259:. The use of stone facings in the camps has been taken to suggest a more permanent structure and longer-term occupation than would be required to assault the hillfort. The lead sling shot was thought (incorrectly) not to have been used at such a late date. Other projectiles, stone balls, had been coloured red, possibly to help in their recovery for reuse. A "fortlet" in one of the Roman camps appears to have been built before the camp, suggesting that the Romans had previously controlled the area. Arrowheads have been found, on top of the ramparts and not underneath them, suggesting to their excavator that the ramparts had been made unusable before the siege, and that they were therefore not defended at the time of the bombardment.
52:
146:
425:
A swathe of hundreds of sling bullets has been found along the south-eastern side where the main entrances to the fort were located, with a smaller swathe along the facing side of the southern camp, possibly where the slingers stood to shoot, fumbling and losing a small proportion of their bullets in
410:, not intended for a few days occupation only. They could have housed around 6,000 soldiers, and their enemy may also have numbered in thousands. Whereas the defenders would have been armed only with simple weapons, swords, spears, and shields, perhaps some missile weapons, and a few might have had
405:
Warriors gathered at the ruined hill-fort of
Burnswark, which commanded the western route northwards into Caledonia. If they re-fortified the hilltop, this is not evidenced by modern archaeology. Nevertheless, the Roman forces did not feel able to take the position by immediate storm; they set up
275:
have been found; these would have been unsuitable for training because they cannot be seen in flight, and they would have been more expensive than alternatives of stone or clay. The "fortlet" has been reassessed as a pre-Roman earthwork, and the “hilltop could have served as a defensible refuge
82:
deposited some 300 million years ago as a local flow of lava. On this hill have been found an Iron Age hillfort enclosing some 7 hectares, Iron Age round houses within the fort, an earlier Bronze Age burial cairn, enclosures dated to the medieval period, a possible Civil War battery, and an
1096:
Hanson, William S. "The Roman
Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University
434:(‘The Three Brethren’) about 3.5 metres high and 15 metres across, with ditches partly dug into the bedrock. These three are substantial defensive positions, larger than usual tituli, and they may have been places where
480:
This was likely one of many battles that took place during the Roman campaign in the
Caledonian Lowlands. By 142, the Romans had pacified the entire area and had successfully moved the frontier north to the newly built
83:
Ordnance Survey triangulation station. Immediately adjacent to the base of the hill are two Roman camps, north and south of the fort, and a possible Roman fortlet (or pre-existing earthwork) within the South Camp.
255:
It has been suggested that the evidence at
Burnswark does not suggest a siege designed to capture the hillfort, but rather the remains of a facility used to train soldiers in the use of slingshot and
1141:
509:
94:
missiles. While this was suggested to be evidence of Roman military training, it now seems likely that the missiles were left by a Roman assault, almost certainly as part of
918:
N. Hodgson, “The abandonment of
Antonine Scotland: its date and causes.” in W. S. Hanson (ed.), The army and frontiers of Rome (JRA Suppl. 74, 2009) 241. As quoted in
1617:
1111:
1142:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1FDAD207D167870953D41E71F5846387/S0068113X00008217a.pdf/the-roman-siege-of-burnswark.pdf
86:
Excavations have found evidence that the fortifications had collapsed or had been “deliberately felled” before about 140, when the site was bombarded by Roman
502:
469:
of two legions, XXII Primigenia from Mainz and VIII Augusta from
Strasbourg, transferred to Britannia for the Antonine invasion. Two inscriptions by
397:
immediately northwest of
Hadrian's Wall, were among the first of the Caledonian tribes to face Lollius Urbicus's legions together with the Otadini.
1087:
L. J. F. Keppie, “Roman inscriptions and sculpture from
Birrens: a review,” Trans. Dumfries Galloway Nat. Hist. Ant. Soc. 69 (1994) 47-48; RIB 3486
1346:
1610:
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495:
288:
generally held to be reliable, and recently-excavated details have allowed reconstructions of many aspects of the assault and Roman victory.
21:
465:, (modern Birrens), finds include one of Britain’s largest Victory inscriptions, dedicated to Antoninus Pius and an inscription recording
441:
This is compatible with a carefully-prepared barrage of a variety of missiles, possibly intended to suppress enemy resistance while Roman
2274:
299:
rose to the throne and moved quickly to expand the empire beyond the limits put in place by his predecessor. Following his defeat of the
473:
have also been found in
Birrens (less than 20 such inscriptions are known from the entire Roman empire); the skills of a Roman military
2309:
2284:
2192:
1757:
1603:
1379:
909:
The Romans at
Burnswark, R. W. Davies, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Bd. 21, H. 1 (1st Qtr., 1972), pp. 99-113 (15 pages)
602:
343:, which had been crushed with colossal loss of life and suffering. Lollius himself was awarded the highest military decorations, the
1214:
F. Hunter and I. G. Scott, “The Roman sculpture from Birrens revisited,” Trans. Dumfries Galloway Nat. Hist. Ant. Soc. 76 (2002) 81.
