203:
179:, dated April 11, 1961) is a process for making lead shot in small sizes from about #7 to about #9. In this process, molten lead is dripped from small orifices and dropped approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) into a hot liquid, where it is then rolled along an incline and then dropped another 3 feet (90 cm). The temperature of the liquid controls the cooling rate of the lead, while the surface tension of the liquid and the inclined surface(s) work together to bring the small droplets of lead into highly regular balls of lead in spherical form. The size of the lead shot that is produced is determined by the diameter of the orifice used to drip the lead, ranging from approximately 0.018 inches (0.46 mm) for #9 lead shot to about 0.025 inches (0.64 mm) for #6 or #7.0 shot, while also depending on the specific lead alloy that is used.
187:
manufacturing process causes the shot to become harder than it would otherwise be if allowed to cool more slowly. Hence, chilled lead shot, being harder and less likely to deform during firing, is preferred by shotgunners for improving shot pattern densities at longer (> 30 yards (27 m)) ranges, whereas soft lead shot, being softer and more likely to deform during firing, is preferred for improving shot pattern densities at very close (< 20 yards (18 m)) ranges as the softer and now deformed shot scatters more quickly when fired. Soft lead shot is also more readily deformed during the firing process by the effects of chokes.
99:
20:
1922:
1868:
1693:
1704:
2017:'s range. As of 2011, thirty-five states prohibited lead shot use in such specially-specified areas when hunting. In an effort to protect the condor, the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned for hunting wild boar, deer, antelope, elk, pronghorn, antelope, coyote, squirrel, and other non-game wildlife in areas of California designated as its habitat range. The
2033:. Depending on hunting laws, alternatives to lead shot are mandated for use by hunters in some locations when hunting migratory birds, notably waterfowl. In the US, the restrictions are limited to migratory waterfowl, while Canadian restrictions are wider and apply (with some exceptions) to all migratory birds. The hunting of upland migratory birds such as
2134:
similar to or greater than lead, and with a shot softness that results in ballistic properties that are comparable to lead. These shells provide more consistent patterns and greater range than steel shot. They are also generally safe to use in older shotguns with barrels and chokes not rated for use
142:
Roundness of manufactured shot produced from the shot tower process is graded by forcing the newly produced shot to roll accurately down inclined planes. Unround shot will naturally roll to the side, for collection. The unround shot was either re-processed in another attempt to make round shot using
1933:
were first documented in the US in the 1880s; by 1919, the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting were positively identified as a major source of deaths of bottom-feeding waterfowl. Once ingested, stomach acids and mechanical action cause the lead to break down and be absorbed into the body and
81:
Lead shot is also used for a variety of other purposes such as filling cavities with dense material for weight and/or balance. Some versions may be plated with other metals. Lead shot was originally made by pouring molten lead through screens into water, forming what was known as "swan shot", and,
1965:
have shown that avian scavengers consume lead fragments in gut piles left in the field from harvested big game animals, as well as by the consumption of small game, or "pest animal," carcasses that have been shot with lead-core ammo, but not retrieved. Not all lead exposure in these circumstances
182:
The roundness of the lead shot depends on the angle of the inclined surfaces as well as the temperature of the liquid coolant. Various coolants have successfully been used, ranging from diesel fuel to antifreeze and water-soluble oil. After the lead shot cools, it is washed, then dried, and small
214:
Shot is available in many sizes for different applications. The size of numbered shot decreases as the number increases. In hunting, some sizes are traditionally used for certain game, or certain shooting situations, although there is overlap and subjective preference. The range at which game is
186:
Lead shot dropped quickly into liquid cooling baths when being produced from molten lead is known as "chilled lead shot", in contrast to "soft lead shot" which is produced by molten lead not being dropped as quickly into a liquid cooling bath. The process of rapidly chilling lead shot during its
2106:
Steel was one of the first widely used lead alternatives that the ammunition industry turned to. But steel is one hundred times harder than lead, with only two-thirds its density, resulting in undesirable ballistic properties compared to lead. Steel shot can be as hard as some barrels, and may
1934:
bloodstream, resulting in death. "If a bird swallows only one pellet, it usually survives, although its immune system and fertility are likely to be affected. Even low concentrations of lead have a negative impact on energy storage, which affects the ability to prepare for migration."
