Burundian Civil War

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split from PALIPEHUTU-FNL, and from then on simply called themselves "National Forces of Liberation" (FNL). For Kossan and his men the only option was to continue to fight until all Tutsi in Burundi were dead, removed or fully disempowered. Nevertheless, Ndadaye's government was more threatened by Tutsi extremists than by radical Hutu groups: The latter were still rather weak, whereas the former controlled much of Burundi's military. The political situation escalated when Tutsi extremist army officers launched a coup on 21 October. Supported by about half of the armed forces, the putschists murdered Ndadaye alongside other leading FRODEBU members, and declared a new regime. However, the military government was destabilized from the beginning, as it faced internal chaos and opposition by foreign powers.

301: 609:. Buyoya attempted to institute a number of reforms to ease state control over media and attempted to facilitate a national dialogue. Instead of helping the problem, these reforms instead served to inflame ethnic tensions as hope grew among the Hutu population that the Tutsi monopoly was at an end. Local revolts subsequently took place by Hutu peasants against several Tutsi leaders in northern Burundi; these Hutu militias killed hundreds of Tutsi families in the process. When the army came to quell the uprising, they in turn killed thousands of Hutu, leading to an estimated death toll of between 5,000 and 50,000. A low-level insurgency developed, and the first Hutu rebel groups were formed. Most notable among these were 1530: 1124:

local militias to defend themselves, but these groups quickly became proactive as well, carrying out attacks and mass killings against each other. Urban street gangs, many of which had been biethnic before 1993, split along ethnic lines and began to work for extremist politicians. They received money and guns, and in return demonstrated, and murdered on the orders of the Tutsi and Hutu parties. An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 people died within a year about as many Hutu as Tutsi. As result of this chaos and international pressure, the putschists' regime collapsed, and power was returned to a FRODEBU-dominated civilian government.

602:, who had led a successful coup in 1966 and replaced the monarchy with a presidential republic. Under the Micombero regime, the minority Tutsi generally dominated governance. In 1972, Hutu militants organized and carried out systematic attacks on ethnic Tutsi, with the declared intent of annihilating the whole group. The military regime responded with large-scale reprisals targeting Hutus. The total number of casualties was never established, but estimates for the Tutsi genocide and the reprisals on the Hutus together are said to exceed 100,000. As many refugees and asylum-seekers left the country for Tanzania and Rwanda. 1143: 56: 1310: 276: 1373:

volunteers, civilians were generally coerced with threats of violence or fines. Most of the civilian militiamen were also poor Hutu, while Tutsi and wealthy or well connected Hutu were generally exempted of the patrol duties. As a result of demands by Tutsi extremist politicians, the military also set up a special, armed training program for Tutsi militiamen; Hutu were not allowed to join this training. As these initiatives failed to halt the growth of the rebel movements, the Burundian military eventually decided to set up a new militia in

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over their sons to the army, and the child soldiers themselves were often beaten during training. Thousands of child soldiers fought for the government in the civil war, though the exact number is not known. Hundreds were killed in combat. The Hutu rebels were also known to deploy large numbers of child soldiers; hundreds of child soldiers were in the FNL by 2004. As the Guardians of the Peace recruited ex-rebels into their ranks, some rebel child soldiers also fought for the government after their surrender or capture.

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negotiations with the insurgents. Despite this, the coup also strengthened the Hutu rebel groups, as Buyoya's regime was regarded as illegitimate, and neighboring countries imposed an embargo on Burundi to protest against the coup. The civil war consequently escalated in intensity. Hutu rebels grew in power and killed about 300 Tutsi in a major attack on 20 July 1996. The increasing activity of the Hutu rebels in Burundi worried the Rwandan government, and influenced its decision to launch the

553: 688: 1487:. As the Arusha Accords were implemented, the peace process made substantial progress. The reform of the military proved remarkably successful, and the integration of CNDD-FDD fighters went well. In contrast to earlier attempts to ensure peace which had been sabotaged by army extremists, most of the military had become wary of the constant civil war by the early 2000s. Its Tutsi and Hutu troops proved to be willing to stay loyal to the new government. The 289: 3170: 3767: 147: 665: 1264:("those-who-never-sleep") respectively, while the Hutu street gang "Chicago Bulls" from Bujumbura managed to expand into a small army. These militias undermined attempts by the government to restore peace. The Tutsi militias were often trained and armed by extremist factions in the Burundian military. With aid by the army, they defeated a number of Hutu militias, but also terrorized as well as displaced many Hutu civilians at 1301:

Hutu insurgents. The Rwandan government thus began providing aid to the Burundian government from 1995. Rwandan troops would repeatedly cross the border, and attack Hutu refugee camps which harbored rebel forces in coordination with the Burundian military and local Tutsi militias. This development, according to Reyntjens, gave rise to the “conviction that transnational Hutu and Tutsi alliances fight each other.”

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being, they continued to undermine the civilian government in hopes of regaining full power in the future. The Hutu rebels believed that the coup had proven the impossibility of negotiations, and regarded the new Hutu-dominated civilian government as mere "stooges" of the old regime. They consequently fully resumed their insurgency. Furthermore, radicals among the Tutsi civil society regarded FRODEBU as

1163:, CNDD-FDD). Nyangoma's group consequently became the most important Hutu rebel group, though PALIPEHUTU-FNL and FROLINA continued to be active. PALIPEHUTU-FNL was weakened by further rifts, and would fracture into numerous smaller factions over disagreements on negotiations and leadership during the civil war. With the exception of the notably moderate CNDD-FDD, all Hutu militias embraced the radical 1592:

Children were recruited and used extensively by both sides during the civil war of 1993–2005. The Burundian military regularly conscripted children between the ages of 7 and 16 for its militias, most importantly the Guardians of the Peace. It would threaten the parents with violence or fines to hand

1416:

In 1998, Buyoya and the opposition-led Hutu parliament reached an agreement to sign a transitional constitution, and Buyoya was sworn in as president. Formal peace talks with the rebels began at Arusha on 15 June 1998. The talks proved to be extremely difficult. Tanzanian ex-President Julius Nyerere

1300:

This situation, and the decline of state authority in Burundi, greatly alarmed the RPF-led government of Rwanda. The RPF feared that the collapse of the Burundian government would lead not only to the influx of possibly 500,000 Tutsi refugees into Rwanda, but also provide a new haven to the Rwandan

1219:

At the same time, the power of non-state actors increased. Though many self-defense groups had been disbanded after 1993, others transformed into larger ethnic militias. These groups included unofficial paramilitary wings of Hutu and Tutsi parties, independent extremist militias, and militant youth

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was gradually integrated into the transitional government. A power-sharing deal was signed on 8 October 2003, and Nkurunziza was appointed Minister of State in charge of good governance and the general inspection of the state. On 18 October 2003, it was announced that the African Union Mission had

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peacekeepers arrived in Burundi. Despite this, the main Hutu rebel groups, CNDD-FDD and FNL, still refused to sign a ceasefire agreement. Instead, fighting intensified, as the FNL launched numerous attacks around Bujumbura. Some 300 boys were kidnapped from Museuma College on November 9, 2001. The

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As the Arusha Accords were gradually implemented, severe challenges remained. Several times, the peace process almost broke down. Even though some moderate Tutsi parties had signed the peace deal, they remained opposed to some of its provisitions. Many Tutsi extremists refused to accept the Arusha

1372:

In response to the deteriorating security situation, the government opted to organize a new paramilitary initiative. The military forced civilians to organize unarmed patrols to guard their communities against rebels. Though the state authorities claimed that these self-defense groups consisted of

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A succession of bi-ethnic governments attempted to stabilize the country from early 1994 to July 1996, but all failed. Tutsi extremists in the army continued to undermine any attempt of FRODEBU to consolidate power, and parts of FRODEBU decided in early 1994 that compromise was no longer possible.

