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eventually intervene with force unprecedented in
Vietnam if the situation was not resolved. Neither the French nor the Vietminh made further efforts to pursue negotiations. Years later, French officials blamed domestic political feuds and the lack of support from some sections of their government. The Vietminh blamed logistical difficulties for their late, minimal reply. After the French were defeated at Điện Biên Phủ in early 1954, Vietnam was partitioned at the Geneva Conference. In August 1954, Bửu Hội returned to South Vietnam for a visit. Diem had been named Prime Minister of what was then the French backed State of Vietnam. Vietnam was supposed to be reunified after national elections in 1956 following a temporary partition and transitional phase. Diệm was in trouble as the generals of the Vietnamese National Army disobeyed him and the national police were controlled by the Bình Xuyên, an armed criminal syndicate. Parts of the Mekong Delta were controlled by the private armies of the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects.
396:. Aside from his studies with aza-replaced hydrocarbons, benz- and dibenzacridines and –carbazoles, he also synthesised and tested a number of new structural types of heteroaromatics with reference to the nature, number and position of the heteroatoms. These included the naphtho and benzo derivatives of pyridocarbazole and beta-carboline, heteroaromatics with sulfur, arsenic or selenium replacements. These were either alone or in association with nitrogen, as well as sulfur and nitrogen containing pseudoazulenes. A series of hydrocarbon-like polynuclear lactones were explored with the intent of establishing a connection between polynuclear aromatics and aflatoxins. Such studies of heteroatomic polynuclears led him to propose a "newer picture" of a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, helping the generalise the classical K-region hypothesis.
614:
Vietnamese ambassador to six
African nations. The result was that a polemical address by Ceylon on 7 October did not garner any support. A Soviet Union threat to use the International Control Commission to investigate the South's domestic affairs never materialized, either. The General Assembly voted unanimously to cut short the debate and accept the invitation to send a fact finding mission. Hội had managed to avert censure of his country and an unwanted debate on the role of the U.S. there. Lodge expressed disappointment at why the U.S. delegation helped to avoid a debate that would have condemned Diệm. Despite Hội's assurances that the mission would be free to move around the country and was not a stalling device, Lodge was adamant that Diệm would never allow them to see anything unfavourable.
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involving zoxazolamine and dicoumarol hydroxylation. Aside from his study of fundamental organic chemistry, chemical carcinogenesis and chemotherapy of leprosy and tuberculosis, Bửu Hội's team also conducted research into a wide range of issues of biological and therapeutic interest. These included the synthesis and testing anti-inflammatory non-steroid compounds, substituted sex hormones, anti-coagulant substances and their potentiation, antidiabetic agents, treatment of hypertension by methyl-DOPA, antioxidants and the chemophylaxy of aging and the toxicity of dioxine among others.
468:
south. Bửu Hội opposed a military buildup in the south, reasoning that the best defense against insurrection came from fostering popular participation in the administrative and economic institutions of the state. He favoured neutralism in South
Vietnam's foreign affairs while remaining on positive terms with France and the United States. He argued that the colonial era and Vietnam's natural place in Asia was to join other nations such as India in a policy of non-alignment. He hoped that both North and South Vietnam could be admitted to the United Nations.
574:, two days later. Bửu Hội contended that the Buddhist movement had transformed into a political movement to overthrow Diệm and claiming that media reports transmitted to America were inaccurate. Yost asserted that irrespective of what was happening, the situation was intolerable and that Diệm had to address it. Bửu Hội thought that implementing the five point plan Diệm signed in June but never intended to implement was the key. Bửu Hội acknowledged that anti-Buddhist discrimination in Vietnam was real.
483:
of securing diplomatic links and greater recognition of the
Republic of Vietnam on the international arena. He was named as South Vietnam's ambassador to various countries and several bodies of the United Nations. In addition, he was named as the director of the Vietnam Atomic Energy Center that was constructed near the central highlands resort town of Đà Lạt. It was to be South Vietnam's first nuclear reactor.
