394:
457:
366:
329:
350:
475:
33:
380:
443:
494:
3921:
415:
429:
3933:
523:(iron-lovers). They tend to sink into the Earth's core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid solutions or in the molten state. Most siderophile elements have practically no affinity whatsoever for oxygen: indeed, oxides of gold are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the elements.
2074:
Gold, Platinum, Silver, and a few rare metals. The members of this class have little or no tendency to unite with oxygen in the free state, and when placed in water at a red heat do not alter its composition. The oxides are readily decomposed by heat in consequence of the feeble affinity between the
2092:
Such nobility is mainly associated with the relatively high electronegativity values of the noble metals, resulting in only weakly polar covalent bonding with oxygen. The table lists the melting points of the oxides of the noble metals, and for some of those of the non-noble metals, for the elements
665:
in aqueous solution are also a useful way of predicting the non-aqueous chemistry of the metals involved. Thus, metals with high negative potentials, such as sodium, or potassium, will ignite in air, forming the respective oxides. These fires cannot be extinguished with water, which also react with
618:
The expression noble metal is sometimes confined to copper, silver, and gold since their full d-subshells can contribute to their noble character. There are also known to be significant contributions from how readily there is overlap of the d-electron states with the orbitals of other elements,
1638:= 4 OH) which is 0.4 V...The...metal with...a potential less than 0.4 V acts as an anode...loses electrons...and dissolves in the aqueous medium. The noble metal (with higher electrochemical potential) acts as a cathode and, under many conditions, the reaction on this electrode is generally
666:
the metals involved to give hydrogen, which is itself explosive. Noble metals, in contrast, are disinclined to react with oxygen and, for that reason (as well as their scarcity) have been valued for millennia, and used in jewellery and coins.
497:
Abundance of the chemical elements in the Earth's crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements (shown in yellow, including the noble metals) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the
1613:"(1) two metals which have different electrochemical potentials are...connected, (2) an aqueous phase with electrolyte exists, and (3) one of the two metals has...potential lower than the potential of the reaction (
622:
The elements to the left of gold and silver have incompletely filled d-bands, which is believed to play a role in their catalytic properties. A common explanation is the d-band filling model of Hammer and
1679:(116) inclusive are expected to be "partially very noble metals"; chemical investigations of hassium has established that it behaves like its lighter congener osmium, and preliminary investigations of
542:
Noble metals tend to be resistant to oxidation and other forms of corrosion, and this corrosion resistance is often considered to be a defining characteristic. Some exceptions are described below.
587:, and is said to be tarnished by moist air. Osmium and iridium are chemically inert in ambient conditions. Platinum and gold can be dissolved in aqua regia. Mercury reacts with oxidising acids.
610:
N achieved "high dissolution rates of noble metals under mild conditions, with the added benefit of being tunable to a specific metal" for example, gold but not palladium or platinum.
2756:
G. Wulfsberg, "Inorganic
Chemistry", University Science Books, 2000, pp. 247–249 ✦ Bratsch S. G., "Standard Electrode Potentials and Temperature Coefficients in Water at 298.15 K",
322:
published a table in 1864, in which the "noble metals" rhodium, ruthenium, palladium; and platinum, iridium, and osmium were grouped together, and adjacent to silver and gold.
328:
393:
80:
The thick black line encloses the seven to eight metals most often to often so recognized. Silver is sometimes not recognized as a noble metal on account of its greater
194:
In more specialized fields of study and applications the number of elements counted as noble metals can be smaller or larger. It is sometimes used for the three metals
2462:"Surface electronic structure and reactivity of transition and noble metals1Communication presented at the First Francqui Colloquium, Brussels, 19–20 February 1996.1"
1602:
Rayner-Canham contends that, "silver is so much more chemically-reactive and has such a different chemistry, that it should not be considered as a 'noble metal'." In
474:
292:) that runs from noble to active, and allows one to predict how materials will interact in the environment used to generate the series. In this sense of the word,
2083:"There is no sharp dividing line but perhaps the best definition of a noble metal is a metal whose oxide is easily decomposed at a temperature below a red heat."
1552:
of the considered element in water. Noble metals have large positive potentials; elements not in this table have a negative standard potential or are not metals.
3726:
3736:
2760:
vol. 18, no. 1, 1989, pp. 1–21 ✦ B. Douglas, D. McDaniel, J. Alexander, "Concepts and Models of
Inorganic Chemistry", John Wiley & Sons, 1994, p. E-3
3786:
2088:"It follows from this that noble metals...have little attraction for oxygen and are consequently not oxidised or discoloured at moderate temperatures."
