Carbon farming - Knowledge

20: 334: 4860: 4848: 4884: 4872: 349:(as often as daily) the paddocks can rest/recover between grazing periods. This pattern produces stable grasslands with significant fodder. Annual grasses have shallower roots and die once they are grazed. Rotational grazing leads to the replacement of annuals by perennials with deeper roots, which can recover after grazing. By contrast, allowing animals to range over a large area for an extended period can destroy the grassland. 532:

fast-growing tree species, bamboo is only superior in its ability to sequester carbon if selectively harvested. Bamboo forests are especially high in potential for carbon sequestration if the cultivated plant material is turned into durable products that keep the carbon in the plant material for a long period because bamboo is both fast growing and regrows strongly following an annual harvest.

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soil after plant material above the soil is harvested and stored long-term. Bamboo can be planted in sub-optimal land unsuitable for cultivating other crops and the benefits would include not only carbon sequestration but improving the quality of the land for future crops and reducing the amount of land subject to deforestation. The use of

1274: 228:, soil carbon either increases or decreases. This change continues until the soil reaches a new equilibrium. Deviations from this equilibrium can also be affected by varying climate. The decrease can be counteracted by increasing carbon input. This can be done via several strategies, e.g. leaving harvest residues on the field, using 435:

emissions from temperate grasslands amended with chemical fertilizers and manures were orders of magnitude higher. Another study found that grasslands treated with .5" of commercial compost began absorbing carbon at an annual rate of nearly 1.5 tons/acre and continued to do so in subsequent years. As

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emissions reduction in Australia is through bio-sequestration in general, and in particular, the replenishment of our soil carbons." In studies of test plots over 20 years showed increased microbial activity when farmers incorporated organic matter or reduced tillage. Soil carbon levels from 1990 to

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ecosystem services should be researched to determine how different methods and strategies will impact the value an ecosystem service in particular areas. One concern to note is that if policy and incentives are only aimed towards carbon sequestration, then carbon farming could actually be harmful to

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While bamboo has the ability to store carbon as biomass in cultivated material, more than half of the carbon sequestration from bamboo will be stored as carbon in the soil. Carbon that is sequestered into the soil by bamboo is stored by the rhizomes and roots which is biomass that will remain in the

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However, the effects of soil sequestration can be reversed. If the soil is disrupted or intensive tillage practices are used, the soil becomes a net source of greenhouse gases. Typically after several decades of sequestration, the soil becomes saturated and ceases to absorb carbon. This implies that

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is thought to accumulate when decaying organic matter was physically mixed with soil. Small roots die and decay while the plant is alive, depositing carbon below the surface. More recently, the role of living plants has been emphasized where carbon is released as plants grow. Soils can contain up to

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involves grazing livestock under tree cover, with trees separated enough to allow adequate sunlight to nourish the grass. For example, a farm in Mexico planted native trees on a paddock spanning 22 hectares (54 acres). This evolved into a successful organic dairy. The operation became a subsistence

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or similar techniques. Livestock can trample and/or eat the remains of a harvested field. The reduction or complete halt of tilling will create an increase in the soil carbon concentrations of topsoil. Plowing splits soil aggregates and allows microorganisms to consume their organic compounds. The

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during growth and release it after harvest. The goal of agricultural carbon removal is to use the crop and its relation to the carbon cycle to permanently sequester carbon within the soil. This is done by selecting farming methods that return biomass to the soil and enhance the conditions in which

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Frouz, Jan; Livečková, Miluše; Albrechtová, Jana; Chroňáková, Alica; Cajthaml, Tomáš; Pižl, Václav; Háněl, Ladislav; Starý, Josef; Baldrian, Petr; Lhotáková, Zuzana; Šimáčková, Hana; Cepáková, Šárka (2013-12-01). "Is the effect of trees on soil properties mediated by soil fauna? A case study from

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are fast-growing species planted to protect soils from wind and water erosion during the off-growing season. The cover crop may be incorporated into the soil to increase soil organic matter. Legume cover crops can also produce a small amount of nitrogen. The carbon content of a soil should not be

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Forestry and agriculture are both land-based human activities that add up to contribute approximately a third of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. There is a large interest in reforestation, but in regards to carbon farming most of that reforestation opportunity will be in small patches with

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Carbon farming methods might have additional costs. Individual land owners are sometimes given incentives to use carbon farming methods through government policies. Governments in Australia and New Zealand are considering allowing farmers to sell carbon credits once they document that they have

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which would be planting forests in areas that were not historically forested. Not all forests will sequester the same amount of carbon. Carbon sequestration is dependent on several factors which can include forest age, forest type, amount of biodiversity, the management practices the forest is

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sequesters carbon in a stable (not easily accessed) form. Carbon farmers spread it over the soil surface without tilling. A 2013 study found that a single compost application significantly and durably increased grassland carbon storage by 25–70%. The continuation sequestration likely came from

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are often a side benefit of restoring ecosystems along with carbon farming, but often ecosystem services are ignored in project planning because, unlike carbon sequestration, is not a global commodity that can be traded. If and how carbon farming's additional sequestration methods can affect

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Carbon farming methods might have additional costs. Some countries have government policies that give financial incentives to farmers to use carbon farming methods. As of 2016, variants of carbon farming reached hundreds of millions of hectares globally, of the nearly 5 billion hectares

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and shrublands. A bamboo plantation sequesters carbon at a faster rate than a mature forest or a tree plantation. However it has been found that only new plantations or plantations with active management will be sequestering carbon at a faster rate than mature forests. Compared with other

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increased water-holding and "fertilization" by compost decomposition. Both factors support increased productivity. Both tested sites showed large increases in grassland productivity: a forage increase of 78% in a drier valley site, while a wetter coastal site averaged an increase of 42%.

224:, the SOC content in the soil reduces by about 30–40%. The loss of carbon through agricultural practices can eventually lead to the loss of soil suitable for agriculture. The carbon loss from the soil is due to the removal of plant material containing carbon, via harvesting. When 313:

Restore degraded, marginal, and abandoned land, which slows carbon release while returning the land to agriculture or other use. Degraded land with low soil carbon pool has particularly high potential to store soil carbon, which can be farther enhanced by proper selection of

834:(USDA) to purchase 40,000 carbon credits from ranchers on 11,000 no-till acres. The transaction equates to removing 5,000 cars from the road and was the largest to date in the US. In 2017 multiple US states passed legislation in support of carbon farming and 236:. Perennial crops have a larger below ground biomass fraction, which increases the SOC content. Globally, soils are estimated to contain >8,580 gigatons of organic carbon, about ten times the amount in the atmosphere and much more than in vegetation. 842:

California appropriated $ 7.5 million as part of its Healthy Soils Program. The objective is to demonstrate that "specific management practices sequester carbon, improve soil health and reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases." The program includes mulching,

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experiences and climate. Biodiversity is often thought to be a side benefit of carbon farming, but in forest ecosystems increased biodiversity can increase the rate of carbon sequestration and can be a tool in carbon farming and not just a side benefit.

