Stirling Castle - Knowledge

1486: 1325: 1799: 802: 1224: 1206: 1359: 45: 1811: 1596: 1347: 655: 1527: 62: 1756: 1744: 95: 1718: 1732: 1391:, improvements to the castle's defences were ordered as a matter of priority. A scheme of new defences was proposed by Theodore Dury, although this was criticised by one Captain Obryan, who put forward his own, much more expensive, scheme. In the end a compromise was built, and was complete by 1714. The main front wall was extended outwards, to form Guardhouse Square. This had the effect of creating two defensive walls, both of which were fronted by ditches defended by covered firing galleries known as 1074: 1464:

which were probably linked to the Great Hall. The Great Kitchen which is now visible was constructed later, against the east wall of the castle. However, in 1689 these rooms were infilled with rubble to reinforce gun emplacements, known as the Grand Battery, which were built on top of the kitchen's vaults. Excavations in the 1920s ascertained the extent of the surviving rooms, and the vaults were reconstructed in 1929. The small building above the North Gate is traditionally said to have been a

1781: 1236: 1947: 692: 1539: 1768: 1899: 1604: 1412: 1086: 534: 102: 69: 1153:. Many alterations were made to the Great Hall, which became an accommodation block, to the Chapel Royal, which became a lecture theatre and dining hall, to the King's Old Building, which became an infirmary and to the Royal Palace, which became the Officer's Mess. A number of new buildings were also constructed, including the prison and powder magazine, at the Nether Bailey, in 1810. 920:, and then to France in 1548. In the 1550s, during the Regency of Mary of Guise, Anglo-French hostilities were fought out in Scotland. Artillery fortifications were added to the south approach of the castle including the 'French Spur', and these form the basis of the present Outer Defences. Guise employed an Italian military engineer called Lorenzo Pomarelli. From 1534 to 1584 1695:. A £12 million project to recreate the grandeur of the Royal Palace reopened to the public during the weekend of 5 and 6 June 2011. The restoration of the palace and its interiors involved a decade of research and craftsmanship, and restored six royal apartments to how they would have looked in the 1540s, when this was the childhood home of 647:, within sight of the castle walls. The resulting English defeat was decisive. King Edward attempted to take refuge in the castle, but Mowbray was determined to keep to his word, and the English were forced to flee. Mowbray handed over the castle, changing sides himself in the process. King Robert ordered the castle to be 974:. A tennis court was built of timber for the king in 1576. Frequently used as a pawn in the struggles between his regents and the supporters of Mary, the young king was closely guarded. Stirling became the base for James' supporters, while those nobles who wished to see Queen Mary restored gathered at Edinburgh, under 1571:, built in the late 1470s. It includes Renaissance details, such as the intersecting tracery on the windows, within a conventional medieval plan. Inside are five fireplaces, and large side windows lighting the dais end, where the king would be seated. It is 42 by 14.25 m (137.8 by 46.8 ft) across. 1582:

parapet, when the hall was subdivided to form barracks. Two floors and five cross-walls were inserted, and the windows were altered accordingly. As early as 1893, calls were being made for the restoration of the Great Hall, but it was not until the army left in 1965 that the opportunity arose. It was

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were built to strengthen the wall, and to provide gun emplacements. The French Spur was modified slightly to allow more cannons to be mounted. The buildings within Guardhouse Square date from the 19th century. Outside the castle is the early 19th-century Esplanade, used as a parade ground, and now as

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lead his army of Highlanders past Stirling on the way to Edinburgh. Following the Jacobites' retreat from England, they returned to Stirling in January 1746. The town soon surrendered, but the castle governor refused to capitulate. Artillery works were set up on Gowan Hill, but were quickly destroyed

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country; it gave the King of England a whole year to assemble the strength of his dominions... We need not wonder, then, that Bruce was highly incensed, on hearing that, without consulting him, his brother had agreed to Mowbray's proposals." The following summer, the English duly headed north, led by

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being perhaps the most renowned. According to various reports, she has been sighted by a multitude of residents and visitors over the years. One widely circulated narrative posits that the Green Lady was a maidservant who rescued Queen Mary from a perilous situation. Many interpret the apparition of

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across the whole width of Castle Hill. At the centre is the gatehouse itself, which now stands to less than half its original height. The round towers at the outer corners rose to conical roofs, with battlements carried around the tops of the towers. These were flanked by more round towers, of which

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Beyond the North Gate, the Nether Bailey occupies the northern end of Castle Hill. Surrounded by defensive walls, the area contains a 19th-century guard house and gunpowder stores, and the modern tapestry studio. There was formerly access to the Nether Bailey from Ballengeich to the west, until the

