682:. These mulch films may be a bit more permeable allowing more water into the soil. This mulch can prevent soil erosion, reduce weeding, conserve soil moisture, and increase temperature of the soil. Ultimately this can reduce the amount of herbicides used and manual labor farmers may have to do throughout the growing season. At the end of the season these mulches will start to break down from heat. Microorganisms in the soil break down the mulch into two components, water and carbon dioxide, leaving no toxic residues behind. This source of mulch requires less manual labor since it does not need to be removed at the end of the season and can actually be tilled into the soil. With this mulch it is important to take into consideration that it is much more delicate than other kinds. It should be placed on a day which is not too hot and with less tension than other synthetic mulches. These also can be placed by machine or hand but it is ideal to have a more starchy mulch that will allow it to stick to the soil better.
780:, reduce weeding, conserve soil moisture, and increase temperature of the soil. Ultimately this can reduce the amount of work a farmer may have to do, and the amount of herbicides applied during the growing period. The black and clear mulches capture sunlight and warm the soil increasing the growth rate. White and other reflective colours will also warm the soil, but they do not suppress weeds as well. This mulch may require other sources of obtaining water such as drip irrigation since it can reduce the amount of water that reaches the soil. This mulch needs to be manually removed at the end of the season since when it starts to break down it breaks down into smaller pieces. If the mulch is not removed before it starts to break down eventually it will break down into ketones and aldehydes polluting the soil. This mulch is technically biodegradable but does not break down into the same materials the more natural biodegradable mulch does.
609:
576:, utilities and parks; they are used to dispose of bulky waste. Tree branches and large stems are rather coarse after chipping and tend to be used as a mulch at least three inches thick. The chips are used to conserve soil moisture, moderate soil temperature and suppress weed growth. Wood chip mulches on the top of the soil increase nutrient levels in soils and associated plant foliage, contrary to the myth that wood chip mulch tie up nitrogen. Wood chips are most often used under trees and shrubs. When used around soft stemmed plants, an unmulched zone is left around the plant stems to prevent stem rot or other possible diseases. They are often used to mulch trails, because they are readily produced with little additional cost outside of the normal disposal cost of tree maintenance. Wood chips come in various colors.
506:, from mowed lawns are sometimes collected and used elsewhere as mulch. Grass clippings are dense and tend to mat down, so are mixed with tree leaves or rough compost to provide aeration and to facilitate their decomposition without smelly putrefaction. Rotting fresh grass clippings can damage plants; their rotting often produces a damaging buildup of trapped heat. Grass clippings are often dried thoroughly before application, which militates against rapid decomposition and excessive heat generation. Fresh green grass clippings are relatively high in nitrate content, and when used as a mulch, much of the nitrate is returned to the soil, conversely the routine removal of grass clippings from the lawn results in
950:
2488:
448:
698:
whilst improving the weed suppressant and moisture retaining properties of the mulch. However, additional labour is expended when planting through a mulch containing a cardboard/newspaper layer, as holes must be cut for each plant. Sowing seed through mulches containing a cardboard/newspaper layer is impractical. Application of newspaper mulch in windy weather can be facilitated by briefly pre-soaking the newspaper in water to increase its weight.
2508:
34:
131:
291:
279:
249:
2498:
299:
271:
260:
412:: crops grow through slits or holes in thin plastic sheeting. This method is predominant in large-scale vegetable growing, with millions of acres cultivated under plastic mulch worldwide each year. Disposal of plastic mulch is cited as an environmental problem but there are also degradable plastic mulches.
495:
entire leaves, especially of maples and oaks, can form a soggy mat in winter and spring which can impede the new growth of lawn grass and other plants. Dry leaves are used as winter mulches to protect plants from freezing and thawing in areas with cold winters; they are normally removed during spring.