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Composting is not an NRCS-approved technique and its impacts on native species and greenhouse emissions during production have not been fully resolved. Further, commercial compost supplies are too limited to cover large amounts of land.

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Mixing anaerobically burned biochar into soil sequesters approximately 50% of the carbon in the biomass. Globally up to 12% of the anthropogenic carbon emissions from land use change (0.21 gigatonnes) can be off-set annually in soil, if

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Concentrate livestock in small paddocks for days at a time so they graze lightly but evenly. This encourages roots to grow deeper into the soil. Stock also till the soil with their hooves, grinding old grass and manures into the

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as much as possible (for example by following carbon farming approaches). Climate-smart agriculture works as an integrated approach to managing land. This approach helps farmers to adapt their agricultural methods (for raising

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Perennial crops offer potential to sequester carbon when grown in multilayered systems. One system uses perennial staple crops that grow on trees that are analogs to maize and beans, or vines, palms and herbaceous perennials.

345:, but also methane due to the microbes residing in their digestive system. A small amount of carbon may be sequestered in grassland soils through root exudates and manure. By regularly rotating the herd through multiple 48:. The overall goal of carbon farming is to create a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere. This is done by increasing the rate at which carbon is sequestered into soil and plant material. One option is to increase the 2248: 826:(RCDs) support local partnerships to develop and implement carbon farming, In 2015 the agency that administers California's carbon-credit exchange began granting credits to farmers who compost grazing lands. In 2016 259:

Carbon farming can offset as much as 20% of 2010 carbon dioxide emissions annually. As of 2016, variants of carbon farming reached hundreds of millions of hectares globally, of the nearly 5 billion hectares

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forest will store less total carbon than most types of mature forest. However, it can store a similar total amount of carbon as rubber plantations and tree orchards, and can surpass the total carbon stored in

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trees being planted by individual land owners in exchange for benefits provided by carbon farming programs. Forestry in carbon farming can be both reforestation, which is restoring forests to areas that were

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Carbon farming is not without its challenges or disadvantages. When ecosystem restoration is used as a form of carbon farming, there can be a lack of knowledge that is disadvantageous in project planning.

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The largest international effort to promote carbon farming is "four per 1,000", led by France. Its goal is to increase soil carbon by 0.4% per year through agricultural and forestry changes.

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is also available to farmers who use bamboo to gain carbon credit in otherwise uncultivated land. Therefore, the farming of bamboo timber may have significant carbon sequestration potential.

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increased microbial activity releases nutrients, initially boosting yield. Thereafter the loss of structure reduces soil's ability to hold water and resist erosion, thereby reducing yield.

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Kleber M, Eusterhues K, Keiluweit M, Mikutta C, Nico PS (2015). "Mineral – Organic Associations : Formation, Properties, and Relevance in Soil Environments". In Sparks DL (ed.).

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Hawaii created the Carbon Farming Task Force to develop incentives to increase soil carbon content. A 250-acre demonstration project attempted to produce biofuels from the

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Cover bare paddocks with hay or dead vegetation. This protects soil from the sun and allows the soil to hold more water and be more attractive to carbon-capturing microbes.

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Haddaway, Neal R.; Hedlund, Katarina; Jackson, Louise E.; Kätterer, Thomas; Lugato, Emanuele; Thomsen, Ingrid K.; Jørgensen, Helene B.; Isberg, Per-Erik (2017-12-18).

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Yiping, L., Yanxia, L., Buckingham, K., Henley, G., & Guomo, Z. (2010). Bamboo and Climate Change Mitigation: a comparative analysis of carbon sequestration.

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Vindušková, Olga; Frouz, Jan (2013-07-01). "Soil carbon accumulation after open-cast coal and oil shale mining in Northern Hemisphere: a quantitative review".

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Sundermeiera, A.P.; Islam, K.R.; Raut, Y.; Reeder, R.C.; Dick, W.A. (September 2010). "Continuous No-Till Impacts on Soil Biophysical Carbon Sequestration".

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is a long-term concern, farmers can be reluctant to adopt more expensive agricultural techniques when there is not a clear crop, soil, or economic benefit.

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that refers to "biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management". Most commonly, it refers to the role that

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Schmidt MW, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning DA, Nannipieri P, Rasse DP, Weiner S,

4037: 3858: 459:. Agriculture and forestry wastes could add some 0.16 gigatonnes/year. Biofuel production using modern biomass can produce a bio-char by-product through 390:

covers the soil around plants with a mulch of wood chips or straw. Alternatively, crop residue can be left in place to enter the soil as it decomposes.

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cannot be adopted enough to matter or that it could lower commodity prices. The impact of increased soil carbon on yield has yet to be settled.

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Renwick, A.; Ball, A.; Pretty, J.N. (August 2002). "Biological and Policy Constraints on the Adoption of Carbon Farming in Temperate Regions".

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Goglio, Pietro; Smith, Ward N.; Grant, Brian B.; Desjardins, Raymond L.; McConkey, Brian G.; Campbell, Con A.; Nemecek, Thomas (2015-10-01).

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Poeplau, Christopher; Don, Axel (2015-02-01). "Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops – A meta-analysis".

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the carbon within the plants will be reduced to its elemental nature and stored in a stable state. Methods for accomplishing this include:

3658: 2809:"Carbon sequestration by Chinese bamboo forests and their ecological benefits: assessment of potential, problems, and future challenges" 3922: 3875: 593:

when species diversity is not a goal of the landscapes project, so there should be attempts to balance the goals of carbon farming and

4801: 3917: 3497: 909: 675: 277: 552:, transaction costs and various externalities such as leakage and unforeseen environmental damage. Because reduction of atmospheric 4132: 3848: 3566: 3343: 899: 782:

2006 declined by 30% on average under continuous cropping. Incorporating organic matter alone was not enough to build soil carbon.