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was one of the three selected by the ACS. At the time he was director of research in organic chemistry at the Radium
Institute in Paris. Hội accepted the invitation of the ACS to deliver a series of lectures in the United States, where, in 1951, he traveled to the Maryknoll Seminaries in Lakewood, New Jersey to offer his support to Diệm in his quest to form an independent Vietnamese government.
315:, which became known as the electronic theory of hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. One of the effects of the Nazi occupation was that the foreign scientific literature brought into France was almost entirely German. As a result, this exposed Lacassagne to what to be the scientific foundation of his highly fruitful collaboration with Bửu Hội.
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invite a fact finding mission. He reasoned that such a delegation would spark a rapprochement in
Vietnam and would delay debate and condemnation by the Assembly until the mission had tabled its report. Privately he asked the Americans to tell Thích Trí Quang that he would not do anything to harm the Buddhist's cause.
540:, vandalising, looting and in some cases detonating them, arresting around 1400 monks and nuns. Up to 400 civilians disappeared or were killed trying to repel the invaders from the temples. Bửu Hội went to Gia Long Palace at the end of August to take leave and return to his laboratory. At the time, the
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Vietnamese workers and soldiers stranded in France after the Second World War. He had also been a delegated to the conference at
Fontainebleau, the collapse of which had helped to spark the First Indochina War in 1946. Bửu Hội was accompanied by Jacques Raphael-Leygues, a radical socialist politician.
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Bửu Hội outlined a plan to the United States' representatives to the United
Nations to avoid a full-scale debate on South Vietnam in the General Assembly. He revealed that South Vietnam would reject a formal inquiry mission as interference in domestic affairs, but would try to seize the initiative to
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Bửu Hội advocated a new "government of national solidarity" in Saigon that incorporated the religious sects. This contrasted to Diệm, who wanted to have unchallenged power with the sects in a subservient position. He felt that this would foster reconciliation between non-Communist nationalists in the
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to propose the opening of direct negotiations with France. He left a letter in
Rangoon to be delivered to Vietminh leaders, prophetically predicting that this would be the last opportunity for them to deal with France directly without third part interference. He predicted that the United States would
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personnel of the Radium
Institute on various aspects of the electronic theory of carcinogenesis. Bửu Hội was the first to propose the involvement of noncovalent forces. Together with Lacassagne and Rudali, in the 1940s he became the first to describe the phenomena of synergisma and antagonism between
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still had a positive role to play. When Hilsman criticised the treatment of the Buddhists, Hội asserted that the movement had become political and that the Buddhists had forced Diệm into a fight for survival. Hội parried U.S. calls for Diệm to remove Nhu, regarded as the corrosive influence in South
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Concerned for his mother and the deteriorating situation in Vietnam, Hội returned home in attempt to mediate between the Buddhists and Diệm. Rumours began to circulate stating that the Americans wanted Hội inserted in a newly created post of prime minister, in order that the Ngô family's power would
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In 1958, Bửu Hội resumed work for Diệm on the international front. He was charged with attending to the Indian, Canadian and Polish diplomats from the International Control Commission that were charged with monitoring the Geneva Accords which partitioned Vietnam in 1954. He was also assigned the job
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At the time, the electronic theory of molecular structure was in its formative years and was not considered as a vehicle by biologists for explaining phenomena, however Lacassagne saw promise in the prospect of Schmidt's hypothesis in attempting to explain carcinogenesis by a combination of elements
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In the early 1950s, Bửu Hội traveled to the United States. After the disruption of the Second World War, the president of the American Chemical Society had asked a colleague to resume contact with French chemistry circles by selecting three men regarded to be the outstanding chemists in France. Hội