937:
Owing to the great bulk of mulch which is often required on a site, it is often impractical and expensive to source and import sufficient mulch materials. An alternative to importing mulch materials is to grow them on site in a "mulch garden" – an area of the site dedicated entirely to the production
867:
materials in small quantities. Once exposed to the air, the process quickly reverts to an aerobic process, but the anaerobic metabolites may be present for a period of time. Plants low to the ground or freshly planted are the most susceptible, and phytotoxicity from the produced chemicals may prevent
697:
can be used as semi-organic mulches. These are best used as a base layer upon which a heavier mulch such as compost is placed to prevent the lighter cardboard/newspaper layer from blowing away. By incorporating a layer of cardboard/newspaper into a mulch, the quantity of heavier mulch can be reduced,
579:
Woodchip mulch is a byproduct of reprocessing used (untreated) timber (usually packaging pallets), to dispose of wood waste. The chips are used to conserve soil moisture, moderate soil temperature and suppress weed growth. Woodchip mulch is often used under trees, shrubs or large planting areas and
834:
Colored mulch can be applied anywhere non-colored mulch is used (such as large bedded areas or around plants) and features many of the same gardening benefits as traditional mulch, such as improving soil productivity and retaining moisture. As mulch decomposes, just as with non-colored mulch, more
654:. The interlocking tendency also helps keep the mulch structure from collapsing and forming a barrier to infiltration. Pine straw is reputed to create ideal conditions for acid-loving plants. Pine straw may help to acidify soils but studies indicate this effect is often too small to be measurable.
633:
are lightweight and normally sold in compressed bales. They have an unkempt look and are used in vegetable gardens and as a winter covering. They are biodegradable and neutral in pH. They have good moisture retention and weed controlling properties but also are more likely to be contaminated with
599:
layer of timber trees. Sizes vary from thin shredded strands to large coarse blocks. The finer types are very attractive but have a large exposed surface area that leads to quicker decay. Layers two or three inches deep are usually used, bark is relativity inert and its decay does not demand soil
475:
from the surrounding soil for growth. Organic mulches can mat down, forming a barrier that blocks water and air flow between the soil and the atmosphere. Vertically applied organic mulches can wick water from the soil to the surface, which can dry out the soil. Mulch made with wood can contain or
233:
In order to maximise the benefits of mulch, while minimizing its negative influences, it is often applied in late spring/early summer when soil temperatures have risen sufficiently, but soil moisture content is still relatively high. However, permanent mulch is also widely used and valued for its
494:
from deciduous trees, which drop their foliage in the autumn/fall. They tend to be dry and blow around in the wind, so are often chopped or shredded before application. As they decompose they adhere to each other but also allow water and moisture to seep down to the soil surface. Thick layers of
480:, so care must be taken about not placing mulch too close to houses or building that can be damaged by those insects. Mulches placed too close to plant stems and tree trunks can contribute to their failure. Some mulch manufacturers recommend putting mulch several inches away from buildings.
525:
peat, is long lasting and packaged, making it convenient and popular as a mulch. When wetted and dried, it can form a dense crust that does not allow water to soak in. When dry it can also burn, producing a smoldering fire. It is sometimes mixed with pine needles to produce a mulch that is
223:, the effects of mulches depend upon the time of year in which they are applied. When applied in fall and winter, mulches delay the growth of perennial plants in the spring and prevent growth in winter during warm spells, thus limiting freeze–thaw damage.
886:
Groundcovers are plants which grow close to the ground, under the main crop, to slow the development of weeds and provide other benefits of mulch. They are usually fast-growing plants that continue growing with the main crops. By contrast,
580:
can last much longer than arborist mulch. In addition, many consider woodchip mulch to be visually appealing, as it comes in various colors. Woodchips can also be reprocessed into playground woodchip to be used as an impact-attenuating
822:
and other contaminates. Today, "current investigations indicate that mulch colorants pose no threat to people, pets or the environment. The dyes currently used by the mulch and soil industry are similar to those used in the
212:, mulches serve initially to warm the soil by helping it retain heat which is otherwise lost during the night. This allows early seeding and transplanting of certain crops, and encourages faster growth. Mulch acts as an
831:)", as stated by the Mulch and Soil Council. According to colorant manufacturer Colorbiotics, independent laboratory studies show that the colorants used in colored mulch are safer than table salt or baking soda.
173:
will be incorporated naturally into the soil by the activity of worms and other organisms. The process is used both in commercial crop production and in gardening, and when applied correctly, can improve
646:. It is available in bales. Pine straw has an attractive look and is used in landscape and garden settings. On application pine needles tend to weave together, a characteristic that helps the mulch hold
1457:
Troll, Valentin R.; Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Jägerup, Beatrice; Streng, Michael; Barker, Abigail K.; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Geiger, Harri (2017).
238:, who said, "My way is simply to keep a thick mulch of any vegetable matter that rots on both sides of my vegetable and flower garden all year long. As it decays and enriches the soils, I add more."