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The recruitment of child soldiers by the military had been reduced by 2000. After the peace agreements brought the conflict to an end in 2005, the new constitution committed to not using children in direct combat. The parties to the conflict no longer recruited children in large numbers, but many

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of insurgents. Though killing many rebel fighters, the operation was a failure, and the Tenga forest remained an insurgent stronghold. After bitter negotiations, an agreement was finally reached which established a transitional government, where the presidency and vice-presidency would be rotated

1123:

As a result of President Ndadaye's murder, violence and chaos broke out all over Burundi. Hutu attacked and killed many UPRONA supporters, most of them Tutsi but also some Hutu, while the putschists and allied Tutsi groups assaulted Hutu and FRODEBU sympathizers. Many civilians banded together in

1444:

failed. The putschists had wanted to prevent the power-sharing deal from coming into effect. A group of extremist Tutsis also attempted to revive the "Puissance Auto-défense-Amasekanya" (PA-Amasekanya) ethnic militia in mid-2000 to resist the peace agreement, but the leaders of this faction were

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military control by this point, the coup mostly cemented the status quo. Upon assuming power, Buyoya took action to solve the war peacefully. He brought the radical Tutsi mostly under control, forcing their militias to integrate into the military or to be disbanded. Buyoya also attempted to open

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and Interahamwe) subsequently fled across the border into Zaire. There, they rebuilt their strength and launched an insurgency against the RPF. The Burundian CNDD-FDD and PALIPEHUTU-FNL soon allied themselves with the Rwandan Hutu factions which consequently aided them in attacking the Burundian

1119:

became Burundi's first democratically elected Hutu president. His tenure was wrought with problems from the beginning. Though PALIPEHUTU's leadership decided to cooperate with Ndadaye's new government, its military chief commander Kabora Kossan refused to end the insurgency. He and his followers

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assumed responsibility for the peace talks. He and other heads of states in the region increased the pressure on Burundi's political leadership, pressuring them to accept a government with participation of the rebel groups. Meanwhile, the civil war continued unabated, despite the efforts of the

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The mass killings consequently abated, and the country was somewhat restabilized by the end of 1993. The coup and subsequent ethnic violence had however deeply affected the country. The Tutsi extremists in the military were still present, and though they had given up outright power for the time

1215:

was installed to a four-year presidency on April 8, but the security situation further declined. The influx of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees and the activities of armed Hutu and Tutsi groups further destabilized the government. A coalition government, formed by the peaceful FRODEBU

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for the country, was murdered. Confronted by the newly unified Burundian military and the international peacekeepers, as well as a war-wary population, the abilities of the FNL to wage an insurgency gradually whittled down. By late 2004, it had just about 1,000 fighters left, and its area of

1540:

In 2005, many developments were made in the peace process. The president signed a law in January 2005 to initiate a new national army, consisting of Tutsi military forces and all but one of the Hutu rebel groups. The Constitution was approved by voters in a referendum—marking the first time

1520:

militants, but the Gatumba massacre proved to be a propaganda disaster. The group was consequently labelled as "terrorist" both internationally and in Burundi, weakening it politically. Confronted with its declining fortunes, the FNL signalled that it was willing to negotiate an end of its

1187:

wanted the region to be stabilized and pacified, and believed that the existence of Burundi and Rwanda as independent states posed a security problem by itself. Ultimately, he desired for these states to be annexed into Tanzania, therefore unifying all territory that had formerly comprised

1422:

international community to facilitate the peace process. Though 1999 saw a reduction of fighting, the war again grew in intensity during the following two years. The Burundian military conducted a major offensive between October and December 2000, attempting to clear the Tenga forest near

1494:

In spite of these successes, the war had not yet ended. The FNL remained the only active rebel group, but it was still a capable fighting force and continued its attacks. In July 2003, a rebel raid on Bujumbura left 300 dead and 15,000 displaced. On December 29, 2003, Archbishop

1560:

After 12 years of living with a midnight-to-dawn curfew, Burundians were free to stay out late when the curfew was lifted on April 15, 2006, for the first time since 1993. This signified the most stable point in Burundian civil affairs since the assassination of Hutu President

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assessed how northern Burundi’s situation made Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebel groups “objective allies” for geopolitical convenience, given an interest “in effectively controlling this area which could become a major base for an invasion of Rwanda by Rwandan exiles.”

1609:

The majority of those who took part in the program returned to farm and fish in their local communities, but nearly 600 returned to school. Some 1,800 former child soldiers received occupational training. Health care was provided for those with special needs and

1464:

After being promised to be included in the new government, two wings of CNDD-FDD finally agreed to a ceasefire and joined the Arusha agreement on 3 December 2002. The PALIPEHUTU-FNL refused to enter negotiations with the government and continued its struggle.

1178:

believed that he could gain political leverage by harboring Rwandan and Burundian Hutu militants and refugees. They would suppress anti-Mobutu groups in Zaire, and give him something to bargain with the international community which sought to resolve the

1431:

ceasefire accord in August 2000, two leading Hutu rebel groups refused to participate, and the fighting continued. The Arusha talks closed on November 30, 2000. Twenty Tutsis and one British woman were killed on 28 December 2000, in the

1516:, which issued a statement of outrage at the fact that "most of the victims were women, children and babies who were shot dead and burned in their shelters. The FNL attempted to deflect criticism by claiming that the victims had been 1216:

faction and UPRONA in September 1994, proved to be too weak and fractured to actually govern the country. With the civil authorities factually defunct, the military effectively held control of "what little state power remained".

