1027:
1044:. The poorly armed and untrained leftist and Basque nationalist militias fought bravely but could not fend off the rebel push, in no small part due to an inability to get ammunition to the defending forces. After bloody combats, the resisting forces were overwhelmed on September 3, 1936: thousands of civilians and militia-men fled in panic, some across the French border. The town was occupied by Nationalist forces that day. The victorious Beorlegui was wounded, dying a month later of gangrene, the general having refused treatment for his wounds. Enraged by their lack of ammunition, retreating anarchists burned parts of the city.
108:
96:
1048:
leadership. Thanks to the Basque leadership, a sizeable number of the city's 80,000 inhabitants fled on an exodus towards Bilbao, in the
Spanish province of Biscay. British field-journalist George L. Steer sets the figure of the terrified population fleeing to Bilbao at 30,000. Basque Nationalist Party officials arranged for the final orderly evacuation of the city before its fall, holding back anarchist efforts to repeat the burning of Irun by shooting several anarchist officials. Small in number, the anarchists were planning to wreak havoc.
39:
1047:
The
Nationalists followed up the capture of Irun with the capture of San Sebastián, effectively surrounding and isolating the northern Republican zone from external support. The fall of San Sebastián illustrated a fundamental difference in policy as well as strategy between the Basque and Anarchist
1118:
was frowned upon, and then forbidden by proclamation. Occupation was followed by harsh repression against inconvenient figures and individuals. Among them, the Basque clergy were specifically targeted and exposed to torture and rapid execution for their family ties and/or proximity to
1051:
Despite the evacuation of San
Sebastián, hundreds of people were killed in the city as a result of pseudo-trials mounted by the conquering rebel troops in the aftermath of the city's occupation; during the first months of occupation approximately 600 were murdered in
994:, a Basque Nationalist, travelled to Barcelona to seek aid, but he only got 1,000 rifles, and the Basque nationalists confiscated the gold in the local branch of the Bank of Spain to buy weapons in France, but on August 8 the French government closed the frontier.
1127:. Despite occasional internal protests within the ecclesiastic hierarchy, they did not go far. A widespread purge of the clergy in Gipuzkoa was decided in the high military and ecclesiastic circles. The occupiers also purged the Provincial Council (
945:, and to link up with the Nationalist garrison in San Sebastián that was to have seized that city. The campaign was diverted from the advance on Irún when the direct route to the town was blocked by the demolition of the bridge at
1017:
bombers and other
Italian planes bombarded on a daily basis the bordering towns of Hondarribia and Irun, as well as San Sebastián. Furthermore, the Nationalists captured the republican commander in Gipuzkoa, Pérez Garmendia.
957:
diverted all his forces westward toward that town in an attempt to relieve the
Nationalist garrison. Two other Nationalist columns advanced on the city from points further west with the intent of cutting it off from
1155:
1656:
1160:
1083:
In a few months in late 1936 the
Nationalists conquered 1,000 square miles of terrain and many factories. Furthermore, they cut off the Basques from land-links with a sympathetic France.
1067:
for a few days, but continued their push until the outer fringes of Biscay (Intxorta). There, the resistance of the Basque pro-republican forces, backed up with 8,000 rifles smuggled
970:
Following the failure to relieve the siege of the
Nationalists in San Sebastian, the forces of Beorlegui resumed their advance on Irún to cut off the northern provinces of
731:
709:
916:
sent him large supplies of ammunition and weapons from Italy and
Germany via Portugal (600,000 rounds). On August 13, Mola met Franco in Seville and decided to capture
1671:
688:
244:
1135:
570:
436:
1056:(extrajudicial executions). Among them, Steer cites the execution of seventeen priests of Basque nationalist sympathies. The city mayor also faced
1071:
by Lezo
Urreiztieta to Santander on 24 September, along with the exhaustion of the Nationalists, resulted in an end of the offensive until the
946:
343:
237:
1026:
1473:
1651:
869:
308:
276:
112:
829:
702:
302:
296:
230:
1631:
1588:
1532:
532:
431:
822:
269:
1107:, the Carlist high executive body in the province, was then chaired during the first months by the local Carlist leader
1553:
1005:
508:
522:
475:
314:
999:
441:
1607:
1474:"Homenaje al personal del Ferrocarril del Urola, "perseguido y represaliado por su compromiso con la libertad""
468:
402:
1276:
Beevor, Antony | The Battle for Spain | Butler & Tanner, London | 2006 | ISBN 13: 9780 0297848321 | p.116
912:
In late July Mola's troops suffered a shortage of ammunition (having only 26,000 rounds of ammunition). Then
515:
451:
336:
1666:
329:
1378:
1096:
986:, from their source of arms and support in France by taking that city. On August 11 the Nationalists took
1572:
793:
719:
632:
1661:
1165:
1030:
Counterattack of the
Republican forces in the surroundings of Irun, before its fall to the Nationalists
950:
288:
746:
527:
125:
1139:
683:
673:
546:
284:
171:
1091:
to the northern ports in order to prevent a rebel naval blockade. On occupation during September, a
773:
639:
858:
751:
678:
392:
143:
1131:) resulting in the expulsion of 1,051 civil servants and workers, 123 of them railway operators.