308:
Materials used as mulches vary and depend on a number of factors. Use takes into consideration availability, cost, appearance, the effect it has on the soil—including chemical reactions and
835:
mulch may need to be added to continue providing benefits to the soil and plants. However, if mulch is faded, spraying dye to previously spread mulch in order to restore color is an option.
1776:
938:
of mulch which is then transferred to the growing area. Mulch gardens should be sited as close as possible to the growing area so as to facilitate transfer of mulch materials.
859:. This happens when material with ample nitrogen content is not rotated often enough and it forms pockets of increased decomposition. When this occurs, the process may become
230:. However, mulch can also prevent water from reaching the soil by absorbing or blocking water from light rains and overly thick layers of mulch can reduce oxygen in the soil.
208:
Although mulch can be applied around established plants at any time, they may be applied at various times of the year depending on the purpose. Towards the beginning of the
2165:
2114:
463:
affects its usefulness. Some mulches such as straw, peat, sawdust and other wood products may for a while negatively affect plant growth because of their wide
1907:
1875:
201:, regulate soil temperature, suppress weed growth, and for aesthetics. They are applied to the soil surface, around trees, paths, flower beds, to prevent
776:. This mulch is placed on top of the soil and can be done by machine or hand with pegs to keep the mulch tight against the soil. This mulch can prevent
650:
on steeper slopes. This interlocking tendency combined with a resistance to floating gives it further advantages in maintaining cover and preventing
772:
polymers. These mulches are commonly used in many plastics. Polyethylene is used mainly for weed reduction, whereas polypropylene is used mainly on
1612:
1431:
263:
205:
on slopes, and in production areas for flower and vegetable crops. Mulch layers are normally 2 inches (5.1 cm) or more deep when applied.
553:, out of a total estimated 9952 million tonnes of carbon in British vegetation and soils, 6948 million tonnes carbon are estimated to be in
608:
1042:
1843:
1784:
1055:
1939:
895:. However, live mulches also may need to be mechanically or chemically killed eventually to prevent competition with the main crop.
435:", even by manufacturers and distributors. In these areas, the word "mulch" is used specifically to refer to very fine tanbark or
1960:
815:(barkdust) and pine straw. Colored mulch is made by dyeing the mulch in a water-based solution of colorant and chemical binder.
2192:
216:. As the season progresses, mulch stabilizes the soil temperature and moisture, and prevents the growing of weeds from seeds.
2385:
1689:
1638:
1561:
1534:
1441:
1414:
1391:
1367:
1340:
1313:
1286:
1177:
1150:
1124:
1097:
226:
The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex. Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere reducing
312:, durability, combustibility, rate of decomposition, how clean it is—some can contain weed seeds or plant pathogens.
161:
A mulch is usually, but not exclusively, organic in nature. It may be permanent (e.g. plastic sheeting) or temporary (e.g.
455:
Organic mulches decay over time and are temporary. The way a particular organic mulch decomposes and reacts to wetting by
2352:
634:
weed seeds. Salt hay is less likely to have weed seeds than field hay. Straw mulch is also available in various colors.
1025:
255:
nuggets in a playground. The white fibers are nylon cords, which are present in the tires from which the mulch is made.
1068:
2365:
1239:
117:
2118:
98:
1914:
1882:
2022:
70:
2069:
1992:
1714:
2532:
2380:
55:
2501:
77:
396:
problems. Materials that are free of seeds are ideally used, to prevent weeds being introduced by the mulch.
2557:
2395:
2375:
2337:
1220:
2542:
2405:
2185:
988:
968:
818:
When colored mulch first entered the market, most formulas were suspected to contain toxic substances,
84:
1616:
530:. It can also lower the pH of the soil surface, making it useful as a mulch under acid loving plants.
690:
1199:
756:
is often required, with drip tape laid under the plastic, as plastic mulch is impermeable to water.
2370:
464:
66:
2552:
1807:
1664:
860:
546:
44:
1085:
788:
Some organic mulches are colored red, brown, black, and other colors using synthetic additives.
2413:
2332:
1743:
1194:
51:
2100:
1551:
1404:
1383:
1330:
1303:
1167:
1140:
1114:
2547:
2491:
2240:
2178:
1524:
1276:
363:
1458:
1050:
2286:
1850:
1586:
1470:
907:
797:
581:
2507:
419:
can also be used as a mulch. In cooler climates the heat retained by rocks may extend the
8:
2537:
2390:
2271:
843:
Organic mulches often smell like freshly cut wood but sometimes they start to smell like
507:
1590:
1474:
2448:
2360:
2256:
2088:
1494:
949:
793:
220:
213:
1577:
Milne, R.; T. A. Brown (1997). "Carbon in the vegetation and soils of Great
Britain".
