1052:, were seen as heroes. Azaña was unsuccessfully made out to be a revolutionary criminal by his right-wing opponents. Gil Robles once again prompted a cabinet collapse, and five positions in Lerroux's new government were conceded to CEDA, including one awarded to Gil Robles himself. Farm workers' wages were halved, and the military was purged of republican members and reformed. Those loyal to Robles were promoted, and Franco was made Chief of Staff. Stanley Payne believes that in the perspective of contemporary European history the repression of the 1934 revolution was relatively mild and that the key leaders of the rebellion were treated with leniency. There were no mass killing after the fighting was over as was in the case of the suppression of the Paris Commune or the Russian 1905 revolution; all death sentences were commuted aside from two, army sergeant and deserter Diego Vásquez, who fought alongside the miners, and a worker known as "El Pichilatu" who had committed serial killings. Little effort was actually made to suppress the organisations that had carried out the insurrection, resulting in most being functional again by 1935. Support for fascism was minimal and did not increase, while civil liberties were restored in full by 1935, after which the revolutionaries had a generous opportunity to pursue power through electoral means.
780:
saddest night of his life, Azaña declared that Spain had "ceased to be
Catholic"; although to an extent his statement was accurate, it was a politically unwise thing to say. Manuel Azaña became the new provisional Prime Minister. Desiring the job for himself, Lerroux became alienated, and his Radical Party switched to the opposition, leaving Azaña dependent on the Socialists for support. The Socialists, who favoured reform, objected to the lack of progress. The reforms that were made alienated the land-holding right. Conditions for labourers remained dreadful; the reforms had not been enforced. Rural landowners declared war on the government by refusing to plant crops. Meanwhile, several agricultural strikes were harshly put down by the authorities. Reforms, including the unsuccessful attempt to break up large holdings, failed to significantly improve the situation for rural workers. By the end of 1931, King Alfonso, in exile, stopped attempting to prevent an armed insurrection of monarchists in Spain, and was tried and condemned to life imprisonment
1116:
attitude, continuing to preach of an inevitable overthrow of society by the workers. Largo
Caballero also disagreed with Prieto's idea of a new Republican–Socialist coalition. With Largo Caballero's acquiescence, communists alarmed the middle classes by quickly taking over the ranks of socialist organisations. This alarmed the middle classes. The division of the Popular Front prevented the government from using its power to prevent right-wing militancy. The CEDA came under attack from the Falange, and Prieto's attempts at moderate reform were attacked by the Socialist Youth. Sotelo continued to do his best to make conciliation impossible. Casares failed to heed Prieto's warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals who disliked professional politicians and wanted to replace the government to prevent the dissolution of Spain. The
795:
reformist, liberal, and democratic in nature, and was welcomed by the
Republican–Socialist coalition. It appalled landowners, industrialists, the organised church, and army officers. At this point once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. However fearing the increasing popular opposition the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, therefore prolonging their way in power for two more years. This way the provisional republican government of Manuel Azaña initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country.
565:
1091:
violence and reprisals increased. By early 1936, Azaña found that the left was using its influence to circumvent the
Republic and the constitution; they were adamant about increasingly radical changes. Parliament replaced Zamora with Azaña in April. Zamora's removal was made on specious grounds, using a constitutional technicality. Azaña and Prieto hoped that by holding the positions of Prime Minister and President, they could push through enough reforms to pacify the left and deal with right-wing militancy. However, Azaña was increasingly isolated from everyday politics; his replacement,
753:, was particularly vocal in his disapproval. Until the 20th century, the Catholic Church had proved an essential part of Spain's character, although it had internal problems. Segura was expelled from Spain in June 1931. This prompted an outcry from the Catholic right, who cited oppression. The military were opposed to reorganisation, including an increase in regional autonomy granted by the central government, and reforms to improve efficiency were seen as a direct attack. Officers were retired and a thousand had their promotions reviewed, including
859:, one of the most respected Spanish intellectuals, rector of the University of Salamanca, and himself a Republican, publicly raised his voice to protest. In a speech delivered on 27 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, he protested: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. But now we have something worse: a police force which is grounded only on a general sense of panic and on the invention of non-existent dangers to cover up this over-stepping of the law." In June 1933 Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical
280:
406:
4487:
918:; they had, according to the PSOE, needed twice as many votes as their opponents to win each seat. They identified the lack of unity in the left as another reason for their defeat. The Socialist opposition began to propagate a revolutionary ideal. Stanley Payne asserts that the left demanded the cancellation of the elections not because the elections were fraudulent but because in its view those that had won the elections did not share the republican ideals.
5200:
621:
the war. No significant reform to the political system (and in particular the monarchy) was instituted. This made forming a new government difficult, as existing problems had not been rectified. Gradually, his support faded because his personal approach to political life ensured he was personally held accountable for the government's failings, and due to an increasing frustration over his interference in economic matters he did not understand.
180:) became more extreme, setting up a revolutionary committee and training the socialist youth in secret. Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities and militancy continued to increase right up until the start of the civil war, reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval rather than peaceful democratic means as a solution to Spain's problems. In the last months of 1934, two government collapses brought members of the
941:, under the leadership of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, as a way to achieve their aims. Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities. Official statistics state that 330 people were assassinated in addition to 213 failed attempts, and 1,511 people wounded in political violence. Those figures also indicate a total of 113 general strikes were called and 160 religious buildings were destroyed, typically by arson.
1024:, trying to overthrow the legitimate democratic regime. Around 30,000 workers were called to arms in ten days. Armed with dynamite, rifles, carbines and light and heavy machine guns, the revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias committing numerous murders of policemen, clergymen and civilians and destroying religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at
553:) in Barcelona in 1909, when working class groups rioted against the call-up of reservists. 48 churches and similar institutions were burned in anti-clerical attacks. The riot was finally ended by the military; 1,725 members of such groups were put on trial, with five people sentenced to death. These events led to the establishment of the National Confederation of Labour (Spanish:
1060:, an Azaña's supporter, and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco asserted that: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936"
4143:
803:. Catholic schools continued to operate, but outside the state system; in 1933 further legislation banned all monks and nuns from teaching. The Republic regulated church use of property and investments, provided for recovery and controls on the use of property the church had obtained during past dictatorships, and banned the Vatican-controlled
874:, CEDA) to contest the 1933 election, and tacitly embraced Fascism. The right won an overwhelming victory, with the CEDA and the Radicals together winning 219 seats. They had spent far more on their election campaign than the Socialists, who campaigned alone. The roughly 3,000 members of the Communist Party were at this point not significant.