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ring and its double bond and of the chain length in determining the toxicity and leprostatic activity of these compounds. Although from the time of his 1944 meeting with Lacassagne onwards he was preoccupied with the study of chemical carcinogenesis, he continued to devote substantial effort to the
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as a "heroic and important chapter of the study of carcinogenesis". It went on to say that "his death robbed French science of one of its most illustrious figures". He had totaled almost 1100 scientific publications. His body was laid in state for five days in a sanctuary at Rue Gassendi in Paris,
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on 11 June at a busy Saigon intersection. As the impasse continued, Hội's mother, who had been a Buddhist nun for many years, traveled from Huế to Saigon. The Buddhist leaders had announced that the mother of South Vietnam's most distinguished scientist and diplomat and member of the royal family,
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In early 1953, he traveled as a private citizen to the office of the Vietminh in Rangoon, the capital of Burma. Despite leaving the Vietminh three years earlier, his nationalist credentials allowed him to secure an audience. At the time he was the elected president of an association of some 25,000
434:
While in Paris, Bửu Hội had not limited his activities to scientific research. He had worked with Hồ Chí Minh's Vietminh to form the Democratic Republic of Vietnam which sought to establish independence from its formation in September 1945. His international reputation, generated by his scientific
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on the skin of mice and later extended this to hepatic and other carcinogens. Starting in 1947, he collaborated with François Zajdela and Lacassagne in exploring the relationships between the structure and carcinogenic activity of polynuclear compounds. The study spanned a groundbreaking scale and
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Hội went to meet Phạm Công Tắc, the pope of the Cao Đài, and his entourage in their stronghold of Tây Ninh west of Saigon near the border with Cambodia. He went to a secret meeting with the Cao Đài general Trình Minh Thế at his base on Núi Bà Đen. Hội went on to meet with the Hòa Hảo in the Delta
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On 31 October, he performed his last public duty in South Vietnam. Hội visited Nhu along with two Buddhist monks and ask him to intervene with Diệm to free "all Buddhist dignitaries, laymen and students till under detention". Nhu "promised to obtain from the president a favourable answer to this
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These involved the fundamental ring systems and derivatives of 1,2-benzanthracene, the dibenzopyrenes, steranthrenes, anthanthrene, 1,2,3,4-dibenzanthracene, a variety of benzo and dibenzofluoranthenes. This was extended to large-molecular-size and "hypercondensed" hydrocarbons, ring opening and
511:. As civil disobedience and demands for religious equality by the Buddhist majority against Diệm's Catholic government grew, Diệm's forces repeatedly attacked Buddhists. In June, Bửu Hội wrote to Nhu to urge Diệm to further dialogue with the Buddhists and create a Ministry of Religious Affairs.
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replication and transcription, testing the effect of various carcinogens on the hatching of shrimp eggs. From the mid-1960s onwards, Bửu Hội increasingly turned his focus to the structural facets of polynuclears which determine their ability to induce microsomal enzyme synthesis, in particular
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delegate had begun to push for a resolution expressing serious concern about "the continuing violation of human rights in Vietnam". Since South Vietnam was not a member and had no right of reply, Bửu Hội and his team lobbied African and Asian countries behind the scene. Hội was also the South
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named him as the Rector of the University of Hanoi. He later served as science advisor to Diệm and was appointed in 1960 as the Director of the Atomic Energy Establishment of Vietnam. In this capacity, he was a key figure in the establishment of an Atomic Energy Research Center.
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city of Cần Thơ and also met with Bình Xuyên leaders in Cholon. He further met with labor groups, army officers and representatives of the educated class. Later when the Saigon press was censored and partly shut down, he outlined his vision for Vietnam in the Paris magazine
570:, but Saigon felt that Cambodia had been stirring up animosity among the Asian countries, having already broken off diplomatic relations after the raids. The UN session started on 17 September and Hội met with the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,
479:. As a result, the US State Department interpreted it as a French manoeuvre to replace Diệm with Hội. Strongly disapproving of Hội's foreign policies, the State Department warned Mendes-France that U.S. policy would change if Hội became prime minister.