456:
3883:
3761:
349:
3766:
3741:
3187:
3721:
3437:
365:
3850:
3860:
3855:
3089:
Medici S, Peana MF, Zoroddu MA 2018, "Noble metals in pharmaceuticals: Applications and limitations", in M Rai M, Ingle, S Medici (eds.),
253:, silver is not always considered a noble metal because it is subject to corrosion when present in the mouth. All the metals are important
3015:
Brubaker PE, Moran JP, Bridbord K, Hueter FG 1975, "Noble metals: a toxicological appraisal of potential new environmental contaminants",
1609:
The relevance of the entry for water is addressed by Li et al. in the context of galvanic corrosion. Such a process will only occur when:
3796:
3756:
3751:
3711:
3771:
3706:
3492:
315:
can be traced back to at least the late 14th century and has slightly different meanings in different fields of study and application.
3865:
3845:
3632:
3701:
3665:
2977:
3746:
3696:
510:
materials is relatively higher. Tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides.
3791:
3716:
3627:
2829:
2253:
2105:, devices which convert toxic gases produced in car engines, such as the oxides of nitrogen, into non-polluting substances.
568:, only when in the presence of oxygen, while rhodium must be in a fine pulverized form. Palladium and silver are soluble in
2336:
619:
particularly for gold. Relativistic contributions are also important, playing a role in the catalytic properties of gold.
3225:
3180:
3068:
Lal H, Bhagat SN 1985, "Gradation of the metallic character of noble metals on the basis of thermoelectric properties",
643:
214:
element that does not react with a weak acid and give off hydrogen gas in the process. This broader set includes copper,
203:
428:
3660:
3617:
1545:
in volts; electronegativity (revised
Pauling); and electron affinity values (kJ/mol), for some metals and metalloids.
3833:
2804:
2779:
2443:
2220:
3781:
3655:
2275:
3958:
3936:
3818:
3173:
296:
is more noble than silver and the relative nobility of many materials is highly dependent upon context, as for
3392:
2640:
1555:
Electronegativity is included since it is reckoned to be, "a major driver of metal nobleness and reactivity".
3810:
3731:
3621:
37:
Periodic table extract showing approximately how often each element tends to be recognized as a noble metal:
2113:
1542:
662:
17:
1558:
The black tarnish commonly seen on silver arises from its sensitivity to sulphur containing gases such as
3840:
3402:
3397:
3675:
499:
3103:
Pan S et al. 2019, "Noble-noble strong union: Gold at its best to make a bond with a noble gas atom",
3010:
Noble metals and biological systems: Their role in medicine, mineral exploration, and the environment,
2158:
Palladium oxide PdO can be reduced to palladium metal by exposing it to hydrogen in ambient conditions
442:
3608:
647:
3040:
Hämäläinen J, Ritala M, Leskelä M 2013, "Atomic layer deposition of noble metals and their oxides",
2710:
3210:
2351:
Everett
Collier, "The Boatowner's Guide to Corrosion", International Marine Publishing, 2001, p. 21
318:
Prior to
Mendeleev's publication in 1869 of the first (eventually) widely accepted periodic table,
3828:
2236:
Schlamp, G (2018). "Noble metals and noble metal alloys". In
Warlimont, H; Martienssen, W (eds.).
1606:, silver is not regarded as a noble metal due to its tendency to corrode in the oral environment.
3924:
3893:
3387:
3344:
3215:
2461:
651:
414:
254:
187:
are sometimes included as noble metals, but each of these usually occurs in nature combined with
2747:
G. Wulfsberg 2000, "Inorganic
Chemistry", University Science Books, Sausalito, CA, pp. 270, 937.
2609:
2385:
Constable EC 2019, "Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table",
3414:
3241:
3159:
2327:
Rayner-Canham, G (2018). "Organizing the transition metals". In Scerri, E; Restrepo, G (eds.).
503:
288:
is a hierarchy of metals (or other electrically conductive materials, including composites and
81:
3647:
2656:
3968:
3888:
3469:
590:
In 2010, US researchers discovered that an organic "aqua regia" in the form of a mixture of
3570:
3254:
2858:
527:
266:
243:
152:
1691:'s behaviour seems to partly resemble both its lighter congener mercury and the noble gas
8:
3963:
3487:
2994:
Brasser R, Mojzsis SJ 2017, "A colossal impact enriched Mars' mantle with noble metals",
2936:
2846:
2726:
2695:
2102:
635:
520:
2862:
3575:
3535:
3147:
2912:
2306:
1668:
2477:
379:
3670:
3540:
3084:
2917:
2885:
2825:
2800:
2775:
2730:
2660:
2625:
2590:
2551:
2512:
2361:
2332:
2310:
2298:
2249:
2216:
2212:
920:
639:
584:
561:
550:
483:
or mercury sulfide (HgS) is the most common source ore for refining elemental mercury
265:
While lists of noble metals can differ, they tend to cluster around gold and the six
215:
184:
2870:
3905:
3823:
3599:
3464:
3422:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3143:
3122:
3108:
3094:
3080:
3059:
3045:
3020:
2999:
2907:
2897:
2866:
2722:
2691:
2652:
2621:
2582:
2543:
2504:
2473:
2390:
2290:
2241:
2208:
1559:
1549:
591:
199:
132:
113:
3776:
3637:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
2245:
2125:
573:
301:
285:
3098:
624:
3585:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3530:
3196:
3030:
2531:
2140:
580:
319:
140:
2570:
2205:
Encyclopedia of
Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation
3952:
3075:
Lyon SB 2010, "3.21 - Corrosion of noble metals", in B Cottis et al. (eds.),
2734:
2664:
2594:
2555:
2516:
2329:
Mendeleev to
Oganesson: A multidisciplinary perspective on the periodic table
2175:
is a mixed oxidation state compound silver in the oxidation state of 1 and 3.