4196:
192:. Azaña led a weak minority government, but soon replaced Zamora as president in April. Prime Minister Casares failed to heed warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals, who decided that the government had to be replaced if the dissolution of Spain was to be prevented. They organised a
533:, was frowned upon. In 1905 the army attacked the headquarters of two satirical magazines in Catalonia believed to be undermining the government. To appease the military, the government outlawed negative comments about the military or Spain itself in the Spanish press. Resentment of the military and of
1115:
joined. They successfully created a sense of militancy on the streets to try to justify an authoritarian regime. Prieto did his best to avoid revolution by promoting a series of public works and civil order reforms, including of parts of the military and civil guard. Largo
Caballero took a different
1047:
after the main cities of
Asturias were retaken. About 1,000 workers were killed, with about 250 government soldiers left dead. Atrocities were carried out by both sides. The failed rising in Asturias marked the effective end of the Republic. Months of retaliation and repression followed; torture was
1035:
wanted
General Franco to lead the troops. However, President Alcalá-Zamora, aware of Franco's monarchist sympathies, opted to send General López Ochoa to Asturias to lead the government forces; hoping that his reputation as a loyal Republican would minimize the bloodshed. Franco was put in informal
980:
On 26 September, the CEDA announced it would no longer support the RRP's minority government. It was replaced by an RRP cabinet, again led by
Lerroux, that included three members of the CEDA. After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, who had more seats in parliament, was finally successful in forcing
831:, who had been particularly appalled by events in Castilblanco. The aims of the insurrection were vague, and it quickly turned into a fiasco. Among the generals tried and sent to Spanish colonies were four men who would go on to distinguish themselves fighting against the Republic in the civil war:
823:
Restrictions on
Christian iconography in schools and hospitals and the ringing of bells came into force in January 1932. State control of cemeteries was also imposed. Many ordinary Catholics began to see the government as an enemy because of the educational and religious reforms. Government actions
620:
had lost nearly half its value. The UGT was brought into the government to set up industrial arbitration boards, though this move was opposed by some in the group and was seen as opportunism by anarchist leaders. He also attempted to defend the agrarian–industrial monarchist coalition formed during
233:
government. Twelve successful coups were eventually carried out in the sixty-year period between 1814 and 1874. There were several attempts to realign the political system to match social reality. Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture. There was little development
1242:
In the original: "El alzamiento de 1934 es imperdonable. La decisión del presidente de la República de llamar al poder a la CEDA era inatacable y hasta debida desde hacía ya tiempo. El argumento de que el señor Gil Robles intentaba destruir la
Constitución para instaurar el fascismo era, a la vez,
854:
Azaña's government continued to ostracized the church. The Jesuits who were in charge of the best schools throughout the country were banned and had all their property confiscated. The army was reduced. Landowners were expropriated. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a
794:
and others, was rejected, and a much more daring text creating a "democratic republic of workers of every class" was promulgated. It contained much in the way of emotive language and included many controversial articles, some of which were aimed at curbing the Catholic Church. The constitution was
584:
became popular, and the working class, industrial class, and the military were united in their hope of removing the corrupt central government. However, these hopes were defeated in 1917 and 1918 when the various political parties representing these groups were either appeased or suppressed by the
921:
The government, with the backing of CEDA, set about removing price controls, selling state favours and monopolies, and removing the land reforms—to the landowners' considerable advantage. This created growing malnourishment in the south of Spain. The agrarian reforms, still in force, went tacitly
779:
resigned from the provisional government when the controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution, which strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education were passed. During the debate held on 13 October, a night that Alcalá-Zamora considered the
737:
that he would "rather all the churches in Spain be burnt than a single Republican harmed" prompted many Catholics to believe that the Republic was trying to prosecute Christianity. Next day the Jesuit Church in the Calle de La Flor was also burned. Several other churches and convents were burned
667:
in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists, with the PSOE gaining 116 seats and Lerroux's Radical Party 94. Lerroux became foreign minister. The government was controlled by a Republican–Socialist coalition, whose members had differing objectives. Some more conservative
579:
led to a boom in industry and declining living standards in the industrial areas, particularly Catalonia and the Basque country. There was high inflation. The industrial sector resented its subjugation by the agrarian central government. Along with concerns about antiquated promotion systems and
1090:
prevented socialists from being part of the cabinet. The republicans were left to govern alone; Azaña led a minority government. Pacification and reconciliation would have been a huge task. Largo Caballero accepted support from the Communist Party (with a membership of around 10,000). Acts of
683:. The government attempted to tackle the dire poverty in rural areas by instituting an eight-hour day and giving the security of tenure to farm workers. Landlords complained. The effectiveness of the reforms was dependent on the skill of the local governance, which was often badly lacking.
248:) as well as all of the important government positions. The landowners' power was challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors, largely unsuccessfully. In addition to these regime changes and hierarchies, there was a series of civil wars that transpired in Spain known as the
964:, staging a rally in March 1934, to shouts of "Jefe" ("Chief", after the Italian "Duce" used in support of Mussolini). Gil Robles used an anti-strike law to successfully provoke and break up unions one at a time, and attempted to undermine the republican government of the
442:
in Barcelona. In the first two decades of the 20th century, the industrial working class grew in number. There was a growing discontent in the Basque country and Catalonia, where much of Spain's industry was based. They believed that the government favoured
603:
came to power in a military coup in 1923 and ran Spain as a military dictatorship. He handed monopolistic control of trade union power to the UGT, and introduced a sweeping programme of public works. These public works were extremely wasteful, including
798:
As the provisional government believed it was necessary to break the control the church had over Spanish affairs, the new constitution removed any special rights held by the Catholic Church. The constitution proclaimed religious freedom and a complete
4691:
447:
and therefore failed to represent their interests. The average illiteracy rate was 64%, with considerable regional variation. Poverty in some areas was great and mass emigration to the New World occurred in the first decade of the century.
625:, his finance minister, was one person to withdraw support, and de Rivera resigned in January 1930. There was little support for a return to the pre-1923 system, and the monarchy had lost credibility by backing the military government.
637:, who believed himself to be a better choice. In the municipal elections of 12 April 1931, little support was shown for pro-monarchy parties in the major cities, and large numbers of people gathered in the streets of Madrid.
1099:
wrote that Zamora had been Spain's "stable pole", and his removal was another step towards revolution. Largo Caballero held out for a collapse of the republican government, to be replaced with a socialist one as in France.
322:
was proclaimed. However, the intellectuals behind the Republic were powerless to prevent a descent into chaos. Uprisings were crushed by the military, and eventually the Republic was overthrown by a coup d'état of General
694:, who had influence over the judiciary and the press. Rural landowners were told to think of the Republic as godless and communist. The second group consisted of organisations that had supported the monarchy, such as the
819:
has argued that "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset", because the far left considered any moderation of the anticlerical aspects of the constitution as totally unacceptable.
811:, a liberal advocate of the separation of church and state, considered the articles overreaching. Other articles legalising divorce and initiating agrarian reforms were equally controversial, and on 13 October 1931,
4174:
4686:
1055:
With this rebellion against established political legitimate authority, the Socialists showed identical repudiation of representative institutional system that anarchists had practiced. The Spanish historian
4138:
691:
89:
to power in 1923, and he ran Spain as a military dictatorship. Support for his regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities, and
968:
in Catalonia, who were attempting to continue the republic's reforms. Efforts to remove local councils from socialist control prompted a general strike, which was brutally put down by Interior Minister
729:
On 11 May 1931 rumours that a taxi driver was supposedly killed by monarchists sparked a wave of anti-clerical violence throughout south west urban Spain beginning. An angry crowd assaulted and burned
495:, distinctly featuring a growing authoritarian pulsion, coalesced in 1913. While largely discredited after 1923, it served as a breeding ground for the future ranks of the authoritarian right wing.