267:
However, none of the arguments above are definitive, and a military siege and assault is now accepted as very probable. Hundreds of
1140:
Collingwood RG, as quoted in Campbell, D. (2003). The Roman Siege of Burnswark. Britannia, 34, 19-33. Page 24. doi:10.2307/3558535
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balls have also been found on the south-eastern side of the fort, and just outside the southern camp there are three
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camps either side of the fort, effectively isolating it. These two Roman camps were substantial fortifications for a
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to Burnwark Hill to watch fires started by the Scottish army. After learning of the defeat at the
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Lollius Urbicus moved three legions into position initially establishing his supply routes from
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1974:
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into the area between 139 and 140, a force of at least 16,500 men, north of Hadrian's Wall.
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Battle fought between the defending Caledonian Selgovae tribe and Roman legions
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1954:
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combat. In that case, few defenders of Burnswark could have escaped death or
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1238:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
1195:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
1155:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
988:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
966:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
944:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
922:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
890:"Burnswark Hill: the opening shot of the Antonine reconquest of Scotland?"
145:
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331:, and to push the frontier further north. Lollius Urbicus, a native of
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in modern Algeria, had been one of a few senior officers selected by
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would have included constructing and maintaining siege artillery.
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Die Statthalter der germanischen Provinzen vom 1.-3. Jahrhundert
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to conquer the Caledonian Lowlands, which were settled by the
2017:
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The strategic context is briefly mentioned, in a part of the
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Roman Remains in Britain, Wilson, RJA, London, 1975, p 328
78:, Scotland, is a prominent flat-topped hill, composed of
1225:
https://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/3486
262:
1625:
422:, and they had military training and discipline.
311:, was ordered by Antoninus Pius to march north of
1112:"Ancient Slingshot Was as Deadly as a .44 Magnum"
774:
2261:
418:including massed slingers and archers, they had
62:(also known as Birrenswark), to the east of the
1265:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
847:
845:
276:whether or not the old ramparts were intact”.
1611:
1287:
854:"In Photos: 1,800-Year-Old Roman Battle Site"
503:
389:The Selgovae, in the regions of present-day
1223:RIB 3486. Fragmentary building dedication.
842:
250:
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1294:
1280:
1236:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
1193:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
1153:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
986:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
964:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
942:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
920:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
888:John H. Reid and Andrew Nicholson (2019).
704:Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
510:
496:
144:
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1041:Band 14, Cologne/Bonn, 1985, p. 168.
1301:
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839:, 1 (Edinburgh, 1890), lxxxvi, lxxxviii.
809:
50:
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812:"Hill's bloody Roman history unearthed"
55:Burnswark Hill, Dumfries & Galloway
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1100:
1758:Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
1599:
1275:
1118:. National Geographic. Archived from
491:
979:
1070:. Oxford University Press. p. 508.
810:Johnston, Willie (26 August 2016).
13:
2275:Battles involving the Roman Empire
1255:
263:Military assault and Roman victory
14:
2321:
2310:Roman fortified camps in Scotland
2285:Military history of Roman Britain
426:the process. Iron arrowheads and
400:
2186:Other structures & artefacts
1627:Scotland during the Roman Empire
1110:Pringle, Heather (24 May 2017).
680:Scotland during the Roman Empire
461:Near the Antonine Roman fort of
351:for his role in this campaign.
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1090:
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1009:"Roman Timeline 2nd Century AD"
1001:
957:
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912:
903:
291:After the death of the Emperor
1261:A.J. Woodman (with C. Kraus),
881:
872:
852:Metcalfe, Tom (13 June 2016).
829:
803:
768:
743:
718:
692:
675:List of hill forts in Scotland
1:
685:
656:Usurpation of Constantine III
362:and moved three legions, the
1748:Battle of Mons Graupius (83)
1245:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1202:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1162:Journal of Roman Archaeology
995:Journal of Roman Archaeology
973:Journal of Roman Archaeology
951:Journal of Roman Archaeology
929:Journal of Roman Archaeology
897:Journal of Roman Archaeology
632:Usurpation of Magnus Maximus
456:
7:
2280:Battles involving the Picts
668:
574:Defeat of Petilius Cerealis
309:Roman Governor of Britannia
244:Unknown, suspected massacre
10:
2326:
775:Jones, Rebecca H. (2012).