2109:
1548:
The simplified entries in the reaction column can be read in detail from the
2101:
All the noble metals can act as catalysts. For example, platinum is used in
3900:
3565:
3560:
3314:
3249:
3112:
3063:
2949:
Hiorns RH 1890, Mixed metals or metallic alloys, MacMillian, New York, p. 5
2921:
2902:
2680:"Surface plasmons in metallic nanoparticles: fundamentals and applications"
2492:
2302:
2294:
2130:
627:, where the total d-bands are considered, not just the unoccupied states.
531:
335:
207:
32:
3680:
3309:
3003:
2845:
Nagame, Yuichiro; Kratz, Jens Volker; Matthias, Schädel (December 2015).
1688:
1676:
572:, while silver's solubility in aqua regia is limited by the formation of
569:
565:
546:
502:
of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the
2586:
3454:
3117:
Russel A 1931, "Simple deposition of reactive metals on noble metals",
3024:
2547:
2394:
1236:
557:
493:
249:
Many of the noble metals are used in alloys for jewelry or coinage. In
219:
1534:✣ traditionally recognized as a noble metal; metalloid; ☢ radioactive
3510:
3479:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3126:
3049:
2508:
1684:
1603:
1036:
818:
507:
464:
400:
297:
289:
250:
211:
164:
156:
136:
91:
2460:
Ruban, A; Hammer, B; Stoltze, P; Skriver, H.L; Nørskov, J.K (1997).
202:, while it is often used mainly for silver and gold when discussing
3502:
3459:
3138:
Wang H 2017, "Chapter 9 - Noble Metals", in LY Jiang, N Li (eds.),
2679:
2433:
A. Holleman, N. Wiberg, "Inorganic
Chemistry", Academic Press, 2001
2135:
2108:
Gold has many industrial applications; it is used as a catalyst in
1680:
1432:
1075:
740:
599:
480:
293:
239:
231:
148:
3031:
Emerging noble metal aerogels: State of the art and a look forward
2884:
Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019).
2799:(10th ed.). St Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 134.
3329:
3165:
2610:"Electronic factors determining the reactivity of metal surfaces"
1672:
1361:
1299:
1198:
958:
779:
631:
235:
227:
223:
172:
160:
103:
87:
1687:
have suggested but not definitively established noble behavior.
269:: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
1160:
997:
857:
195:
188:
180:
176:
168:
109:
99:
2203:
Balcerzak, M (2021). "Noble Metals, Analytical Chemistry of".
634:
properties are also of some importance, particularly those of
3446:
2883:
1692:
120:
2847:"Chemical studies of elements with Z ≥ 104 in liquid phase"
2639:
Greeley, Jeff; Nørskov, Jens K.; Mavrikakis, Manos (2002).
701:
273:
144:
95:
210:. It is sometimes applied more broadly to any metallic or
2772:
Principles of corrosion engineering and corrosion control
2459:
670:
Electrochemical properties of some metals and metalloids
2638:
2240:. Springer Handbooks. Cham: Springer. pp. 339–412.
305:
2711:"Surface plasmon polaritons: physics and applications"
2641:"Electronic Structure and Catalysis on Metal Surfaces"
2822:
Electrical conductive adhesives with nanotechnologies
2709:
Zhang, Junxi; Zhang, Lide; Xu, Wei (March 21, 2012).
372:
Rhodium: 1 g powder, 1g pressed cylinder, 1 g pellet.
2571:"Relativistic effects in homogeneous gold catalysis"
2060:
d = decomposes; ‡ = not a noble metal; = metalloid
3054:Kepp K 2020, "Chemical causes of metal nobleness",
2844:
435:
Pieces of pure iridium, 1 g, size: 1–3 mm each
2569:Gorin, David J.; Toste, F. Dean (March 22, 2007).
534:that occur naturally in relatively large amounts.