113:
as the President and Head of State. The Republic had broad support from all segments of society; elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists. With the onset of the
4842:
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491:
in 1899, many industrial workers in Catalonia were no longer able to access it. Some elements of the PSOE recognised the need for cooperation with republican parties. The right-wing movement of
4191:
663:
was the first prime minister of the Republic. The wealthier landowners and the middle class accepted the Republic because of the lack of any suitable alternative. Elections to a constituent
4882:
807:. The controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education. Supporters of the church and even
3514:
866:
The political left became fractured, while the right united. The Socialist Party continued to support Azaña but headed further to the political left. Gil Robles set up a new party, the
475:) of the unions were established in major cities. The UGT was constantly fearful of losing ground to the anarchists. It was respected for its discipline during strikes. However, it was
133:
secularised the government, and this, coupled with their slowness to respond to a wave of anti-clerical violence prompted committed Catholics to become disillusioned with the incumbent
1151:
His statement included the sentence "I am determined to have nothing to do with setting one of my countrymen against another in a fratricidal civil war." from Thomas (1961). pp. 18–19.
687:
were needed and education reform was another problem facing the Republic. The relationship between central government and the Basque and Catalan regions also needed to be decided.
5000:
397:
became popular among the working class, and was far stronger in Spain than anywhere else in Europe at the time. Anarchists were easily defeated in clashes with government forces.
81:, the working class, the industrial class, and the military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. Fears of communism grew. A military
981:
the acceptance of three ministries. As a reaction, the Socialists (PSOE) and Communists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. In Catalonia
597:
in 1921. The Restoration government failed to cope with an increasing number of strikes among the industrial workers in the north and the agricultural workers in the south.
925:
The first working class protest came from the anarchists on 8 December 1933, and was easily crushed by force in most of Spain; Zaragoza held out for four days before the
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4945:
738:
throughout the day. Over the next days some hundred churches were burned all over Spain. The government blamed the monarchists for sparking the riots and closed the
4465:
944:
Lerroux resigned in April 1934, after President Zamora hesitated to sign an Amnesty Bill which let off the arrested members of the 1932 plot. He was replaced by
883:
1095:, was weak. Although the right also voted for Zamora's removal, this was a watershed event which inspired conservatives to give up on parliamentary politics.
368:
against the liberalism of successive Spanish governments. The Carlists attempted to restore the historic liberties and broad regional autonomy granted to the
4600:
4079:
2615:
1063:
In 1935 Azaña and Indalecio Prieto started to unify the left and to combat its extreme elements. They staged large, popular rallies of what would become the
973:, with the arrest of four deputies and other significant breaches of articles 55 and 56 of the constitution. The Socialist Landworkers' Federation (Spanish:
749:
Parties in opposition to Alcalá-Zamora's provisional government gained the support of the church and the military. The head of the church in Spain, Cardinal
161:
4827:
929:, employing tanks, stopped the uprising. The Socialists stepped up their revolutionary rhetoric, hoping to force Zamora to call new elections. Carlists and
659:
The Second Republic was a source of hope to the poorest in Spanish society and a threat to the richest, but had broad support from all segments of society.
1005:
an independent state inside the federal republic of Spain; the Esquerra, however, refused to arm the populace, and the head of the military in Catalonia,
184:(CEDA) into the government, making it more right-wing. Farm workers' wages were halved, and the military was purged of republican members and reformed. A
5039:
4650:
4526:
310:. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots, and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by General
29:, held most of the power in a land-based oligarchy. The landowners' power was unsuccessfully challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors. In 1868
593:
within Spain and growing repression on the part of the government through military means. The PSOE split, with the more left-wing members founding the
3811:
4316:
5174:
970:
5088:
4224:
4108:
840:
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plot. Members of the CNT willing to cooperate with the Republic were forced out, and it continued to oppose the government. The deeply unpopular
668:
members believed that the removal of the monarchy was enough by itself, but the Socialists and leftist Republicans demanded much wider reforms.
5151:
5063:
1048:
used on political prisoners. Even moderate reformists within the CEDA became sidelined. The two generals in charge of the campaign, Franco and
1243:
hipócrita y falso. ….. Con la rebelión de 1934, la izquierda española perdió hasta la sombra de autoridad para condenar la rebelión de 1936."
4806:
3498:
1161:
937:. Gil Robles struggled to control the CEDA's youth wing, which copied Germany and Italy's youth movements. Monarchists turned to the Fascist
867:
181:
608:
dams and highways causing the deficit to double between 1925 and 1929. Spain's financial situation was made far worse by the pegging of the
4727:
585:
central government, one by one. The industrialists eventually backed the government as a way to restore order. After the formation of the
4924:
4626:
4150:
3931:
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121:
and giving tenure to farm workers. Land reform and working conditions remained important issues throughout the lifetime of the Republic.
5095:
4392:
4186:
3975:
5141:
4126:
960:), were particularly militant. The anarchists called a four-week strike in Zaragoza. Gil Robles' CEDA continued to mimic the German
815:, the leading spokesman of the parliamentary right, called for a Catholic Spain to make its stand against the Republic. Commentator
4751:
4450:
4281:
3980:
209:
The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain. Those in favour of reforming the Spanish government vied for political power with
5005:
812:
671:
The state's financial position was poor. Supporters of the dictatorship attempted to block progress on reforming the economy. The
525:
The military was keen to avoid the break-up of the state and was increasingly inward-looking following the loss of Cuba. Regional
125:
remained a reactive threat, helped by controversial reforms to the military. In December a new reformist, liberal, and democratic
4887:
4722:
4536:
4460:
4276:
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replaced CEDA's Gil Robles as the right's leading spokesman in parliament. The Falange expanded rapidly, and many members of the
4902:
273:
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4914:
4568:
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continued to prepare, with Carlists undergoing military drills in Navarre; they received the backing of Italian Prime Minister
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and anti-Catalan, with only 10,000 members in Barcelona as late as 1936. The PSOE and the UGT were based on a simple form of
369:
4047:
3649:
706:. Primo de Rivera was the most significant leader of fascism in Spain. The press often editorialised about a foreign Jewish–
5136:
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383:
3715:
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863:, "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", raising his voice against the persecution of the Catholic Church in Spain.
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152:
Events in the period following November 1933, called the "black biennium", seemed to make a civil war more likely.
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4563:
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4477:
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declined to invite the leader of the most voted party, Gil Robles, to form a government, and instead invited the
361:
73:, where poverty was particularly acute. Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the
1112:
722:), founded in 1844, was charged with putting down revolts and was perceived as ruthless. Violence, including at
703:
421:
413:
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1028:. In the occupied areas the rebels officially declared the proletarian revolution and abolished regular money.
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and rolled back all major changes made under the previous administration, he also granted amnesty to General
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unenforced. Radicals became more aggressive and conservatives turned to paramilitary and vigilante actions.
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In October 1931 the conservative Catholic Republican prime-minister Alcalá-Zamora and the Interior Minister
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990:
986:
787:
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214:
130:
126:
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techniques. The right began to plan how to best overthrow the Republic, rather than taking control of it.
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54:
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and Carlists, who wished to see the new republic overthrown in a violent uprising. The third group were
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Following the elections of November 1933, Spain entered a period called the "black biennium" (Spanish:
34:
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scandals. However, Zamora did not allow the CEDA to form a government, instead calling elections. The
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Effective opposition was led by three groups. The first group included Catholic movements such as the
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193:
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were won by the Popular Front, with vastly smaller resources than the political right who followed
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902:) by the left. The CEDA had won a plurality of seats, but not enough to form a majority. President
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failed to provide a viable alternative. The choice of Berenguer annoyed another important general,
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469:(UGT), gained support. The UGT grew from 8,000 members in 1908 to 200,000 in 1920. Branch offices (
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1179:, p. 31), it was estimated that around two-thirds of Spaniards were not practising Catholics.