279:
2290:Scotland in the Roman era
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2185:
2150:
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1973:
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1777:Caledonian fortifications
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1763:Great Conspiracy (367-69)
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420:effective siege artillery
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138:Roman conquest of Britain
135:
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2300:140s in the Roman Empire
1636:Scotland in the Iron Age
1580:Scotland in the Iron Age
1066:Freeman, Charles (1999)
726:"ArcGIS Web Application"
700:"Dumfriesshire, v.c. 72"
614:Usurpation of Magnentius
445:advanced up the hill to
380:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
251:Possible training target
2295:2nd century in Scotland
1853:Caledonians & Picts
1549:Battle of Mons Graupius
1068:Egypt, Greece, and Rome
730:hillforts.arch.ox.ac.uk
416:good personal equipment
305:Quintus Lollius Urbicus
214:Quintus Lollius Urbicus
210:Antoninus Augustus Pius
96:Quintus Lollius Urbicus
1116:nationalgeographic.com
778:Roman camps in Britain
638:Stilicho's Pictish War
603:Caledonia (AD 208–210)
556:Caratacus' last battle
551:Capture of Camulodunon
204:Commanders and leaders
56:
37:55.096873°N 3.276126°W
1965:Wilderness Plantation
1741:Battles and campaigns
1039:Epigraphische Studien
755:The Megalithic Portal
650:Usurpation of Gratian
522:occupation of Britain
236:Casualties and losses
119:battle of Solway Moss
90:bullets, arrows, and
76:Dumfries and Galloway
54:
1894:Roman fortifications
1753:Burnswark Hill (140)
1303:Prehistoric Scotland
751:"Burnswark Hillfort"
644:Usurpation of Marcus
42:55.096873; -3.276126
1355:Atlantic roundhouse
1174:Maxwell 1998a 46–9
540:Conquest of Britain
432:protective outworks
169:South-west Scotland
111:James V of Scotland
33: /
1555:Siege of Burnswark
1406:Carved stone balls
1247:. p. 475-476.
1204:. p. 476-477.
1164:. p. 476-477.
953:. p. 473-475.
597:Siege of Burnswark
534:Caesar's invasions
520:Roman invasion and
391:Kirkcudbrightshire
131:Siege of Burnswark
109:In November 1542,
57:
2257:
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2181:
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2173:Easter Galcantray
1809:Edin's Hall Broch
1768:Pictish War (398)
1593:
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1263:Tacitus: Agricola
1183:Barbour 1899: 227
788:978-1-84868-688-5
665:
664:
584:Defeat of Boudica
414:, the Romans had
341:Bar Kokhba revolt
248:
247:
182:
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121:, he returned to
104:Scottish Lowlands
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2222:Roman commanders
1898:
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1834:Torwoodlee Broch
1794:Bow Castle Broch
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1561:Great Conspiracy
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781:. Amberley Pub.
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626:Great Conspiracy
608:Carausian Revolt
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372:Legio VI Victrix
364:Legio II Augusta
339:to put down the
286:Historia Augusta
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1585:Roman Interlude
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858:livescience.com
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568:Boudican revolt
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438:were mounted.
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123:Stirling Castle
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2270:140s conflicts
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1327:Outer Hebrides
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1322:Kilmartin Glen
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1317:Inner Hebrides
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1122:on 24 May 2017
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1055:Antoninus Pius
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1000:
997:. p. 459.
978:
975:. p. 462.
956:
934:
931:. p. 462.
911:
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899:. p. 475.