655: 4925: 4488: 4277: 3440: 2135: 1348: 831: 2838: 4137: 4100: 3954: 3939: 3853: 3502: 3446: 2965: 1740: 904: 127:. It is important to maximize environmental benefits of carbon farming by keeping in mind ecosystem services at the same time. 4796: 3934: 3034: 4818: 3769: 3764: 2311:

Lehmann, Johannes; Gaunt, John; Rondon, Marco (2006-03-01). "Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review".

735:. However, when blue carbon ecosystems are degraded or lost, they release carbon back to the atmosphere, thereby adding to 571:

Approved practices may make farmers eligible for federal funds. Not all carbon farming techniques have been recommended.

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increased without also ensuring that the relative amount of nitrogen also increases to maintain a healthy soil ecosystem.

4299: 4077: 3895: 3822: 3812: 3795: 3702: 3509: 2751:"Impacts of selective harvest on the carbon sequestration potential in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) plantations" 992: 3827: 4728: 4589: 4546: 4042: 251:

About half of soil carbon is found within deep soils. About 90% of this is stabilized by mineral–organic associations.

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SongXinzhang; ZhouGuomo; JiangHong; YuShuquan; FuJinhe; LiWeizhong; WangWeifeng; MaZhihai; PengChanghui (2011-10-25).

2167: 1767: 4655: 4531: 4348: 3546: 3109: 2399:"The opportunity cost of land use and the global potential for greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture and forestry" 1841: 1184: 646:(CSA) (or climate resilient agriculture) is a set of farming methods that has three main objectives with regards to 170:, an increase of one ton of soil carbon pool may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare of 4920: 4888: 4526: 4506: 4453: 4405: 3462: 872:

tree. Pongamia adds nitrogen to the soil. Similarly, one ranch husbands 2,000 head of cattle on 4,000 acres, using

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Lin, Brenda B.; Macfadyen, Sarina; Renwick, Anna R.; Cunningham, Saul A.; Schellhorn, Nancy A. (2013-10-01).

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Livestock, like all animals, are net producers of carbon. Ruminants like cows and sheep produce not only CO

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10 acres) of world farmland. Carbon farming has some disadvantages because some of its methods can affect

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Lal, R. (June 11, 2004). "Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security".

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Hudiburg, Tara; Law, Beverly; Turner, David P.; Campbell, John; Donato, Dan; Duane, Maureen (2009).

2333: 1608:"Carbon isotopes for estimating soil decomposition and physical mixing in well-drained forest soils" 143:. It can be achieved by modification of agricultural practices because soil can act as an effective 4755: 4750: 4740: 4681: 4521: 4027: 3992: 3880: 3807: 3648: 3477: 3413: 3374: 2511:"Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage" 736: 601: 328: 148: 4910: 4864: 4786: 4696: 4438: 4410: 4090: 3744: 3722: 3329: 537: 2683:"Bamboo as a complementary crop to address climate change and livelihoods – Insights from India" 1929:"Management opportunities for soil carbon sequestration following agricultural land abandonment" 4463: 4283: 4225: 4142: 4127: 4012: 3653: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3135: 2328: 2198:"Productivity and efficiency impacts of conservation tillage in northwest Indo-Gangetic Plains" 865:

Massachusetts funds education and training to support agriculture that regenerates soil health.

195: 69: 53: 3173:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, 4852: 4498: 4375: 4183: 3638: 3561: 823: 1223:"Maximizing the Environmental Benefits of Carbon Farming through Ecosystem Service Delivery" 4915: 4691: 4569: 4230: 3800: 3727: 3204: 3061: 2992: 2762: 2694: 2640: 2580: 2522: 2457: 2410: 2320: 2209: 2045: 1993: 1940: 1866: 1782: 1728: 1668: 1619: 1539: 1481: 1424: 1382: 1308: 1136: 1081:"Forestry-based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges" 1034: 951: 919: 758: 728: 191: 140: 44: 28: 3251: 2446:"Effective incentives for reforestation: lessons from Australia's carbon farming policies" 1470:"Accounting for soil carbon changes in agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA): a review" 8: 4708: 4483: 3712: 3707: 1022: 205: 49: 3208: 3065: 2996: 2766: 2698: 2644: 2584: 2526: 2461: 2414: 2324: 2213: 2049: 1997: 1944: 1927:

Bell, Stephen M.; Barriocanal, Carles; Terrer, César; Rosell-Melé, Antoni (2020-06-01).

1870: 1786: 1732: 1672: 1623: 1543: 1485: 1428: 1386: 1312: 1140: 1038: 955: 4536: 4468: 4385: 4235: 4200: 4157: 4152: 4147: 3717: 3193:"The development and adoption of conservation tillage systems on the Canadian Prairies" 3085: 3016: 2941: 2914: 2786: 2718: 2491: 2397:

Golub, Alla; Hertel, Thomas; Lee, Huey-Lin; Rose, Steven; Sohngen, Brent (2009-11-01).

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Maryland's Healthy Soils Program supports research, education and technical assistance.

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farm, earning income from consulting/training others rather than from crop production.

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Carbon farming minimizes disruption to soils over the planting/growing/harvest cycle.

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Almaraz, Maya; Wong, Michelle Y.; Geoghegan, Emily K.; Houlton, Benjamin Z. (2021).

859:. Nearly half of California counties have farmers who are working on carbon-farming. 4813: 4380: 4363: 4304: 4195: 3959: 3678: 3551: 3487: 3212: 3174: 3104: 3069: 3020: 3000: 2936: 2928: 2820: 2770: 2702: 2648: 2596: 2588: 2530: 2473: 2465: 2418: 2358: 2338: 2283: 2263: 2217: 2096: 2053: 2001: 1948: 1874: 1829: 1810: 1790: 1736: 1676: 1627: 1606:

Acton, Peter; Fox, Jimmy; Campbell, Elliott; Rowe, Harry; Wilkinson, Marsh (2013).

1586: 1547: 1528:"Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context" 1489: 1432: 1390: 1344: 1316: 1234: 1144: 1092: 1042: 959: 671: 422:

and emissions did not increase significantly. Methane fluxes were negligible. Soil

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is another tool that is used in carbon farming. Carbon farming is one component of

24: 2569:"Biodiversity in forest carbon sequestration initiatives: not just a side benefit" 1493: 1148: 4765: 4686: 4650: 4579: 4553: 4541: 4458: 4390: 4265: 4122: 3739: 3690: 3668: 3038: 2774: 2706: 2652: 2592: 2478: 2469: 2057: 1953: 1928: 1833: 914: 815: 724: 608: 365: 225: 163: 1655:

Deyn, Gerlinde B. De; Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.; Bardgett, Richard D. (2008).