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was inseparable from the system of oppression the people were under. It was around this time that
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who intended to prevent such reforms from being implemented. In a tradition that started with the
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424:, motivated by a growing number of arrests and the use of torture by the government. The loss of
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The Spanish labyrinth : an account of the social and political background of the Civil War
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977:, FNTT), a trade union founded in 1930, was effectively prevented from operating until 1936.
733:. The government's reluctance to declare martial law in response and a comment attributed to
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Brincat, Leo (4 November 2005). "Need for international condemnation of the Franco regime".
3411:. Library of Iberian Resources Online. Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
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supported by the new government seemed a threat to the richest, in light of the recent
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3639:
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3592:
3566:
3504:
3472:
3446:
3412:
3385:
3366:
3345:
3307:
1121:
1044:
911:
856:
743:
676:
638:
503:
349:
314:), who were concerned about the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. In 1873 Amadeo I
303:
284:
261:
253:
225:. The reforms of 1812 were short-lived as they were almost immediately overturned by
218:
153:
99:
91:
62:
42:
1010:
982:
82:
23:
dates back to the end of the 19th century, when the owners of large estates, called
5184:
4341:
3895:. First published 1943. (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3550:
3530:
3494:
3460:
3438:
3399:
1545:
1228:
948:. The Socialist Party ruptured over the question of whether or not to move towards
934:
804:
754:
680:
664:
605:
507:
299:
269:
114:
38:
828:
634:
545:. Lerroux's support of the army's aims lost him support. Events culminated in the
165:
146:
5169:
4743:
4419:
4131:
3764:
3633:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1072:
915:
836:
739:
730:
581:
576:
542:
471:
230:
78:
3909:
734:
138:
5053:
4681:
4677:
4328:
3443:
The collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936 : origins of the Civil War
1009:, charged with putting down the revolt, showed similar restraint. In response,
998:
945:
617:
609:
580:
political corruption, the war in Morocco had caused divisions in the military.
538:
382:(regional charters). At times they allied with nationalists (separate from the
307:
279:
169:
118:
46:
5219:
5043:
4155:
3833:
3614:
3588:
3382:
Privilege, Persecution, and Prophecy: The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875–1975
3362:
3299:
1064:
1006:
816:
613:
519:
185:
66:
3846:
3807:
3693:
3606:
3580:
3486:
1549:
1096:
776:
750:
723:
534:
484:
387:
249:
210:
4294:
3677:
3403:
149:
in August 1932, who would later lead the coup that started the civil war.
4424:
2612:"abc.es: "La quema de iglesias durante la Segunda República" 10 May 2012"
1533:
1104:
526:
444:
405:
365:
353:
332:
295:
268:
fought to institute a monarchial dynasty under a different branch of the
264:(1872–1876). During these wars, a right-wing political movement known as
4987:
4630:
3349:
1124:
was devised with Mola as director and Sanjurjo as a figurehead leader.
1067:. Lerroux's Radical government collapsed after two major scandals, the
961:
949:
530:
315:
244:
242:
remained powerful; a small number of people held large estates (called
222:
25:
506:, helped attract wide support from the working class. His advocacy of
487:
in character. When the UGT moved their headquarters from Barcelona to
252:
throughout the middle of the century. There were three such wars: the
49:, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived
4907:
4116:
4094:
4084:
1068:
1002:
711:
590:
511:
502:
was founded, which attracted intellectuals. Figures like its leader,
452:
433:
394:
373:
311:
239:
235:
70:
1534:"Catolicismo y derecha autoritaria. Del maurismo a Falange Española"
4325:
4179:
4089:
1017:
965:
758:
492:
476:
357:
352:
systematically tried to prevent liberal reforms and to sustain the
341:
117:, the government attempted to assist rural Spain by instituting an
58:
629:
was ordered by the king to form a replacement government, but his
229:
when he dissolved the aforementioned constitution. This ended the
141:
became Prime Minister of a minority government. The Right won the
98:
was formed, whose power would remain until the culmination of the
1203:
Thomas (1961). p. 66. allocates 207 seats to the political right.
914:
to do so. Immediately after the election, the Socialists alleged
707:
699:
480:
265:
122:
1086:
The government was weak, and the influence of the revolutionary
1510:
1025:
1016:
The 1934 strike was unsuccessful in most of Spain. However, in
488:
824:
were denounced as barbaric, unjust, and corrupt by the press.
790:
was approved on 9 December 1931. The first draft, prepared by
364:
and his descendants – fought to promote Spanish tradition and
339:
in 1890, elections were controlled by local political bosses (
176:
to help achieve their aims. In response, the socialist party (
3766:
Documents: working papers, 2006 ordinary session (first part)
827:
In August 1932 there was an unsuccessful uprising by General
378:
757:, who served as director of the General Military Academy in
702:
organisations, among them supporters of the dictator's son,
4025:
884:
Second Biennium of the Second Spanish Republic (in Spanish)
425:
177:
420:
In 1897, an Italian anarchist assassinated Prime Minister
557:, CNT), an anarchist-controlled trade union committed to
4449:
3585:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge
3076:
3074:
217:, many liberals sought to curtail the authority of the
3465:
The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism
483:, one that assumed an inevitable revolution, and were
61:
and anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy.
3304:
The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939
1719:
1717:
1715:
436:
hardest; there were acts of terrorism and actions by
102:. Monarchists would continue to oppose the Republic.
4883:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
3071:
1260:
1258:
1103:
CEDA turned its campaign chest over to army plotter
641:
abdicated to prevent a "fratricidal civil war". The
2389:
2387:
1036:command of the military effort against the revolt.
386:during the civil war itself), including during the
16:
Historical context leading to the Spanish Civil War
4843:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
4701:
1712:
3939:
3739:. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford University Press.
1255:
1043:, killed men, women and children and carried out
1013:was arrested and Catalan autonomy was suspended.
877:
5217:
3042:Orella Martínez & Mizerska-Wrotkowska (2015)
2384:
2029:
1039:Government troops, some brought in from Spain's
975:Federación Nacional da Trabajadores de la Tierra
3672:(1st ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
3147:
3145:
1538:Religión y sociedad en España (siglos XIX y XX)
1307:
1305:
1303:
238:industrial or commercial class. The land-based
172:in 1932. Some monarchists moved to the Fascist
3342:The United States and Spain. An Interpretation
1020:in northern Spain, it developed into a bloody
160:(RRP) formed a government with the support of
145:following an unsuccessful uprising by General
4310:
3925:
3549:
3529:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3215:
3213:
3105:
3103:
2995:
2977:
2975:
2849:
2731:
2661:
2659:
868:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right
318:due to increasing political pressure and the
221:as well as to establish a nation-state under
182:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right
3790:"Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain"
3142:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2473:
2471:
2341:
2339:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2149:
2147:
2133:
2131:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1950:
1948:
1921:
1919:
1876:
1874:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1777:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1651:
1649:
1619:
1617:
1528:
1516:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1440:
1400:
1398:
1300:
1289:
1287:
872:Confederatión Espanola de Derechas Autónomas
463:, PSOE) and its associated trade union, the
4324:
3402:(1973). "25: The Second Spanish Republic".
2528:
2526:
2405:
2403:
2373:
2371:
2357:
2355:
2229:
2227:
2213:
2211:
2104:
2102:
1905:
1903:
1635:
1633:
1603:
1601:
1574:
1572:
1522:
4317:
4303:
3932:
3918:
3866:(4). New York: Marxists Internet Archive.