183:
amounts of graphite are finally added to prevent clumping of the lead shot. Lead shot larger than about #5 tends to clump badly when fed through tubes, even when graphite is used, whereas lead shot smaller than about #6 tends not to clump when fed through tubes when graphite is used.
138:
of molten lead become near-spherical as they fall. When the tower is high enough, the lead droplets will solidify during the fall and thus retain their spherical form. Water is usually placed at the bottom of the tower, cooling the lead immediately upon landing.
2135:
with steel shot, such as for bismuth and tungsten-polymer (although not tungsten-iron) shot. Unfortunately, all non-lead shot other than steel is far more expensive than lead, which has diminished in its acceptance by hunters.
215:
typically encountered and the penetration needed to assure a clean kill must both be considered. Local hunting regulations may also specify a size range for certain game. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low
255:(in high volume production) or cast (in small volume production). The Bliemeister method does not work for shot larger than #5 (0.12 in, 3.05 mm), and works progressively poorly for shot sizes larger than about #6.
1752:. They are no longer solely manufactured from lead but instead are often made from softer materials that can be easily pressed onto the fishing line instead of being closed in a crimp using pliers, as was once common.
2037:
was specifically excluded from the 1991 US restrictions as scientific evidence did not support their contribution to the poisoning of bald eagles. In 1985, Denmark banned the use of lead in wetlands covered by the
1726:
in various situations, especially where a dense, pourable weight is required. Generally, small shot is best for these applications, as it can be poured more like a liquid. Completely round shot is not required.
2670:
2021:
has similarly been shown to be affected by lead originating from dead or wounded waterfowl—the requirement to protect this species was one of the biggest factors behind laws being introduced in 1991 by the
122:
tower and digging a shaft under the house through the caves underneath to achieve the required drop. The process was patented in 1782. The process was later brought above ground through the building of
247:. Sizes range in ascending order from size #B (0.17 in, 4.32 mm) to Tri-Ball. It is usually referred by the size, followed by "buck", e.g. "#000" is referred to as "triple-aught buck" in the
2030:
2111:
on older firearms that were designed only for use with softer lead shot. The higher pressures required to compensate for the lower density of steel may exceed the design limits of a barrel.
1731:
Stress testing: Providing variable weights in strength-of-materials stress-testing systems. Shot pours from a hopper into a basket, which is connected to the test item. When the test item
2464:
Sanderson, Glen C. and Frank C. Bellrose. 1986. A Review of the
Problem of Lead Poisoning in Waterfowl. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois. Special Publication 4. 34pp.
2029:
Hunting restrictions have also banned the use of lead shot while hunting migratory waterfowl in at least 29 countries across by international agreement, for example the
2095:
in place of lead shot. In Canada, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and many western European countries (France as of 2006), all shot used for hunting migratory
1785:
use lead shot as a flexible weight to deliver high energy blows while minimizing damage from sharp impact force (similar to the way it is used in dead blow hammers).
2801:
1966:
leads to immediate mortality, but multiple sub-lethal exposures result in secondary poisoning impacts, which eventually lead to death. Among condors around the
1748:
Split shot, a larger type of lead shot where each pellet is cut part-way through the diameter. This type of shot was formerly commonly used as a line weight in
1961:
Lead from spent ammunition also impacts scavenging bird species such as vultures, ravens, eagles and other birds of prey. Foraging studies of the endangered
263:
Below is a chart with diameters per pellet and weight for idealized lead spheres for U.S. Standard
Designations with a comparison to English shot sizes.
202:
2057:
ranges in the US have banned the use of lead after elevated levels of lead were found in waterfowl, small birds, mammals and frogs in their vicinity.
1822:
2465:
1878:
2719:
162:. This also affects its melting point. Hardness is also controlled by the rate of cooling that is used in manufacturing lead shot.