226: 1550: 1156: 1643:

The PALIPEHUTU-FNL split into several factions in course of the civil war. The political and militant wings of the party separated in 1999, while the militant wing subsequently divided into FNL-Kabura, FNL-Rwasa, and

1477:

was established in Bujumbura under South African Maj. Gen. Sipho Binda. As previously agreed, Buyoya stepped down, and Ndayizeye became President on 30 April 2003. In the following months, the CNDD-FDD faction of

1572:, "solidifying the end of a 12-year civil war." As part of the agreement, members of the FNL were to be assembled, demobilized, and integrated into the national army. Dissident parts of the FNL, most notably the 1174:, both of which allowed the rebels to set up bases on their territories from where they could launch raids into Burundi. The reasons for which they supported the insurgents differed greatly: Zairean President 2751: 1134:, believing that the party had initiated the anti-Tutsi mass killings following the 1993 coup. They thus organized demonstrations and strikes to bring down what they considered a criminal regime. 1389:

were both armed as well as mostly Hutu. They consisted of ex-rebels and former civilian patrolmen who had proven themselves to be trustworthy. Trained, armed and supplied by the military, the

1341:

in late 1996 to overthrow President Mobutu of Zaire. By doing so, Rwanda hoped to eliminate Zaire as haven for various Hutu rebel groups; the CNDD-FDD had for example set up major bases at

637:, FRODEBU) party and to peacefully participate in politics. Radical members of PALIPEHUTU-FNL disagreed with this decision. In contrast, FROLINA was firmly unified under the command of 1576:(FNL–Icanzo), continued their insurgency, however, and only surrendered later on. In mid-April 2008, FNL rebels shelled the then-capital, Bujumbura, while fighting killed at least 33. 5188: 587:

who were short, the Hutu who were of medium height and the Tutsi who were tallest among them. Those individuals who owned more than ten cows were normally described as Tutsi.

1449:, a Hutu and FRODEBU leader. Furthermore, a reform of the Burundian military would be implemented as soon as possible; the latter was especially contentious among the Tutsi. 1200: 1192:. In the short term however, Nyerere believed that peace and order could only be achieved in Burundi through the inclusion of Hutus in the Burundian government and military. 1815: 3124:

Africa's World War : Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

5277: 1256:("those-who-do-not-wear-condoms") which acted as forces for hire for various extremist Tutsi parties. Hutu parties like FRODEBU and FDD also raised supportive militias, 4131: 1401:". Numbering 3,000 fighters by late 1997, they were decisive in keeping the insurgents at bay. Nevertheless, the number of war casualties further increased in 1998. 625:, FROLINA) which had been active from the 1980s. Of the two, PALIPEHUTU-FNL much more powerful than FROLINA, but also suffered from more internal divisions. When a 5257: 2064: 1648:. Most of the FNL signed a peace agreement with the Burundian government in May 2005, but several dissident elements of the FNL continued to fight until 2009. 1457:

army responded by launching an offensive against the rebel bases in Tenga forest in December, claiming to have killed 500 insurgents. The September 9, 2002

1365:, Buyoya's home town and center of Burundi's Tutsi elite at the time. In fact, at least elements of the new Congolese government under Laurent-Désiré's son 2748: 1452:

The transitional government was implemented in October 2001. Buyoya was sworn in as internationally recognized president in November, while the first

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in eastern Zaire from where it launched raids into Burundi. Although Rwanda successfully overthrew Mobutu in a matter of months and replaced him with

5011: 4698: 4190: 4073: 4068: 4058: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 1584: 638: 4655: 4650: 3510: 2483: 2384: 3733: 1627:(TRC) was established to investigate crimes committed during ethnic violence since independence in 1962, overseen by Pierre Claver Ndayicariye. 1842: 1598: 261: 2890: 4662: 4124: 3783: 2600: 1624: 4280: 2679: 1086: 4822: 4497: 4222: 4502: 4256: 3755: 3183: 3096:

Ngaruko, Floribert; Nkurunziza, Janvier D. (2005). "Civil War and Its Duration in Burundi". In Paul Collier; Nicholas Sambanis (eds.).

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promptly jailed. On 23 July 2001, it was agreed that the transitional government would be led by Buyoya for 18 months, followed by

1821: 1441: 1417:

acted as chief negotiator, and attempted to use caution and patience to achieve a solution. Upon Nyerere's natural death in 1999,

1014: 955: 912: 834: 655: 5101: 1645: 1573: 4816: 4321: 3417: 2829: 629:

began in Burundi in the early 1990s, the historical core leadership of PALIPEHUTU decided to cooperate with the Hutu-dominated

583:

majority. The Belgians generally identified the ethnic distinctions in Burundi and Rwanda with the following observations: the

1427:

every 18 months, sharing power between the Hutus and Tutsis. While the Burundian government and three Tutsi groups signed the

5029: 3285: 3133: 3107: 595: 844: 5046: 4750: 3483: 2575: 1542: 1104: 5052: 4881: 4568: 1762: 1488: 1211:, while in Burundi, the death of Ntaryamira exacerbated the violence and unrest, although there was no general massacre. 1195:

While the country further descended into civil war, the political situation in Burundi deteriorated. Ndadaye's successor

1100: 779: 618: 236: 210: 1107:

of June and July 1993 were the first ones in Burundi to be free and fair. FRODEBU decisively defeated the largely Tutsi

598:

were held in June 1993. These elections were immediately preceded by 25 years of Tutsi military regimes, beginning with

4693: 4352: 1605:

had led to the release of 3,000 children from the military and armed groups. According to Child Soldiers International:

2075: 1508:. In August 2004, the FNL claimed responsibility for killing 160 Congolese Tutsi refugees in a United Nations camp at 5151: 5023: 4716: 4687: 3713: 3232: 3004: 2917: 2836: 1288: 257: 17: 1880: 1735: 5114: 4886: 4377: 4372: 4227: 4212: 3456: 3329: 1474: 1233: 1079: 1050: 1003: 322: 305: 198: 159: 123: 91: 1329: 1318: 934: 884: 874: 4893: 4865: 4167: 3763: 3536: 3305: 3188: 2866: 923: 659: 5272: 4977: 4966: 4876: 3748: 3461: 3258: 705: 630: 1813: 5194: 4615: 4328: 4315: 3612: 3561: 3493: 3248: 1060: 610: 231: 5252: 4727: 3657: 3652: 3429: 3212: 2946:

Eriksson, Mikael; Wallensteen, Peter; Sollenberg, Margareta (September 2003). "Armed Conflict, 1989–2002".

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Matters continued to look promising after Burundi's last rebel group, the FNL, signed a ceasefire deal in

1529: 1161:

Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie – Forces pour la défense de la démocratie

4926: 4721: 4339: 4144: 3476: 3322: 1324:

The power-sharing political system of Hutu presidency and Tutsi military operated until 1996, when Tutsi

1221: 1108: 1072: 1045: 5173: 5156: 5005: 4961: 4914: 4832: 4810: 4509: 3682: 3556: 3451: 1350: 1180: 789: 2491: 2392: 5267: 5262: 4993: 4909: 4837: 4435: 4345: 3741: 3607: 3505: 3500: 3376: 3351: 2948: 2530:

Helmoed-Romer Heitman, 'Burundi mission at full strength,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 29 October 2003, 16

2445: 3088: 1385:). In contrast to previous self-defense groups which were either unarmed or dominated by Tutsi, the 5096: 4971: 4461: 4430: 4173: 3771: 3632: 3366: 3356: 3268: 1505: 1433: 1428: 1369:

came to support the Burundian insurgents by the early 2000s just as Mobutu had done it previously.

