mint
349:
301:
264:and are traded on
245:
110:
54:
3512:
3511:
3371:
3370:
3333:Ionization energy
3308:Electronegativity
3298:Electron affinity
3237:Electronegativity
3227:Crystal structure
3222:Aqueous chemistry
3199:Nuclear stability
3194:Atomic properties
3160:
3159:
3107:Refractory metals
3085:
3084:
3031:Transition metals
2997:
2996:
2729:
2728:
2646:
2645:
2516:Organic gemstones
2113:
2112:
1103:
1102:
592:
591:
584:
498:Piccadilly Circus
361:gold bullion coin
322:British Sovereign
266:commodity markets
120:chemical elements
16:(Redirected from
3532:
3501:
3500:
3489:
3488:
3472:Dmitri Mendeleev
3400:1869 predictions
3390:Dmitri Mendeleev
3171:
3170:
3009:
3008:
2989:Aufbau principle
2901:18 (Noble gases)
2804:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2792:Sets of elements
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2173:Britannia silver
2122:
2121:
1931:
1930:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1683:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1335:Resources Policy
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1310:. 25 July 2022.
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:. Archived from
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1201:
594:
593:
587:
580:
576:
573:
567:
544:
536:
142:and have a high
21:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3525:Precious metals
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3476:
3438:
3367:
3343:Oxidation state
3251:
3208:
3156:
3152:Minor actinides
3147:Major actinides
3112:Precious metals
3081:
3063:
3040:
2993:
2975:
2905:
2891:16 (Chalcogens)
2886:15 (Pnictogens)
2786:
2765:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2684:
2642:
2631:Spondylus shell
2589:
2511:
2282:
2268:Stainless steel
2219:
2203:Sterling silver
2163:Precious metal
2158:
2126:Precious metals
2109:
2073:
1975:
1922:
1762:
1757:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1696:as examples of
1694:Wayback Machine
1687:MinorMetals.com
1684:
1675:
1668:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1618:Wayback Machine
1611:https://www.min
1607:
1603:
1593:
1589:
1582:Wayback Machine
1571:Wayback Machine
1560:
1556:
1551:Wayback Machine
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1377:
1370:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1258:on 4 March 2016
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:Wayback Machine
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1108:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
588:
577:
571:
568:
557:
545:
510:
459:
435:
421:mints the gold
365:Gold Maple Leaf
338:
298:Johnson Matthey
290:
288:Purity and mass
272:or minted into
237:
231:
174:currency code.
113:Precious metals
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Precious metals
15:
12:
11:
5:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3363:Vapor pressure
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Speed of sound
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Heat of fusion
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Critical point
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Coinage metals
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:Periodic table
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:Related topics
2689:
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2597:
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2469:
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2379:
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2299:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
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2245:
2240:
2235:
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2221:
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2195:
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2169:
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2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:Wire sculpture
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1924:
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1920:
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1717:External links
1715:
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1252:e-allmoney.com
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1143:Metal as money
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572:September 2018
548:
546:
539:
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506:
458:
455:
434:
431:
337:
334:
289:
286:
233:Main article:
230:
227:
223:store of value
191:platinum group
179:coinage metals
124:economic value
106:periodic table
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3537:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:controversies
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Melting point
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Heat capacity
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Boiling point
3271:
3269:
3268:Atomic radius
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Native metals
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3059:Dividing line
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:17 (Halogens)
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
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2814:
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2811:
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2805:
2802:
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2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Body piercing
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
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2649:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2585:Tortoiseshell
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
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2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
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2365:
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2358:
2355:
2353:
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2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
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2300:
2298:
2295:
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2259:
2256:
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2251:
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2246:
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2239:
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2231:
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2228:
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2222:
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2209:
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2201:
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2166:
2161:
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2137:
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2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2070:
2067:
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2057:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Bench jeweler
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
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1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
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1809:
1807:
1804:
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1779:
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1734:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:(11): 20–25.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
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1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
989:
987:
984:
981:
979:
976:
973:
971:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:
936:
933:
931:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
914:
910:
907:
905:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
887:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
823:
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818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
798:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
701:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
595:
586:
583:
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555:
554:
549:This section
547:
543:
538:
537:
530:
522:
514:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
430:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:bullion coins
347:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
299:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
241:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
170:each have an
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:raw materials
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3496:
3484:
3467:Trivial name
3455:nomenclature
3127:Heavy metals
3122:Noble metals
3111:
2881:14 (Tetrels)
2777:Alternatives
2721:Wearable art
2716:Phaleristics
2711:Metalworking
2616:Gutta-percha
2392:Lapis lazuli
2178:Colored gold
2125:
2059:Stonesetting
1705:
1697:
1659:
1654:
1645:
1640:
1631:
1626:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1562:
1557:
1541:
1536:
1523:
1508:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1457:
1453:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1423:
1419:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1384:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1199:
578:
569:
558:Please help
553:verification
550:
482:Napoleon III
460:
450:Silver coins
436:
433:Economic use
427:legal tender
416:
388:
385:bullion coin
357:legal tender
350:
330:double eagle
326:denomination
302:
261:
258:market value
248:
246:
176:
128:noble metals
112:
111:
43:
3503:WikiProject
3247:Term symbol
3077:Noble gases
3021:Lanthanides
3004:metallicity
2876:13 (Triels)
2658:Art jewelry
2482:Tiger's eye
2387:Labradorite
2337:Chrysocolla
2332:Chrysoberyl
2248:Mokume-gane
2225:Base metals
1997:centrifugal
1966:Silversmith
1841:Ferronnière
1791:Belt buckle
1786:Belly chain
1341:: 532–543.