272:In addition to this term's function as a compound
27:Metallic elements that are nearly chemically inert
2066:As long ago as 1890, Hiorns observed as follows:
3950:
2961:The chemistry and metallurgy of dental materials
2532:"Relativistic effects and the chemistry of gold"
3181:
2989:The analytical chemistry of the noble metals,
2797:Dental materials: Properties and manipulation
2763:
2607:
2490:
2326:
2079:Smith, writing in 1946, continued the theme:
2886:"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid"
2794:
2758:Journal of Physical Chemical Reference Data,
2708:
3070:Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics,
2493:"Why gold is the noblest of all the metals"
2405:W. Xing, M. Lee, Geosys. Eng. 20, 216, 2017
77:in a limited sense (Tc, Re, As, Sb, Bi, Po)
3188:
3174:
2568:
2466:Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical
342:), is the most abundant copper ore mineral
3140:Membrane-based separations in metallurgy,
2978:Noble metals dissolved without aqua regia
2911:
2901:
2657:10.1146/annurev.physchem.53.100301.131630
2429:
2427:
2202:
2819:
2529:
2413:
2411:
2184:Incipient red heat corresponds to 525 °C
492:
31:
3162:Encyclopædia Britannica, online edition
2890:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2331:. Oxford University. pp. 195–205.
2235:
2207:. Wiley Online Library. pp. 1–36.
2096:
2093:in their most stable oxidation states.
537:
119:§ self-attacked by radiation-generated
47:most often (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Au)
14:
3951:
2677:
2424:
2269:
2267:
2265:
260:
139:and is usually found in nature in its
3169:
2958:
2769:
2715:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
2684:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
2408:
2399:
338:, which is copper iron sulfide (CuFeS
280:is used as an adjective for the noun
198:, silver, and gold which have filled
131:is ordinarily regarded as a metallic
2877:
2322:
2320:
2273:
3932:
2824:. New York: Springer. p. 179.
2774:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 40.
2645:Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
2491:Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. (1995).
2262:
2238:Springer Handbook of Materials Data
644:surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
560:, a highly concentrated mixture of
204:surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
24:
3195:
3148:10.1016/B978-0-12-803410-1.00009-8
3091:Biomedical applications of metals,
3044:vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 786–801,
3017:Environmental Health Perspectives,
2970:
2608:Hammer, B.; Nørskov, J.K. (1995).
657:
526:Copper, silver, gold, and the six
25:
3980:
3153:
3072:vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 551–554
2317:
3931:
3920:
3919:
3085:10.1016/B978-044452787-5.00109-8
3058:vol. 21 no. 5. pp. 360−369,
2963:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 40.
2213:10.1002/9780470027318.a2411.pub3
473:
455:
441:
427:
413:
392:
378:
364:
348:
327:
276:, there are circumstances where
175:) are most often so classified.
3135:Time-Life Books, Alexandria, VA
2952:
2943:
2937:Mixed metals or metallic alloys
2928:
2871:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2015.07.013
2838:
2820:Li, Y; Lu, D; Wong, CP (2010).
2813:
2795:Powers, JM; Wataha, JE (2013).
2788:
2750:
2741:
2702:
2671:
2632:
2601:
2562:
2523:
2484:
2453:
2444:Challenging aqua regia's throne
2436:
2389:vol. 48, no. 26, pp. 9408-9421
2362:"the definition of noble metal"
2178:
2161:
2152:
135:that is generally resistant to
3250:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
3079:Elsevier, pp. 2205–2223,
2727:10.1088/0022-3727/45/11/113001
2696:10.1088/0022-3727/44/28/283001
2379:
2354:
2345:
2229:
2196:
1519:standard reduction potential;
556:Ruthenium can be dissolved in
514:
13:
1:
3792:Thermal expansion coefficient
3488:Lists of metalloids by source
2998:vol. 44, pp. 5978–5985,
2478:10.1016/S1381-1169(96)00348-2
2276:"Chemical causes of nobility"
2190:
663:Standard reduction potentials
613:
488:
462:
448:
434:
420:
399:
385:
371:
334:
3142:Elsevier, pp. 249–272,
3121:vol. 127, pp. 273–274,
2991:Elsevier Science, Burlington
2626:10.1016/0039-6028(96)80007-0
2246:10.1007/978-3-319-69743-7_14
1543:standard reduction potential
1406:+ 12 e → 4 As + 6
355:One half of a ruthenium bar.