2587:"Effectiveness of Action to Reduce Exposure of Free-Ranging California Condors in Arizona and Utah to Lead from Spent Ammunition"
2023:
1813:
Due to its heat capacity and low thermal conductivity at low temperatures, lead shot has been used as a suitable material for a
2644:
2311:
2744:
2352:
2042:, later expanding this restriction to the whole country. The use of lead has been banned for all hunting activities in the
1990:
within federal waterfowl production areas, wildlife refuges, or some state wildlife management areas. Shot pellets used in
2050:
2901:
2871:
2844:
2808:
2785:
2405:
Pokras, M.; Kneeland, M. (Sep 2008). "Lead poisoning: using transdisciplinary approaches to solve an ancient problem".
2336:
2053:
introduced regulations in 2007 in some hunting areas requiring the use of non-toxic shot to protect upland birds. Some
1908:
1782:
2532:
1735:, the chute closes and the mass of the lead shot in the basket is used to calculate the fracture stress of the item.
2496:
Phasing Out The Use Of Lead Shot For
Hunting In Wetlands: Experiences Made and Lessons Learned By AEWA Range States
1797:
2802:"Protecting Waterfowl From Lead In Wetlands: A Practical Guide to the Lead Shot Regulations in Northern Ireland"
143:
the shot tower again, or used for applications which did not require round shot (e.g., split shot for fishing).
2557:
2495:
1711:
When used as a pourable/mouldable weight, lead shot may be left loose, or mixed with a bonding agent such as
2187:
51.1% tungsten, 44.4% copper, 3.9% tin, and 0.6% iron, or 60% tungsten, 35.1% copper, 3.9% tin, and 1% iron
2943:
2645:"Nontoxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in the U.S. | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
2986:
1978:
Alternatives to lead shot are mandated for use by hunters in certain locations or when hunting migratory
1814:
207:
2939:
2476:
A.M. Scheuhammer and S. L. Norris. 1996. "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights"
235:
Buckshot is a shot formed to larger diameters so that it can be used against bigger game such as
114:
Producing lead shot from a shot tower was pioneered in the late 18th century by
William Watts of
2917:
103:
2891:
2861:
2775:
1970:, lead poisoning because of eating lead shot is the most frequently diagnosed cause of death.
98:
2834:
1930:
220:
2372:
227:). Generally, larger shot carries farther, and does not spread out as much as smaller shot.
2598:
2054:
1943:
2071:
Approved alternatives while hunting migratory waterfowl include pellets manufactured from
1743:: use a weight made of shot, since the weight has to be poured into a narrow glass vessel.
8:
2976:
1850:
224:
191:
2602:
2621:
2586:
2438:
2395:
According to Dulong–Petit law heat capacity of metals is coursely proportional to mass.
1962:
1890:
1886:
2893:
Cartridges of the World: A Complete and
Illustrated Reference for Over 1500 Cartridges
2897:
2867:
2840:
2781:
2626:
2430:
2422:
2332:
2307:
2265:
2039:
2014:
2013:
Lead shot is also banned within an eight-county area in
California designated as the
1991:
1921:
216:
2442:
2616:
2606:
2414:
2275:
2123:
2108:
1955:
1935:
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51:
2115:
251:
or "triple-o buck" in other
English speaking countries. Buckshot is traditionally
2748:
2611:
2301:
1818:
131:
31:
19:
2694:
2034:
2007:
1983:
1939:
1845:. Lead shot may be enclosed in a vest, blanket, or bag that is placed around a
1805:
39:
2418:
175:
2981:
2970:
2478:
2426:
2251:
1999:
135:
2774:
Elliott, John Edward; Bishop, Christine
Annette; Morrissey, Christy (2011).
2630:
2434:
2066:
1979:
1967:
1846:
1808:: to add weight to the nose of the rocket, increasing the stability factor.
1770:
146:
The hardness of lead shot is controlled through adding variable amounts of
130:
Molten lead would be dropped from the top of the tower. Like most liquids,
2114:
Within recent years, several companies have created non-toxic shot out of
2455:
Federal
Cartridge Company Waterfowl and Steel Shot Guide. Volume I; 1988.
2043:
1947:
1825:
1790:
1773:
173:, named after inventor Louis W. Bliemeister of Los Angeles, California, (
2585:
Green, E.; Hunt, G.; Parish, N.; Newton, I. (2008). Pizzari, Tom (ed.).