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while simultaneously auditing courses from the Faculty of Medicine. He had developed an interest in science from his youth, noting that this was "because of the desire of his mother and partly because of his own belief in the human value of science".
601:, well-known Diệm critics, were less enthusiastic. Bửu Hội's attempt to break the deadlock in relations since the pagoda raids failed to convince Harriman, who removed his hearing aid when Bửu Hội suggested the pro-Diệm former U.S. ambassador
221:, which supplied Diệm's power base and acted as a security apparatus to crush dissent in South Vietnam. This formed a bond between the two men which saw Bửu Hội later serve in the diplomatic corps and as a scientific advisor to Diệm.
514:
As Diệm remained intransigent on demands for religious equality and bringing those responsible for the Huế shootings to justice, his forces used chemicals on Buddhist protestors in Huế. The turning point was the self-immolation of
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partial hydrogenation. During his study of dibenzopyrenes, he discovered a molecular arrangement involving the framework of aromatic hydrocarbons. His studies of the carcinogenic azulenophenalenes led him to question the role of
377:
The overwhelming amount of Bửu Hội's contributions are in the field of chemical carcinogenesis and the synthesis of related organic chemical compounds. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, he had extensive collaborations with the
322:
Hội and his team relocated from the Radium Institute to larger facilities at the Institute of Chemistry of Natural Substances in 1960. The new quarters was part of the National Centrer of Scientific Research laboratory group at
475:, a Roman Catholic and strong Diệm supporter, who advocated a suspension of U.S. aid if Diệm were removed. L'Express, the newspaper in Paris which printed his ideas, was considered to be friendly with French Prime Minister
160:
Bửu Hội was a Confucianist, instilled with a sense of duty to family and service to the nation. In contrast to his ancestors, Bửu Hội was also a secular-minded Buddhist, and his mother later became a Buddhist nun under the
550:(in French: "You have left me in the shit"), Hội agreed to defend Saigon at the UN in New York on the condition that a fact-finding mission would be allowed to enter the country and freely see the truth for themselves.
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whom he had met at Perrin's party, he was able to re-enter the Nazi-occupied northern France and return to Paris. He joined the research staff of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in 1941, and upon the
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His research spread beyond chemical carcinogenesis. He also published widely in organic chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutics, epidemiology and biochemistry. He started his research career with investigations on
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Diệm rejected these moderate policies, believing that a militantly anti-Communist stance was the solution for South Vietnam. This coincided with a fact finding mission by Democratic Party U.S. Senator
593:, the assistance secretary for international organization affairs thought that his "sophisticated" plan and his stature as an intellectual and diplomat would boost his cause. Undersecretary
692:, who favored neutralizing Vietnam in the early 1960s. With the support of Bửu Hội, de Gaulle advised his ambassador in Saigon, Roger Lalouette, to float the concept with Diệm and Nhu.
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Bửu Hội arrived in New York in the middle of September 1963. The American public had a highly unfavourable view of South Vietnam, due to the self-immolations and pagoda attacks.
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intended to burn herself to death to highlight oppression against Buddhists. The tension grew, and eventually in July, she made an appearance at a press conference at Saigon's
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141:, who had united Vietnam under its current state. Gia Long had reunited the nation under the newly formed Nguyễn Dynasty with the help of French volunteers recruited by the
1087:
Mantienne, Frédéric (October 2003). "The Transfer of Western Military Technology to Vietnam in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Case of the Nguyen".
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at Xá Lợi to ensure that his mother would not actually self-immolate. The negotiations were fruitless and were futile. Shortly after midnight, the Special Forces of the
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sharply criticised the Vietnamese government, saying that there was no country so chaotic and deteriorating. The campaign against the Diệm regime was overtly led by
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achievements, lent prestige to the Hồ Chí Minh government. Hội later broke off ties in 1950 when the Communists imposed a dictatorship on the resistance movement.