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On the east side of the Inner Close is the Great Hall, or Parliament Hall. This was built by James IV following on from the completion of the King's Old Building in 1497, and was being plastered by 1503. Described as "the grandest secular building erected in Scotland in the late Middle Ages", it

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Within the Forework is a courtyard known as the Outer Close. To the south-east are Georgian military buildings; the late 18th-century Main Guard House, and the early 19th-century Fort Major's House. The early North Gate, giving access to the Nether Bailey, contained the original castle kitchens,

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would describe Mowbray's offer, five centuries later, as "a truce involving conditions which ought on no account to have been accepted." As Tytler noted, the effect "was to check the ardour of the Scots in that career of success, which was now rapidly leading to the complete deliverance of their

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The oldest part of the Inner Close is the King's Old Building, located on the western side and completed around 1497. It was begun as a new residential range by James IV, and originally comprised an L-shaped building. The principal rooms were on the first floor, over cellars, and included two

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saw the English in control of Stirling Castle by 1336, when Thomas Rokeby was the commander, and extensive works were carried out, still largely in timber rather than stone. Andrew Murray attempted a siege in 1337, when guns may have been used for one of the first times in Scotland.

1455:, survives to its full height, and is now attached to the later palace. At the east end, the Elphinstone Tower contained a kitchen and possibly an officer's lodging. It was cut down to form a gun battery, probably in the early 18th century when the Outer Defences were rebuilt. 1509:. At the southwest end of the range is a linking building, once used as kitchens, which is on a different alignment to both the King's Old Building and the adjacent Royal Palace. It has been suggested that this is an earlier 15th-century structure, dating from the reign of 1663:. The Renaissance decoration continued inside, although little has survived the building's military use, excepting the carved stone fireplaces. The ceiling of the King's Presence Chamber was originally decorated with a series of carved oak portrait roundels known as the 1476:

or "coining house". To the west of the Outer Close, the main parts of the castle are arranged around the quadrangular Inner Close: the Royal Palace to the south, the King's Old Building on the west, the Chapel Royal to the north, and the Great Hall to the east.

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The Royal Lodgings have now been returned to something approaching their former glory. A major programme of research and re-presentation, lasting ten years and costing £12 million, was completed in summer 2011. Since January 2002, the Tapestry Studio at

1630:, who also financed part of the work, in return for land and favours from the king. Further work was carried out during the regency of Mary of Guise, and the upper floor was converted to provide an apartment for the castle governor in the 18th century. 711:, Regent of Scotland as brother of Robert III, undertook works on the north and south gates. The present north gate is built on these foundations of the 1380s, the earliest surviving masonry in the castle. In 1424, Stirling Castle was part of the 1686:

Some of the portraits are believed to be of kings, queens or courtiers, and others are thought to show classical or Biblical figures. As with the exterior carving, similarities to German sources have been noted, and in particular to a ceiling in

1443:", than for defence, as it would have offered little protection against contemporary artillery. The entrance was via a central passage, flanked by two separate pedestrian passages. This triple arrangement was unusual in its time, and Classical 1873:

There are two gardens within the castle, the southern one including a bowling green. Below the castle's west wall is the King's Knot, a 16th-century formal garden, now only visible as earthworks, but once including hedges and knot-patterned

3948: 827:, but the grandest works were at Stirling, and include the King's Old Building, the Great Hall, and the Forework. He also renovated the chapel royal, one of two churches within the castle at this time, and in 1501 received approval from 1823:

The collegiate chapel established by James IV in 1501 lay between the King's Old Building and the Great Hall, but was further south than the present building. This was the chapel in which Queen Mary was crowned in 1543. However, when

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After their departure, Stirling's role as a royal residence declined, and it became principally a military centre. It was used as a prison for persons of rank during the 17th century, and saw few visits by the monarch. The architect

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Most of the principal buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures remain from the fourteenth century, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the early eighteenth century.

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invited to arbitrate between competing claimants. Edward came north in 1291, demanding that Stirling, along with the other royal castles, be put under his control during the arbitration. Edward gave judgement in favour of

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The castle esplanade, or parade ground, has been used as an open-air concert venue for several noted acts, some of whom have used Stirling Castle and the surrounding scenery to film "in concert" DVDs. These acts include

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chambers with wide open views to the west, although the interiors have been much altered. The projecting stair tower has an octagonal upper section, which was copied for a second, later stair tower on the same building.

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restored roofs and facilities of the castle for the return of James VI & I to Scotland, who stayed in Stirling during July 1617. From 1625, extensive preparations were made for the anticipated visit of the new king,

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prior to the visit of Charles I in 1633. The chapel too was later modified for military use, housing a dining room. The wall paintings were rediscovered in the 1930s, and restoration began after the Second World War.