964: 939: 731:. These ecosystems can play an important role for climate change mitigation and 208:(SOC). When a soil is converted from natural land or semi natural land, such as 4718: 4574: 4516: 4511: 4353: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3817: 3754: 3492: 3472: 3431: 3352: 2750: 2681:

Dwivedi, Arun Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Baredar, Prashant; Prakash, Om (2019-05-01).

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of energy produced. Soil-sequestered carbon is easily and verifiably measured.

456: 452: 233: 104: 3178: 2342: 2005: 1551: 1437: 1412: 1297:"Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security" 769:. The country's Direct Action Plan states "The single largest opportunity for 4904: 4791: 4723: 4448: 4270: 4255: 4190: 4085: 3226: 2782: 2714: 2660: 2610: 2542: 2487: 2430: 2350: 2229: 2147: 2065: 2013: 1962: 1748: 1690: 1657:"Plant functional traits and soil carbon sequestration in contrasting biomes" 1641: 1559: 1501: 1446: 1328: 1248: 1239: 1222: 1156: 1106: 1054: 1023:"A review of carbon farming impacts on nitrogen cycling, retention, and loss" 1000: 973: 766: 762: 667: 502: 498: 100: 3004: 1413:"How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review" 1320: 814:' cropland had adopted "conservation tillage" and more than 50% had adopted 589:. Carbon farming could inadvertently cause an increase of land clearing and 333: 4676: 4473: 4117: 4107: 3759: 3643: 3556: 3081: 3073: 3012: 2950: 2932: 2629:"Carbon stocks in bamboo ecosystems worldwide: Estimates and uncertainties" 2550: 2275: 2175: 1878: 1802: 1698: 1336: 1164: 889: 876:

to build soil, store carbon, restore hydrologic function and reduce runoff.

856: 818:. Twenty-five countries pledged to adopt the practice at the December 2015 594: 549: 520: 352: 2966:"Environmental Co Benefits of Sequestration Practices. 2006. June 1, 2009" 4703: 4220: 4212: 3467: 1632: 1607: 894: 835: 716: 708: 702: 619: 590: 475: 240: 144: 120: 96: 3037:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. June 1, 2009. Archived from 2913:

Smith, Pete; Martino, Daniel; Cai, Zucong; et al. (February 2008).

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may increase herbicide use, diminishing or eliminating carbon benefits.

119:. For example, carbon farming could cause an increase of land clearing, 4735: 4112: 3140: 2806: 2601: 1046: 844: 787: 375: 303:

such as grasses and weeds as a temporary cover between planting seasons

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5% carbon by weight, including decomposing plant and animal matter and

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10.1002/1522-2624(200008)163:4<421::AID-JPLN421>3.0.CO;2-R

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Tang, Kai; Kragt, Marit E.; Hailu, Atakelty; Ma, Chunbo (2016-05-01).

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there is a global limit to the amount of carbon that soil can hold.

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Agricultural sequestration practices may have positive effects on

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is a set of agricultural methods that aim to store carbon in the

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Many factors affect the costs of carbon sequestration including

139:, crop roots, wood and leaves. It is one of several methods for 99:, and changing the crop types. Methods used in forestry include 4671: 3130: 3128: 938:

Nath, Arun Jyoti; Lal, Rattan; Das, Ashesh Kumar (2015-01-01).

791: 515: 229: 217: 209: 1410: 940:"Managing woody bamboos for carbon farming and carbon trading" 75:

Agricultural methods for carbon farming include adjusting how

42:, crop roots, wood and leaves. The technical term for this is 4585:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

3673: 1768:"Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property" 1220: 387: 174:, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for 171: 84: 3125: 135:

The overall aim of carbon farming is to store carbon in the

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Díaz, Sandra; Hector, Andy; Wardle, David A. (2009-10-01).

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Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

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Yuen, Jia Qi; Fung, Tak; Ziegler, Alan D. (2017-06-01).

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Krishna, Vijesh V.; Veettil, Prakashan C. (2014-05-01).

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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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Awada, L.; Lindwall, C.W.; Sonntag, B. (March 2014).