3788:Paz, Jose Antonio Souto (1 January 2001).
3559:Franco: A Personal and Political Biography
3539:Franco: A Personal and Political Biography
3226:
3210:
3100:
2972:
2656:
2115:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
199:
4946:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2800:Orella Martínez|Mizerska-Wrotkowska, 2015
2737:
2468:
2336:
2310:
2297:
2173:
2144:
2128:
2042:
1945:
1916:
1871:
1814:
1772:
1756:
1688:
1662:
1646:
1614:
1453:
1437:
1411:
1395:
1284:
561:. It had over a million members by 1923.
274:Don Infante Carlos María Isidro of Molina
3320:
3158:
3021:
2523:
2400:
2368:
2352:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2224:
2208:
2099:
1900:
1630:
1598:
1569:
1162:es:Asociación Católica de Propagandistas
855:president of its own. In November 1932,
563:
404:
278:
109:became the provisional government, with
3853:
3826:
3762:
3734:
3605:
3579:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3220:
3204:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3110:
3081:
3065:
3052:
2982:
2966:
2927:
2888:
2862:
2775:
2705:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2650:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2517:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2462:
2436:
2346:
2330:
2304:
2265:
2189:
2154:
2138:
2122:
2080:
2054:
2018:
2016:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1926:
1894:
1881:
1852:
1826:
1782:
1766:
1706:
1669:
1656:
1624:
1592:
1563:
1465:
1447:
1418:
1405:
1377:
1371:
1358:
1318:
764:
428:, Spain's last valuable colony, in the
348:The most traditionalist sectors of the
272:that was predicated and descended upon
196:, which started the Spanish Civil War.
41:. In 1873 Isabella's replacement, King
5218:
3890:
3710:
3684:
3664:
3379:
3356:
3298:
3277:
3191:
3094:
2953:
2940:
2901:
2875:
2810:
2788:
2762:
2749:
2718:
2637:
2604:
2533:
2449:
2423:
2410:
2378:
2362:
2234:
2218:
2202:
2167:
2109:
2093:
2067:
2036:
2023:
2007:
1994:
1939:
1910:
1865:
1839:
1808:
1795:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1682:
1640:
1608:
1579:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1431:
1389:
1345:
1332:
1312:
1294:
1278:
1265:
1176:
188:alliance was organised, which won the
105:The revolutionary committee headed by
4298:
3913:
3814:from the original on 17 November 2010
3631:
3517:from the original on 24 February 2021
3493:
3459:
3437:
3425:from the original on 18 February 2019
3398:
3336:
3306:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3136:
3123:
3008:
2914:
2836:
2823:
2394:
2317:
2278:
2252:
2240:
692:Asociación Católica de Propagandistas
589:in 1919, there was a growing fear of
3652:from the original on 19 January 2023
2618:from the original on 26 October 2018
2013:
958:Federación de Juventudes Socialistas
761:, which was closed by Manuel Azaña.
168:, who had attempted an unsuccessful
4888:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
3870:from the original on 25 August 2011
3795:Brigham Young University Law Review
3787:
2291:
21:background of the Spanish Civil War
13:
3884:
3326:The Spanish Republic and Civil War
648:
555:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
14:
5242:
833:Francisco de Borbón y de la Torre
514:in Barcelona. He argued that the
461:Partido Socialista Obrero Español
5199:
5198:
5040:Palestinian expulsion and flight
3841:(5). London: History Today Ltd.
3405:A History of Spain and Portugal
3270:
3257:
3244:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3129:
3116:
3087:
3058:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3014:
3001:
2988:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2868:
2855:
2842:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2794:
2781:
2768:
2755:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
1236:
1221:
1206:
457:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
77:in Barcelona in 1909. After the
4903:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
4838:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
4645:Causes of the Armenian genocide
3638:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.
3033:Madariaga – Spain (1964) p. 416
2643:
2630:
2591:
2578:
2565:
2552:
2539:
2510:
2484:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2323:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2195:
2160:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1932:
1887:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1801:
1788:
1743:
1730:
1675:
1585:
1556:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1424:
1197:
1182:
1169:
1154:
1145:
890:Asturian miners' strike of 1934
400:
204:
5175:Gunpowder and gun transmission
5049:Zionism as settler colonialism
3635:Historical Dictionary of Spain
3503:. Cambridge University Press.
1364:
1351:
1338:
1271:
954:Federation of Young Socialists
849:Heli Rolando de Tella y Cantos
801:separation of Church and State
575:Increasing exports during the
335:. Despite the introduction of
33:led to the overthrow of Queen
1:
3563:University of Wisconsin Press
3543:University of Wisconsin Press
726:in December 1931, was usual.
466:Unión General de Trabajadores
223:their ideology and philosophy
3344:. Sheed & Ward; 1st ed.
1249:
1113:Juventudes de Acción Popular
997:) saw an opportunity in the
987:Republican Left of Catalonia
771:Spanish Constitution of 1931
704:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
422:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
215:Spanish Constitution of 1812
7:
4807:German resistance to Nazism
4663:Persian famine of 1917–1919
3755:
3384:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1127:
329:restoration of the Bourbons
55:restoration of the Bourbons
10:
5247:
4812:Nazi foreign policy debate
3827:Preston, Paul (May 1999).
3330:Cambridge University Press
3286:
887:
881:
768:
652:
416:in a health resort in 1897
53:was proclaimed. After the
5193:
5162:
5126:
5020:
4974:
4960:Second Sino-Japanese War
4938:
4868:
4820:
4782:
4742:
4618:
4440:
4359:
4335:
4242:Government during the war
4207:
4107:
4070:
3996:
3989:
3948:
3445:. Yale University Press.
2996:Payne & Palacios 2014
2850:Payne & Palacios 2014
2732:Payne & Palacios 2014
1536:. In Aubert, Paul (ed.).
537:grew with the disastrous
432:of 1898 hit exports from
302:and her replacement with
4878:Auschwitz bombing debate
4564:Indian Rebellion of 1857
4415:Late Bronze Age collapse
4349:List of military museums
3800:Brigham Young University
3587:(3rd ed.). London:
3380:Lannon, Frances (1987).
3291:
1214:es:Rafael Salazar Alonso
1139:
995:Generalitat of Catalonia
908:Radical Republican Party
792:Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo
673:redistribution of wealth
631:dictablanda dictatorship
327:in 1874, leading to the
294:led to the overthrow of
158:Radical Republican Party
4828:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
4687:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3990:Political organizations
3891:Brenan, Gerald (2014).
3357:Fraser, Ronald (1979).
927:Spanish Republican Army
845:Ricardo Serrador Santés
685:Changes to the military
655:Second Spanish Republic
643:Second Spanish Republic
587:Communist International
337:universal male suffrage
325:Arsenio Martínez Campos
200:Constitutional monarchy
96:Second Spanish Republic
4951:"Battle for Australia"
4833:Soviet offensive plans
4802:Broad vs. narrow front
4641:Late Ottoman genocides
4225:Evacuation of children
4122:International Brigades
3854:Trotsky, Leon (1936).
3735:Vincent, Mary (2007).