1212: 945: 531: 384: 103: 1142: 413: 5091: 4827: 4628: 4479: 4456: 4382: 4245: 4217: 3677: 3622: 3576: 3434: 3412: 3407: 3205: 3150: 3028: 2704: 1557:

from the Hutu FDD group was elected as president by the two Hutu-dominated houses of parliament.

1549:

conducted a technically-sound election, carried out in an atmosphere of peace and security." The

1272: 351: 177: 55: 4804: 4622: 4411: 3662: 3551: 3439: 2219: 1398: 1353:, CNDD-FDD rebels still managed to significantly expand their operations in 1997. Infiltrating 164: 2287: 4756: 4333: 3466: 3075: 1513: 5145: 5085: 4798: 3627: 3571: 3488: 3446: 3424: 3371: 3339: 3052: 1740: 1309: 1284: 687: 611:

Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People – National Forces of Liberation

8: 4485: 4285: 4207: 3687: 3642: 3602: 3395: 3381: 3361: 1204: 1152: 615:

Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu – Forces nationales de libération

4491: 4274: 4251: 3706: 3590: 3566: 3524: 3275: 3263: 3240: 3122: 3067: 3040: 2977: 2969: 2709: 2605: 1836: 1814:

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) (2008).

1446: 1196: 1189: 724: 716: 679: 543: 515: 392: 372: 2579: 1905: 1856: 5231: 5075: 4745: 4604: 4539: 3647: 3617: 3290: 3192: 3129: 3103: 3000: 2981: 1554: 1533: 1479: 1374: 1280: 748: 594:

with Rwanda. The independent country initially preserved its monarchy. The country's

572: 527: 409: 114: 4920: 4109: 3117: 1483:

reached full strength: 1,483 South Africans, 820 Ethiopians, and 232 personnel from

5179: 5079: 4871: 4574: 4178: 3722: 3672: 3667: 3471: 3312: 3053:"To Protect the People: the Government-sponsored "self-defense" program in Burundi" 3032: 3017:(January 2006). "Briefing: Burundi: A Peaceful Transition after a Decade of War?". 2961: 1562: 1496: 1358: 1208: 1175: 1116: 991: 669: 599: 376: 47: 39: 2356: 1283:

and genocide. The military and paramilitary forces of old Rwandan Hutu regime (Ex-

5130: 4938: 4562: 4406: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4063: 4053: 4008: 3948: 3943: 3893: 3838: 3637: 3541: 3097: 3019: 3014: 2990: 2957: 2755: 1354: 1338: 1293: 1157:

National Council for the Defense of Democracy–Forces for the Defense of Democracy

626: 584: 503: 43: 2833: 2730: 2651: 2419: 1777: 1130: 5058: 4791: 4786: 4598: 4592: 4580: 4524: 3175: 2511: 2509: 2254: 2252: 2250: 1458: 1440:

Accords at all and refused any deal with the Hutu rebels. On 18 April 2001, an

1418: 1404: 1184: 1170:

The Hutu insurgents received support by the neighboring countries of Zaire and

1055: 965: 561: 60:

People fleeing during 1993 Burundian genocide that marked the civil war's start

2965: 800: 567:

Before becoming subject to European colonial rule, Burundi was governed by an

5246: 5216: 5017: 4999: 4955: 4847: 4610: 4586: 3280: 3063: 2840: 1597:

remained active in the FNL, which had denounced the peace accord. By 2006, a

1366: 1325: 1314: 736: 606: 591: 576: 423: 396: 388: 368: 2506: 2247: 1545:, postponed from November 2004, in which "the Government of Burundi and the 4152: 3036: 1611: 1517: 1512:

near the Congo border in Burundi. The attack was strongly condemned by the

1500: 1453: 575:. German, and subsequently Belgian, colonial rulers found it convenient to 1553:(FDD) ended up winning the parliamentary elections. Several months later, 526:

in 1962, and is seen as formally ending with the swearing-in of President

5226: 5221: 4771: 4545: 4300: 1393:

were a success. The program was thus expanded to the entire country; the

1588:

Burundian government soldiers in 2006, shortly after the conflict's end.

1332:, ostensibly to restore order. As the government had already been under 552: 502:

lasting from 1993 to 2005. The civil war was the result of longstanding

4842: 3044: 2973: 1484: 1164: 534:

by both sides in the war. The estimated death toll stands at 300,000.

2891:"Burundi's Truth and Reconciliation commission presents new findings" 1541:

Burundians had voted since 1994. They voted again in July during the

1423: 1409: 1265: 1167:

ideology that desired for the extermination of all Burundian Tutsi.

495: 4668: 4389: 4141: 3197: 2996: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2735: 2656: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 1569: 1279:, RPF) defeated the Hutu regime of Rwanda in July 1994, ending the 1171: 664: 294: 3151:

Home, Again: Refugee Return and Post-Conflict Violence in Burundi.

2772: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 119:

Ongoing sporadic violence, with notable incidents in 2006 and 2008

3228: 2337: 2313: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1509: 820: 557: 523: 499: 265: 152: 83: 2796: 2784: 2601:"U.N. Demands Justice After Massacre of 150 Refugees in Burundi" 2119: 2846: 2760: 2464: 2325: 2001: 1602: 1362: 1346: 355: 181: 2749:

Burundi rebels shell capital : Mail & Guardian Online

1679: 605:

The last of the coups was in 1987 and installed Tutsi officer

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military. And despite the CNDD-FDD’s denial of these links,

579:, perpetuating the dominance of the Tutsi minority over the 74:(11 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) 2830:

Child soldiers global report 2004: Africa Regional overview

2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 580: 507: 218: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1412:(center of the map) from the forested mountains around it 1881:"Michel Micombero, 43, Dies; Former President of Burundi" 1698: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1155:

led a FRODEBU faction into armed rebellion, creating the

2632: 2545: 2284:"MAR | Data | Chronology for Hutus in Burundi" 2264: 2179: 2155: 2143: 2109: 2107: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1941: 1718: 1716: 1137: 641:, but always remained a rather weak and marginal group. 1922: 1377:, which was initially simply known as "the young men" ( 672:(pictured 1993) was one of the civil war's main causes 3099:

Understanding Civil War: Africa. Evidence and Analysis

1662: 1618: 1207:

on 6 April 1994. This act marked the beginning of the

649: 514:

ethnic groups. The conflict began following the first

27:

Inter-ethnic conflict within Burundi from 1993 to 2005

4139: 2301: 2226: 2104: 2040: 1972: 1713: 3165: 1115:, UPRONA) of President Buyoya. Thus, FRODEBU leader 590:

Burundi became independent in 1962, breaking from a

5278:

Wars involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2992:

Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. Volume 1

1614:

was provided through individual and group meetings.