634:. After several months, on 24 June 1313, Mowbray proposed a bargain: that he would surrender the castle, if it were not relieved within one year by the English. Edward Bruce agreed, and withdrew. Scottish historian 1267:

tapestries, four of which are now hanging in the restored Queen's Presence Chamber in the Royal Palace. Historians studying the reign of James V believe that a similar series of Unicorn tapestries were part of the

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The castle is open to the public year-round. Stirling Castle is a popular place for tourists, and according to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, 609,698 people visited in 2019.

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seized the castle in 1584, but surrendered and fled to England when the King arrived with an army. They returned the following year, forcing the King to surrender, although they proclaimed their loyalty to him.

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agreed that a historically correct restoration could be achieved, and works began which were only completed in 1999. The hammerbeam roof and parapet were replaced, windows reinstated, and the outer walls were

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The Outer Defences comprise artillery fortifications, and were built in their present form in the 18th century, although some parts, including the French Spur at the east end, date back to the regency of

4004: 560:, which would last for the next 60 years. The English found Stirling Castle abandoned and empty, and set about occupying this key site. They were dislodged the following year, after the victory of 893:. James V as monarch was said to have travelled in disguise under the name "Gudeman of Ballengeich", after the road running under the eastern wall of the castle. Ballengeich means "windy pass" in 3940: 467:, traditionally the first King of Scotland, besieged a castle at Stirling during his takeover of the Pictish kingdom in the 9th century. Boece is, however, considered an unreliable historian. 1637:. The statues include a line of soldiers on the south parapet, and a series of full-size figures around the principal floor. These principal figures include a portrait of James V, the Devil, 1623:

detail, it is one of the most architecturally impressive buildings in Scotland, covered with unique carved stonework. It was begun in the 1530s, and was largely complete by the late 1540s.

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To the left of the gatehouse, and forming the south side of the Inner Close, is the Royal Palace. The first Renaissance palace in the British Isles, this was the work of King

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to the south-west of the castle, but after his capture by the English in 1174, he was forced to surrender several castles, including Stirling and Edinburgh Castle, under the

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geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, the

4730: 4192: 835:. The Forework, of which little now remains, was derived from French military architecture, although military details were added more for style than for defence. A new 4985: 1659:

Internally, the Palace comprises two apartments, one each for the king and queen. Each has a hall, presence chamber, and bedchamber, with various small rooms known as

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Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, very much a palace as well as a fortress. Several

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By 1303, the English again held the upper hand, and Stirling was the last remaining castle in Scottish hands. Edward's army arrived in April 1304, with at least 17

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The architecture is French-inspired, but the decoration is German in inspiration, and sources for the statues have been found in the work of the German engraver

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and linseed oil. The gardener, George Campbell, built archery butts next to the stables in 1504. James IV played tennis at Stirling with the Spanish ambassador,

1105:, later King James VII of Scotland and II of England, visited the castle in 1681. During this time, the castle's military role became increasingly important, a 3602: 3187: 1384:, and was entered via a drawbridge over a ditch. Excavations in the 1970s showed that much of the original stonework remains within the 18th-century defences. 1287:, to inspect the 15th-century originals, and researched medieval weaving techniques, colour palettes and materials. The weavers worked both at the college in 497:

dedicated a chapel there. It appears to have been an established royal centre by this time, as Alexander died here in 1124. During the reign of his successor

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called the "great temple of Solomon", could be finished in time. The chapel, with its Italianate arched windows, was the work of the Royal Master of Works

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in May 1568, the Earl of Mar was ordered step up security at Stirling around the king and expel from the castle all but his closest friends and relatives.

4505: 4440: 1667:, described as "among the finest examples of Scottish Renaissance wood-carving now extant". Some of the heads may have been made by a French-born carver 1303: 794:. The architecture of these new buildings shows an eclectic mix of English, French and German influences, reflecting the international ambitions of the 3509: 1173: 1043:, including works to the gardens and painting of the Chapel Royal. Charles did not come to Scotland until 1633, and only stayed in the castle briefly. 900:

James V continued and expanded his father's building programme, creating the centrepiece of the castle, the Royal Palace, built under the direction of

4061: 897:. In 1533 a priest James Nicholson was in charge of the building fabric, and he also fed cranes, herons, peacocks, and bitterns for the king's table. 778:

Almost all the present buildings in the castle were constructed between 1490 and 1600, when Stirling was developed as a principal royal centre by the

4995: 4723: 1070:, Colonel William Conyngham was obliged to surrender on 14 August. Damage done during the siege can still be seen on the church and the Great Hall. 4975: 4940: 132: 3686: 1447:

have been suggested as an influence. The gatehouse was dismantled gradually, and was consolidated in its present form in 1810. At each end of the