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near Paris. In 1962 he was promoted to Director of Research. Around 1967, he established further research groups under his guidance; one at
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524:, to repeat the threat. Outside, Nhu's men had organised a "spontaneous" demonstration where government supporters had been bussed in.
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683:. It was only a few weeks after the passing of his research colleague Antoine Lacassagne, ending a prolific partnership described by
635:. Hội left Vietnam after the coup to resume his scientific research. He only returned on the occasion of the funeral of his mother.
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where French and Vietnamese alike paid their respects. Hội's stature also allowed him to develop contacts with French President
311:. At the time Lacassagne was establishing an interdisciplinary team for exploring the possibilities and uses of a hypothesis by
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He contributed to studies on the carcinogenicity of 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide derivatives, the production of plant tumors by a
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628:"In the non-aligned world, we have more friends now, thanks to the diplomatic bases laid by Professor Bửu Hội in Africa."
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missionaries in Vietnam and was known for his hostility toward them, as he believed they were undermining the Emperor's
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Thích Diệu Huế. His father Ưng Úy headed the Privy Council of the Imperial Family. Ưng Úy was the Minister of Rites at
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Vietnam, from power. He asserted that Nhu was a great talent but noted that a prime minister should be appointed.
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Report on Indochina: Report of Mike Mansfield on a Study Mission to Vietnam, Cambodia [and] Laos
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Hội left Vietnam in 1935 to study in Paris and was never to return as a resident. There, he befriended
110:, Bửu Hội was a native of the former imperial capital of Huế. He was a great-great-grandson of Emperor
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663:. Despite working for almost his entire academic career in France, he also received awards from the
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403:. He also studied metabolism and protein binding of polynuclears and the effect of the binding o
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Bửu Hội's career was briefly interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. He volunteered in the
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Hội died of a heart attack on 8 January 1972, his native country still divided and ravaged by
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in his role as the director general of the Office of Atomic Energy. Diệm said of Hội's work,
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in his Polytechnique laboratory. At the time, these were the only products used for treating
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degree while serving as an Intern of Pharmacy at Paris hospitals. After a short stint under
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578:, the U.S. Ambassador in Saigon, described Hội's proposed solution as "oversimplified".
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356:. Within a few years, he had established himself as an international authority in the
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95:– 28 January 1972) was a Vietnamese diplomat, scientist and cancer researcher.
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request". Diệm and Nhu were assassinated two days later after being deposed in a
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after more than 200 years of north–south division and multiple wars between the
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had been strongly condemning the actions of Diệm's regime. When Nhu told him
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233:, he followed the regular curriculum towards his doctorate. He completed a
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655:. His work in cancer research specifically yielded awards from the French
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at the Marcel Delepine Center and a second at the Lannelogue Institute at
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in the Institute of Chemical Physics, he began his doctoral research in
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Before departing Paris, Hội had been authorised by French President
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and later became known for his efforts in running the clandestine
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be diluted. He spent many hours talking with the Buddhist leader
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189:, a prestigious French-established school for the upper-class in
118:, known for his conservative philosophy, in which he shunned the
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of electron quantum theory, geometry and chemical structure.
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173:, Ưng Úy joined Vietminh's government and showed support to
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chemotherapy of leprosy and the associated chemotherapy of
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who were protesting a government ban on the flying of the
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and technological and scientific innovations. He resisted
1120:
The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862-1874
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Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
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On 28 October, Hội opened the Atomic Energy Center in
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in Washington where he was given a mixed reception.
27:
Vietnamese diplomat, scientist and cancer researcher
1038:. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press.
292:in 1944 was appointed Maitre de Conferences at the
994:The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam
991:
975:
914:
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185:Bửu Hội completed his secondary schooling at the
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497:shooting by authorities of nine Buddhists in Huế
303:At around the same period in 1944, Bửu Hội met
213:while in France. Nhu was a staunch advocate of
909:
665:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
360:of the disease. He delineated the role of the
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958:Arcos, Joseph C. (December 1972). "Buu Hoi".
