146:(Pazioca or Pazioc) had taken refuge, an advanced confederation of independent agro-pottery lordships belonging to the Santa María culture, united by a common language, the Kakán, and in turn part of the great group of the Andean civilizations. The Spaniards referred to their members, incorrectly, as Calchaquíes, name corresponding to one of the Pazioca lordships (called "curacazgos" by the Spanish). These lordships were gathered in three great nations: Pular to the north, Diaguita to the west and Calchaquí to the east. Minor groups were the Ocloy formed by 2,000 people and the Calchaquí, some 12,500 people (2,500 tributary Indians), according to Sotelo Narváez (1583). An ancestral tradition of self-sufficiency of the Paziocas and the scarce number of Spaniards in Tucumán, allowed a series of defense acts of its territory by the Pular-Diaguita-Calchaquí confederation, known as Calchachi by the Spanish. These fights have been historically known as the Calchaquí Wars that extended for more than a century.
166:, who claimed to be Inca, the "Inca Hualpa" (Inka Wallpa), was accepted as a military leader by the Paziocas. Bohórquez maneuvered cunningly, obtained even the support of the Jesuits and organized a solid indigenous army of 6,000 warriors with which he maintained control of the region for several years. However, in 1659, Bohórquez handed over to the Spaniards with the intention of being forgiven, who sent him to Lima and finally executed him. The confederation continued the war led by José Henriquez. When the lordship of Quilme was defeated in 1665, the Spaniards ordered their complete uprooting and deportation of all its 11,000 members to the Pampean territories close to Buenos Aires, where the city of
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The Second
Calchaquí War lasted 7 years (1630-1637) and was directed by the kuraka Chalamín. The Paziocas again destroyed the cities installed by the Spaniards, Londres II and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. In 1637 the Spanish army captured and executed Chalamín. The inhabitants who participated in the
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The
Viltipoco rebellion. Later in 1594 Viltipoco, chief of the Omaguaca, initiated a new uprising gathering an army of 10,000 lances, however, 25 Spaniards and their native allies under the command of the captain Francisco de Argañaras y Murguía infiltrated the Quebrada de Humahuaca where they
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The First
Calchaquí War was unleashed in 1560 and was led by the kuraka Juan Calchaquí along with the kurakas Quipildor and Viltipoco. The confederation managed to keep the Europeans out of its territory, razing the three new cities founded by the Spaniards: Cañete, Córdoba de Calchaquí, and
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The name of "Calchaquí" was not given until the 17th century. The
Europeans called "Calchaquíes" to a set of Diaguita cultures, such as Yocavil, Quilme, Tafí, Chicoana, Tilcara, Purmamarca, among others. The denomination "Calchaquí" seems to derive from one of the main
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stands today, and where they finally disappeared as an ethnic group. The war ended on
January 2, 1667, when the last of the Pazioca lordships, Acali or Calian, was defeated. The Spaniards took the decision to divide, deport, and reduce all the Diaguita peoples to
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They were farmers, herders, and great potters. They worshipped the sun, the moon, thunder and the earth, and spoke their own language called kakán. With the third expansion of the Inca territory, in 1480, they were incorporated into the
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reported in 1896 that among the
Calchaquis of Northern Argentina is found pottery painted with line drawings of birds, reptiles, and human faces, which remind one of
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attacked by surprise the enemy camp, killing the chiefs and capturing
Viltipoco, who was taken to San Salvador de Jujuy where he died in prison some years later.
61:, became extinct in the mid-17th century or beginning of 18th century. Its genetic classification remains unclear. The language was supposedly documented by the
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The Third
Calchaquí War lasted for eight years (1658-1667). This war had the particularity that, in its beginnings, the Spanish adventurer
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Andes - Articulación política y etnogénesis en los Valles
Calchaquíes. Los Pulares durante los siglos XVII y XVIII.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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During the whole period of the conquest the
Spaniards had not been able to penetrate in the
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Ratzel, Friedrich. The History of Mankind. (London: MacMillan, 1896). URL:
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www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/racial_oceania.htm
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237:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 969.
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124:(Tawantinsuyu), from which they received a strong cultural influence.
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306:. Jorge Hidalgo Lehuedé, pp. 42-45, Editorial Universitaria, 2004.
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Las ruinas de los Quilmes, una historia de heroísmo y destierro
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293:(in Spanish). Junta Provincial de Historia de Córdoba. 2004.
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war were deported and reduced to slavery by the Spaniards.
341:. Enero-diciembre de 2008, nº 19, Salta. Referencia nº8
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38:group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern
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46:they offered a vigorous resistance to the first
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111:means "very" or "much".
334:Juan Ignacio Quintían.
234:Encyclopædia Britannica
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