880:
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860:. Live Science
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53:
49:
46:
2193:Architecture
2112:Blatobulgium
2013:Drumquhassle
1950:Seabegs Wood
1945:Rough Castle
1860:Argentocoxos
1839:Traprain Law
1824:Rispain Camp
1814:Leckie Broch
1752:
1411:Grooved ware
1347:Architecture
1268:
1262:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1148:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1115:
1092:
1083:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
981:
959:
937:
914:
905:
883:
874:
862:. Retrieved
857:
836:
831:
819:. Retrieved
815:
805:
777:
770:
758:. Retrieved
754:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:
720:
708:. Retrieved
703:
694:
658:(AD 407–411)
646:(AD 406–407)
634:(AD 383–388)
628:(AD 367–368)
622:(AD 354–358)
620:Carausius II
616:(AD 350–353)
610:(AD 286–296)
479:
474:
470:
463:Blatobulgium
460:
440:
424:
404:
388:
384:Deva Victrix
353:
345:corona aurea
290:
283:
266:
254:
193:Roman Empire
187:Belligerents
108:
85:
59:
58:
18:
2213:Dere Street
2122:Castle Greg
2063:Ythan Wells
2048:Normandykes
1988:Battledykes
1885:Gartnait II
1687:Dicalydones
1448:Caledonians
1432:Agriculture
1416:Unstan ware
1365:Court cairn
1310:By location
570:(60–61 AD)
542:(43–76 AD)
475:architectus
467:detachments
451:enslavement
100:conquest of
68:Ecclefechan
40: /
2264:Categories
2168:Balnageith
2142:Trimontium
2127:Elginhaugh
2081:Black Hill
2038:Inchtuthil
2033:Glenlochar
2023:Gask Ridge
1960:Westerwood
1925:Castlehill
1910:Auchendavy
1844:Walls Loch
1829:Rubers Law
1727:Verturians
1662:Carnonacae
1644:Caledonian
1458:Carnonacae
1385:Wheelhouse
686:References
536:(55–54 BC)
471:architecti
412:body armor
378:, and the
349:hasta pura
113:rode from
25:55°05′49″N
2249:Caracalla
2163:Thomshill
2137:Pennymuir
2096:Muiryfold
2058:Strageath
2008:Deers Den
1998:Burnfield
1975:Agricolan
1935:Croy Hill
1915:Balmuildy
1799:Deers Den
1789:Bennachie
1722:Venicones
1563:(367–368)
1533:Venicones
1394:Artefacts
1380:Roman era
1375:Hillforts
797:779838240
579:Londinium
457:Aftermath
436:ballistae
360:Bremenium
301:Brigantes
257:ballistae
92:artillery
72:Lockerbie
28:3°16′34″W
2234:Agricola
2229:Cerialis
2151:Disputed
2132:Inveresk
2105:Southern
2053:Raedykes
2028:Glenbank
1940:Mumrills
1930:Cleddans
1920:Bar Hill
1865:Calgacus
1732:Votadini
1717:Vacomagi
1702:Selgovae
1697:Novantae
1682:Decantae
1677:Damnonii
1667:Cornovii
1572:Timeline
1528:Vacomagi
1508:Selgovae
1498:Novantae
1483:Decantae
1478:Damnonii
1468:Cornovii
1337:Shetland
1033:W. Eck,
1013:unrv.com
816:BBC News
669:See also
652:(AD 407)
640:(AD 398)
599:(AD 140)
561:Anglesey
443:soldiers
428:ballista
376:Eboracum
368:Caerleon
347:and the
329:Novantae
327:and the
325:Damnonii
321:Selgovae
303:in 139,
271:made of
223:Strength
198:Selgovae
165:Location
136:Part of
66:between
2244:Severus
2239:Urbicus
2091:Cramond
2073:Severan
2003:Camelon
1880:Uradech
1712:Taexali
1707:Smertae
1672:Creones
1657:Caereni
1648:Pictish
1551:(83 AD)
1542:Warfare
1523:Taexali
1518:Smertae
1493:Maeatae
1473:Creones
1453:Caereni
1425:Economy
1370:Crannog
593:(AD 83)
337:Hadrian
317:Otadini
293:Hadrian
280:Context
241:Unknown
231:Unknown
218:Unknown
2158:Bellie
2086:Carpow
1993:Bertha
1983:Ardoch
1870:Vipoig
1650:tribes
1441:Tribes
1332:Orkney
1126:2 June
1097:Press.
1074:
1019:1 June
1015:. UNRV
864:2 June
821:28 May
795:
785:
760:29 May
735:29 May
710:29 May
546:Medway
370:, the
333:Tiddis
307:, the
228:6,000+
175:Result
80:basalt
64:A74(M)
2018:Durno
1557:(140)
1513:Scoti
1503:Picts
1241:(PDF)
1198:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
969:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
447:melee
408:siege
382:from
374:from
366:from
356:Coria
88:sling
1692:Lugi
1646:and
1488:Lugi
1128:2017
1072:ISBN
1057:5.4.
1021:2017
866:2017
823:2020
793:OCLC
783:ISBN
762:2020
737:2020
712:2020
393:and
358:and
273:lead
157:Date
102:the
70:and
2305:140
1463:Cat
1401:Art
160:140
74:in
2266::
1243:.
1200:.
1160:.
1114:.
1102:^
1053:,
1011:.
993:.
971:.
949:.
927:.
895:.
856:.
844:^
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753:.
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825:.
799:.
764:.
739:.
714:.
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485:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