7:
3531:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3234:By periodic table structure
3099:10.1007/978-3-319-74814-6_1
2421:Longman, London, p. 53, 115
2119:
1477:+ 6 e → 2 Sb + 3
357:Size ~ 40 × 15 × 10 mm
10:
3985:
3676:Goldschmidt classification
648:localized surface plasmons
500:Goldschmidt classification
467:, nearly 9,000 g or 317 oz
3914:
3876:
3809:
3689:
3646:
3607:
3598:
3523:
3501:
3478:
3445:
3435:
3413:
3343:
3255:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3240:
3233:
3224:
3203:
3019:vol. 10, pp. 39–56,
2059:
1704:Oxide melting points, °C
1698:
1541:The adjacent table lists
1532:
1502:
1335:+ 4 e → Re + 2
1273:+ 4 e → Tc + 2
894:+ 4 e → Os + 2
449:Crystals of pure platinum
304:in conditions of varying
3131:St. John J et al. 1984,
2146:
598:and the organic solvent
3894:systematic element name
3866:in East Asian languages
3216:Extended periodic table
3160:Noble metal – chemistry
3042:Chemistry of Materials,
2530:Bartlett, Neil (1998).
545:Copper is dissolved by
403:, or silver sulfide (Ag
255:heterogeneous catalysts
3737:Electron configuration
3727:Electrical resistivity
3666:Electron configuration
3470:Post-transition metals
3113:10.1002/open.201800257
3064:10.1002/cphc.202000013
3037:vol. 1, pp. 39–56
3008:Brooks RR (ed.) 1992,
2903:10.1002/anie.201906966
2419:The metallic elements,
2295:10.1002/cphc.202000013
511:
421:Osmium crystals, 2.2 g
124:
3959:Chemical nomenclature
3571:Transuranium elements
3107:vol. 8, p. 173,
3012:CRC Press, Boca Raton
528:platinum group metals
519:The noble metals are
506:. Their abundance in
496:
267:platinum group metals
244:platinum group metals
153:platinum group metals
35:
3787:Thermal conductivity
3762:Heat of vaporization
3204:Periodic table forms
3004:10.1002/2017GL074002
2996:Geophys. Res. Lett.,
2678:Garcia, M A (2011).
2387:Dalton Transactions,
2103:catalytic converters
2097:Catalytic properties
579:Rhenium reacts with
538:Corrosion resistance
98:solution containing
3819:Element discoveries
3576:Superheavy elements
3536:Rare-earth elements
3077:Shreir's Corrosion,
3029:Du R et al. 2019, "
2896:(50): 17964–17968.
2863:2015NuPhA.944..614N
2587:10.1038/nature05592
1705:
1669:superheavy elements
1523:electronegativity;
671:
261:Meaning and history
3025:10.1289/ehp.751039
2959:Smith, JC (1946).
2548:10.1007/BF03215471
2442:Urquhart J 2010, "
2395:10.1039/C9DT00765B
2075:metal and oxygen."
1703:
669:
642:nanoparticles for
512:
125:
67:sometimes (Cu, Hg)
3946:
3945:
3805:
3804:
3767:Ionization energy
3742:Electronegativity
3732:Electron affinity
3671:Electronegativity
3661:Crystal structure
3656:Aqueous chemistry
3633:Nuclear stability
3628:Atomic properties
3594:
3593:
3541:Refractory metals
3519:
3518:
3465:Transition metals
3431:
3430:
2987:Beamish FE 2012,
2976:Balshaw L 2020, "
2851:Nuclear Physics A
2831:978-0-387-88782-1
2770:Ahmad, Z (2006).
2581:(7134): 395–403.
2503:(6537): 238–240.
2274:Kepp, KP (2020).
2255:978-3-319-69741-3
2064:
2063:
1675:(element 108) to
1550:Pourbaix diagrams
1539:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1527:electron affinity
585:hydrogen peroxide
562:hydrochloric acid
551:potassium cyanide
463:Gold nugget from
16:(Redirected from
3976:
3935:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3906:Dmitri Mendeleev
3834:1869 predictions
3824:Dmitri Mendeleev
3605:
3604:
3443:
3442:
3423:Aufbau principle
3335:18 (Noble gases)
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3226:Sets of elements
3190:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3127:10.1038/127273b0
3050:10.1021/cm402221
2982:Chemistry World,
2965:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2934:Hiorns AH 1890,
2932:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:10.1038/376238a0
2488:
2482:
2481:
2457:
2451:
2448:Chemistry World,
2440:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2417:Parish RV 1977,
2415:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2338:978-0-190-668532
2324:
2315:
2314:
2280:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2200:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2156:
1706:
1702:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1560:hydrogen sulfide
1533:
1503:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1021:
1020:
1019:
982:
981:
980:
943:
942:
941:
906:
904:
903:
893:
892:
891:
882:
881:
880:
842:
841:
840:
804:+ 3 e → Ir
803:
802:
801:
764:
763:
762:
725:
724:
723:
672:
668:
592:thionyl chloride
477:
459:
445:
431:
417:
396:
382:
368:
352:
331:
242:, gold, the six
206:involving metal
151:, and the other
123:
116:
114:hydrogen sulfide
90:in moist air or
78:
76:
68:
66:
58:
56:
48:
46:
21:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3910:
3872:
3801:
3777:Oxidation state
3685:
3642:
3590:
3586:Minor actinides
3581:Major actinides
3546:Precious metals
3515:
3497:
3474:
3427:
3409:
3339:
3325:16 (Chalcogens)
3320:15 (Pnictogens)
3220:
3199:
3194:
3156:
2973:
2971:Further reading
2968:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2882:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2707:
2703:
2676:
2672:
2637:
2633:
2614:Surface Science
2606:
2602:
2567:
2563:
2528:
2524:
2489:
2485:
2458:
2454:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2325:
2318:
2278:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2126:Galvanic series
2122:
2114:water gas shift
2099:
1701:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1507:atomic number;
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1222:+ 3 e → Bi
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1184:+ 2 e → Cu
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1100:+ 2 e → Po
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1061:+ 3 e → Ru
1057:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
983:+ 3 e → Rh
979:
977:
976:
975:
973:
944:+ 2 e → Hg
940:
938:
937:
936:
934:
902:
899:
898:
897:
895:
890:
888:
887:
886:
884:
879:
876:
875:
874:
872:
843:+ 2 e → Pd
839:
837:
836:
835:
833:
800:
798:
797:
796:
794:
765:+ 2 e → Pt
761:
759:
758:
757:
755:
726:+ 3 e → Au
722:
720:
719:
718:
716:
660:
658:Electrochemical