2940:"Non Toxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in The U.S"
2018:
1740:
248:
124:
83:
75:
59:
43:
2031:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
2096:
1842:
1834:
1794:
1766:
107:
2216:
2119:
2076:
1958:
can also ingest lead and thus be poisoned when they feed on seeds.
1732:
151:
71:
67:
55:
2139:
Non-toxic shot types approved by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
2212:
2131:
2088:
1987:
1749:
1723:
1697:
252:
244:
190:
The manufacture of non-lead shot differs from that of lead, with
155:
115:
82:
later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a
63:
47:
1761:
are filled with shot to minimize rebound off the struck surface.
2270:
2127:
2080:
2003:
1703:
1692:
119:
2179:>1% iron, any proportion of tungsten, and up to 40% nickel
2072:
1951:
1877:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1838:
1715:
to contain and stabilize the pellets after they are poured.
1712:
240:
159:
2807:. Ireland: Countryside Alliance. 24 Apr 2009. Archived from
2195:
40–76% tungsten, 10–37% iron, 9–16% copper, and 5–7% nickel
1925:
X-ray of lead shot accumulated in the gizzard of a dead swan
90:
has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s.
2502:
2100:
2084:
1995:
236:
35:
118:
who adapted his house on Redcliffe Hill by adding a three-
2918:"Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds: Alternatives to Lead Shot"
2099:
must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any
2092:
147:
2747:. California Department of Fish and Game. Archived from
2717:
2773:
2353:"Shotgun Shell Shot Size Comparison Chart Actual size"
2303:
Engineering Properties and Applications of Lead Alloys
2060:
2669:
Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2018-04-05).
2584:
2242:
65% tungsten, 21.8% tin, 10.4% iron, and 2.8% nickel
2226:
Any proportions of tungsten and tin, and >1% iron
2836:
Legal Measures for the Conservation of Natural Areas
1833:
Due to lead's high density, it is used to attenuate
1793:stands can be filled with lead shot for additional
2250:41.5–95.2% tungsten, 1.5–52.0% iron, and 3.5–8.0%
1973:
2538:. USGS National Wildlife Health Center. p. 2
2398:
2331:(5th ed.). Krause Publications. p. 49.
2026:to ban lead shot in migratory waterfowl hunting.
2968:
2671:"Moving towards using more lead-free ammunition"
2300:Guruswamy, Sivaraman (1999). "XIV. Ammunition".
1687:
46:for shotguns and are still fired primarily from
2234:Any proportions of tungsten, tin, and bismuth.
2718:Elizabeth Weise & Adam Belz (2011-08-23).
2580:
2578:
2404:
2832:
1875:The examples and perspective in this section
258:
2171:Any proportion of tungsten, and >1% iron
34:for small spheres or pellets, often made of
2866:. Cambridge University Press. p. 307.
2777:Wildlife Ecotoxicology: Forensic Approaches
2575:
2531:Lahner, Lesanna L.; Franson, J. Christian.
2466:full report from scholar.google.com (cache)
2449:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2745:"Get the Lead Out (Protecting the Condor)"
1893:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
42:since ancient times and were the original
2885:
2883:
2833:de Klemm, Cyrille; Shine, Claire (1996).
2620:
2610:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1909:Learn how and when to remove this message
2490:
2488:
1920:
1702:
1691:
201:
97:
18:
2859:
2762:
2737:
2024:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
54:, while they are less commonly used in
2969:
2889:
2880:
2720:"Iowa in middle of lead-shot skirmish"
2668:
2517:
2288:
1857:
1776:contain pouches filled with lead shot.
66:calibers in a configuration known as "
2695:"Regulation - 2021/57 - EN - EUR-Lex"
2485:
2863:Industrial Ecology and Global Change
2558:"Tackling lead ammunition poisoning"
2326:
1861:
1718:Some applications of lead shot are:
2075:, tungsten-iron, tungsten-polymer,
2061:Non-toxic alternatives to lead shot
2051:Missouri Department of Conservation
13:
14:
2998:
2962:
2896:. Gun Digest Books. p. 483.
2839:. Council of Europe. p. 54.