1550:10.4000/books.cvz.2743
1190:es:Pablo Martín Alonso
1022:revolutionary uprising
974:
957:
952:. The youth wing, the
899:
871:
719:
601:Miguel Primo de Rivera
572:
570:Miguel Primo de Rivera
554:
550:
510:made him a successful
460:
417:
320:First Spanish Republic
287:
87:Miguel Primo de Rivera
51:First Spanish Republic
5180:Torsion mangonel myth
5112:Sri Lankan Civil War
3717:The Spanish Civil War
3690:The Spanish Civil War
3670:The Spanish Civil War
3632:Smith, Angel (2009).
3500:The Spanish Civil War
3469:Yale University Press
1118:military coup of July
1058:Salvador de Madariaga
931:Alfonsist monarchists
679:and the onset of the
567:
408:
282:
260:(1846–1849), and the
194:military coup in July
4797:"Blitzkrieg" concept
4668:Powder keg of Europe
4543:Franco-Prussian War
1544:. pp. 255–263.
904:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
878:The "black biennium"
809:Jose Ortega y Gasset
765:Constitution of 1931
661:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
430:Spanish–American War
135:coalition government
107:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
5133:Russo-Georgian War
5106:Sovereignty dispute
5085:Iranian Revolution
4915:"Polish death camp"
4892:In relation to the
4601:Myth of English aid
4592:War of the Pacific
4369:Albigensian Crusade
4220:Concentration camps
4109:Foreign involvement
3856:"The Task in Spain"
3338:Hayes, Carlton J.H.
3168:, pp. 125–126)
3011:, pp. 100–103)
2917:, pp. 637–638)
2813:, pp. 131–132)
1519:, pp. 255–263.
1134:Revisionism (Spain)
1050:Manuel Goded Llopis
696:Renovación Española
559:anarcho-syndicalism
439:agents provocateurs
137:. In October 1931,
5148:Syrian revolution
5060:Malayan Emergency
5035:1948 Palestine war
4768:Spanish Civil War
4718:War guilt question
4527:American Civil War
4507:Invasion of Russia
4483:New Russian School
4252:Spanish Revolution
3829:"Franco and Azaña"
1530:Avilés Farré, Juan
1045:summary executions
1031:The war minister,
894:Revolution of 1934
861:Dilectissima Nobis
788:A new constitution
573:
522:came to the fore.
418:
410:Michele Angiolillo
288:
258:Second Carlist War
227:King Ferdinand VII
129:was declared. The
57:in December 1874,
5226:Spanish Civil War
5213:
5212:
5016:
5015:
4894:Armenian genocide
4757:Polish–Soviet War
4752:Burning of Smyrna
4738:
4737:
4728:Reichstag inquiry
4651:Patriotic consent
4522:
4521:
4497:War in the Vendée
4461:French Revolution
4443:century conflicts
4432:Peloponnesian War
4393:Eighty Years' War
4292:
4291:
4103:
4102:
3941:Spanish Civil War
3860:New International
3783:. Document 10737.
3780:978-92-871-5932-8
3771:Council of Europe
3746:978-0-19-873159-7
3727:978-0-7181-9293-8
3645:978-0-8108-5849-7
3598:978-0-00-723207-9
3551:Payne, Stanley G.
3531:Payne, Stanley G.
3510:978-0-521-17470-1
3495:Payne, Stanley G.
3461:Payne, Stanley G.
3418:978-0-299-06280-4
3400:Payne, Stanley G.
3391:978-0-19-821923-1
3372:978-0-7126-6014-3
3313:978-0-297-84832-5
3155:, pp. 17–23)
3055:, pp. 82–83)
2943:, pp. 84–85)
2930:, pp. 79–80)
2865:, pp. 78–79)
2682:, pp. 73–74)
2575:, pp. 69–70)
2520:, pp. 67–68)
2494:, pp. 66–67)
2439:, pp. 63–65)
2333:, pp. 59–60)
2125:, pp. 54–55)
2083:, pp. 47–48)
2057:, pp. 46–47)
2010:, pp. 48–49)
1884:, pp. 41–42)
1868:, pp. 21–22)
1829:, pp. 38–39)
1811:, pp. 18–19)
1709:, pp. 34–35)
1672:, pp. 32–33)
1542:Casa de Velázquez
1517:Avilés Farré 2002
1335:, pp. 38–39)
1297:, pp. 31–32)
1281:, pp. 25–26)
1122:Spanish Civil War
1120:that started the
1109:José Calvo Sotelo
1077:elections of 1936
912:Alejandro Lerroux
857:Miguel de Unamuno
677:Wall Street Crash
639:King Alfonso XIII
623:José Calvo Sotelo
504:Alejandro Lerroux
296:Queen Isabella II
292:popular uprisings
285:Amadeo I of Spain
262:Third Carlist War
256:(1833–1840), the
254:First Carlist War
154:Alejandro Lerroux
143:elections of 1933
100:Spanish Civil War
92:King Alfonso XIII
63:Alejandro Lerroux
31:popular uprisings
5238:
5202:
5201:
5185:War and genocide
5009:
4995:Résistancialisme
4982:Battle of France
4964:Nanjing Massacre
4818:
4817:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4659:
4609:
4491:
4474:
4447:
4446:
4374:Catharism debate
4360:pre-18th century
4342:Military history
4319:
4312:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4200:
4147:
4127:Non-intervention
3994:
3993:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3850:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3784:
3750:
3737:Spain, 1833–2002
3731:
3707:
3681:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3628:
3602:
3576:
3561:(4th ed.).
3546:
3541:(1st ed.).
3526:
3524:
3522:
3490:
3456:
3439:Payne, Stanley G
3434:
3432:
3430:
3395:
3376:
3353:
3333:
3322:Casanova, Julián
3317:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2735:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2608:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1316:
1309:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1229:es:Domingo Batet
1225:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1149:
939:Falange Española
935:Benito Mussolini
805:Society of Jesus
755:Francisco Franco
681:Great Depression
627:Dámaso Berenguer
616:and by 1931 the
508:anti-clericalism
472:Casas del pueblo
384:National Faction
360:– supporters of
350:political sphere
300:House of Bourbon
270:House of Bourbon
219:Spanish monarchy
174:Falange Española
115:Great Depression
39:House of Bourbon
5246:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5189:
5170:Conflict thesis
5158:
5122:
5012:
5003:
4970:
4934:
4864:
4816:
4778:
4744:Interwar period
4734:
4704:
4697:
4689:
4673:Schlieffen Plan
4653:
4614:
4603:
4518:
4485:
4468:
4453:
4442:
4436:
4420:Dorian invasion
4405:Fall of Babylon
4361:
4355:
4354:
4331:
4323:
4293:
4288:
4203:
4194:
4141:
4132:Nyon Conference
4099:
4066:
3985:
3981:List of battles
3944:
3938:
3903:
3887:
3885:Further reading
3882:
3873:
3871:
3817:
3815:
3798:. Provo, Utah:
3781:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3728:
3704:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3625:
3599:
3573:
3555:Palacios, Jesús
3535:Palacios, Jesús
3520:
3518:
3511:
3479:
3453:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3407:(Print Edition)
3392:
3373:
3314:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2369:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1130:
1093:Casares Quiroga
1088:Largo Caballero
1081:Nazi propaganda
985:(leader of the
916:electoral fraud
896:
886:
880:
837:Duke of Seville
773:
767:
657:
651:
649:Second Republic
595:Communist Party
582:Regenerationism
577:First World War
568:Prime Minister
543:Spanish Morocco
529:, perceived as
516:Catholic Church
500:Reformist Party
403:
231:Trienio Liberal
207:
202:
94:abdicated; the
79:First World War
69:to the fore in
17:
12:
11:
5:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5231:Causes of wars
5228:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:Responsibility
5139:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5054:New Historians
5051:
5046:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Responsibility
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4696:
4684:
4678:Spirit of 1914
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4648:
4638:
4635:Fischer thesis
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4576:Paraguayan War
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4502:Napoleonic era
4499:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4475:
4466:Pre-revolution
4457:
4455:
4451:Coalition Wars
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:historiography
4322:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Army of Africa
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3902:978-1107431751
3901:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3851:
3824:
3785:
3779:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3732:
3726:
3720:. Penguin UK.