1184:Troy weight
1153:Noble metal
631:16 Jul 2018
627:31 Dec 2014
619:22 Jul 2009
615:10 Apr 2009
219:investments
130:, are more
51:Gold nugget
3427:for people
3422:for places
3395:1871 table
3288:Elasticity
3256:Data pages
3214:Properties
3090:Other sets
3046:Metalloids
2492:Tourmaline
2437:Prasiolite
2312:Aventurine
2183:Crown gold
2085:Draw plate
2034:Metal clay
1971:Watchmaker
1961:Lapidarist
1946:Clockmaker
1821:Collar pin
1816:Chatelaine
1492:2008-09-16
1434:2021-11-03
1318:9 November
1289:2014-03-18
1191:References
635:2 Mar 2023
623:7 Jan 2010
373:numismatic
344:1 oz
314:Krugerrand
278:face value
3412:etymology
3263:Abundance
3188:in humans
3184:Abundance
3069:Nonmetals
3026:Actinides
2638:Toadstone
2575:Operculum
2502:Variscite
2497:Turquoise
2477:Tanzanite
2412:Moonstone
2407:Marcasite
2402:Malachite
2327:Carnelian
2302:Amazonite
2289:gemstones
2263:Pinchbeck
2208:Argentium
2198:Shibuichi
2139:Palladium
2118:Materials
2054:Soldering
2044:Polishing
2019:Engraving
2014:Enameling
1980:Processes
1951:Goldsmith
1886:Tie chain
1861:Neck ring
1851:Lapel pin
1760:Jewellery
1594:From the
1561:From the
1540:From the
1515:CRC Press
1482:111724924
1426:(1): 49.
1363:158268743
1355:0301-4207
1025:Tellurium
913:Beryllium
886:Germanium
855:Ruthenium
735:Palladium
605:abundance
492:atop the
462:Aluminium
457:Aluminium
446:inflation
332:: $ 20).
203:palladium
195:ruthenium
168:palladium
132:corrosion
82:ruthenium
74:palladium
3519:Category
3491:Category
3443:See also
3313:Hardness
3166:Elements
2706:Gemology
2680:Fineness
2671:(purity)
2606:Bog-wood
2553:Precious
2533:Ammolite
2472:Sunstone
2462:Sodalite
2457:Sapphire
2417:Obsidian
2357:Fluorite
2347:Diopside
2307:Amethyst
2287:Mineral
2278:Tungsten
2273:Titanium
2188:Electrum
2144:Platinum
2029:Kazaziye
2024:Filigree
2002:lost-wax
1901:Toe ring
1891:Tie clip
1866:Pectoral
1856:Necklace
1831:Cufflink
1806:Bracelet
1801:Bolo tie
1781:Barrette
1690:Archived
1664:Archived
1614:Archived
1578:Archived
1567:Archived
1547:Archived
1486:Archived
1428:Archived
1399:22 March
1393:Archived
1312:Archived
1283:Archived
1232:28 March
1207:Archived
1128:Hallmark
1118:Gemstone
1106:See also
791:147,890
673:Platinum
667:302,220
249:precious
215:platinum
193:metals:
172:ISO 4217
164:platinum
148:currency
122:of high
117:metallic
70:platinum
3377:History
3283:Density
2911:Periods
2701:Fashion
2675:Finding
2523:Abalone
2432:Peridot
2397:Larimar
2382:Kyanite
2367:Howlite
2352:Emerald
2342:Diamond
2215:Tumbaga
2193:ShakudĹŤ
2149:Rhodium
2100:Mandrel
2039:Plating
1992:Casting
1987:Carving
1896:Tie pin
1871:Pendant
1846:Genital
1836:Earring
1670:1-year/
1620:ing.com
1462:Bibcode
1262:23 July
1113:Alchemy
1078:Mercury
1051:Bismuth
997:Gallium