1244:("the unfailing ones"), and urban youth gangs like 3121: 3051: 2852: 2817: 2805: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2470: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2034: 3095: 1692: 122:Unresolved issues of the civil war contribute to 5244: 3102:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. pp. 35–62. 2385:"Burundi peace talks close with little progress" 1473:On April 9, 2003, the force headquarters of the 5258:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 2370: 2072:International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi 1906:"MAR | Data | Chronology for Tutsis in Burundi" 1772: 1770: 1397:in southern Burundi soon became known as the " 4125: 3749: 3213: 2867:"Burundi: Why the Arusha Accords are Central" 2516:Eriksson, Wallensteen & Sollenberg (2003) 2414: 2412: 2410: 2259:Eriksson, Wallensteen & Sollenberg (2003) 1099:After decades of military dictatorships, the 1080: 110:Peace agreement and political reforms in 2005 2918:"Burundi: the commission of divided truths" 2909: 1817:Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 (Burundi) 1767: 1232:("those-who-will-bring-Burundi-back"), the 1220:gangs. Notable Tutsi factions included the 1183:. In contrast, leading Tanzanian statesman 577:govern through the existing power structure 4132: 4118: 3756: 3742: 3220: 3206: 2883: 2407: 2220:"Breaking the cycle of violence - Burundi" 1841:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1468: 1317:took over the Burundian government in the 1087: 1073: 571:monarchy, similar to that of its neighbor 54: 3013: 2915: 2638: 2626: 2562: 2539: 2446:"Burundi coup attempt falters, army says" 2206: 2173: 1966: 1547:Independent National Electoral Commission 1461:left hundreds of unarmed civilians dead. 1146:Building torched during the 1993 genocide 4281:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 2988: 2864: 2823: 2705:"Burundi Rebel Group Expected to Disarm" 2357:"IRIN Update 437 for 13–15 June 98.6.15" 2065:"Part V: Recommendations - II. Genocide" 1935: 1820:. London. pp. 77–81. Archived from 1673: 1583: 1579: 1528: 1403: 1308: 1238:Parti de la réconciliation des personnes 1141: 663: 551: 4823:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 4498:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 3116: 2739:. 2006-09-11. URL retrieved 2006-12-26. 2680:"Burundi: Curfew Lifted After 13 Years" 2526: 2524: 2307: 2270: 2232: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2098: 2051: 1995: 1736:"Buyoya meets FRODEBU, FROLINA leaders" 1722: 1707: 1361:in Burundi's south, they even attacked 14: 5245: 2916:Rugiririz, Ephrem (25 November 2019). 1524: 1491:also helped to stabilize the country. 1304: 5012:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 4933:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 4113: 3737: 3201: 2677: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1138:Decline of state authority, 1994–1996 3227: 3189:A Heroine of the Burundian Civil War 2521: 1565:and the beginning of the civil war. 1504:operations had been reduced to just 1201:assassinated in the same plane crash 596:first multi-party national elections 436:Committee of Public Salvation (1993) 5102:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 5053:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 4569:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 3128:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2871:Africa Center for Strategic Studies 2391:. November 30, 2000. Archived from 1778:"Heavy shelling in Burundi capital" 1625:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1619:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1574:National Liberation Forces – Icanzo 1551:Forces for the Defense of Democracy 1489:United Nations Operation in Burundi 1226:Parti pour le redressement national 650:1993 coup and start of the conflict 635:Front pour la démocratie au Burundi 24: 4817:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 4353:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 3143: 2490:. November 9, 2001. Archived from 1796: 686: 656:1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt 438:Diomède Rutamucero (PA-Amasekanya) 25: 5289: 5047:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4751:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 3161: 2420:"Burundi army 'kills 500 rebels'" 1328:replaced the Hutu president in a 1260:("those-who-did-not-betray") and 4877:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 3765: 3168: 2956:(5). Thousand Oaks, California: 1475:African Union Mission in Burundi 299: 287: 274: 204: 192: 145: 4894:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 3184:Chronology for Hutus in Burundi 2858: 2742: 2731:Burundi rebels to lay down arms 2724: 2697: 2671: 2644: 2593: 2568: 2484:"300 boys kidnapped in Burundi" 2476: 2438: 2349: 2276: 2238: 2212: 2057: 1898: 1873: 1849: 1693:Ngaruko & Nkurunziza (2005) 1408:Hutu rebels regularly attacked 660:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi 518:elections in the country since 3259:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 2939: 2678:Lacey, Marc (April 15, 2006). 2652:"Burundi peace poll postponed" 1756: 1728: 1637: 1113:Union pour le progrès national 790:Prince Rwagasore assassination 631:Front for Democracy in Burundi 243:Hutu militias and youth gangs: 13: 1: 5195:2014 Lesotho political crisis 5152:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 4316:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 1655: 1536:was elected president in 2005 1442:attempted coup against Buyoya 1268:and other cities in 1995/96. 1234:People's Reconciliation Party 623:Front de libération nationale 537: 481: 463: 72:21 October 1993 – 15 May 2005 38:Part of the spillover of the 5189:SADC intervention in Lesotho 4792:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 4746:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 4503:ECOWAS military intervention 4223:2011–2014 factional violence 3511:Current provincial governors 3330:Burundian unrest (2015–2018) 2834:Child Soldiers International 924:Genocidal killings of Tutsis 468:2,000–3,000 (PALIPEHUTU-FNL) 7: 4866:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 4722:Insurgency in Northern Chad 3418:Constitution of the Kingdom 3149:Stephanie Schwartz. 2019. " 1222:Party for National Recovery 1109:Union for National Progress 706:Hutu, Tutsi and Twa origins 407:Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye 188:International peacekeepers: 10: 5294: 5157:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 4978:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 4833:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 4699:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 4510:Western Togoland Rebellion 2865:Nantulya, P (2015-08-05). 1277:Front Patriotique Rwandais 1181:Great Lakes refugee crisis 653: 541: 5209: 5166: 5138: 5129: 5068: 5039: 4994:Second Sudanese Civil War 4986: 4948: 4902: 4858: 4779: 4770: 4738: 4709: 4678: 4638: 4555: 4532: 4523: 4472: 4446: 4420: 4399: 4362: 4308: 4299: 4267: 4238: 4200: 4160: 4151: 3779: 3700: 3598: 3589: 3532: 3523: 3403: 3394: 3347: 3338: 3239: 2966:10.1177/00223433030405006 2949:Journal of Peace Research 2853:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2818:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2806:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2791:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2779:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2767:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2471:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2344:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2332:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2320:Human Rights Watch (2001) 2128:, pp. 24–29, 51, 56. 