1088:
954:
901:
805:
788:
446:
154:
100:
1108:
654:
360:
1562:
426:
377:
1123:
proponents and ideas. In general, they were searched according to blacklists put together in
853:
843:
783:
552:
372:
382:
979:
924:
in order to cut the Basques off from the French Border at the western end of the Pyrenees.
736:
558:
480:
366:
349:
848:
407:
8:
1622:
837:
810:
778:
756:
611:
599:
587:
1516:
Pedro Barruso, GIPUZKOA 1936: VERANO Y REVOLUCIÓN, LA GUERRA CIVIL EN GIPUZKOA (Spanish)
991:
456:
387:
1577:
1120:
863:
799:
768:
714:
667:
605:
582:
355:
1543:
1063:
The Nationalist rebels advanced further west. They were stopped by the Republicans at
620:
1627:
1603:
1584:
1549:
1528:
1522:
1386:
1143:
1057:
889:
762:
660:
644:
494:
397:
254:
30:
1041:
1035:
419:
319:
1084:
1072:
962:. Nevertheless, on 27 July, the Nationalist garrison in San Sebastián surrendered.
913:
817:
725:
694:
649:
592:
564:
540:
501:
485:
158:
135:
917:
166:
1115:
741:
576:
462:
324:
129:
107:
1600:
The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain
1142:
renaissance during the previous years), tortured and shot on 18 October in the
1645:
1390:
1014:
987:
893:
188:
1510:
Verano y revolución. La guerra civil en Gipuzkoa' (julio-septiembre de 1936)
990:
and Beorlegi seized Picoqueta, a key ridge commanding the approach to Irún.
1617:
1515:
1146:
cemetery along with other ecclesiastic and civilian victims found fleeing.
1013:
arrived at San Sebastián and started to shell the city. After that, German
1134:
The hatred underlying the crackdown was evidenced by the assassination of
38:
938:
149:
1503:
Itinerarios de la Guerra Civil española : guía del viajero curioso
1156:
List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
1161:
List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War
222:
1124:
1064:
983:
971:
897:
626:
195:
64:
1100:
1095:
or Management Commission was appointed by the rebel nationalists
921:
975:
959:
942:
1379:"El increíble vasco que proyectó Euskadi en una isla mexicana"
941:
as an advance to Irún, to cut the northern provinces off from
16:
Campaign of the Spanish Civil War, in the province of Gipuzkoa
1657:
Military history of the Basque Country (autonomous community)
949:. When word came that the Nationalists in San Sebastián were
95:
68:
1439:
1456:
1454:
1209:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1403:
1524:
The battle for Spain. The Spanish civil war, 1936-1939
1451:
1427:
1360:
1358:
1330:
1311:
1309:
1221:
1178:
1197:
1415:
1355:
1306:
1576:
1265:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931-1939.
1245:
1233:
1672:1936 in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
1571:
1114:After taking over San Sebastián, speaking in the
1021:
1643:
937:The campaign was initially conceived by General
1512:, Edita: Haramburu Editor. San Sebastián, 1996.
1087:, the Republican minister of defense, sent the
1138:'Aitzol' (priest and major personality of the
238:
1267:Princeton University Press. Princeton. p.274
932:
245:
231:
37:
1568:. 3 vols. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1969.
1376:
1505:, Barcelona : Laertes, 2001, 600 p.
1025:
437:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza
1597:
1566:Historia Militar de la Guerra de España
1460:
1445:
1433:
1336:
1191:
130:
1644:
1520:
1215:
1203:
159:
136:
1616:
1364:
1315:
252:
226:
1541:
1421:
1409:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1099:in the military insurrection, i.e.