1177: 4688: 4117: 3729: 1671:. The carvings were taken down following a ceiling collapse in 1777, and of an estimated 56 original heads, 38 survive. Most were given to the 1185: 1380:

known as an orillon, and contained gun emplacements which protected the main spur. This projecting spur was fronted by an earth ramp called a

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Stirling remained a centre of royal administration until the death of Alexander III in 1286. His passing triggered a succession crisis, with

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The new building was erected within a year, north of the old site to improve access to the hall. There was some doubt if the chapel, which

978:. Grange led a raid on Stirling in 1571, attempting to round up the Queen's enemies, but failed to gain control of the castle or the King. 3093: 1125:. Government troops, under the Duke of Argyll, quickly moved to occupy the fortress, then advanced to Sheriffmuir to block Mar's way. The 4955: 1005:

decided to come to Stirling for the birth of her first child, and James ordered the palace which was in "ruin and decay" to be repaired.

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described the statues as "the fruits of an imagination luxuriant but revolting". The west façade is undecorated and incomplete, and the

1936: 819:, and sought to establish a palace of European standing at Stirling. He undertook building works at the royal residences of Edinburgh, 4682: 4143: 2261: 1645:. Their arrangement on the north, east and south faces of the Palace has been interpreted in relation to the quarters of the heavens. 1388: 1018: 990: 679:"inforsyt it grettumly, for riche he was and full mychty" (enforced it greatly, for rich he was and full mighty). In 1360, Robert de 2371: 5015: 4244: 4166: 3005: 881:. His successor, James V (reigned 1513–1542), was crowned in the chapel royal, and grew up in the castle under the guardianship of 2969: 683:

was appointed governor of Stirling Castle, an office he passed on to his son John and grandson William, who was governor in 1399.

4990: 751: 1513:. Excavations within this building in 1998 revealed burials, suggesting that this may have been the site of a church or chapel. 4980: 947:. Darnley was already estranged from the Queen and did not attend although he was resident at the castle. James' guardian, the 763: 672: 4970: 4483: 4387: 4254: 4176: 2833: 2601: 2419: 2155: 1833: 1672: 1010: 482:, although it is now thought that the legend of Monenna results from a later confusion of early Christian figures, including 2839: 1485: 451:

Other legends have been associated with Stirling, or "Snowdoun" as it was more poetically known. The 16th-century historian

4945: 3238: 2024: 1050:, and he became the last reigning monarch to stay here, living at the castle in 1650. The Royalist forces were defeated at 994: 743: 193: 3045: 61: 4965: 1943:

are located in the King's Old Building. The museum closed for refurbishment on 31 August 2018 and reopened in June 2021.

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of Charles II, the Earl of Mar was restored as governor, and the castle was frequently used as a prison, housing several

1063: 1017:, the chapel completed the quadrangle of the Inner Close. Like his predecessors Henry spent his childhood here under the 952: 948: 695:

The north gate of the castle, at the lower left, is probably the oldest part of the castle, dating partly from the 1380s.

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Vajira Premadasa & Michael Pearce, "Digital Visualisation and Design Development in Historic Building Projects",

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only traces now remain, and mirrored by further rounds at the rear of the gatehouse. The overall design, as drawn by

1295: 1189: 951:, was made hereditary governor of the castle in 1566. Mary was travelling from Stirling when she was abducted by the 758:(reigned 1460–1488) was born here, and later undertook works to the gardens and the chapel royal. The manufacture of 3598: 3183: 1117:

was deprived of the governorship, as well as the post of Scottish Secretary. In response, he raised the standard of

955:, beginning the chain of events that led to her forced abdication and her flight to England. When Mary escaped from 4739: 4218: 3901: 1840: 1829: 1559:

It was worked on by a number of English craftsmen, and incorporates some English design ideas, being comparable to

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laid siege to the castle on 6 August 1651, erecting gun platforms in the adjacent churchyard. After the garrison

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and masons brought from France. James V also died young, leaving unfinished work to be completed by his widow,

882: 708: 606:, which destroyed the castle's gatehouse. Although Edward's victory seemed complete, he was dead by 1307, and 5040: 4629: 3996: 3505: 1114: 557: 369: 357: 257: 189: 169: 1798: 742:. The Burgundian knights were the victors. In 1452, it was at Stirling Castle that James stabbed and killed 521:

in 1189. Stirling continued to be a favoured royal residence, with William himself dying there in 1214, and

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2010 video Historic Scotland overview of the Stirling Palace project narrated by archaeologist Peter Yeoman

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Pearce, Michael (2018). "A French Furniture Maker and the 'Courtly Style' in Sixteenth-Century Scotland".