38:. These have been projected from
1866:
2932:
2910:
2853:
2826:
2794:
2711:
2687:
2662:
2637:
2550:
2306:. CRC Press. pp. 569–570.
1974:Restrictions on the use of lead
2780:. Springer. pp. 371–372.
2533:"Lead Poisoning in Wild Birds"
2470:
2458:
2389:
2365:
2345:
2320:
2147:Percent composition by weight
93:
1:
2281:
2203:95.9% tungsten, 4.1% polymer
1688:Applications outside firearms
2944:US Fish and Wildlife Service
2612:10.1371/journal.pone.0004022
2192:Tungsten-iron-copper-nickel
1929:Lead shot-related waterfowl
194:used to create some alloys.
7:
2482:Vol. 5 Number 5 pp. 279-295
2259:
1889:, discuss the issue on the
230:
62:are also available in many
10:
3003:
2064:
259:Lead shot comparison chart
2890:Barnes, Frank C. (2009).
2419:10.1007/s10393-008-0177-x
2329:Reloading for Shotgunners
2239:Tungsten-tin-iron-nickel
2155:97% bismuth, and 3% tin
197:
2505:. 5 Nov 2009. p. 3
1800:, as well as stability.
2247:Tungsten-iron-polymer
1926:
1708:
1700:
211:
111:
24:
2231:Tungsten-tin-bismuth
2211:95.5% tungsten, 4.5%
2176:Iron-tungsten-nickel
1944:ring-necked pheasants
1924:
1706:
1696:Split shot, used for
1695:
221:ballistic coefficient
205:
176:U.S. patent 2,978,742
101:
22:
2373:"English Shot sizes"
1950:, northern bobwhite
1887:improve this section
2860:Socolow, R (1996).
2603:2008PLoSO...3.4022G
2327:Sapp, Rick (2011).
2144:Approved shot type
2140:
1858:Bird lead poisoning
1851:radiation shielding
1783:blackjacks and saps
1707:Split shot close-up
225:external ballistics
192:compression molding
2987:Shotgun cartridges
2593:(Free full text).
2223:Tungsten-tin-iron
2138:
1963:Californian condor
1927:
1757:The heads of some
1709:
1701:
212:
169:Bliemeister method
112:
88:Bliemeister method
25:
16:Type of ammunition
2699:eur-lex.europa.eu
2313:978-0-8247-8247-4
2266:Slug (projectile)
2257:
2256:
2208:Tungsten-polymer
2107:therefore damage
2040:Ramsar Convention
1992:waterfowl hunting
1936:Upland game birds
1919:
1918:
1911:
1759:dead blow hammers
1685:
1684:
217:sectional density
52:grenade launchers
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2402:
2396:
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2383:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2297:
2276:Pellet (air gun)
2200:Tungsten-matrix
2184:Tungsten-bronze
2163:Iron and carbon
2141:
2137:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1819:Stirling engines
266:
265:
178:
171:
170:
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3001:
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2751:on 30 July 2009
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2069:
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1984:migratory birds
1976:
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1898:
1895:
1884:
1871:
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1860:
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261:
233:
200:
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168:
167:
132:surface tension
96:
32:collective term
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2963:External links
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2903:978-1440213304
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2873:978-0521577830
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2846:978-9287130709
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2787:978-0387894324
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2413:(3): 379–385.
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2062:
2059:
2035:mourning doves
2008:European Union
1975:
1972:
1940:mourning doves
1917:
1916:
1881:of the subject
1879:worldwide view
1874:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1830:
1829:
1823:thermoacoustic
1810:
1809:
1806:Model rocketry
1802:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1737:
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1625:
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1599:
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1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
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1500:
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1218:
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1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
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1055:
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1046:
1043:
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1033:
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1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
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952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
935:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
845:
842:
839:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
811:
805:
802:
801:
798:
795:
793:
791:
788:
785:
783:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
750:
747:
745:
743:
740:
737:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
716:
713:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
649:
647:
644:
641:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
592:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
577:
575:
572:
569:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
523:
520:
518:
514:
513:
510:
507:
505:
503:
500:
497:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
458:
455:
452:
449:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
407:
404:
401:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
337:
335:
333:
330:
327:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
312:
310:
307:
304:
302:
298:
297:
296:Diameter (mm)
294:
291:
285:
279:
278:Mass (grains)
276:
273:
270:
260:
257:
232:
229:
199:
196:
102:Shot tower at
95:
92:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2814:on 2013-02-27
2810:
2803:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2676:
2675:www.canada.ca
2672:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:(12): e4022.