2312:
1557:
1530:
1498:
1486:
1437:
1410:
1387:
1363:
1336:
1309:
1282:
1253:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1173:
1146:
1120:
1093:
1021:
963:
899:
824:
175:
2511:
2266:
2261:
1594:
1478:
1261:
998:
955:
789:
379:
91:
1642:
1087:
808:
753:
351:
319:
20:
1511:
2433:
2423:
2291:
2281:
1232:
978:
503:
420:
209:
151:
2526:
2463:
2418:
2276:
2230:
1490:
1257:
1086:
Alfred J. Turgeon; Lambert
Blanchard McCarty; Nick Edward Christians (2009).
983:
765:
749:
737:
727:
716:
596:
550:
409:
393:
343:
198:
147:
2048:"Indiana Yard and Garden – Purdue Consumer Horticulture - Purdue University"
2047:
1526:
The Truth About
Organic Gardening: Benefits, Drawnbacks, and the Bottom Line
732:
Plastic mulch used in large-scale commercial production is laid down with a
2458:
2453:
2438:
2225:
2220:
2201:
1984:
1598:
993:
973:
881:
877:
819:
777:
769:
712:
651:
612:
428:
399:
266:
used as mulch. This type of mulch is frequently dyed for aesthetic reasons.
252:
202:
186:
155:
2473:
2443:
2428:
2235:
2215:
227:
2014:
811:
in these mulches. Types of mulch which can be dyed include: wood chips,
165:). It may be applied to bare soil or around existing plants. Mulches of
2468:
888:
864:
828:
804:
773:
741:
647:
565:
375:
274:
Pine needles used as mulch. Also called "pinestraw" in the southern US.
235:
1482:
1328:
1112:
447:
2322:
2317:
2296:
898:
Some groundcovers can perform additional roles in the garden such as
892:
694:
671:
615:
garden with a fruit tree, herbs, flowers and vegetables mulched with
569:
518:
468:
436:
359:
355:
182:
740:. This is usually part of a sophisticated mechanical process, where
33:
2342:
1553:
A Guide for Desert and
Dryland Restoration: New Hope for Arid Lands
812:
745:
630:
592:
573:
554:
522:
477:
472:
370:, animal manure, etc. Many of these materials also act as a direct
162:
1332:
Non-chemical Weed
Management: Principles, Concepts and Technology
1116:
Non-chemical Weed
Management: Principles, Concepts and Technology
915:
911:
903:
848:
844:
801:
733:
538:
527:
432:
385:
371:
347:
339:
283:
170:
130:
1249:
290:
278:
2170:
856:
852:
667:
663:
491:
416:
248:
166:
298:
924:
679:
675:
622:
389:
335:
323:
197:
Many materials are used as mulches, which are used to retain
1329:
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya; Robert E. Blackshaw (January 1, 2007).
1456:
600:
nitrates. Bark chips are also available in various colors.
542:
456:
403:
367:
327:
143:
1808:"BLACK POLYPROPYLENE MULCH TEXTILE IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE"
1322:
1020:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
2070:"Is There a Spray You Can Use to Renew Your Mulch Color?"
2035:
table salt and baking soda have higher levels of toxicity
626:
616:
534:
460:
331:
270:
1876:"Product Information - DOW™ Monoisopropanolamine (MIPA)"
431:
and northern
California, mulch is often referred to as "
259:
1908:"Product Safety Assessment - DOW™ Monoisopropanolamine"
759:
309:
2153:
Jacke and
Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardening, vol. II
1844:"Using Biodegradable Plastics as Agricultural Mulches"
1301:
1142:
Vegetable
Gardening: Growing and Harvesting Vegetables
1106:
603:
158:
growth, and enhancing the visual appeal of the area.
146:. Reasons for applying mulch include conservation of
1218:
945:
674:
fibers. These starches can come from plants such as
595:
of various grades are produced from the outer corky
427:
In some areas of the United States, such as central
374:
system, such as the mulched clippings of a mulching
1549:
1165:
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1777:"Synthetic Mulching Materials for Weed Management"
1429:
1224:
1512:http://www.eau.ee/~agronomy/vol07Spec1/p7sI53.pdf
1459:"Volcanic particles in agriculture and gardening"
1406:Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-scale Permaculture
1214:
1212:
1210:
1113:Mahesh K. Upadhyaya; Robert E. Blackshaw (2007).