2114: 1575:"Non-flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil" 3278:"Turning dirt into climate goals via carbon farming" 3190: 1605: 618:Carbon farming may consider related issues such as 3197:International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3035:"Addressing Reversibility (Duration) for Projects" 2396: 2310: 1185:"How carbon farming can help solve climate change" 1079:Jindal, Rohit; Swallow, Brent; Kerr, John (2008). 382: 3054:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 3051: 2920:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2862: 1828:. Vol. 130. Academic Press. pp. 1–140. 1125:"Carbon farming economics: What have we learned?" 1078: 543: 52:content. This can also aid plant growth, improve 4902: 4802:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 2863:Viswanath, Syam; Subbanna, Sruthi (2017-10-12), 2566: 2133: 1711: 1122: 2912: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2626: 2573:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2450:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1983: 1612:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 880:Other states are considering similar programs. 2195: 1898:"FACTBOX: Carbon farming on rise in Australia" 1717:"Carbon input by plants into the soil. Review" 318: 271: 27:on agricultural land. Carbon farming enhances 3542:History of climate change policy and politics 3337: 3233: 2748: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1074: 1072: 436:of 2018, this study had not been replicated. 2883: 2881: 2802: 2800: 2749:Kuehl, Y.; Li, Y.; Henley, G. (2013-03-01). 2667: 2622: 2620: 2562: 2560: 2304: 1892: 1890: 1888: 630: 568:sufficiently increased soil carbon content. 3659:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2365: 2242: 1721:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 1118: 1116: 486: 158:, air, and water quality, be beneficial to 4883: 4871: 4328: 3344: 3330: 2915:"Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture" 2072: 1372: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1171: 1069: 1027:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 987: 985: 983: 937: 4623: 4429:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 3567:United Nations Climate Change conferences 3216: 2940: 2878: 2866:Carbon sequestration potential in bamboos 2797: 2617: 2600: 2557: 2477: 2332: 1952: 1885: 1680: 1631: 1590: 1572: 1436: 1375:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 1238: 1096: 993:"Carbon Farming | Carbon Cycle Institute" 963: 910:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 676:greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 278:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture 70:remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 4133:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 2160: 1368: 1366: 1113: 900:Effects of climate change on agriculture 656:effects of climate change on agriculture 332: 18: 16:Agricultural methods that capture carbon 4489:National Adaptation Programme of Action 4278:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 3275: 2737:International Network Bamboo and Rattan 2168:"Excerpt | The Carbon Farming Solution" 2134:Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (2018-04-18). 1859:Soil Science Society of America Journal 1406: 1404: 1264: 1201: 980: 743: 4903: 4138:Economics of climate change mitigation 4101:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 3619: 3447:Scientific consensus on climate change 1908:from the original on November 22, 2021 1351:from the original on February 11, 2023 1277:from the original on November 23, 2015 905:Effects of climate change on livestock 470: 4797:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 4622: 4327: 4063: 3618: 3530: 3411: 3363: 3325: 2443: 1525: 1363: 4819:Representative Concentration Pathway 3765:Tipping points in the climate system 3441:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 3258:. Center For Food Safety. 2017-07-12 2887: 2371: 1401: 1260: 1258: 440:Working with biochar and terra preta 359: 4590:Nationally determined contributions 4300:Individual action on climate change 3510:World energy supply and consumption 2982: 1294: 1265:Biggers, Jeff (November 20, 2015). 1129:Journal of Environmental Management 625: 463:sequestering 30.6 kg for each 13: 4729:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 3351: 1933:Environmental Science & Policy 1182: 794:had to be added as well to do so. 662:). Secondly, they aim to increase 14: 4937: 4656:Satellite temperature measurement 4261:forestry for carbon sequestration 3547:History of climate change science 3297: 3110:Food and Agriculture Organization 1255: 509: 204:, cropland soils are depleted in 4882: 4870: 4859: 4858: 4846: 4507:Climate Change Performance Index 3886:Destruction of cultural heritage 1682:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01164.x 1098:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00176.x 805: 701:This section is an excerpt from 636:This section is an excerpt from 491: 4646:Instrumental temperature record 4597:Sustainable Development Goal 13 3269: 3184: 3045: 3027: 2976: 2958: 2906: 2856: 2831: 2742: 2729: 2502: 2437: 2423:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.04.007 2390: 2236: 2189: 2028: 1977: 1920: 1850: 1817: 1755: 1705: 1648: 1599: 1566: 1519: 1461: 944:Global Ecology and Conservation 824:Resource Conservation Districts 622:and surface water degradation. 383:Using organic mulch and compost 4926:Climate change and agriculture 4714:Climate variability and change 4064: 3750:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3276:Swaffer, Miriam (2017-07-11). 2888:Chan, Gabrielle (2013-10-29). 2755:Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 2444:Evans, Megan C. (2018-06-01). 2372:Chan, Gabrielle (2013-10-29). 1288: 1267:"Iowa's Climate-Change Wisdom" 1014: 931: 695: 674:. Thirdly, they try to reduce 544:Costs and financial incentives 1: 4824:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 4359:Climate emergency declaration 3218:10.1016/s2095-6339(15)30013-7 2633:Forest Ecology and Management 2403:Resource and Energy Economics 2038:Forest Ecology and Management 1715:; Domanski, Grzegorz (2000). 1494:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.040 1474:Journal of Cleaner Production 1149:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.008 925: 600:Critics say that the related 574: 264:10 acres) of world farmland. 62:Sustainable forest management 4807:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 4033:Middle East and North Africa 3364: 2841:. 2017-02-08. Archived from 2775:10.1080/14728028.2013.773652 2707:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.02.007 2653:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.017 2593:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.08.001 2470:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.002 2058:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.013 1986:Environmental Earth Sciences 1954:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.03.018 1834:10.1016/bs.agron.2014.10.005 1573:Blakemore, R.J. (Nov 2018). 