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307:, the Director of Biological Research at the
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411:
429:
383:carcinogens. He demonstrated this by using
283:government. With the help of the physicist
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1005:Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development
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1231:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
1086:
986:
970:
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643:Bửu Hội was a multiple laureate of the
564:Secretary General of the United Nations
279:in the southern zone under the fascist
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486:
258:
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1036:The Struggle for Indochina, 1940-1955
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424:
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769:
728:Committee on Foreign Relations 1954
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562:, the Buddhist Burmese who was the
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1618:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
1206:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức
1146:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1090:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
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778:
224:
169:'s court until 9 May 1945. During
25:
1629:
1588:20th-century Vietnamese diplomats
1221:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état
667:and received funding from the US
538:raided pagodas across the country
495:erupted in August 1963 after the
296:by the Provisional Government of
275:in May 1940. He found himself in
247:. He worked in the laboratory of
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534:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
1196:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
1138:Committee on Foreign Relations
760:
751:
742:
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618:Atomic Energy Center in Da Lat
13:
1:
831:"Bác Hồ trọng dụng người tài"
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462:
104:
89:
1608:20th-century French chemists
661:French league against cancer
653:French Ministry of Education
547:"Tu me laisse dans la merde"
180:
7:
1014:A History of Southeast Asia
978:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
177:during war against French.
10:
1634:
951:
811:Buttinger (1967), p. 1099.
649:French Academy of Medicine
645:French Academy of Sciences
137:Mạng's father was Emperor
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1508:
1415:
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1257:Krulak–Mendenhall mission
1239:
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1103:10.1017/S0022463403000468
1072:. London: Penguin Books.
669:National Cancer Institute
638:
585:Bửu Hội also visited the
412:Professional appointments
209:, the younger brother of
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72:
60:
39:
32:
1598:Vietnamese Confucianists
1552:Persecution of Buddhists
1211:Double Seven Day scuffle
1118:McLeod, Mark W. (1991).
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597:and Assistant Secretary
587:U.S. Department of State
430:Mid 1940s to Early 1960s
1262:McNamara–Taylor mission
1012:Hall, D. G. E. (1981).
373:Chemical carcinogenesis
1593:Vietnamese biochemists
1003:Cady, John F. (1964).
820:Hammer (1955), p. 167.
748:Buttinger, pp. 268-69.
546:
339:Scientific discoveries
255:of organic compounds.
1332:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
576:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
153:in the south and the
1603:Vietnamese Buddhists
1201:Hue chemical attacks
477:Pierre Mendès France
290:Liberation of France
251:, investigating the
187:Lycée Albert Sarraut
1302:W. Averell Harriman
1216:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
1048:A Death in November
906:Hammer, pp. 258-59.
897:Hammer, pp. 255-57.
879:Hammer, pp. 253-54.
861:Hammer, pp. 159-60.
852:Hammer, pp. 135-36.
487:The Buddhist crisis
294:École Polytechnique
259:During World War II
236:licence ès sciences
199:University of Hanoi
171:First Indochina War
86:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Hội
34:Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Hội
1531:Marguerite Higgins
1070:Vietnam: A history
870:Hammer, pp. 194-95
802:Mantienne, p. 521.
775:Buttinger, p. 266.
739:McLeod, pp. 24-29.
507:, the birthday of
425:Political pursuits
305:Antoine Lacassagne
147:Pigneau de Behaine
1560:
1559:
1402:William Trueheart
1392:Maxwell D. Taylor
1382:Frederick Nolting
1372:Nguyễn Đình Thuận
1342:Joseph Mendenhall
1297:Michael Forrestal
988:Buttinger, Joseph
972:Buttinger, Joseph
766:Hall, pp. 429-30.
757:Cady, pp. 282-83.