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2479:Ecotoxicology
2473:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:fluoropolymer
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:Iron (steel)
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:, and in the
2005:
2001:
2000:United States
1998:-free in the
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1902:
1899:November 2021
1892:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:, especially
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:0.10 or less
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
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1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
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1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:0.085 – 0.087
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
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1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
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1362:
1358:
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1349:
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1336:
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1329:
1326:
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1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
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1260:
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1241:
1238:
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1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
908:
907:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
857:
853:
850:
848:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
812:
810:
806:
804:
803:
799:
796:
794:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
748:
746:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
684:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
650:
648:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
612:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
578:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
506:
504:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
419:
415:
412:
410:
408:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
341:
338:
336:
334:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
318:
315:
313:
311:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
293:Diameter (in)
292:
290:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
256:
254:
250:
249:United States
246:
242:
238:
228:
226:
222:
218:
209:
208:post-medieval
206:Selection of
204:
195:
193:
188:
184:
180:
177:
172:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
128:
126:
121:
117:
109:
105:
100:
91:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2948:. Retrieved
2946:. 4 Apr 2013
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2912:
2892:
2862:
2855:
2835:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2809:the original
2796:
2776:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:
2713:
2702:. Retrieved
2698:
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:
2653:. Retrieved
2651:. 2022-04-19
2648:
2639:
2594:
2590:
2566:. Retrieved
2564:. 2024-06-20
2561:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2507:. Retrieved
2477:
2472:
2460:
2451:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2377:Vintage Guns
2376:
2367:
2356:. Retrieved
2347:
2328:
2322:
2302:
2152:Bismuth-tin
2113:
2105:
2070:
2067:Green bullet
2048:
2046:as of 1992.
2028:
2012:
1977:
1968:Grand Canyon
1960:
1928:
1905:
1896:
1876:
1847:point source
1774:weight belts
1771:scuba diving
1717:
1710:
1460:2.16 – 2.21
1271:1.94 – 1.99
1133:3.43 – 3.56
994:7.29 – 7.40
814:
808:
288:
287:Pellets per
282:
281:Pellets per
262:
234:
213:
189:
185:
181:
166:
164:
145:
141:
129:
113:
104:Clifton Hill
87:
80:
27:
26:
2649:www.fws.gov
2509:17 November
2122:, or other
2055:clay pigeon
2044:Netherlands
1948:wild turkey
1826:cryocoolers
1815:regenerator
1791:Loudspeaker
1741:Hydrometers
1290:#5½ (m.g.)
782:F (or TTT)
543:Special SG
375:MG (mould)
289:oz (steel)
125:shot towers
110:, Australia
94:Manufacture
60:Shot shells
44:projectiles
2977:Ammunition
2971:Categories
2755:2009-07-28
2704:2024-09-14
2680:2024-09-14
2655:2024-09-14
2568:2024-09-14
2501:(Report).