1532:European Journal of Agronomy 832:US Department of Agriculture 753:In 2011 Australia started a 748: 660:resilience to climate change 607:Another criticism says that 181: 7: 3531: 3136:"Climate-Smart Agriculture" 3105:"Climate-Smart Agriculture" 2687:Forest Policy and Economics 965:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.03.002 883: 319:Adjusting livestock grazing 272:Methods used in agriculture 10: 4942: 4641:Global surface temperature 4532:Popular culture depictions 4444:Ecosystem-based adaptation 4174:Carbon capture and storage 4096:Carbon offsets and credits 3412: 3309:www.marincarbonproject.org 2222:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.02.004 2136:"Can Dirt Save the Earth?" 1592:10.3390/soilsystems2040064 1526:Smith, Pete (2004-02-01). 1395:10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.024 733:ecosystem-based adaptation 700: 654:methods to respond to the 635: 443: 363: 322: 275: 188:Biological carbon fixation 185: 4853:Climate change portal 4840: 4779: 4746:Extreme event attribution 4664: 4633: 4629: 4618: 4562: 4497: 4419: 4369:School Strike for Climate 4341: 4337: 4323: 4292: 4248:Climate-smart agriculture 4209: 4166: 4076: 4072: 4059: 3983: 3841: 3788: 3631: 3627: 3614: 3537: 3526: 3455: 3424: 3420: 3407: 3390:Climate change adaptation 3385:Climate change mitigation 3380:Effects of climate change 3370: 3359: 3179:10.1017/9781009157896.022 2343:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 2172:carbonfarmingsolution.com 2006:10.1007/s12665-012-2004-5 1552:10.1016/j.eja.2003.08.002 1438:10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9 822:. In California multiple 810:By 2014 more than 75% of 797: 713:climate change mitigation 689:effects of climate change 664:agricultural productivity 644:Climate-smart agriculture 638:Climate-smart agriculture 631:Climate-smart agriculture 66:climate-smart agriculture 4756:Global warming potential 4563:International agreements 4210:Preserving and enhancing 3649:Arctic methane emissions 3571:Years in climate change 3478:Greenhouse gas emissions 3375:Causes of climate change 1777:(Submitted manuscript). 1240:10.1525/bio.2013.63.10.6 765:to companies in need of 737:greenhouse gas emissions 602:regenerative agriculture 487:Methods used in forestry 329:Regenerative agriculture 254: 149:carbon dioxide emissions 68:. It is also one way to 4921:Sustainable agriculture 4787:Climate change scenario 4439:Disaster risk reduction 4091:Carbon emission trading 3901:U.S. insurance industry 3876:Civilizational collapse 3723:sea surface temperature 3005:10.1126/science.1097396 2515:Ecological Applications 2256:Ecological Applications 1381:(Supplement C): 33–41. 1321:10.1126/science.1097396 1085:Natural Resources Forum 538:carbon emission trading 130: 83:is done, using organic 4780:Research and modelling 4464:Nature-based solutions 4284:Nature-based solutions 4226:Carbon dioxide removal 4143:Fossil fuel divestment 4128:Climate risk insurance 4038:Small island countries 3654:Arctic sea ice decline 3305:"Marin Carbon Project" 3074:10.1098/rsta.2002.1028 2933:10.1098/rstb.2007.2184 1879:10.2136/sssaj2010.0334 1417:Environmental Evidence 1295:Lal, R. (2004-06-11). 338: 196:Carbon dioxide removal 32: 4741:Earth's energy budget 4624:Background and theory 4512:Climate crisis (term) 4184:Fossil fuel phase-out 4078:Economics and finance 4043:by individual country 3985:By country and region 3960:Security and conflict 3955:Psychological impacts 3639:Abrupt climate change 3562:Charles David Keeling 3395:By country and region 3112:of the United Nations 2813:Environmental Reviews 2479:1959.4/unsworks_74642 757:program. Farmers who 597:should be attempted. 336: 50:soil's organic matter 22: 4570:Glasgow Climate Pact 4231:Carbon sequestration 3801:Mass mortality event 3041:on October 13, 2008. 2202:Agricultural Systems 2036:post-mining sites". 1826:Advances in Agronomy 1633:10.1002/2013JG002400 920:Soil carbon feedback 744:By country or region 729:carbon sequestration 711:is a concept within 650:. Firstly, they use 192:Carbon sequestration 141:carbon sequestration 56:capacity and reduce 54:soil water retention 45:carbon sequestration 29:carbon sequestration 4709:Climate sensitivity 4484:The Adaptation Fund 3940:Infectious diseases 3842:Social and economic 3209:2014ISWCR...2...47A 3167:Annex VII: Glossary 3066:2002RSPTA.360.1721R 2997:2004Sci...304.1623L 2991:(5677): 1623–1627. 2767:2013ForTL..22....1K 2699:2019ForPE.102...66D 2645:2017ForEM.393..113Y 2585:2009COES....1...55D 2527:2009EcoAp..19..163H 2462:2018COES...32...38E 2415:2009REEco..31..299G 2325:2006MASGC..11..403L 2214:2014AgSys.127..126K 2050:2013ForEM.309...87F 1998:2013EES....69.1685V 1945:2020ESPol.108..104B 1871:2011SSASJ..75.1779S 1795:10.1038/nature10386 1787:2011Natur.478...49S 1733:2000JPNSS.163..421K 1673:2008EcolL..11..516D 1624:2013JGRG..118.1532A 1544:2004EuJAg..20..229S 1486:2015JCPro.104...23G 1429:2017EnvEv...6...30H 1387:2015AgEE..200...33P 1313:2004Sci...304.1623L 1307:(5677): 1623–1627. 1141:2016JEnvM.172...49T 1039:2021NYASA1505..102A 997:www.carboncycle.org 956:2015GEcoC...3..654N 830:partnered with the 820:Paris climate talks 471:Adjusting crop type 206:soil organic carbon 4280:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 4252:Forest management 4236:Direct air capture 4201:Sustainable energy 4158:Net zero emissions 4153:Low-carbon economy 4148:Green Climate Fund 3935:Indigenous peoples 3833:Plant biodiversity 3621:Effects and issues 3094:pp. 1722, 1726–29. 2245:SILVER, WHENDEE L. 2140:The New York Times 1047:10.1111/nyas.14690 874:rotational grazing 658:(this also builds 582:Ecosystem services 339: 202:natural vegetation 117:ecosystem services 33: 4898: 4897: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4771:Radiative forcing 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4434:Adaptive capacity 4319: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4179:Energy transition 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 3770:Tropical cyclones 3696:Urban heat island 3610: 3609: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3483:Carbon accounting 3437:Greenhouse effect 3403: 3402: 3060:(1797): 1721–40. 2927:(1492): 789–813. 2535:10.1890/07-2006.1 2268:10.1890/12-0620.1 1904:. June 16, 2009. 812:Canadian Prairies 609:no-till practices 374:is avoided using 360:Adjusting tillage 282:All crops absorb 125:biodiversity loss 4933: 4886: 4885: 4874: 4873: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4814:Paleoclimatology 4631: 4630: 4620: 4619: 4381:Ecological grief 4364:Climate movement 4339: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4305:Plant-based diet 4196:Renewable energy 4074: 4073: 4061: 4060: 3896:Economic impacts 3823:Invasive species 3679:Coastal flooding 3629: 3628: 3616: 3615: 3552:Svante Arrhenius 3528: 3527: 3498:from agriculture 3488:Carbon footprint 3473:Greenhouse gases 3422: 3421: 3409: 3408: 3361: 3360: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3248: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3188: 3182: 3163: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3024: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2972:on May 11, 2009. 