1079:
302:Spring daffodils push through shredded wood mulch
142:is a layer of material applied to the surface of
2524:
2007:
1815:Czech University of Life Science Prague, Kamýcká
1576:
871:
768:polymers where polyethylene mulch is made up of
16:Layer of material applied to the surface of soil
1613:"Fresh Wood Chips for Mulch – Harmful or Good?"
1281:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 47–.
2139:Brandsaeter et al. 1998, Tharp and Kells, 2001
1543:
1295:
1274:
1219:Bush-Brown, Louise; Bush-Brown, James (1996).
1207:
891:are incorporated into the soil or killed with
744:are formed, plastic is rolled out on top, and
2186:
1402:
1354:
1352:
1066:
1034:
642:Needles that drop from pine trees are termed
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1522:
1396:
1159:
662:Biodegradable mulches are made out of plant
483:Commonly available organic mulches include:
19:For the community in the United States, see
2067:
1977:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1715:"Tips On Using Pine Straw For Garden Mulch"
1516:
1423:
1409:. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 190–.
922:), and even food production in the case of
2193:
2179:
2068:Contributor, SF Gate (February 14, 2013).
1349:
1302:Rattan Lal; B.A. Stewart (June 19, 2012).
1268:
827:and other manufacturing industries (i.e.,
315:A variety of materials are used as mulch:
1837:
1835:
1775:Shonbeck, Dr. Mark (September 12, 2012).
1729:
1665:"Woodchip mulch: landscape boon or bane?"
1198:
1067:Weir-Jimerson, Karen (November 4, 2019).
838:
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
2149:
2147:
2145:
1774:
1761:
1687:
1436:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 199–.
1430:Anthony L. Andrady (February 20, 2003).
1382:. Devon-Adair Press, 1961. Reprinted by
685:
607:
446:
297:
289:
277:
269:
258:
247:
129:
2025:from the original on September 21, 2020
2525:
1841:
1832:
1145:. Murdoch Books. 2004. pp. 110–.
657:
2386:Permaculture Institute of El Salvador
2174:
2142:
1550:David A. Bainbridge (June 11, 2007).
1305:Soil Water and Agronomic Productivity
1172:. UCANR Publications. pp. 567–.
1040:
1018:RHS A–Z encyclopedia of garden plants
932:
234:simplicity, as popularized by author
2497:
1744:"Biodegradable Mulch Demonstrations"
1690:"Pine Straw as a Ground Cover Mulch"
1193:"ENH103 Mulches for the Landscape".
1089:Weed control in turf and ornamentals
760:Polypropylene and polyethylene mulch
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1805:
1579:Journal of Environmental Management
1169:California Master Gardener Handbook
1060:
13:
764:Polypropylene mulch is made up of
604:Straw mulch / field hay / salt hay
498:
467:, because bacteria and fungi that
442:
14:
2569:
2366:Centre for Alternative Technology
2159:
1995:from the original on June 7, 2021
1688:Taylor, Eric L.; Foster, Darwin.
1523:Jeff Gillman (February 1, 2008).
154:and health of the soil, reducing
2506:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2200:
948:
783:
32:
2133:
2107:
2061:
2040:
1953:
1932:
1900:
1868:
1799:
1707:
1681:
1657:
1631:
1605:
1570:
1556:. Island Press. pp. 239–.
1505:
1450:
1372:
1041:Spain, David (March 14, 2019).
378:, or other organics applied as
43:needs additional citations for
2381:Permaculture College Australia
1278:Gardening in the Upper Midwest
1186:
1133:
1092:. Prentice Hall. p. 126.
1010:
736:-drawn or standalone layer of
1:
1991:. Are mulch colorants safe?.
1004:
872:Groundcovers (living mulches)
637:
587:
560:
392:) are used to avoid possible
388:: fully composted materials (
1989:The Mulch & Soil Council
1529:. Timber Press. p. 51.
1433:Plastics and the Environment
1308:. CRC Press. pp. 461–.
1166:Dennis R. Pittenger (2002).
701:
513:
241:
7:
2396:Pomona College Organic Farm
2376:Permaculture Action Network
2338:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2166:Mulching Trees & Shrubs
941:
868:germination of some seeds.