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thirty years later. However, there is no archaeological evidence for occupation of Castle Hill before the

2029: 2013: 1676: 1118: 975: 747: 517:. There is no evidence that the English actually occupied the castle, and it was formally handed back by 989:

in April 1578, after his son was fatally wounded during a struggle at the gate. The rebellious Earls of

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being built in the castle gardens, and a formal garrison installed from 1685. At the accession of King

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Next summer, the castle changed hands again, being abandoned by the Scots after the English victory at

365: 2340: 4868: 4645: 1679:, Edinburgh. Another two are on display in the Thieves Pot, a preserved 16th-century jail within the 1653: 1627: 1110: 901: 569: 522: 353: 342: 253: 4113: 770:, fought over almost the same ground as the Battle of Bannockburn, just to the south of the castle. 4950: 1979: 1887: 1879: 1878:. The surviving octagonal earthwork mount was the work of the gardener William Watts and architect 1616: 1139: 1035: 584: 218:

Castle dates from at least early 12th century, present buildings mostly built between 1490 and 1600

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curtain wall was a rectangular tower. The west tower, known as the Prince's Tower, probably after

1423:, and was probably completed around 1506. It originally formed part of a Forework, extending as a 5035: 4659: 1649: 1506: 1502: 1263: 1213: 1130: 1122: 1051: 963: 494: 1395:. One of the caponiers survives and is accessible from Guardhouse Square by a narrow staircase. 801: 44: 4919: 4651:

2010 Video showing re-instatement decoration in the Queen's audience chamber of Stirling Palace

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The gatehouse providing entry from the outer defences to the castle proper was erected by King

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Like the Linlithgow structure, the Forework was probably intended more for show, evoking the "

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of 1603, when his father succeeded as King of England and the royal family left for London.

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Queen Mary returned to Scotland in 1561, and visited Stirling Castle frequently. She nursed

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in the chapel royal on 9 September 1543. She too was brought up here, until she was sent to

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The building works begun by James IV had not been completed at the time of his death at the

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kept an alchemist called Caldwell maintaining a furnace for "quinta essencia", the mythical

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Lynch, Michael, 'Queen Mary's Triumph: the Baptismal Celebrations at Stirling in 1566,' in

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retreated into the castle. However, they were quickly starved into surrender by the Scots.

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Atti e memorie delle RR. Deputazioni di storia patria per le provincie Modenesi e Parmensi

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to escape from the castle during its use as a military prison in the Second World War.

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An illustration of Stirling Castle features on the reverse side of a current series of

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1449, which included a combat between two teams of three, led by the Burgundian knight

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was born in the castle in 1594, and the present Chapel Royal was constructed for his

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was born in 1594, it was decided to rebuild the chapel as a suitable venue for the

1299: 1181: 1169: 1165: 956: 643:, to save the castle. On 23 June 1314, King Robert's forces met the English at the 619: 479: 464: 445: 4571:

Shire, Helena M (1996). "The King in his House". In Williams, Janet Hadley (ed.).

1977:, Germany, the castle was used to film the exterior shots for the 1970s TV series 1526: 1150: 889:

brought 7,000 men to Stirling to wrest control of the young king from his mother,

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in Stirling but now these are preserved in the castle, and three more are in the

1668: 1575: 1490: 1346: 1055: 1002: 971: 894: 820: 795: 779: 766:, died in Stirling Castle in 1486, and two years later James himself died at the 739: 615: 565: 425: 390: 4494: 3234: 1717: 1432:

in 1693, shows French influence, and has parallels with the forework erected at

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In 1873 a system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted under the

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2011 Video – Historic Scotland artistic overview of the Stirling Palace project

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the Green Lady as a portent of impending danger, often in the form of a fire.

1731: 1073: 401:". It is likely that this natural feature was occupied at an early date, as a 4934: 4816: 3862: 2596:. Vol. III. Edinburgh: HM General Register House. pp. lxxxvi, 379. 2411: 2093: 1844: 1780: 1564: 1373: 1284: 1276: 1014: 986: 944: 931:, through an illness here in 1565, and the two were soon married. Their son, 905: 867: 611: 409: 398: 386: 331: 319: 315: 147: 134: 4083: 2429: 854:

is based on facts, the castle walls may have been the site of an attempt at

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After James' murder in 1437, Joan took shelter here with her son, the young