690:Charles de Gaulle
603:Frederick Nolting
380:quantum chemistry
350:hydnocarpic acids
298:Charles de Gaulle
267:and served until
253:spectrophotometry
245:organic chemistry
132:Mandate of Heaven
82:
81:
68:(aged 56–57)
16:(Redirected from
1625:
1526:David Halberstam
1495:Trần Thiện Khiêm
1475:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu
1470:Nguyễn Văn Nhung
1327:Victor H. Krulak
1322:Thich Tinh Khiet
1247:Joint Communiqué
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1133:
1114:
1083:
1061:
1050:. E. P. Dutton.
1044:Hammer, Ellen J.
1039:
1032:Hammer, Ellen J.
1027:
1008:
999:
997:
983:
981:
967:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
925:
919:
916:
907:
904:
898:
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889:
886:
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877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
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850:
844:
841:
835:
834:
827:
821:
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809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
758:
755:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
725:
719:
718:Arcos, p. 2856B.
716:
595:Averell Harriman
591:Harlan Cleveland
549:
309:Radium Institute
109:
106:
94:
91:
67:
64:January 28, 1972
50:
48:
30:
29:
21:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1583:People from Huế
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1540:
1504:
1417:
1411:
1397:Trần Văn Chương
1387:Thích Trí Quang
1367:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1337:Robert McNamara
1317:John F. Kennedy
1312:Thich Thien Hoa
1292:Thích Quảng Đức
1274:
1272:
1266:
1235:
1184:
1182:Buddhist crisis
1179:
1130:
1080:
1066:Karnow, Stanley
1058:
1024:
960:Cancer Research
954:
949:
945:Karnow, p. 307.
944:
940:
936:Hammer, p. 314.
935:
931:
927:Hammer, p. 270.
926:
922:
918:Hammer, p. 278.
917:
910:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:Hammer, p. 255.
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
829:
828:
824:
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
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783:
779:
774:
770:
765:
761:
756:
752:
747:
743:
738:
734:
726:
722:
717:
702:
698:
685:Cancer Research
677:
641:
620:
609:At the UN, the
556:
530:Thích Trí Quang
517:Thích Quảng Đức
493:Buddhist crisis
489:
465:
432:
427:
414:
375:
341:
261:
227:
225:Scientific work
183:
107:
101:
92:
65:
56:
51:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:Nguyen dynasty
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Malcolm Browne
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:Trần Kim Tuyến
1487:
1482:
1480:Phạm Ngọc Thảo
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Dương Văn Minh
1437:
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1234:
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1190:
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1177:
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1148:
1134:
1128:
1115:
1084:
1078:
1062:
1056:
1040:
1028:
1022:
1009:
1007:. McGraw Hill.
1000:
984:
968:
966:: 2856A–2856D.
953:
950:
948:
947:
938:
929:
920:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
843:Hammer, p. 48.
836:
822:
813:
804:
795:
793:McLeod, p. 11.
786:
784:Karnow, p. 77.
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
720:
699:
697:
694:
676:
673:
640:
637:
619:
616:
555:
552:
542:United Nations
509:Gautama Buddha
488:
485:
473:Mike Mansfield
464:
461:
448:Vincent Auriol
431:
428:
426:
423:
413:
410:
374:
371:
340:
337:
325:Gif-sur-Yvette
260:
257:
249:Pauline Ramart
226:
223:
182:
179:
157:in the north.
100:
97:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
62:
58:
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52:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1513:
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1507:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Tôn Thất Đính
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Nguyễn Hữu Có
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Lê Quang Tung
1448:
1446:
1445:Huỳnh Văn Cao
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Lucien Conein
1423:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1362:Ngô Đình Thục
1360:
1358:
1357:Ngô Đình Nhu
1355:
1353:
1352:Ngô Đình Diệm
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Roger Hilsman
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Bui Van Luong
1280:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
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1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:0-275-93562-0
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:(3): 519–34.
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:0-670-84218-4
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:0-525-24210-4
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:0-333-24163-0
1019:
1016:. Macmillan.
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
995:
989:
985:
980:
979:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
955:
942:
933:
924:
915:
913:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
832:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
730:, p. 45.