2035:Human Rights Watch (2001) 619:National Liberation Front 532:Children were widely used 480: 475: 442: 362: 136: 64: 53: 37: 32: 5097:2008 invasion of Anjouan 4694:Civil War (2012–present) 4663:Pool Department conflict 3772:List of years in Burundi 3408:Administrative divisions 1885:timesmachine.nytimes.com 1630: 1506:Bujumbura Rural Province 1434:Titanic Express massacre 1213:Sylvestre Ntibantunganya 946:Titanic Express massacre 385:Sylvestre Ntibantunganya 5092:Hanish Islands conflict 4629:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 4480:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 4322:Herder–farmer conflicts 4246:Western Sahara conflict 3029:Oxford University Press 1543:parliamentary elections 1469:Presidency of Ndayizeye 1273:Rwandan Patriotic Front 1271:Furthermore, the Tutsi 1252:("the pitiless ones"), 1203:with Rwandan President 668:The death of President 484:300,000 killed in total 4915:Somali–Kenyan conflict 4811:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 4805:Second Afar insurgency 4412:Sierra Leone Civil War 3155:International Security 3083:Cite journal requires 2989:Lansford, Tom (2017). 2140:, pp. 65–68, 199. 2101:, pp. 65, 68, 74. 1616: 1589: 1537: 1413: 1399:Guardians of the Peace 1321: 1147: 1105:presidential elections 780:Parliamentary election 692: 673: 644: 617:, PALIPEHUTU-FNL) and 564: 363:Commanders and leaders 165:Guardians of the Peace 5273:Wars involving Rwanda 5174:Bophuthatswana crisis 4838:Oromia–Somali clashes 4757:Boko Haram insurgency 4717:Civil War (2005–2010) 4334:Boko Haram insurgency 4257:Clashes, 2020–present 2754:May 23, 2012, at the 1607: 1599:reintegration program 1587: 1580:Use of child soldiers 1532: 1514:U.N. Security Council 1407: 1351:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1312: 1151:Minister of Interior 1145: 690: 667: 654:Further information: 627:democratic transition 555: 542:Further information: 476:Casualties and losses 414:Évariste Ndayishimiye 5146:Mozambican Civil War 5106:Burundian conflicts 5086:Djiboutian Civil War 4799:Insurgency in Ogaden 4427:Liberian Civil Wars 4340:Niger Delta conflict 3537:Bank of the Republic 3462:Council of Ministers 3297:Burundian genocides 3037:10.1093/afraf/adi092 2494:on September 2, 2007 1612:psychosocial support 1248:("the undefeated"), 772:Road to independence 5253:Burundian Civil War 5185:Lesothan conflicts 5110:1993–2005 Civil War 4828:Afar–Somali clashes 4616:2022–2024 offensive 4611:2012–2013 rebellion 4453:Ivorian Civil Wars 4286:Tunisian revolution 4228:2014–2020 civil war 4208:2008 Kufra conflict 4145:conflicts in Africa 3318:Burundian Civil War 2629:, pp. 119–120. 2542:, pp. 118–119. 2426:. December 25, 2001 2176:, pp. 117–118. 1710:, pp. 298–299. 1525:Final peace process 1305:Buyoya's presidency 1205:Juvenal Habyarimana 905:Burundian Civil War 592:colonial federation 492:Burundian Civil War 33:Burundian Civil War 5232:Colour revolutions 5030:Sudanese civil war 4882:2009–present phase 4623:Batwa–Luba clashes 4492:Casamance conflict 4369:Tuareg rebellions 4329:Religious violence 4275:Algerian Civil War 4191:Terrorism in Egypt 3562:Telecommunications 3286:Colonial residents 3276:German East Africa 3264:Kingdom of Burundi 3068:Human Rights Watch 2710:The New York Times 2684:The New York Times 2606:The New York Times 1763:UN Missions | ONUB 1744:. 6 September 2001 1590: 1538: 1447:Domitien Ndayizeye 1414: 1322: 1197:Cyprien Ntaryamira 1190:German East Africa 1148: 725:German East Africa 717:Kingdom of Burundi 701:Urewe civilisation 693: 680:History of Burundi 674: 565: 544:Kingdom of Burundi 427:Alain Mugabarabona 393:Domitien Ndayizeye 373:Cyprien Ntaryamira 323:Burundian military 5240: 5239: 5205: 5204: 5125: 5124: 5076:Rwandan Civil War 5024:Blue Nile clashes 5006:Nomadic conflicts 4962:Nomadic conflicts 4766: 4765: 4605:March 23 Movement 4540:Angolan Civil War 4519: 4518: 4295: 4294: 4107: 4106: 3731: 3730: 3696: 3695: 3653:Human trafficking 3585: 3584: 3519: 3518: 3484:Political parties 3477:National Assembly 3430:Foreign relations 3390: 3389: 3323:1993 coup attempt 3291:Ruzagayura famine 3193:BBC World Service 3135:978-0-19-970583-2 3109:978-0-8213-6047-7 2820:, pp. 2, 13. 2273:, pp. 66–67. 2164:, pp. 65–66. 2152:, pp. 65–68. 1555:Pierre Nkurunziza 1534:Pierre Nkurunziza 1480:Pierre Nkurunziza 1375:Cibitoke Province 1281:Rwandan Civil War 1097: 1096: 1026:COVID-19 pandemic 1015:Army coup attempt 956:Army coup attempt 913:Army coup attempt 835:Army coup attempt 749:Ruzagayura famine 691:Emblem of Burundi 528:Pierre Nkurunziza 488: 487: 466:11,000 (CNDD-FDD) 410:Pierre Nkurunziza 132: 131: 126:from 2015 to 2018 115:Pierre Nkurunziza 18:Burundi Civil War 16:(Redirected from 5285: 5268:2000s in Burundi 5263:1990s in Burundi 5180:Caprivi conflict 5136: 5135: 5115:2015–2018 unrest 4921:Likoni massacres 4910:Ethnic conflicts 4872:Somali Civil War 4777: 4776: 4575:Second Congo War 4530: 4529: 4306: 4305: 4185:Post-coup unrest 4179:Sinai insurgency 4158: 4157: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4111: 4110: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3709: 3596: 3595: 3545: 3530: 3529: 3401: 3400: 3345: 3344: 3313:Second Congo War 3222: 3215: 3208: 3199: 3198: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3139: 3127: 3113: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3071: 3070:. December 2001. 3057: 3048: 3015:Reyntjens, Filip 3010: 2985: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2781:, pp. 2, 7. 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2746: 2740: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2665: 2648: 2642: 2639:Reyntjens (2006) 2636: 2630: 2627:Reyntjens (2006) 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2578:. Archived from 2572: 2566: 2563:Reyntjens (2006) 2560: 2543: 2540:Reyntjens (2006) 2537: 2531: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2452:. April 18, 2001 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2395:on June 22, 2011 2381: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2286:. Archived from 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2207:Reyntjens (2006) 2204: 2177: 2174:Reyntjens (2006) 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2074:. Archived from 2069: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2038: 2032: 1999: 1993: 1970: 1967:Reyntjens (2006) 1964: 1939: 1933: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1811: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1784:. April 18, 2008 1774: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1705: 1696: 1690: 1677: 1671: 1649: 1641: 1563:Melchior Ndadaye 1497:Michael Courtney 1359:Makamba Province 1209:Rwandan genocide 1176:Mobutu Sese Seko 1153:Léonard Nyangoma 1117:Melchior Ndadaye 1089: 1082: 1075: 1032: 1020: 1010: 1004:Burundian unrest 998: 992:Second Congo War 971: 961: 951: 941: 930: 918: 891: 880: 870: 860: 850: 840: 828: 807: 795: 785: 754: 743: 730: 676: 675: 670:Melchior Ndadaye 600:Michel Micombero 530:in August 2005. 