2382:2022-05-24
2358:2022-05-24
2282:References
2065:See also:
2019:bald eagle
1931:poisonings
1843:gamma rays
1798:decoupling
1477:580 – 585
1369:Bird/Clay
1274:220 – 225
1168:Waterfowl
1092:Waterfowl
1016:Waterfowl
914:Waterfowl
864:Waterfowl
815:Waterfowl
283:oz (lead)
269:U.S. Size
158:, forming
84:shot tower
76:snake shot
2724:USA Today
2427:1612-9202
2407:EcoHealth
2097:waterfowl
1980:waterfowl
1891:talk page
1835:radiation
1767:Shot belt
1733:fractures
1496:Bird/Clay
1471:Bird/Clay
1445:Bird/Clay
1419:Bird/Clay
1394:Bird/Clay
1143:Waterfowl
1118:Waterfowl
1067:Waterfowl
1042:Waterfowl
991:Waterfowl
965:Waterfowl
962:A or BBBB
939:Waterfowl
889:Waterfowl
841:Waterfowl
787:Waterfowl
739:Waterfowl
272:U.K. Size
210:lead shot
108:Melbourne
56:riot guns
23:Lead shot
2631:19107211
2591:PLOS ONE
2443:21280606
2435:19165554
2260:See also
2217:Nylon 11
2124:elements
2120:tungsten
2077:tungsten
1994:must be
1986:or when
1938:such as
1885:You may
1795:acoustic
809:or AAAA
231:Buckshot
152:antimony
72:rat shot
68:birdshot
48:shotguns
2622:2603582
2599:Bibcode
2213:Nylon 6
2132:density
2130:with a
2116:bismuth
2089:bismuth
1988:hunting
1956:chukars
1769:: some
1750:angling
1724:ballast
1698:fishing
807:SSSSSG
245:caribou
156:arsenic
116:Bristol
74:", or "
64:handgun
2924:25 Mar
2920:. AEWA
2900:
2870:
2843:
2818:24 Mar
2784:
2629:
2619:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2335:
2310:
2271:Bullet
2128:alloys
2109:chokes
2087:, and
2081:nickel
2015:condor
2004:Canada
1839:X-rays
1655:0.048
1649:2,600
1624:2,385
1621:0.183
1582:0.062
1576:1,250
1557:0.066
1551:1,040
1486:2.032
1474:0.748
1434:2.286
1422:1.067
1409:2.413
1381:0.095
1347:1.458
1330:0.102
1305:0.107
1254:0.113
1180:0.128
1104:0.143
1028:0.161
926:0.194
917:10.94
876:0.203
828:0.214
819:14.58
813:Buck/
774:0.227
765:17.50
759:SSSSG
702:0.245
693:21.89
630:0.269
621:29.17
558:0.298
438:0.332
390:0.347
253:swaged
160:alloys
134:makes
120:storey
86:. The
40:slings
2950:4 Apr
2812:(PDF)
2805:(PDF)
2729:3 Apr
2542:4 Apr
2536:(PDF)
2499:(PDF)
2439:S2CID
2073:steel
1952:quail
1781:Many
1713:epoxy
1681:1.02
1663:Dust
1658:1.22
1646:0.17
1643:Pest
1640:Dust
1633:1.27
1608:1.52
1598:0.32
1585:1.57
1573:0.35
1570:Pest
1560:1.68
1548:0.42
1545:Pest
1535:1.78
1523:0.51
1509:1.91
1506:0.075
1499:0.63
1448:0.97
1406:0.095
1397:1.25
1384:2.41
1372:1.29
1359:2.54
1333:2.59
1321:1.62
1318:Bird
1308:2.72
1296:1.82
1293:Bird
1283:2.79
1257:2.87
1245:2.19
1242:Bird
1232:3.05
1220:2.57
1206:3.18
1203:0.125
1196:2.90
1183:3.25
1171:3.12
1146:3.24
1130:0.135
1121:3.65
1107:3.63
1095:4.38
1082:3.81
1070:4.86
1057:3.91
1054:0.154
1045:5.47
1031:4.09
1019:6.25
1006:4.32
980:4.57
968:8.75
954:4.83
942:10.2
929:4.93
904:5.08
892:12.0
879:5.16
867:12.5
854:5.33
844:13.9
831:5.44
800:5.59
790:16.0
777:5.77
762:Buck
752:5.84
742:18.2
718:20.7
705:6.22
690:Buck
687:SSSG
680:6.35
669:23.4
646:26.3
633:6.83