729:
724:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
700:
693:
691:
686:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
629:
625:
615:
612:
607:
604:
600:
599:Roger Hilsman
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:United States
551:
548:
543:
539:
536:loyal to Nhu
535:
531:
525:
523:
522:Xá Lợi Pagoda
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:Buddhist flag
498:
494:
484:
480:
478:
474:
469:
460:
458:
452:
449:
444:
440:
436:
422:
419:
409:
406:
402:
397:
395:
389:
386:
381:
370:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
336:
334:
330:
326:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
286:
285:Paul Langevin
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
222:
220:
219:Cần Lao party
216:
212:
211:Ngô Đình Diệm
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:western world
117:
113:
96:
87:
78:
75:
71:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1573:1910s births
1536:Neil Sheehan
1516:Peter Arnett
1500:Trần Văn Đôn
1465:Nguyễn Khánh
1347:Ngô Đình Cẩn
1286:
1271:Political or
1142:
1119:
1094:
1088:
1069:
1047:
1035:
1013:
1004:
993:
977:
963:
959:
941:
932:
923:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
723:
684:
678:
660:
642:
627:
621:
608:
584:
580:
572:Charles Yost
557:
526:
513:
490:
481:
470:
466:
456:
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
415:
398:
390:
385:hydrocarbons
376:
367:tuberculosis
362:cyclopentene
358:chemotherapy
346:chaulmoogric
342:
321:
317:
313:Otto Schmidt
302:
281:Vichy France
273:Nazi Germany
262:
234:
228:
207:Ngô Đình Nhu
204:
184:
159:
151:Nguyễn lords
136:
116:Confucianist
102:
85:
83:
66:(1972-01-28)
1578:1972 deaths
1509:Journalists
1122:. Praeger.
418:Hồ Chí Minh
401:nitrosamine
394:aromaticity
265:French Army
241:Jean Perrin
215:personalism
175:Ho Chi Minh
163:dharma name
155:Trịnh lords
145:missionary
108: 1915
93: 1915
1567:Categories
1455:Lê Văn Kim
1430:Đỗ Cao Trí
1407:Vũ Văn Mẫu
1377:Madame Nhu
998:. Praeger.
982:. Praeger.
696:References
463:Neutralism
269:Paris fell
1273:religious
1252:Cable 243
1111:162778534
681:civil war
457:L'Express
416:In 1947,
181:Education
112:Minh Mạng
1416:Military
1225:reaction
1140:(1954).
1068:(1997).
1046:(1987).
1034:(1955).
990:(1958).
974:(1967).
659:and the
651:and the
277:Toulouse
231:Sorbonne
195:pharmacy
139:Gia Long
128:Buddhist
124:Catholic
1545:Related
1418:figures
1287:Bửu Hội
1275:figures
952:Sources
560:U Thant
388:depth.
354:leprosy
329:Orléans
229:At the
197:at the
167:Bảo Đại
84:Prince
45: (
18:Buu Hoi
1435:Đỗ Mậu
1240:Policy
1189:Events
1126:
1109:
1076:
1054:
1020:
647:, the
639:Awards
624:Đà Lạt
611:Ceylon
568:Ceylon
333:Vanves
143:Jesuit
99:Family
77:Ưng Úy
73:Parent
1107:S2CID
675:Death
505:Vesak
191:Hanoi
103:Born
1124:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1018:ISBN
633:coup
491:The
348:and
126:and
61:Died
47:1915
43:1915
40:Born
1099:doi
503:on
405:DNA
369:.
335:.
271:to
54:Huế
1569::
1105:.
1095:34
1093:.
964:32
962:.
911:^
703:^
671:.
459:.
300:.
134:.
105:c.
90:c.
1227:)
1223:(
1174:e
1167:t
1160:v
1132:.
1113:.
1101::
1082:.
1060:.
1026:.
833:.
88:(
49:)
20:)
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