3708:
3703:978-0375755156
3702:
3682:
3662:
3644:
3629:
3624:978-0007404230
3623:
3603:
3597:
3577:
3572:978-0299302146
3571:
3547:
3527:
3509:
3491:
3478:978-0300100686
3477:
3457:
3452:978-0300110654
3451:
3435:
3417:
3396:
3390:
3377:
3371:
3359:Blood of Spain
3354:
3334:
3318:
3312:
3300:Beevor, Antony
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3225:
3209:
3196:
3194:, p. 100)
3183:
3170:
3157:
3141:
3139:, p. 642)
3128:
3126:, p. 643)
3115:
3099:
3086:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3024:, p. 138)
3013:
3000:
2987:
2971:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2867:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2815:
2802:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2351:
2335:
2322:
2320:, p. 632)
2309:
2296:
2283:
2281:, p. 195)
2270:
2268:, p. 122)
2257:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2205:, p. 181)
2194:
2172:
2159:
2143:
2127:
2114:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2041:
2028:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1944:
1931:
1915:
1899:
1886:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1771:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1711:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1645:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1584:
1568:
1555:
1521:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1452:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1394:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1317:
1299:
1283:
1270:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1181:
1175:According to (
1168:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1107:. Monarchist
1041:Army of Africa
1011:Lluís Companys
999:general strike
983:Lluís Companys
971:Salazar Alonso
946:Ricardo Samper
882:Main article:
879:
876:
769:Main article:
766:
763:
653:Main article:
650:
647:
551:Semana Trágica
402:
399:
393:Periodically,
370:Basque Country
362:Infante Carlos
356:monarchy. The
308:House of Savoy
206:
203:
201:
198:
190:1936 elections
119:eight-hour day
47:House of Savoy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5243:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:Post-Cold War
5125:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:Falklands War
5099:
5097:
5096:Iran–Iraq War
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Ongoing Nakba
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:Western Front
4973:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4956:Bengal famine
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4870:The Holocaust
4867:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:Eastern Front
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:Paris Commune
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:Turning point
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4441:18th and 19th
4439:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:Islamic views
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:Condor Legion
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:Popular Front
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3834:History Today
3830:
3825:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3615:HarperCollins
3612:
3608:
3607:Preston, Paul
3604:
3600:
3594:
3590:
3589:HarperCollins
3586:
3582:
3581:Preston, Paul
3578:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3280:, p. 49)
3279:
3273:
3267:, p. 93)
3266:
3260:
3254:, p. 91)
3253:
3247:
3241:, p. 92)
3240:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3223:, p. 90)
3222:
3216:
3214:
3207:, p. 89)
3206:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3181:, p. 86)
3180:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3113:, p. 85)
3112:
3106:
3104:
3097:, p. 99)
3096:
3090:
3084:, p. 84)
3083:
3077:
3075:
3068:, p. 83)
3067:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3023:
3022:Casanova 2010
3017:
3010:
3004:
2998:, p. 92)
2997:
2991:
2985:, p. 81)
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:, p. 80)
2968:
2962:
2956:, p. 85)
2955:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2904:, p. 84)
2903:
2897:
2891:, p. 79)
2890:
2884:
2878:, p. 81)
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2852:, p. 90)
2851:
2845:
2839:, p. 55)
2838:
2832:
2826:, p. 96)
2825:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2791:, p. 80)
2790:
2784:
2778:, p. 77)
2777:
2771:
2765:, p. 79)
2764:
2758:
2752:, p. 33)
2751:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2734:, p. 88)
2733:
2727:
2721:, p. 78)
2720:
2714:
2708:, p. 76)
2707:
2701:
2695:, p. 75)
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2669:, p. 72)
2668:
2662:
2660:
2653:, p. 71)
2652:
2646:
2640:, p. 76)
2639:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2601:, p. 80)
2600:
2594:
2588:, p. 70)
2587:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2562:, p. 69)
2561:
2555:
2549:, p. 68)
2548:
2542:
2536:, p. 75)
2535:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2507:, p. 84)
2506:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2481:, p. 67)
2480:
2474:
2472:
2465:, p. 66)
2464:
2458:
2452:, p. 71)
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2426:, p. 28)
2425:
2419:
2413:, p. 67)
2412:
2406:
2404:
2397:, p. 93)
2396:
2390:
2388:
2381:, p. 63)
2380:
2374:
2372:
2365:, p. 62)
2364:
2358:
2356:
2349:, p. 61)
2348:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2307:, p. 54)
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2255:, p. 91)
2254:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2237:, p. 24)
2236:
2230:
2228:
2221:, p. 46)
2220:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2192:, p. 53)
2191:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2170:, p. 60)
2169:
2163:
2157:, p. 58)
2156:
2150:
2148:
2141:, p. 57)
2140:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2112:, p. 47)
2111:
2105:
2103:
2096:, p. 31)
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2070:, p. 36)
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2026:, p. 26)
2025:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1997:, p. 61)
1996:
1990:
1984:, p. 49)
1983:
1977:
1971:, p. 45)
1970:
1964:
1958:, p. 44)
1957:
1951:
1949:
1942:, p. 21)
1941:
1935:
1929:, p. 43)
1928:
1922:
1920:
1913:, p. 22)
1912:
1906:
1904:
1897:, p. 42)
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1855:, p. 50)
1854:
1848:
1842:, p. 21)
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1798:, p. 18)
1797:
1791:
1785:, p. 37)
1784:
1778:
1776:
1769:, p. 36)
1768:
1762:
1760:
1753:, p. 17)
1752:
1746:
1740:, p. 17)
1739:
1733:
1727:, p. 20)
1726:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1685:, p. 15)
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1659:, p. 30)
1658:
1652:
1650:
1643:, p. 16)
1642:
1636:
1634:
1627:, p. 29)
1626:
1620:
1618:
1611:, p. 15)
1610:
1604:
1602:
1595:, p. 28)
1594:
1588:
1582:, p. 13)
1581:
1575:
1573:
1566:, p. 26)
1565:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1507:, p. 26)
1506:
1500:
1494:, p. 25)
1493:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1468:, p. 25)
1467:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1450:, p. 24)
1449:
1443:
1441:
1434:, p. 14)
1433:
1427:
1421:, p. 22)
1420:
1414:
1408:, p. 21)
1407:
1401:
1399:
1392:, p. 13)
1391:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1374:, p. 19)
1373:
1367:
1361:, p. 18)
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:, p. 23)
1267:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Popular Front
1061:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:Diego Hidalgo
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:Domingo Batet
1004:
1001:and declared