630:The low-energy
616:
609:
605:
597:
581:oxidizing acids
574:silver chloride
540:
517:
491:
484:
478:
469:
468:
460:
451:
450:
446:
437:
436:
432:
423:
422:
418:
409:
408:
406:
397:
388:
387:
383:
374:
373:
369:
360:
358:
356:
353:
344:
343:
341:
332:
302:stainless steel
286:galvanic series
263:
246:, and silver.
118:
117:
107:
106:
70:
69:
60:
59:
50:
49:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3797:Vapor pressure
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:Speed of sound
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Heat of fusion
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3712:Critical point
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Coinage metals
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:Periodic table
3193:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3154:External links
3152:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3129:
3115:
3105:ChemistryOpen,
3101:
3087:
3073:
3066:
3052:
3038:
3027:
3013:
3006:
2992:
2985:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2951:
2942:
2927:
2876:
2837:
2830:
2812:
2805:
2787:
2780:
2762:
2749:
2740:
2721:(11): 113001.
2701:
2690:(28): 283001.
2670:
2651:(1): 319–348.
2631:
2620:(3): 211–220.
2600:
2561:
2522:
2483:
2472:(3): 421–429.
2452:
2435:
2423:
2407:
2398:
2378:
2366:Dictionary.com
2353:
2344:
2337:
2316:
2289:(5): 360–369.
2261:
2254:
2228:
2221:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:Precious metal
2138:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1700:
1697:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1632:
1619:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1567:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1472:
1460:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1401:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1268:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
978:
971:
968:
965:
962:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
939:
932:
929:
926:
923:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
900:
889:
877:
870:
867:
864:
861:
854:
853:
850:
847:
844:
838:
831:
828:
825:
822:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
799:
792:
789:
786:
783:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
760:
753:
750:
747:
744:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
721:
714:
711:
708:
705:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
659:
656:
615:
612:
607:
603:
595:
539:
536:
516:
513:
490:
487:
486:
485:
479:
472:
470:
461:
454:
452:
447:
440:
438:
433:
426:
424:
419:
412:
410:
404:
398:
391:
389:
384:
377:
375:
370:
363:
361:
354:
347:
345:
339:
333:
326:
262:
259:
108:† attacked by
85:
79:
38:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3981:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:controversies
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Melting point
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Heat capacity
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Boiling point
3705:
3703:
3702:Atomic radius
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Native metals
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3493:Dividing line
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:17 (Halogens)
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
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3184:
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3172:
3171:
3168:
3161:
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3141:
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3134:
3133:Noble metals,
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
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3067:
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3061:
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3053:
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3036:
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3028:
3026:
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3014:
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3007:
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3001:
2997:
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2990:
2986:
2983:
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2783:
2781:9780080480336
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2367:
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2127:
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2111:
2110:hydrogenation
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2104:
2094:
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2086:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:Noble Metals.
2069:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1904:
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1899:
1898:
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1888:
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1863:
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1854:
1851:
1848:
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1809:
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1798:
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1556:
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1083:
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1074:
1073:
1069:
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1063:
1050:
1047:
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1027:
1024:
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1002:
999:
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985:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
956:
952:
949:
946:
933:
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927:
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734:
731:
728:
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709:
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703:
700:
699:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
667:
664:
655:
654:properties.
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
620:
611:
601:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
576:precipitate.