2968:. 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Archived from 989: 978: 977: 967: 935: 780: 779: 778: 759:sequester carbon 725:seagrass meadows 672:world population 626:Related concepts 563: 562: 561: 434: 432: 431: 421: 419: 418: 408: 407: 406: 293: 292: 291: 263: 226:land use changes 147:and thus offset 114: 25:soil respiration 4941: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4847: 4845: 4828: 4775: 4766:Orbital forcing 4660: 4625: 4606: 4580:Paris Agreement 4558: 4554:Warming stripes 4493: 4459:Managed retreat 4454:Loss and damage 4415: 4349:Business action 4333: 4311: 4288: 4211: 4205: 4162: 4123:Climate finance 4068: 4047: 3979: 3837: 3813:Extinction risk 3789:Flora and fauna 3784: 3745:Permafrost thaw 3740:Ozone depletion 3669:Extreme weather 3623: 3606: 3533: 3514: 3451: 3416: 3399: 3366: 3355: 3350: 3313: 3311: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3286: 3284: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3234: 3189: 3185: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3050: 3046: 3033: 3032: 3028: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2825:10.1139/a11-015 2805: 2798: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2730: 2679: 2668: 2625: 2618: 2565: 2558: 2507: 2503: 2442: 2438: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2370: 2366: 2334:10.1.1.183.1147 2309: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2251: 2241: 2237: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2132: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2073: 2033: 2029: 1982: 1978: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1822: 1818: 1781:(7367): 49–56. 1770: 1760: 1756: 1713:Kuzyakov, Yakov 1710: 1706: 1661:Ecology Letters 1653: 1649: 1604: 1600: 1571: 1567: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1509: 1466: 1462: 1409: 1402: 1371: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1256: 1233:(10): 793–803. 1219: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1183:Burton, David. 1181: 1172: 1121: 1114: 1077: 1070: 1019: 1015: 1006: 1004: 991: 990: 981: 936: 932: 928: 915:Seaweed farming 886: 808: 800: 777: 774: 773: 772: 770: 751: 746: 741: 740: 706: 698: 693: 692: 641: 633: 628: 577: 560: 557: 556: 555: 553: 546: 512: 494: 489: 473: 455:is replaced by 448: 442: 430: 427: 426: 425: 423: 417: 414: 413: 412: 410: 405: 402: 401: 400: 398: 385: 368: 366:No-till farming 362: 344: 331: 323:Main articles: 321: 290: 287: 286: 285: 283: 280: 274: 261: 257: 234:perennial crops 198: 184: 164:food production 133: 112: 91:, working with 17: 12: 11: 5: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4911:Carbon farming 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4721: 4719:Cloud feedback 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4577: 4575:Kyoto Protocol 4572: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4529: 4527:Media coverage 4524: 4519: 4517:Climate spiral 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4406:Public opinion 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4356: 4354:Climate action 4351: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4266:REDD and REDD+ 4263: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4243:Carbon farming 4240: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3975:Water security 3972: 3970:Water scarcity 3967: 3965:Urban flooding 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3818:Forest dieback 3815: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755:Sea level rise 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3728:stratification 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3493:Carbon leakage 3490: 3485: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3434: 3432:Climate system 3428: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3356: 3353:Climate change 3349: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3298:External links 3296: 3294: 3293: 3268: 3232: 3183: 3153: 3124: 3096: 3044: 3026: 2975: 2957: 2905: 2877: 2855: 2830: 2796: 2741: 2728: 2666: 2616: 2556: 2521:(1): 163–180. 2501: 2436: 2409:(4): 299–319. 2389: 2364: 2319:(2): 403–427. 2303: 2235: 2188: 2159: 2113: 2071: 2027: 1976: 1919: 1884: 1849: 1842: 1816: 1754: 1727:(4): 421–431. 1704: 1667:(5): 516–531. 1647: 1598: 1565: 1538:(3): 229–236. 1518: 1460: 1400: 1362: 1287: 1271:New York Times 1254: 1200: 1170: 1112: 1091:(2): 116–130. 1068: 1033:(1): 102–117. 1013: 979: 929: 927: 924: 923: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 885: 882: 878: 877: 866: 863: 860: 807: 804: 799: 796: 775: 767:carbon offsets 763:carbon credits 750: 747: 745: 742: 707: 699: 697: 694: 670:for a growing 666:and to ensure 648:climate change 642: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 576: 573: 558: 545: 542: 511: 510:Bamboo farming 508: 493: 490: 488: 485: 472: 469: 457:slash-and-char 453:slash-and-burn 444:Main article: 441: 438: 428: 415: 403: 384: 381: 364:Main article: 361: 358: 342: 337:Cattle grazing 320: 317: 316: 315: 311: 308: 304: 288: 273: 270: 256: 253: 183: 180: 166:. On degraded 132: 129: 105:bamboo farming 79:and livestock 36:Carbon farming 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4938: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4891: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792:Climate model 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4724:Cloud forcing 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4499:Communication 4496: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Vulnerability 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449:Flood control 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4271:reforestation 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:afforestation 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Nuclear power 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Carbon budget 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3923:Mental health 3921: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859:United States 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713:deoxygenation 3711: 3709: 3708:acidification 3706: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503:from wetlands 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3463:Deforestation 3461: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2845:on 2020-02-13 2844: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2293:on 2021-09-07 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2178:on 2021-02-24 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2102: 2101:Modern Farmer 2098: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1843:9780128021378 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1508:on 2020-10-30 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1367: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1003:on 2021-05-21 1002: 998: 994: 988: 986: 984: 975: 971: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 