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
891:
885:
875:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:Martin Alonso
838:
834:
830:
829:José Sanjurjo
825:
821:
818:
817:Stanley Payne
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
793:
789:
785:
783:
778:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
740:ABC newspaper
736:
732:
731:ABC newspaper
727:
725:
721:
720:Guardia Civil
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
656:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:José Sanjurjo
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
614:gold standard
611:
607:
606:hydroelectric
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
578:
571:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
520:republicanism
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
458:
454:
449:
446:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
415:
411:
407:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:conservatives
197:
195:
191:
187:
186:Popular Front
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:José Sanjurjo
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
147:José Sanjurjo
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:republicanism
65:helped bring
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
5075:Six-Day War
5071:Algerian War
5042: /
5001:Vichy France
4993:
4986:
4896: /
4784:World War II
4771:
4680: /
4347:
4340:
4265:White Terror
4234:
4208:Other topics
3955:
3892:
3872:. Retrieved
3863:
3859:
3838:
3832:
3816:. Retrieved
3793:
3765:
3736:
3716:
3712:Thomas, Hugh
3694:Random House
3689:
3686:Thomas, Hugh
3669:
3666:Thomas, Hugh
3654:. Retrieved
3634:
3610:
3584:
3558:
3538:
3519:. Retrieved
3499:
3464:
3442:
3427:. Retrieved
3408:
3404:
3381:
3358:
3341:
3325:
3303:
3272:
3265:Preston 2006
3259:
3252:Preston 2006
3246:
3239:Preston 2006
3221:Preston 2006
3205:Preston 2006
3199:
3186:
3179:Preston 2006
3173:
3166:Trotsky 1936
3160:
3153:Preston 1999
3131:
3118:
3111:Preston 2006
3089:
3082:Preston 2006
3066:Preston 2006
3060:
3053:Preston 2006
3047:
3038:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2983:Preston 2006
2967:Preston 2006
2961:
2948:
2935:
2928:Preston 2006
2922:
2909:
2896:
2889:Preston 2006
2883:
2870:
2863:Preston 2006
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2796:
2783:
2776:Preston 2006
2770:
2757:
2726:
2713:
2706:Preston 2006
2700:
2693:Preston 2006
2687:
2680:Preston 2006
2674:
2667:Preston 2006
2651:Preston 2006
2645:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2606:
2599:Brincat 2005
2593:
2586:Preston 2006
2580:
2573:Preston 2006
2567:
2560:Preston 2006
2554:
2547:Preston 2006
2541:
2518:Preston 2006
2512:
2505:Preston 2012
2499:
2492:Preston 2006
2486:
2479:Preston 2006
2463:Preston 2006
2457:
2444:
2437:Preston 2006
2431:
2418:
2347:Preston 2006
2331:Preston 2006
2325:
2312:
2305:Preston 2006
2299:
2294:, p. 2)
2286:
2273:
2266:Vincent 2007
2260:
2197:
2190:Preston 2006
2162:
2155:Preston 2006
2139:Preston 2006
2123:Preston 2006
2117:
2088:
2081:Preston 2006
2075:
2062:
2055:Preston 2006
2039:, Chapter 5)
2031:
2002:
1989:
1982:Preston 2006
1976:
1969:Preston 2006
1963:
1956:Preston 2006
1934:
1927:Preston 2006
1895:Preston 2006
1889:
1882:Preston 2006
1860:
1853:Preston 2006
1847:
1834:
1827:Preston 2006
1803:
1790:
1783:Preston 2006
1767:Preston 2006
1745:
1732:
1707:Preston 2006
1677:
1670:Preston 2006
1664:
1657:Preston 2006
1625:Preston 2006
1593:Preston 2006
1587:
1564:Preston 2006
1558:
1537:
1524:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1481:, p. 9)
1473:
1466:Preston 2006
1448:Preston 2006
1426:
1419:Preston 2006
1413:
1406:Preston 2006
1372:Preston 2006
1366:
1359:Preston 2006
1353:
1348:, p. 7)
1340:
1315:, p. 8)
1273:
1238:
1232:(in Spanish)
1223:
1217:(in Spanish)
1208:
1199:
1193:(in Spanish)
1184:
1171:
1165:(in Spanish)
1156:
1147:
1102:
1097:Leon Trotsky
1085:
1062:
1054:
1038:
1030:
1015:
979:
943:
924:
920:
900:bienio negro
897:
865:
853:
826:
822:
797:
786:
781:
777:Miguel Maura
774:
751:Pedro Segura
748:
728:
724:Castilblanco
689:
670:
658:
645:was formed.
599:
574:
535:conscription
524:
498:In 1912 the
497:
485:isolationist
470:
464:
450:
437:
419:
401:20th century
392:
388:Carlist Wars
377:
347:
340:
289:
250:Carlist Wars
243:
208:
205:19th century
151:
139:Manuel Azaña
131:constitution
127:constitution
104:
24:
20:
18:
5004: [
4939:Pacific War
4723:Article 231
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4620:World War I
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4454:(1792–1815)
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3487:j.ctt1npgf9
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1177:Thomas 1961
1105:Emilio Mola
782:in absentia
716:Civil Guard
547:Tragic Week
541:of 1909 in
527:nationalism
455:party, the
445:agrarianism
366:Catholicism
354:patrilineal
333:Alfonso XII
75:Tragic Week
35:Isabella II
26:latifundios
5220:Categories
5137:Background
4988:Guilty Men
4930:Uniqueness
4853:Background
4848:Winter War
4772:Background
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4559:Great Game
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3818:25 October
3769:(Report).
3656:17 October
3363:Allen Lane
3361:. London:
3350:B0014JCVS0
3137:Payne 1973
3124:Payne 1973
3009:Payne 2006
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2253:Hayes 1951
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950:Bolshevism
888:See also:
870:(Spanish:
813:Gil Robles
718:(Spanish:
549:(Spanish:
531:separatism
459:(Spanish:
245:latifundia
4908:Pius Wars
4703:Treaty of
4362:conflicts
4117:Comintern
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1250:Citations
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1003:Catalonia
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712:Bolshevik
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236:bourgeois
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5204:Category
5022:Cold War
4925:Slovakia
4512:Waterloo
4381:Crusades
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4180:Viriatos
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4090:Carlists
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3756:Journals
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989:and the
966:Esquerra
759:Zaragoza
493:maurismo
477:centrist
451:Spain's
358:Carlists
342:caciques
304:Amadeo I
85:brought
59:Carlists
43:Amadeo I
5163:Related
5116:Origins
5079:Origins
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4586:Origins
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4282:sidebar
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4187:Ireland
4151:Germany
3287:Sources
2622:13 June
1073:Nombela
993:of the
708:Masonic
700:Fascist
612:to the
539:Rif War
481:Marxism
414:Cánovas
306:of the
298:of the
266:Carlism
156:of the
123:Fascism
45:of the
37:of the
5152:Causes
5089:Causes
5064:Causes
4858:Spirit
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4272:Women
4230:Films
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4163:Italy
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3483:JSTOR
3429:7 May
3292:Books
1140:Notes
735:Azaña
283:King
234:of a
4682:1917
4139:USSR
4080:CEDA
4036:PSUC
4031:PSOE
4026:POUM
3971:1937
3966:1936
3961:Coup
3897:ISBN
3876:2011
3843:OCLC
3820:2011
3804:OCLC
3775:ISBN
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3698:ISBN
3674:OCLC
3658:2016
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3346:ASIN
3308:ISBN
2624:2014
1071:and
892:and
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372:and
178:PSOE
170:coup
162:CEDA
83:coup
19:The
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4062:PNV
4057:UGT
4052:FAI
4048:CNT
4021:PCE
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