707:(reigned 1390–1406), the earliest surviving parts of the castle were built. 591:. King Edward failed to relieve the garrison, who were forced to surrender. 303:, is one of the largest and most historically and architecturally important 4886: 4846: 4708: 2367: 2262:"The largest trebuchet ever built: Warwolf in the Siege of Stirling Castle" 2097: 1946: 1448: 691: 680: 627: 595: 561: 550: 483: 452: 939:. The celebrations included fireworks, an assault on a mock castle, and a 671:, the future King Robert II, retook Stirling in a siege during 1341–1342. 4896: 4829: 1924: 1920: 1767: 1579: 1553: 1501:

In 1855, the north end of the building burned down, and was rebuilt in a

1465: 1429: 1291:, and at a studio at Stirling Castle. The project was completed in 2015. 1288: 1258: 1078: 863: 502: 475: 327: 288: 3822: 746:, when the latter refused to end a potentially treasonous alliance with 4856: 4839: 4028:"Scottish museum to re-open to public after multi-million pound revamp" 2576:. Glasgow: Association for Scottish Literary Studies. pp. 295–296. 2147: 1898: 1638: 1603: 1411: 1254: 1235: 1158: 1146: 1098: 836: 394: 1699:, The project involved the recreation of seven hand-woven tapestries. 1538: 815:

James IV (reigned 1488–1513) kept a full Renaissance court, including

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The first record of Stirling Castle dates from around 1110, when King

4861: 4419: 3673: 3671: 1996: 1916: 1085: 759: 648: 603: 402: 3997:"Facebook – The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Regimental Museum" 2108:(14th ed.). Archibald Constable & Co. pp. 292 and 438. 630:, the king's brother, laid siege to Stirling, which was held by Sir 4804: 4640: 2216:

Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625

2000: 1932: 1883: 1875: 1584: 1440: 1399: 1392: 712: 533: 433: 308: 300: 3970: 3668: 3119: 385:

Castle Hill, on which Stirling Castle is built, forms part of the

4672: 4663: 4654: 4396: 4168:

Scottish Pride: 101 Reasons to Be Proud of Your Scottish Heritage

1862: 1377: 816: 651:; its defences destroyed to prevent reoccupation by the English. 599: 487: 417: 393:

around 350 million years old, which was subsequently modified by

4628: 1046:

Following the execution of Charles I, the Scots crowned his son

4698: 4315: 4275:

Lacunar Strevelinense, A Collection of Heads in Stirling Castle

3235:"Stirling – 'The Prospect of their Ma'ties Castle of Sterling'" 2972:. Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 1974: 1928: 1908: 1692: 1660: 1599:

East façade of the Royal Palace with Renaissance-period statues

1067: 940: 304: 2092:

in the 15th century, and the name was later used in poetry by

1184:, the 91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot and the 364:

unsuccessfully tried to take the castle. Stirling Castle is a

1865:

was blocked in response to the threat of Jacobite rebellion.

1688: 1656:

noted in 1625 that the building was "schote over the craig".

1352:

The French Spur, part of the outer defences, looking eastward

413: 4677: 962:

The young King James was crowned in July 1567 in the nearby

4319: 3945:

An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland

3646:"Doors open after £12m Stirling Castle Royal Palace revamp" 3467:"Doors open after £12m Stirling Castle royal palace revamp" 3042:"Sussex art historian to launch London tapestry exhibition" 2574:

The Poems of William Dunbar: Volume 2, Notes and Commentary

2339:

Anderson, Rev. John (1911). Balfour Paul, Sir James (ed.).

1568: 1376:

in the 1550s. The French Spur was originally an ear-shaped

1129:

was inconclusive, but the rising was effectively over. The

723:, establishing a tradition which later monarchs continued. 437: 4076: 3679:"Magnificent Tapestries arrive in Stirling's Royal Palace" 3008:. regiments.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006 2571: 1882:

in 1629. The gardens were built on the site of a medieval

1723:

All 37 heads of the restored ceiling of the King's Chamber

1626:

The Master of Works, until his execution in 1540, was Sir

505:, and the castle an important administration centre. King 4281: 3640: 3638: 3470: 3068:"Ancient unicorn tapestries recreated at Stirling Castle" 2625: 525:

laying out the New Park, for deer hunting, in the 1260s.