997:On August 17, the rebel battleship
896:conquered the northern province of
13:
1377:Belinchón, Gregorio (2018-09-15).
1040:On August 26, Beorlegui began the
965:
14:
1683:
951:besieged in the Cuartel de Loyola
1652:Battles of the Spanish Civil War
1097:comprising the factions involved
106:
94:
1466:
1370:
1342:
1321:
1297:
1288:
927:
1602:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1583:. Princeton University Press.
1279:
1270:
1257:
1103:, Falangists, and others. The
1022:Fall of Irun and San Sebastián
43:Campaign in one-week intervals
1:
1327:Beever, A. | op. cit. | p.117
1303:Beever, A. | op. cit. | p.117
1294:Beevor, A. | op. cit. | p.117
1285:Beevor, A. | op. cit. | p.117
907:
1078:
55:July 20 – September 26, 1936
7:
1626:. London, UK: Faber Finds.
1480:. San Sebastián. 2016-12-20
1149:
10:
1688:
1495:
1263:Jackson, Gabriel. (1968).
1166:The Basques during wartime
1033:
264:
208:
177:
118:
87:
47:
36:
28:
23:
1352:style", as put by Steer.
1171:
933:Advance on San Sebastian
1521:Beevor, Antony (2006).
155:Alfonso Beorlegui Canet
126:Augusto Pérez Garmendia
1598:Preston, Paul (2013).
1031:
823:Sant Vicenç de Calders
119:Commanders and leaders
1579:The Spanish Civil War
1545:The Spanish Civil War
1542:Hugh, Thomas (2001).
1029:
373:Convoy de la Victoria
315:Cuartel de la Montaña
209:Casualties and losses
1638:Original date, 1938.
1109:Antonio Arrúe Zarauz
886:campaign of Gipuzkoa
469:Ciudad Universitaria
172:Rafael García Valiño
24:Campaign of Gipuzkoa
1667:History of Gipuzkoa
1623:The Tree of Gernika
1129:Diputación/Aldundia
344:German intervention
79:Nationalist victory
1548:. Modern Library.
1448:, p. 431-432.
1412:, p. 364-366.
1230:, p. 363-364.
1218:, p. 115-116.
1121:Basque nationalist
1111:up to early 1937.
1032:
1009:and the destroyer
285:July 1936 uprising
1662:Conflicts in 1936
1633:978-0-571-25513-9
1590:978-0-691-00757-1
1534:978-0-14-303765-1
1527:. Penguin Books.
1058:summary execution
1006:Almirante Cervera
955:Alfonso Beorlegui
890:Spanish Civil War
879:
878:
330:Cuartel de Loyola
256:Spanish Civil War
221:
220:
113:Nationalist Spain
83:
82:
31:Spanish Civil War
1679:
1637:
1613:
1594:
1582:
1573:Jackson, Gabriel
1559:
1538:
1508:Barruso, Pedro,
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
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1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1093:Comisión Gestora
1089:Republican fleet
1085:Indalecio Prieto
1073:War in the North
992:Telesforo Monzon
914:Francisco Franco
894:Nationalist Army
888:was part of the
565:War in the North
523:3rd Corunna Road
509:2nd Corunna Road
476:1st Corunna Road
403:Sierra Guadalupe
259:
257:
247:
240:
233:
224:
223:
161:
138:
132:
111:
110:
101:Spanish Republic
99:
98:
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41:
21:
20:
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1680:
1678:
1677:
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1634:
1610:
1591:
1556:
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1501:Romero, Eladi,
1498:
1493:
1492:
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1478:El Diario Vasco
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1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1179:
1174:
1152:
1140:Basque cultural
1136:José Ariztimuño
1116:Basque language
1081:
1042:assault on Irún
1038:
1024:
968:
966:Advance on Irun
935:
930:
910:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:Final offensive
547:Cape Machichaco
277:List of battles
260:
255:
253:
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203:
201:
199:
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193:Italian bombers
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187:
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105:
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42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1554:
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1533:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1465:
1463:, p. 432.
1450:
1438:
1436:, p. 397.
1426:
1424:, p. 367.
1414:
1402:
1385:(in Spanish).
1369:
1354:
1341:
1339:, p. 431.
1329:
1320:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1256:
1254:, p. 364.
1244:
1242:, p. 312.
1232:
1220:
1208:
1206:, p. 116.
1196:
1194:, p. 430.