880:14,950
826:Rhenium
766:Iridium
760:46,440
729:59,040
698:31,010
642:Rhodium
600:symbol
490:Anteros
336:Coinage
262:bullion
235:Bullion
229:Bullion
211:iridium
199:rhodium
187:jewelry
140:ductile
102:mercury
98:iridium
90:rhenium
86:rhodium
3407:Naming
3204:Symbol
3013:Metals
2981:Blocks
2969:Pyykkö
2964:Fricke
2959:Aufbau
2808:Groups
2665:(mass)
2601:Bezoar
2507:Zircon
2467:Spinel
2442:Quartz
2377:Jasper
2362:Garnet
2258:Pewter
2243:Copper
2238:Bronze
2165:alloys
2154:Silver
2105:Pliers
2095:Hammer
2007:vacuum
1934:People
1927:Making
1911:pocket
1811:Brooch
1776:Anklet
1698:modern
1480:
1361:
1353:
1039:158.70
1004:19,000
970:Indium
939:Silver
816:12,217
813:12,217
810:12,200
807:13,400
797:Osmium
788:46,940
785:15,432
782:13,117
779:12,960
776:14,100
757:32,205
754:25,559
751:13,632
726:43,764
723:38,130
720:24,317
717:30,590
714:31,100
695:28,960
692:38,902
689:87,741
686:37,650
683:42,681
664:77,804
661:39,641
658:88,415
655:46,200
652:39,680
607:(ppb)
597:metal
480:, and
442:silver
318:ounces
270:ingots
254:demand
221:and a
213:, and
207:osmium
166:, and
160:silver
144:lustre
94:osmium
78:copper
66:silver
3450:IUPAC
3175:Lists
2669:Carat
2663:Carat
2651:Terms
2626:Shell
2580:Pearl
2570:Nacre
2560:Ivory
2548:Black
2543:Coral
2538:Copal
2528:Amber
2487:Topaz
2446:smoky
2317:Beryl
2297:Agate
2233:Brass
2078:Tools
1916:strap
1906:Watch
1881:Tiara
1826:Crown
1796:Bindi
1768:Forms
1658:From
1644:From
1630:From
1608:From
1478:S2CID
1391:(4).
1359:S2CID
1093:15.95
1090:18.90
1066:18.19
1063:15.40
920:2,800
901:1,038
898:1,050
893:1,500
877:8,423
874:1,865
871:5,562
868:2,730
865:2,290
845:2,425
842:6,250
839:7,000
836:7,400
748:8,140
745:8,430
363:(the
310:alloy
282:money
274:coins
3182:By:
2621:Hair
2452:Ruby
2427:Opal
2422:Onyx
2372:Jade
2134:Gold
2090:File
1876:Ring
1573:and
1401:2018
1351:ISSN
1320:2023
1264:2015
1234:2023
964:670
704:Gold
603:mass
474:ores
468:and
440:and
438:Gold
417:The
156:Gold
100:and
62:gold
3002:By
2565:Jet
2321:red
1470:doi
1454:JOM
1424:171
1343:doi
1058:8.5
1013:413
1010:425
1007:580
985:520
982:325
961:556
958:441
955:588
952:439
949:437
925:850
833:0.7
804:1.5
562:by
280:as
256:or
183:art
3521::
2954:8+
2871:12
2866:11
2861:10
1676:^
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1456:.
1452:.
1422:.
1418:.
1389:27
1387:.
1383:.
1371:^
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1339:59
1337:.
1306:.
1281:.
1250:.
1225:.
1085:85
1082:Hg
1055:Bi
1029:Te
1001:Ga
977:50
974:In
946:75
943:Ag
917:Be
890:Ge
859:Ru
830:Re
801:Os
770:Ir
742:15
739:Pd
708:Au
677:Pt
646:Rh
412:$
399:$
395:$
284:.
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
185:,
162:,
158:,
154:.
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