934: 930: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 881: 875: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 857:buffer strips 854: 850: 846: 841: 840: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 806:North America 803: 795: 793: 789: 785: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:cap-and-trade 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:tidal marshes 714: 710: 704: 690: 686: 682: 677: 673: 669: 668:food security 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 639: 623: 621: 616: 612: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 583: 572: 569: 565: 551: 541: 539: 533: 530: 527:plantations, 526: 522: 517: 507: 504: 503:afforestation 500: 492:Reforestation 484: 480: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 447: 437: 395: 391: 389: 380: 377: 373: 367: 357: 354: 350: 348: 335: 330: 326: 312: 309: 305: 302: 298: 297: 296: 279: 269: 265: 252: 249: 247: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 212:, woodlands, 211: 207: 203: 197: 193: 189: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162:, and expand 161: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 128: 126: 122: 118: 108: 106: 102: 101:reforestation 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 30: 26: 21: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4844: 4677:Carbon cycle 4634:Measurements 4329:Society and 4242: 4213:carbon sinks 4118:Climate debt 4108:Carbon price 3930:Human rights 3760:Season creep 3718:heat content 3644:Anoxic event 3557:James Hansen 3312:. Retrieved 3308: 3285:. Retrieved 3281: 3271: 3260:. Retrieved 3255: 3203:(1): 47–65. 3200: 3196: 3186: 3165:IPCC, 2021: 3145:. Retrieved 3139: 3116:. Retrieved 3114:. 2019-06-19 3108: 3099: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3039:the original 3029: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2970:the original 2960: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2897:. Retrieved 2894:the Guardian 2893: 2870:, retrieved 2865: 2858: 2847:. Retrieved 2843:the original 2833: 2816: 2812: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2690: 2686: 2636: 2632: 2579:(1): 55–60. 2576: 2572: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2378:the Guardian 2377: 2367: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2295:. Retrieved 2288:the original 2262:(1): 46–59. 2259: 2255: 2238: 2205: 2201: 2191: 2180:. Retrieved 2176:the original 2171: 2162: 2151:. Retrieved 2139: 2105:. Retrieved 2103:. 2016-03-25 2100: 2041: 2037: 2030: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1910:. 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Retrieved 1001:the original 996: 947: 943: 933: 890:Agroforestry 879: 809: 801: 752: 727:can play in 617: 613: 606: 599: 595:biodiversity 591:monocultures 578: 570: 566: 550:soil quality 547: 534: 513: 495: 481: 474: 449: 392: 386: 369: 353:Silvopasture 351: 340: 281: 266: 258: 250: 238: 232:or rotating 200:Compared to 199: 153: 134: 121:monocultures 109: 74: 43: 35: 34: 31:in the soil. 4916:Agroecology 4704:Carbon sink 4682:atmospheric 4547:video games 4221:Blue carbon 3849:Agriculture 3828:Marine life 3775:Water cycle 3733:temperature 3468:Fossil fuel 2819:: 418–428. 2761:(1): 1–18. 2639:: 113–138. 2602:11336/20742 2208:: 126–138. 1939:: 104–111. 1764:Trumbore SE 1355:February 9, 950:: 654–663. 895:Carbon sink 845:cover crops 836:soil health 709:Blue carbon 703:Blue carbon 696:Blue carbon 620:groundwater 521:agroforests 476:Cover crops 376:seed drills 314:vegetation. 301:cover crops 241:soil carbon 145:carbon sink 97:terra preta 4905:Categories 4736:Cryosphere 4697:permafrost 4469:Resilience 4421:Adaptation 4396:Litigation 4386:Governance 4331:adaptation 4113:Carbon tax 4066:Mitigation 4003:Antarctica 3891:Disability 3314:2018-04-27 3287:2018-04-27 3262:2018-04-27 3147:2019-07-26 3141:World Bank 3118:2019-07-26 2899:2018-04-27 2872:2020-02-04 2849:2019-11-21 2383:2018-04-27 2297:2018-04-28 2182:2018-04-27 2153:2018-04-28 2107:2018-04-25 1512:2019-11-22 1281:2015-11-21 1227:BioScience 1194:2018-04-27 1007:2018-04-27 926:References 849:composting 788:phosphorus 652:adaptation 587:ecosystems 575:Challenges 529:grasslands 499:deforested 276:See also: 214:grasslands 186:See also: 58:fertilizer 23:Measuring 4751:Feedbacks 4522:Education 4023:Caribbean 4018:Australia 3945:Migration 3908:Fisheries 3854:Livestock 3780:Wildfires 3686:Heat wave 3227:2095-6339 2791:128417104 2783:1472-8028 2723:159340063 2715:1389-9341 2693:: 66–74. 2661:0378-1127 2611:1877-3435 2543:1939-5582 2496:158913311 2488:1877-3435 2456:: 38–45. 2431:0928-7655 2351:1381-2386 2329:CiteSeerX 2230:0308-521X 2148:0362-4331 2066:0378-1127 2044:: 87–95. 2022:129185046 2014:1866-6299 1971:218795674 1963:1462-9011 1749:1522-2624 1691:1461-0248 1642:2169-8961 1585:(4): 64. 1560:1161-0301 1502:0959-6526 1480:: 23–39. 1447:2047-2382 1423:(1): 30. 1329:0036-8075 1249:0006-3568 1157:0301-4797 1135:: 49–57. 1107:1477-8947 1063:238202676 1055:0077-8923 974:2351-9894 853:hedgerows 828:Chevrolet 761:can sell 749:Australia 721:mangroves 687:) to the 681:livestock 465:gigajoule 461:pyrolysis 239:In part, 182:Mechanism 168:croplands 4877:Glossary 4865:Category 4687:biologic 4401:Politics 4293:Personal 3998:Americas 3866:Children 3632:Physical 3425:Overview 3365:Overview 3282:GreenBiz 3256:EcoWatch 3090:41627741 3082:12460494 3013:15192216 2951:17827109 2839:"Bamboo" 2551:19323181 2276:23495635 2247:(2013). 1906:Archived 1803:21979045 1766:(2011). 1699:18279352 1455:91136899 1349:Archived 1337:15192216 1275:Archived 1165:26921565 884:See also 870:pongamia 784:Nitrogen 525:palm oil 388:Mulching 347:paddocks 222:savannas 160:wildlife 4692:oceanic 4542:fiction 4391:Justice 4342:Society 3950:Poverty 3664:Drought 3532:History 3456:Sources 3205:Bibcode 3062:Bibcode 3021:8574723 2993:Bibcode 2985:Science 2942:2610110 2763:Bibcode 2695:Bibcode 2641:Bibcode 2581:Bibcode 2523:Bibcode 2458:Bibcode 2411:Bibcode 2359:4696862 2321:Bibcode 2284:6768979 2210:Bibcode 2046:Bibcode 1994:Bibcode 1941:Bibcode 1902:Reuters 1867:Bibcode 1811:3461265 1783:Bibcode 1729:Bibcode 1669:Bibcode 1620:Bibcode 1540:Bibcode 1482:Bibcode 1425:Bibcode 1383:Bibcode 1345:8574723 1309:Bibcode 1301:Science 1137:Bibcode 1035:Bibcode 952:Bibcode 816:no-till 792:sulphur 446:Biochar 394:Compost 372:Tillage 325:Grazing 246:biochar 218:steppes 210:forests 176:cowpeas 93:biochar 89:compost 81:grazing 77:tillage 4672:Albedo 4665:Theory 4376:Denial 4167:Energy 4028:Europe 4008:Arctic 3993:Africa 3918:Health 3913:Gender 3871:Cities 3796:Biomes 3703:Oceans 3691:Marine 3414:Causes 3225: 3088: 3080: 3019: 3011: 2949: 2939: 2789: 2781: 2721: 2713: 2659: 2609: 2549: 2541: 2494: 2486: 2429: 2357: 2349: 2331: 2282: 2274: 2228: 2146: 2064: 2020: 2012: 1969: 1961: 1912:May 9, 1840: 1809: 1801: 1775:Nature 1747: 1697: 1689: 1640: 1558: 1500: 1453: 1445: 1343: 1335: 1327: 1247: 1163: 1155: 1105: 1061: 1053: 972: 798:France 516:bamboo 501:, and 230:manure 194:, and 4889:Index 4651:Proxy 4411:Women 3881:Crime 3808:Birds 3674:Flood 3169:. 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