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1105:Junta Carlista
1080:
1077:
1036:Battle of Irún
1023:
1020:
1003:, the cruiser
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964:
934:
931:
929:
926:
909:
906:
900:, held by the
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679:Cape Cherchell
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571:Cantabrian Sea
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144:Antonio Ortega
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1618:Steer, George
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1555:0-375-75515-2
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1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1367:, p. 59.
1366:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1318:, p. 57.
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918:San Sebastián
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737:3rd Barcelona
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627:2nd Barcelona
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533:Road massacre
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1563:Manuel Aznar
1544:
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1482:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1461:Preston 2013
1446:Preston 2013
1441:
1434:Preston 2013
1429:
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1394:. Retrieved
1382:
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1337:Preston 2013
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1192:Preston 2013
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928:The campaign
911:
892:, where the
885:
883:
868:
836:
811:
798:
774:Los Blázquez
761:
732:2nd Belchite
724:
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674:1st Belchite
666:
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633:
625:
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575:
563:
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539:
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452:Cape Spartel
427:Monte Pelado
413:
412:
378:Almendralejo
365:
348:
307:
295:
275:
268:
200:1 battleship
88:Belligerents
29:Part of the
1216:Beevor 2006
1204:Beevor 2006
1069:in extremis
939:Emilio Mola
844:Valsequillo
806:2nd Gandesa
752:1st Gandesa
634:Deutschland
553:Guadalajara
367:Extremadura
204:1 destroyer
150:Emilio Mola
67:, Northern
1646:Categories
1609:0393345912
1575:. (1967).
1484:2016-12-20
1396:2020-01-16
1365:Steer 2009
1316:Steer 2009
1034:See also:
947:Endarlatsa
908:Background
854:La Garriga
794:2nd Mérida
784:Granollers
747:2nd Lérida
720:Cape Palos
710:Valladolid
689:1st Lérida
684:Sabiñánigo
655:Albarracín
559:Pozoblanco
481:Villarreal
388:1st Mérida
350:Guadarrama
289:Revolution
270:Background
1422:Hugh 2001
1410:Hugh 2001
1391:1134-6582
1350:pistolero
1252:Hugh 2001
1240:Hugh 2001
1228:Hugh 2001
1079:Aftermath
980:Santander
864:Cartagena
838:Catalonia
812:Cantabria
612:El Mazuco
600:Santander
356:Andalusia
202:1 cruiser
186:3,500 men
170:Lt. Col.
165:Lt. Col.
124:Lt. Col.
1620:(2009).
1150:See also
1125:Pamplona
1101:Carlists
1065:Buruntza
984:Asturias
972:Gipuzkoa
902:Republic
898:Gipuzkoa
779:Alicante
769:Balaguer
715:Alfambra
668:Zaragoza
606:Asturias
588:Guernica
495:Aceituna
432:Talavera
414:Gipuzkoa
383:Sigüenza
196:Panzer I
178:Strength
134:) (
65:Gipuzkoa
60:Location
1496:Sources
1383:El País
1144:Hernani
1075:began.
1011:Velasco
859:Minorca
763:Levante
661:Brunete
645:Segovia
640:Almería
583:Durango
408:Córdoba
398:Majorca
393:Badajoz
361:Alcázar
303:Seville
297:Melilla
191:bombers
157: (
128: (
1630:
1606:
1587:
1552:
1531:
1389:
1054:paseos
1000:España
988:Tolosa
976:Biscay
960:Biscay
943:France
849:Xàtiva
789:Bielsa
726:Aragon
695:Teruel
650:Huesca
593:Bilbao
577:Biscay
541:Jarama
528:Málaga
502:Lopera
487:Ursula
463:Madrid
457:Seseña
442:Guinea
325:Oviedo
76:Result
1172:Notes
1015:Ju 52
818:Cabra
757:Segre
742:Caspe
320:Gijón
198:tanks
189:Ju 52
183:3,000
153:Col.
148:Gen.
69:Spain
1628:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1387:ISSN
982:and
922:Irún
920:and
884:The
830:1939
800:Ebro
703:1938
621:Jaén
516:1937
420:Irún
337:1936
142:Lt.
52:Date
160:DOW
137:DOW
131:POW
1648::
1476:.
1453:^
1381:.
1357:^
1308:^
1180:^
1060:.
978:,
974:,
953:,
904:.
287:/
1636:.
1612:.
1593:.
1558:.
1537:.
1487:.
1399:.
1348:"
246:e
239:t
232:v
217:?
214:?
163:)
140:)
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