520:its independence 504:ethnic divisions 483: 465: 405:Leonard Nyangoma 381: 304: 303: 302: 293: 291: 290: 280: 278: 277: 209: 208: 207: 197: 196: 195: 151: 149: 148: 66: 65: 58: 48:Second Congo War 40:Rwandan genocide 30: 29: 21: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5201: 5162: 5131:Southern Africa 5121: 5064: 5035: 4982: 4967:Ethnic violence 4944: 4939:Baragoi clashes 4898: 4854: 4762: 4734: 4724:(2016–present) 4705: 4680: 4679:Central African 4674: 4640: 4634: 4563:First Congo War 4551: 4515: 4468: 4442: 4416: 4407:Ndogboyosoi War 4395: 4358: 4342:(2003–present) 4318:(1998–present) 4291: 4263: 4248:(1970–present) 4234: 4196: 4174:2011 revolution 4168:Egyptian Crisis 4147: 4138: 4108: 4103: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3692: 3683:Public holidays 3581: 3543: 3515: 3452:Law enforcement 3386: 3334: 3235: 3226: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3146: 3144:Further reading 3136: 3118:Prunier, Gérard 3110: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3055: 3027:(418). Oxford: 3020:African Affairs 3007: 2958:SAGE Publishing 2942: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2922:JusticeInfo.net 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2897:. 20 March 2021 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839:3 July 2007 at 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2756:Wayback Machine 2747: 2743: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2346:, pp. 5–9. 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2322:, pp. 4–5. 2318: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2248: 2244:Reyntjens, 1996 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2041: 2033: 2002: 1994: 1973: 1965: 1942: 1936:Lansford (2017) 1934: 1923: 1914: 1912: 1910:www.mar.umd.edu 1904: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1812: 1797: 1787: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1714: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1680: 1674:Lansford (2017) 1672: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1621: 1582: 1527: 1471: 1355:Bururi Province 1339:First Congo War 1307: 1294:Filip Reyntjens 1230:Imbogaraburundi 1140: 1093: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1011: 1008: 999: 996: 985: 977: 976: 975: 972: 969: 962: 959: 952: 949: 942: 939: 931: 928: 919: 916: 907: 897: 896: 895: 892: 889: 881: 878: 871: 868: 861: 858: 851: 848: 841: 838: 829: 823: 813: 812: 811: 808: 805: 796: 793: 786: 783: 774: 764: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 752: 744: 741: 731: 728: 719: 662: 652: 647: 550: 540: 467: 459: 437: 432: 428: 426: 422: 420: 418:PALIPEHUTU-FNL: 416: 412: 408: 406: 404: 395: 391: 387: 383: 377: 371: 350: 346: 340:Imbogaraburundi 300: 298: 297: 288: 286: 285: 275: 273: 272: 268: 264: 260: 254:"Chicago Bulls" 205: 203: 202: 193: 191: 190: 186: 176: 146: 144: 113:Swearing in of 94: 73: 59: 44:First Congo War 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5291: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5210:Related topics 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5159:(2017–present) 5154: 5149: 5142: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5059:Kasese clashes 5056: 5055:(1996–present) 5050: 5049:(1987–present) 5043: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5032:(2023–present) 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5008:(2009–present) 5003: 4997: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4917:(1963–present) 4912: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4869: 4868:(1998–present) 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4787:Oromo conflict 4783: 4781: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4759:(2009–present) 4754: 4753:(1987–present) 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4728:2021 offensive 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4644: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4602: 4601:(2009–present) 4599:Ituri conflict 4596: 4593:Dongo conflict 4590: 4589:(2004–present) 4584: 4581:Ituri conflict 4578: 4572: 4571:(1996–present) 4566: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4548:(1975–present) 4543: 4536: 4534: 4527: 4525:Central Africa 4521: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4512:(2020–present) 4507: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4494:(1982–present) 4489: 4486:Guinea clashes 4483: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4392:(2012–present) 4387: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4355:(2021–present) 4350: 4349: 4348: 4337: 4336:(2009–present) 4331: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4312: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4252:War, 1975–1991 4242: 4240: 4239:Western Sahara 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:2011 civil war 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4193:(2013–present) 4188: 4182: 4181:(2011–present) 4176: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4137: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774:(1962–present) 3761: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3613:Communications 3610: 3608:Child marriage 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3506:Prime Minister 3503: 3501:Vice-President 3498: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3176:Burundi portal 3163: 3162:External links 3160: 3159: 3158: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3093: 3085:|journal= 3049: 3011: 3005: 2986: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2908: 2882: 2857: 2845: 2822: 2810: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2741: 2723: 2696: 2670: 2643: 2641:, p. 120. 2631: 2619: 2592: 2567: 2565:, p. 119. 2544: 2532: 2520: 2518:, p. 596. 2505: 2475: 2463: 2437: 2406: 2369: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2312: 2308:Prunier (2009) 2300: 2275: 2271:Prunier (2009) 2263: 2261:, p. 604. 2246: 2237: 2233:Prunier (2009) 2225: 2211: 2209:, p. 118. 2178: 2166: 2162:Prunier (2009) 2154: 2150:Prunier (2009) 2142: 2138:Prunier (2009) 2130: 2126:Prunier (2009) 2118: 2114:Prunier (2009) 2103: 2099:Prunier (2009) 2091: 2056: 2052:Prunier (2009) 2039: 2000: 1996:Prunier (2009) 1971: 1969:, p. 117. 1940: 1938:, p. 227. 1921: 1897: 1887:. 18 July 1983 1872: 1848: 1795: 1766: 1755: 1727: 1725:, p. 288. 1723:Prunier (2009) 1712: 1708:Prunier (2009) 1697: 1678: 1676:, p. 225. 1660: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1620: 1617: 1581: 1578: 1526: 1523: 1470: 1467: 1459:Itaba massacre 1429:Arusha Accords 1419:Nelson Mandela 1306: 1303: 1258:Inziraguhemuka 1185:Julius Nyerere 1139: 1136: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1000: 995: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 974: 973: 968: 966:Itaba massacre 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 932: 927: 920: 915: 909: 908: 903: 902: 899: 898: 894: 893: 888: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 855:Micombero coup 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 819: 818: 815: 814: 810: 809: 804: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 775: 770: 769: 766: 765: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 745: 740: 734: 732: 727: 721: 720: 715: 714: 711: 710: 709: 708: 703: 695: 694: 683: 682: 651: 648: 646: 643: 639:Joseph Karumba 562:Central Africa 539: 536: 486: 485: 478: 477: 473: 472: 469: 461: 458: 457: 454: 445: 444: 440: 439: 434: 433:Joseph Karumba 399: 365: 364: 360: 359: 345: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 320: 311: 309: 256: 255: 252: 249: 248:Inziraguhemuka 240: 239: 234: 232:PALIPEHUTU-FNL 229: 214: 171: 170: 