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
535:
533:
532:native metals
530:are the only
529:
524:
522:
509:
505:
501:
495:
482:
476:
471:
466:
458:
453:
444:
439:
430:
425:
416:
411:
402:
395:
390:
381:
376:
367:
362:
351:
346:
337:
330:
325:
324:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
258:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:nanoparticles
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
115:
111:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
83:
74:
64:
54:
44:
34:
30:
19:
3969:Noble metals
3930:
3918:
3901:Trivial name
3889:nomenclature
3561:Heavy metals
3556:Noble metals
3555:
3315:14 (Tetrels)
3211:Alternatives
3139:
3132:
3118:
3104:
3090:
3076:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3034:
3016:
3009:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2821:
2815:
2796:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2542:(1): 22–25.
2539:
2535:
2525:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2450:24 September
2447:
2438:
2418:
2401:
2386:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2347:
2328:
2286:
2283:ChemPhysChem
2282:
2237:
2231:
2204:
2198:
2180:
2163:
2154:
2131:Minor metals
2107:
2100:
2091:
2078:
2071:
2065:
1666:
1608:
1601:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1136:+ 4 e +
661:
629:
625:Jens Nørskov
621:
617:
589:
578:
555:
549:and aqueous
544:
541:
525:
521:siderophiles
518:
504:Earth's core
359:Weight ~44 g
336:Chalcopyrite
317:
312:
310:
281:
277:
271:
264:
248:
212:semimetallic
193:
128:
126:
72:
62:
52:
42:
29:
18:Noble metals
3937:WikiProject
3681:Term symbol
3511:Noble gases
3455:Lanthanides
3438:metallicity
3310:13 (Triels)
2984:1 September
2857:: 614–639.
1980:Molybdenum‡
1689:Copernicium
1677:livermorium
570:nitric acid
566:nitric acid
547:nitric acid
515:Geochemical
313:noble metal
129:noble metal
3964:Metallurgy
3953:Categories
3861:for people
3856:for places
3829:1871 table
3722:Elasticity
3690:Data pages
3648:Properties
3524:Other sets
3480:Metalloids
3093:Springer,
2191:References
2116:reaction.
2020:Lanthanum‡
1960:Strontium‡
1395:+ 12
1237:Technetium
883:+ 4
650:and other
614:Electronic
558:aqua regia
489:Properties
290:semimetals
220:technetium
82:reactivity
57:often (Ag)
3846:etymology
3697:Abundance
3622:in humans
3618:Abundance
3503:Nonmetals
3460:Actinides
2735:0022-3727
2665:0066-426X
2595:0028-0836
2556:0017-1557
2517:0028-0836
2311:210087180
1796:Palladium
1756:Ruthenium
1685:flerovium
1663:= 4 OH)."
1604:dentistry
1466:+ 6
1324:+ 4
1262:+ 4
1037:Ruthenium
819:Palladium
652:plasmonic
508:meteoroid
465:Australia
401:Acanthite
386:Palladium
311:The term
298:aluminium
251:dentistry
165:palladium
157:ruthenium
137:corrosion
88:tarnished
86:* may be
3925:Category
3877:See also
3747:Hardness
3600:Elements
2922:31596013
2371:April 6,
2303:31912974
2136:Hallmark
2120:See also
2112:and the
2040:Bismuth‡
2000:Antimony
1900:Platinum
1681:nihonium
1566:2 Ag + H
1515:period;
1433:Antimony
1076:Polonium
1022:+ e → Ag
741:Platinum
687:Reaction
600:pyridine
481:Cinnabar
294:graphite
240:polonium
232:antimony
149:platinum
141:raw form
3811:History
3717:Density
3345:Periods
3119:Nature,
3035:Matter,
2913:6916354
2859:Bibcode
1940:Mercury
1880:Iridium
1837:Rhenium
1777:Rhodium
1709:Element
1673:hassium
1626:+ 4e +
1584:
1572:
1511:group;
1362:Arsenic
1300:Rhenium
1199:Bismuth
1123:2
959:Rhodium
921:Mercury
780:Iridium
675:Element
632:plasmon
236:bismuth
228:arsenic
224:rhenium
216:mercury
200:d-bands
185:mercury
173:iridium
161:rhodium
133:element
104:oxidant
102:and an
92:corrode
3841:Naming
3638:Symbol
3447:Metals
3415:Blocks
3403:Pyykkö
3398:Fricke
3393:Aufbau
3242:Groups
2940:, p. 7
2920:
2910:
2828:
2803:
2778:
2733:
2663:
2593:
2575:Nature
2554:
2515:
2497:Nature
2335:
2309:
2301:
2252:
2219:
1859:Osmium
1816:Silver
1735:Copper
1699:Oxides
1161:Copper
1148:→ 4 OH
1025:0.7993
998:Silver
858:Osmium
690:SRP(V)
636:silver
583:, and
320:Odling
196:copper
189:sulfur
183:, and
181:copper
177:Silver
169:osmium
110:sulfur
100:oxygen
96:acidic
94:in an
75:
71:
65:
61:
55:
51:
45:
41:
3884:IUPAC
3609:Lists
2307:S2CID
2279:(PDF)
2147:Notes
1889:d1100
1846:d1000
1787:d1050
1784:d1100
1765:d1300
1730:VIII
1693:radon
1671:from
1594:S + H
1492:0.147
1350:0.251
1225:0.308
1187:0.339
1114:Water
846:0.915
284:. A
282:metal
278:noble
121:ozone
3616:By:
2918:PMID
2826:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2731:ISSN
2661:ISSN
2591:ISSN
2552:ISSN
2513:ISSN
2373:2018
2333:ISBN
2299:PMID
2250:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2027:2320
1965:2430
1945:d500
1927:d150
1920:Gold
1868:d500
1849:d400
1822:d100
1819:d200
1801:d750
1741:1326
1738:1232
1683:and
1667:The
1590:→ Ag
1570:S +
1498:101
1495:2.05
1424:2.18
1421:0.24
1288:0.28
1228:2.02
1193:119
1109:136
1070:101
1031:126
1028:1.93
992:110
989:2.28
953:−50
947:0.85
915:104
909:0.85
813:151
807:1.16
774:205
771:2.28
735:223
732:2.54
702:Gold
640:gold
638:and
594:SOCl
564:and
300:and
274:noun
145:Gold
3436:By
3144:doi
3123:doi
3109:doi
3095:doi
3081:doi
3060:doi
3046:doi
3033:",
3021:doi
3000:doi
2980:",
2908:PMC
2898:doi
2867:doi
2855:944
2723:doi
2692:doi
2653:doi
2622:doi
2618:343
2583:doi
2579:446
2544:doi
2505:doi
2501:376
2474:doi
2470:115
2446:",
2391:doi
2291:doi
2242:doi
2209:doi
2047:817
2007:655
1991:801
1909:450
1875:40
1852:327
1772:25
1727:VII
1718:III
1517:SRP
1427:78
1353:1.9
1314:ReO
1294:53
1291:1.9
1252:TcO
1231:91
1190:2.0
1151:0.4
1106:2.0
1103:0.6
1067:2.2
1064:0.6
986:0.8
950:2.0
912:2.2
873:OsO
852:54
849:2.2
810:2.2
768:1.2
729:1.5
696:EA
112:or
3955::
3388:8+
3305:12
3300:11
3295:10
2916:.
2906:.
2894:58
2892:.
2888:.
2865:.
2853:.
2849:.
2729:.
2719:45
2717:.
2713:.
2688:44
2686:.
2682:.
2659:.
2649:53
2647:.
2643:.
2616:.
2612:.
2589:.
2577:.
2573:.
2550:.
2540:31
2538:.
2534:.
2511:.
2499:.
2495:.
2468:.
2464:.
2426:^
2410:^
2364:.
2319:^
2305:.
2297:.
2287:21
2285:.
2281:.
2264:^
2248:.
2215:.
2167:Ag
1724:VI
1721:IV
1715:II
1695:.
1598:O.
1562::
1525:EA
1521:EN
1447:Sb
1440:15
1437:51
1376:As
1369:15
1366:33
1356:6
1304:75
1242:43
1213:Bi
1206:15
1203:83
1175:Cu
1168:11
1165:29
1091:Po
1084:16
1081:84
1052:Ru
1042:44
1013:Ag
1006:11
1003:47
974:Rh
964:45
935:Hg
928:12
925:80
863:76
834:Pd
827:10
824:46
795:Ir
785:77
756:Pt
749:10
746:78
717:Au
710:11
707:79
693:EN
646:,
553:.
407:S)
308:.
306:pH
257:.
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
191:.
179:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
147:,
143:.
127:A
84:.
3624:)
3620:(
3383:7
3378:6
3373:5
3368:4
3363:3
3358:2
3353:1
3290:9
3285:8
3280:7
3275:6
3270:5
3265:4
3260:3
3189:e
3182:t
3175:v
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3125::
3111::
3097::
3083::
3062::
3048::
3023::
3002::
2924:.
2900::
2873:.
2869::
2861::
2834:.
2809:.
2784:.
2737:.
2725::
2698:.
2694::
2667:.
2655::
2628:.
2624::
2597:.
2585::
2558:.
2546::
2519:.
2507::
2480:.
2476::
2393::
2375:.
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2313:.
2293::
2258:.
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2225:.
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1000:✣
970:5
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896:H
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878:2
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713:6
704:✣
684:P
681:G
678:Z
608:5
606:H
604:5
602:C
596:2
405:2
340:2
155:(
73:6
63:2
53:1
43:7
20:)
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