721:
572:of the pruning of trees by
545:is also one of the largest
134:Bark chips applied as mulch
10:
2574:
1362:, Permanent Publications,
1358:Patrick Whitefield, 2004,
989:Integrated pest management
969:Good agricultural practice
875:
725:
710:
557:, mostly peatland, soils)
18:
2482:
2404:
2351:
2305:
2249:
2208:
706:
486:
2371:Permaculture Association
2015:"Is Colored Mulch Safe?"
914:in the case of creeping
537:are a valuable wildlife
465:carbon to nitrogen ratio
1985:"Mulch & Soil FAQs"
1335:. CABI. pp. 142–.
1275:Leon C. Snyder (2000).
1119:. CABI. pp. 135–.
1069:"Marvelous moss garden"
192:
181:Living mulches include
2414:People in permaculture
2333:Spent mushroom compost
2115:"Beware of Sour Mulch"
1599:10.1006/jema.1995.0118
1403:Toby Hemenway (2009).
1380:Gardening Without Work
1047:Moss and Stone Gardens
910:of nutrients from the
839:Anaerobic (sour) mulch
619:
452:
346:, whole bark nuggets,
303:
295:
287:
275:
267:
256:
135:
2533:Sustainable gardening
2241:Synergistic gardening
1940:"Mulch_Magic_Red.pdf"
1639:"Wood Chips as Mulch"
1360:The Earth Care Manual
1227:America's garden book
1221:"Chapter 32: Mulches"
686:Cardboard / newspaper
611:
471:the materials remove
450:
402:: made from recycled
301:
293:
286:mulch on a flower bed
281:
273:
262:
251:
133:
2287:Raised-bed gardening
1748:Penn State Extension
1619:on November 20, 2021
908:dynamic accumulation
798:monoisopropanolamine
582:playground surfacing
52:improve this article
2391:Plants for a Future
2272:Holzer Permaculture
1856:on December 5, 2014
1787:on December 5, 2014
1645:on December 1, 2021
1591:1997JEnvM..49..413M
1475:2017GeolT..33..148T
800:, may be used as a
658:Biodegradable mulch
508:nitrogen deficiency
294:Crushed stone mulch
2558:Water conservation
2449:Patrick Whitefield
2361:Beacon Food Forest
2257:Companion planting
2099:has generic name (
1842:Corbin, A (2013).
1384:Norton Creek Press
1053:on March 14, 2019.
1043:"How-To Grow Moss"
933:On-site production
920:Symphytum ibericum
794:1-Amino-2-propanol
620:
453:
338:, kitchen scraps,
304:
296:
288:
276:
268:
257:
221:temperate climates
136:
2543:Organic gardening
2520:
2519:
2406:Permaculturalists
2313:Composting toilet
2121:on March 31, 2009
1920:on March 16, 2014
1888:on March 16, 2014
1563:978-1-61091-082-8
1536:978-1-60469-005-7
1483:10.1111/gto.12193
1443:978-0-471-09520-0
1416:978-1-60358-029-8
1392:978-0-9819284-6-3
1386:, 2011, pp. 6-7.
1368:978-1-85623-021-6
1342:978-1-84593-290-9
1315:978-1-4398-5079-4
1288:978-0-8166-3838-3
1179:978-1-879906-54-9
1152:978-1-74045-519-0
1126:978-1-84593-291-6
1099:978-0-13-159122-6
964:Forestry mulching
900:nitrogen fixation
176:soil productivity
128:
127:
120:
102:
2565:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2267:Grassed waterway
2262:Forest gardening
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2154:
2151:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2021:. Colorbiotics.
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1913:. Archived from
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1881:. Archived from
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1849:. Archived from
1848:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1783:. Archived from
1772:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:. Archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1400:
1394:
1376:
1370:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1262:Internet Archive
1230:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1049:. Archived from
1038:
1032:
1031:
1014:
999:Mulching machine
958:
956:Gardening portal
953:
952:
790:Isopropanolamine
547:stores of carbon
380:sheet composting
320:Organic residues
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
36:
28:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2478:
2400:
2347:
2301:
2245:
2204:
2199:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:. April 4, 2019
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1377:
1373:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1242:
1217:
1208:
1200:10.1.1.424.4506
1192:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1065:
1061:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
954:
947:
944:
935:
902:in the case of
884:
876:Main articles:
874:
841:
792:, specifically
786:
762:
754:Drip irrigation
730:
724:
719:
711:Main articles:
709:
704:
688:
660:
640:
606:
590:
563:
516:
504:Grass clippings
501:
499:Grass clippings
489:
445:
443:Organic mulches
306:
305:
244:
195:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
21:Mulch, Virginia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:Soil improvers
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:David Holmgren
2431:
2426:
2424:Brad Lancaster
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2292:Sheet mulching
2289:
2284:
2282:Keyline design
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2160:External links
2158:
2156:
2155:
2141:
2132:
2106:
2060:
2039:
2006:
1976:
1952:
1931:
1899:
1867:
1831:
1798:
1760:
1728:
1706:
1680:
1656:
1630:
1604:
1585:(4): 413–433.