618:Buck
608:6.86
597:29.4
584:7.37
574:36.6
561:7.57
549:39.8
546:Buck
536:7.62
525:40.5
512:7.87
502:44.7
489:8.13
465:8.38
454:53.8
441:8.43
429:54.7
426:Buck
416:8.64
393:8.81
381:62.5
378:Buck
368:9.14
324:000½
319:9.65
301:0000
243:, or
241:moose
223:(see
198:Sizes
136:drops
30:is a
2982:Lead
2952:2013
2926:2013
2898:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2820:2013
2782:ISBN
2731:2011
2627:PMID
2544:2013
2511:2020
2503:AEWA
2431:PMID
2423:ISSN
2333:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2101:lead
2085:iron
2049:The
1996:lead
1982:and
1954:and
1849:for
1841:and
1821:and
1678:0.04
1668:Pest
1652:n/a
1630:0.05
1618:Pest
1613:#12
1605:0.06
1595:Pest
1590:#11
1579:n/a
1567:#12
1554:n/a
1542:#11
1532:0.07
1526:850
1520:Pest
1514:#10
1491:#9½
1483:0.08
1451:450
1439:#8½
1431:0.09
1425:410
1400:350
1389:#7½
1378:n/a
1375:340
1356:0.10
1350:300
1344:Bird
1327:n/a
1324:270
1302:n/a
1299:240
1280:0.11
1268:Bird
1251:n/a
1248:200
1239:#4½
1229:0.12
1223:170
1217:Bird
1193:Bird
1188:#4½
1177:n/a
1174:140
1158:3.3
1155:0.13
1149:135
1124:120
1101:n/a
1098:100
1079:0.15
1025:n/a
1003:0.17
977:0.18
951:0.19
945:n/a
934:BBB
923:n/a
901:0.20
895:n/a
873:n/a
861:AAA
851:0.21
825:n/a
797:0.22
771:n/a
749:0.23
729:6.1
726:0.24
715:Buck
699:n/a
677:0.25
666:Buck
656:6.6
653:0.26
643:Buck
638:#3½
627:n/a
615:SSG
605:0.27
594:Buck
581:0.29
571:Buck
566:#2½
555:n/a
533:0.30
522:Buck
509:0.31
499:Buck
494:#1½
486:0.32
475:Buck
462:0.33
451:Buck
435:n/a
413:0.34
403:Buck
398:00½
387:n/a
365:0.36
353:Buck
347:000
342:9.4
339:0.37
329:Buck
316:0.38
306:Buck
275:Type
237:deer
219:and
165:The
154:and
78:".
70:", "
50:and
36:lead
28:Shot
2617:PMC
2607:doi
2562:WWT
2415:doi
2215:or
2126:or
2093:tin
1817:in
1722:As
1627:n/a
1529:n/a
1517:#10
1480:n/a
1465:#9
1454:n/a
1428:577
1414:#8
1403:490
1366:#7
1353:420
1341:#6½
1338:#7
1315:#6
1277:317
1262:#6
1226:243
1211:#5
1165:#3
1152:192
1138:#4
1127:154
1112:#3
1089:#1
1076:125
1073:90
1062:#2
1051:103
1048:80
1036:#1
1022:70
1013:BB
997:60
988:BBB
971:50
959:BB
920:40
911:AA
870:35
836:TT
822:30
768:25
734:FF
721:21
710:#4
696:20
672:18
661:#3
624:15
600:14
589:#2
552:11
528:10
517:#1
478:49
446:00
423:SG
406:59
362:n/a
356:70
332:76
309:82
148:tin
2973::
2942:.
2882:^
2764:^
2722:.
2697:.
2673:.
2647:.
2625:.
2615:.
2605:.
2589:.
2577:^
2560:.
2519:^
2487:^
2437:.
2429:.
2421:.
2409:.
2375:.
2290:^
2118:,
2103:.
2010:.
2002:,
1946:,
1942:,
1468:#9
1442:#8
1265:#5
1214:#4
1115:#2
1000:86
985:B
974:72
948:61
898:53
884:T
481:9
470:0
457:8
432:8
384:7
359:6
350:LG
239:,
150:,
127:.
106:,
58:.
2954:.
2928:.
2906:.
2876:.
2849:.
2822:.
2790:.
2758:.
2733:.
2707:.
2683:.
2658:.
2633:.
2609::
2601::
2595:3
2571:.
2546:.
2513:.
2445:.
2417::
2411:5
2385:.
2361:.
2341:.
2316:.
2091:-
2083:-
2079:-
1912:)
1906:(
1901:)
1897:(
1883:.
1853:.
1828:.
1039:B
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