167: 162: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 120: 117: 111: 104:Arusha Accords 100: 96: 95: 82: 80: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 51: 50: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5290: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5217:War on terror 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5018:Heglig Crisis 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 5000:War in Darfur 4998: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956:Heglig Crisis 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4927:Kenyan crisis 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4848:War in Amhara 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4587:Kivu conflict 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447:Côte d'Ivoire 4445: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346:2016 conflict 4344: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4213:Libyan Crisis 4211: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:Ethnic groups 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3281:Ruanda-Urundi 3279: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3254:Urewe culture 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3166: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3064:New York City 3061: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3006:9781506327150 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2841:archive.today 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 13. 2807: 2802: 2800: 2793:, p. 17. 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2582:on 2005-11-15 2581: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2310:, p. 68. 2309: 2304: 2290:on 2010-06-02 2289: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2235:, p. 66. 2234: 2229: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2116:, p. 74. 2115: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2081:on 2009-07-16 2077: 2073: 2066: 2060: 2054:, p. 60. 2053: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1998:, p. 59. 1997: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1844: 1838: 1824:on 2018-10-10 1823: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1695:, p. 49. 1694: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1647: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1601:organized by 1600: 1594: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1454:South African 1450: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1367:Joseph Kabila 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1326:Pierre Buyoya 1320: 1316: 1315:Pierre Buyoya 1313:Ex-President 1311: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:parliamentary 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1006: 1005: 1001: 994: 993: 989: 988: 981: 980: 967: 964: 957: 954: 947: 944: 936: 933: 926: 925: 921: 914: 911: 910: 906: 901: 900: 886: 883: 876: 873: 866: 863: 856: 853: 846: 843: 836: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 816: 803: 802: 798: 791: 788: 781: 778: 777: 773: 768: 767: 750: 747: 746: 739: 738: 737:Ruanda-Urundi 733: 726: 723: 722: 718: 713: 712: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 697: 696: 689: 685: 684: 681: 678: 677: 671: 666: 661: 657: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607:Pierre Buyoya 603: 601: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 563: 559: 554: 549: 545: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 479: 474: 470: 462: 456:40,000 (2000) 455: 452: 451: 450: 449:Gov. forces: 447: 446: 441: 435: 431: 425: 424:Agathon Rwasa 421:Kabora Kossan 419: 415: 411: 403: 400: 398: 397:Jean Bikomagu 394: 390: 389:Pierre Buyoya 386: 382: 380: 374: 370: 369:Sylvie Kinigi 367: 366: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:Supported by: 343:PA-Amasekanya 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 319: 317: 313: 312: 310: 307: 296: 283: 271: 270:Supported by: 267: 263: 259: 253: 250: 247: 246: 245: 244: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 220: 215: 212: 200: 189: 185: 183: 179: 175: 174:Supported by: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 141: 140: 135: 125: 121: 118: 116: 112: 109: 108: 107: 105: 101: 98: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 5109: 5078: / 4641:of the Congo 4400:Sierra Leone 4153:North Africa 3678:Prostitution 3623:Demographics 3577:Trade unions 3435:Human rights 3413:Constitution 3317: 3154: 3123: 3098: 3076:cite journal 3059: 3024: 3018: 2991: 2953: 2947: 2925:. Retrieved 2921: 2911: 2899:. Retrieved 2894: 2885: 2874:. Retrieved 2870: 2860: 2855:, p. 7. 2848: 2825: 2813: 2786: 2774: 2769:, p. 2. 2762: 2744: 2734: 2726: 2715:. Retrieved 2713:. 2004-08-16 2708: 2699: 2687:. Retrieved 2683: 2673: 2662:. Retrieved 2660:. 2004-10-15 2655: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2611:. Retrieved 2609:. 2004-08-16 2604: 2595: 2584:. Retrieved 2580:the original 2570: 2535: 2496:. Retrieved 2492:the original 2487: 2478: 2473:, p. 1. 2466: 2454:. Retrieved 2449: 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2423: 2397:. Retrieved 2393:the original 2388: 2360:. Retrieved 2351: 2339: 2334:, p. 5. 2327: 2315: 2303: 2292:. Retrieved 2288:the original 2278: 2266: 2240: 2228: 2222:. July 1996. 2214: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2094: 2083:. Retrieved 2076:the original 2071: 2059: 2037:, p. 4. 1913:. Retrieved 1909: 1900: 1889:. Retrieved 1884: 1875: 1864:. Retrieved 1860: 1851: 1826:. Retrieved 1822:the original 1816: 1786:. Retrieved 1781: 1758: 1746:. Retrieved 1739: 1730: 1639: 1623:In 2014 the 1622: 1608: 1595: 1591: 1567: 1559: 1539: 1521:insurgency. 1518:Banyamulenge 1501:papal nuncio 1493: 1472: 1463: 1451: 1438: 1415: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1333: 1323: 1299: 1276: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246:Sans Défaite 1245: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1218: 1194: 1169: 1160: 1149: 1131:génocidaires 1129: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1098: 1031:2020–present 1024: 1002: 990: 922: 904: 845:Ndizeye coup 825: 801:Independence 799: 735: 634: 622: 614: 604: 589: 569:ethnic Tutsi 566: 556:Location of 506:between the 491: 489: 453:6,000 (1993) 448: 429: 417: 401: 378: 347: 331:Sans Défaite 314: 284:(until 1996) 269: 242: 241: 217: 216: 187: 173: 172: 160:Armed forces 143: 142: 137:Belligerents 102: 5227:Arab Winter 5222:Arab Spring 5191:(1998–1999) 5182:(1994–1999) 5148:(1977–1992) 5088:(1991–1994) 5082:(1990–1994) 5026:(2022–2023) 5014:(2011–2020) 5002:(2003–2020) 4996:(1983–2005) 4974:(2013–2020) 4949:South Sudan 4935:(2012–2013) 4929:(2007–2008) 4819:(2000–2018) 4813:(1998–2000) 4807:(1995–2018) 4801:(1994–2018) 4772:East Africa 4690:(2004–2007) 4671:(2016–2017) 4665:(2002–2003) 4647:Civil wars 4631:(2016–2019) 4625:(2013–2018) 4583:(1999–2007) 4577:(1998–2003) 4565:(1996–1997) 4546:Cabinda War 4542:(1975–2002) 4482:(1998–1999) 4301:West Africa 4288:(2010–2011) 4277:(1991–2002) 4187:(2013–2014) 4170:(2011–2014) 3663:LGBT rights 3552:Agriculture 3440:LGBT rights 3031:: 117–135. 2960:: 593–607. 2940:Works cited 1861:www.hrw.org 1254:Sans Capote 1242:Sans Echecs 935:Buyoya coup 885:Buyoya coup 875:Bagaza coup 581:ethnic Hutu 516:multi-party 460:ONUB: 6,095 337:Sans Capote 219:Ethnic Hutu 213:(from 2004) 169:"Abajeunes" 5247:Categories 5139:Mozambique 4843:Tigray War 3544:(currency) 3467:Parliament 2995:. 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