1569:
1562:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1504:
1469:(4): 148–154.
1449:
1442:
1422:
1415:
1395:
1371:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1267:
1240:
1233:Macmillan Inc.
1206:
1185:
1178:
1158:
1151:
1132:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1078:
1059:
1033:
1027:978-1405332965
1026:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
979:Sheet mulching
976:
971:
966:
960:
959:
943:
940:
934:
931:
873:
870:
840:
837:
809:color fastener
785:
782:
761:
758:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
708:
705:
703:
700:
687:
684:
659:
656:
639:
636:
605:
602:
589:
586:
562:
559:
533:However, peat
515:
512:
510:for the lawn.
500:
497:
488:
485:
444:
441:
425:
424:
421:growing season
413:
407:
397:
383:
246:
245:
243:
240:
210:growing season
194:
191:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2570:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Robyn Francis
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Bill Mollison
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2353:Organizations
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Intercropping
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Permaforestry
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2090:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1962:
1961:"Agriculture"
1956:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1695:
1694:Texas A&M
1691:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:Geology Today
1460:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:Stout, Ruth.
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:0-02-860995-6
1237:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Plasticulture
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
951:
946:
939:
930:
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
883:
879:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
832:
830:
826:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:Colored mulch
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:polypropylene
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:plastic mulch
735:
729:
728:Plastic mulch
718:
717:Plasticulture
714:
699:
696:
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
635:
632:
628:
624:
618:
614:
610:
601:
598:
594:
585:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
524:
520:
511:
509:
505:
496:
493:
484:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:Coconut mulch
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
414:
411:
410:Plastic mulch
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:
394:phytotoxicity
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
311:
300:
292:
285:
280:
272:
265:
264:Shredded wood
261:
254:
250:
239:
237:
231:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:soil moisture
190:
188:
187:ground covers
184:
179:
177:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
148:soil moisture
145:
141:
132:
122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
2548:Permaculture
2459:Paul Wheaton
2454:Paul Stamets
2439:Geoff Lawton
2327:
2226:Mycoforestry
2221:Ecosynthesis
2202:Permaculture
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2097:|last1=
2077:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2034:
2027:. Retrieved
2018:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1870:
1860:November 16,
1858:. Retrieved
1851:the original
1824:November 16,
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1814:
1806:Dovorak, P.
1801:
1791:November 16,
1789:. Retrieved
1785:the original
1780:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1719:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:
1683:
1673:November 19,
1671:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:November 19,
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1633:
1623:November 19,
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1552:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1432:
1425:
1405:
1398:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1331:
1324:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1270:
1260:– via
1231:. New York:
1226:
1188:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1062:
1051:the original
1046:
1036:
1017:
1012:
994:Living mulch
974:Rubber mulch
936:
923:
919:
897:
885:
882:Living mulch
878:Groundcovers
863:and produce
842:
833:
820:heavy metals
817:
787:
778:soil erosion
770:polyethylene
763:
752:through it.