420:

at this time. It may later have been a stronghold of the

3869:, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 377: Laing, David, ed., 3730:""Rare Shewes, the Stirling Baptism of Prince Henry" in 1966:, with Robert the Bruce on horseback in the foreground. 4646:

Stirling Palace – research in 2008 by Historic Scotland

4476:

Rebirth of a Palace: The Royal Court at Stirling Castle

2586: 1081:

in 1693, and showing James IV's now-demolished Forework

4961:

Category A listed buildings in Stirling (council area)

3635: 1890:, in imitation of the legendary court of King Arthur. 474:, associated Stirling with the court of the legendary 2345:. Vol. 8. Edinburgh: David Douglas. p. 256. 966:, and grew up within the castle walls in the care of 440:

control after the defeat of the Northumbrians at the

4246:

Ghosts: The Truth Behind History's Spookiest Spirits

2862:

416:

instead, but the rock may have been occupied by the

4284:

Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland

4084:"ALVA – Association of Leading Visitor Attractions" 3601:. The Words of the Lost Penguin. 22 December 2009. 405:is located on Gowan Hill, immediately to the east. 4600: 3796:"The 'Great Temple of Solomon' at Stirling Castle" 2887: 2825:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 1415:The Forework, entry to the main part of the castle 4986:Historic house museums in Stirling (council area) 4473: 4438: 3793: 2254: 1607:The Royal Palace and the Queen Anne walled garden 912:, was brought to Stirling Castle for safety, and 675:was appointed as its keeper, who in the words of 658:Mowbray refuses to let Edward II into the castle. 4932: 4589: 4420:Glendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus (2004). 4355: 3026:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3006:"93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot" 2990:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2140:Farmer, David Hugh (14 April 2011). "Modwenna". 1556:-influenced royal architecture in that country. 1294:Stirling Castle remains the headquarters of the 858:, c.1509, by the Italian alchemist and abbot of 850:If a satirical account in two poems by the poet 762:in the castle is recorded in 1475. James' wife, 556:In 1296, Edward invaded Scotland, beginning the 4641:Stirling Castle – Historic Environment Scotland 4598: 4570: 4557: 4538: 4441:"The Royal Court and the Community of Stirling" 4290: 4219:"VisitScotland launches Scotland's Ghost Trail" 3178: 3176: 2822:Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William B. (1996). 2593:Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland 2362:. Indianapolis: W. B. Burford. pp. 27–29. 1999:exist in relation to Stirling Castle, with the 1578:was removed in 1800, along with the decorative 1178:91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 970:and under the tutelage of the humanist scholar 349:, in 1542, and others were born or died there. 5021:Tourist attractions in Stirling (council area) 5001:Scottish parliamentary locations and buildings 4116:. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. 2408:Chivalry and Knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513 1186:93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot 1142:, the Jacobites withdrew north on 1 February. 4724: 4503: 2821: 2101: 1950:Castle gardens in front of the Prince's Tower 368:, and is now a tourist attraction managed by 4738: 4685:, early images of Stirling Castle (archived) 4397:Gifford, John; Walker, Frank Arneil (2002). 4336: 4309: 3973:. Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Museum. 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3173: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3143: 3141: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2872: 2870: 2705: 2703: 2392: 2390: 2325: 2323: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2226: 2224: 2177:. London: The British Topographical Society. 1983:, a drama about the many attempts of Allied 1847:. The interior was decorated by the painter 1229:The restored fireplace in the King's Chamber 602:". Warwolf is believed to have been a large 5011:Buildings and structures in Stirling (city) 4592:Stirling Castle, its place in Scots history 4506:"The Stirling Heads and The Stirling Smith" 4019: 3302: 3300: 2722:, vol. 69, 1, no.187 (April 1990), pp. 1–21 2066: 2064: 2062: 1641:, and representations of Venus and several 1544:The interior of the Great Hall facing north 4731: 4717: 4114:"Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank" 4106: 3794:Campbell, Ian; Mackenzie, Aonghus (2011). 3326:"Stirling Castle: the King's Old Building" 2754:HMC Manuscripts of Earls of Mar and Kellie 2653:, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), pp. 96–7, 206. 2517: 2515: 2467:"Historic Scotland / Kirkdale Archaeology" 2464:Detailed research on the 1540 palace from 1398:To the rear of the walls, chambers called 1217:tapestries in the Queen's Presence Chamber 1058:, and the King marched south to defeat at 4272: 3559:Register of the Privy Council of Scotland 3381: 3379: 3211: 3150: 3138: 2930: 2867: 2700: 2405: 2387: 2320: 2284: 2221: 2208: 2181: 1648:The 19th-century architectural historian 1138:by the castle's guns. Despite victory at 345:have been crowned at Stirling, including 4996:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland 4142:. Colditz the TV Series. November 2011. 3360: 3358: 3356: 3297: 2962: 2680:Amadio Ronchini, 'Lorenzo Pomarelli' in 2355: 2338: 2247: 2245: 2059: 1945: 1897: 1779: 1602: 1594: 1493:stained glass in the King's Old Building 1484: 1410: 1192:with its depot in the barracks in 1881. 