750:transplanted
731:
713:Rubber mulch
689:
661:
652:soil erosion
643:
641:
621:
613:Permaculture
591:
578:
564:
532:
517:
502:
490:
482:
454:
429:Pennsylvania
426:
400:Rubber mulch
314:
307:
253:Rubber mulch
232:
225:
218:
207:
203:soil erosion
196:
180:
160:
150:, improving
139:
137:
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
2474:Sepp Holzer
2444:Ianto Evans
2429:David Blume
2236:Polyculture
2216:Agroecology
2019:Mulchcolors
1753:October 23,
1721:October 31,
1699:October 31,
1073:Garden Gate
889:cover crops
742:raised beds
623:Straw mulch
358:, shredded
342:, shredded
326:clippings,
228:evaporation
2538:Composting
2527:Categories
2512:Wiktionary
2469:Ruth Stout
2306:Components
2250:Techniques
1056:Moss Myths
1005:References
893:herbicides
865:phytotoxic
829:iron oxide
813:bark chips
805:dispersant
774:perennials
648:stormwater
644:pine straw
638:Pine straw
593:Bark chips
588:Bark chips
566:Wood chips
561:Wood chips
376:lawn mower
372:composting
236:Ruth Stout
185:and other
183:moss lawns
163:bark chips
78:newspapers
2323:Leaf mold
2318:Folkewall
2297:Waru Waru
2089:cite news
1781:Extension
1499:133877260
1491:1365-2451
1258:597041748
1195:CiteSeerX
861:anaerobic
746:seedlings
702:Synthetic
695:newspaper
691:Cardboard
672:polyester
627:field hay
574:arborists
570:byproduct
519:Peat moss
514:Peat moss
469:decompose
437:peat moss
415:Rock and
364:cardboard
360:newspaper
356:woodchips
242:Materials
214:insulator
152:fertility
2492:Category
2343:Tree bog
2209:Sciences
2023:Archived
1993:Archived
1250:58005738
942:See also
927:tricolor
825:cosmetic
722:Plastics
664:starches
631:salt hay
555:Scottish
523:sphagnum
478:termites
473:nitrogen
108:May 2017
2502:Commons
2074:Weekand
2029:June 7,
1999:June 7,
1587:Bibcode
1471:Bibcode
916:comfrey
912:subsoil
904:clovers
849:ammonia
845:vinegar
802:pigment
734:tractor
551:Britain
539:habitat
528:friable
433:tanbark
406:rubber.
386:Compost
348:sawdust
340:comfrey
284:compost
171:compost
92:scholar
67:"Mulch"
2125:May 1,
2079:May 1,
2053:May 1,
1969:May 1,
1945:May 1,
1924:May 1,
1892:May 1,
1560:
1533:
1497:
1489:
1440:
1413:
1390:
1366:
1339:
1312:
1285:
1256:
1248:
1238:
1197:
1176:
1149:
1123:
1096:
1024:
857:silage
853:sulfur
707:Rubber
668:sugars
568:are a
541:, and
492:Leaves
487:Leaves
417:gravel
352:shells
328:leaves
167:manure
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
2328:Mulch
1964:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1886:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1811:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
925:Rubus
680:maize
676:wheat
521:, or
476:feed
390:humus
336:straw
324:grass
282:Aged
140:mulch
99:JSTOR
85:books
2127:2017
2101:help
2081:2017
2055:2017
2031:2021
2001:2021
1971:2017
1947:2017
1926:2017
1894:2017
1862:2014
1826:2014
1793:2014
1755:2017
1723:2019
1701:2019
1675:2021
1651:2021
1625:2021
1558:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1487:ISSN
1438:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1254:OCLC
1246:LCCN
1236:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1022:ISBN
880:and
807:and
748:are
715:and
678:and
666:and
597:bark
549:(in
543:peat
535:bogs
459:and
457:rain
404:tire
368:wool
344:bark
193:Uses
169:and
156:weed
144:soil
71:news
1595:doi
1479:doi
855:or
796:or
693:or
670:or
629:or
625:or
617:hay
461:dew
332:hay
219:In
54:by
2529::
2144:^
2093::
2091:}}
2087:{{
2072:.
2033:.
2017:.
1987:.
1834:^
1819:52
1817:.
1813:.
1779:.
1763:^
1746:.
1731:^
1692:.
1593:.
1583:49
1581:.
1493:.
1485:.
1477:.
1467:33
1465:.
1461:.
1351:^
1252:.
1244:.
1223:.
1209:^
1071:.
1045:.
929:.
906:,
851:,
847:,
584:.
439:.
366:,
362:,
354:,
350:,
334:,
330:,
322::
310:pH
189:.
178:.
138:A
2194:e
2187:t
2180:v
2129:.
2103:)
2083:.
2057:.
2003:.
1973:.
1949:.
1928:.
1896:.
1864:.
1828:.
1795:.
1757:.
1725:.
1703:.
1677:.
1653:.
1627:.
1601:.
1597::
1589::
1566:.
1539:.
1501:.
1481::
1473::
1446:.
1419:.
1345:.
1318:.
1291:.
1264:.
1203:.
1182:.
1155:.
1129:.
1102:.
1075:.
1030:.
918:(
423:.
382:.
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