1084: 1072: 800: 730:. He hosted a tournament at Stirling on 690: 653: 532: 4976:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Stirling 4941:12th-century establishments in Scotland 4492: 3044:. University of Sussex. 16 April 2013. 2885: 2864:, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1891), pp. 517–8. 2629:Black's Picturesque Tourist of Scotland 2512: 2174:History of the Chapel Royal of Scotland 752:Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford 528: 334:in the region from the earliest times. 101: 68: 4933: 4374: 4164: 4025: 3951:from the original on 14 September 2010 3376: 3126:from the original on 10 September 2016 2473:from the original on 24 September 2015 2170: 2139: 1931:. The esplanade also hosts the city's 1480: 1145:From 1800 the Castle was owned by the 412:bypassed Stirling, building a fort at 19:For ships named after the castle, see 4712: 4678:The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 4242: 4064:from the original on 8 September 2012 3908:from the original on 22 November 2017 3512:from the original on 22 November 2017 3477:from the original on 5 September 2018 3353: 3122:. Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. 2695:Register of the Privy Seal: 1581–1584 2560:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland 2531:Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland 2242: 2164: 2117: 2115: 1505:style by the architect and historian 773: 81:Location within Stirling council area 5006:Renaissance architecture in Scotland 4695:Stirling Castle in Black & White 3740:from the original on 1 December 2017 3727: 3689:from the original on 11 January 2012 3074:from the original on 8 November 2016 2886:Goodwin, Stephen (30 January 1999). 2842:from the original on 20 October 2017 2812:, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 245. 2769:, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1978), p. 131. 2767:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1574–1580 2651:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1531–1538 2626:Black, Adam; Black, Charles (1861). 2547:Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500–1504 2025:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland 1532:The Great Hall following restoration 1261:has been working on a recreation of 1195: 1028: 738:and James Douglas, a brother of the 360:, with the last being in 1746, when 4543:(2nd ed.). Sutton Publishing. 4382:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 4360:. B.T. Batsford/Historic Scotland. 4243:Felix, Rebecca (21 December 2015). 4120:from the original on 3 October 2008 3882:Glendinning & McKechnie, p. 68. 3732:Journal of the Northern Renaissance 3599:"Thieves Pot and Bastion, Stirling" 2735:, vol. 3 (London, 1843), pp. 16–17. 2697:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 349. 2572:Bawcutt, Priscilla Bawcutt (1998). 2562:, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), p. 386. 2549:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 448. 2533:, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 277. 1389:attempted Jacobite invasion of 1708 1336:Aerial view of the interior castle 1306:is also located within the castle. 664:second War of Scottish Independence 662:The war was not over, however. The 13: 4956:Castles in Stirling (council area) 4575:. Tuckwell Press. pp. 62–96. 4513:The Forth Naturalist and Historian 4448:The Forth Naturalist and Historian 4282:Billings, Robert Williams (1852). 4094:from the original on 13 April 2015 2272:from the original on 26 March 2020 2112: 2088:Stirling was called "Snowdoun" by 1784:An original Stirling Head, James V 1403:a car park and performance space. 808:, builder of the Royal Palace, by 626:castles were held by the English. 14: 5052: 4622: 4607:. BT Batsford/Historic Scotland. 4286:. Vol. 4. Oliver & Boyd. 4146:from the original on 16 June 2018 4038:from the original on 28 June 2021 3977:from the original on 16 June 2018 3840:from the original on 8 March 2022 3766:from the original on 20 July 2018 3728:Bath, Michael (18 January 2013). 3605:from the original on 17 July 2018 3438:from the original on 15 June 2018 3332:from the original on 17 July 2018 3328:. Historic Environment Scotland. 3285:from the original on 16 June 2018 3190:from the original on 15 June 2018 3100:from the original on 17 June 2016 3048:from the original on 17 July 2018 2810:Calendar of State Papers Scotland 2356:Jeffries, Jennie Forsyth (1920). 1969:Due to its similar appearance to 1941:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1702: 1314: 1296:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 1190:Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 686: 260:(1296–1357); sieges in 1651, 1746 4236: 4211: 4185: 4158: 4132: 4050: 4007:from the original on 8 June 2022 3989: 3963: 3933: 3920: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3856: 3787: 3778: 3752: 3721: 3701: 3656:from the original on 4 June 2011 3626: 3617: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3551: 3241:from the original on 8 June 2022 2900:from the original on 25 May 2022 1855: 1809: 1797: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1716: 1552:represents the first example of 1537: 1525: 1357: 1345: 1323: 1234: 1222: 1204: 1174:72nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot 968:Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar 924:was in charge of the artillery. 709:Robert Stewart, Earl of Menteith 380: 100: 93: 67: 60: 43: 21:Stirling Castle (disambiguation) 5016:Tourist attractions in Scotland 4266: 4026:Hannan, Martin (28 June 2021). 3930:(Edinburgh, 2015), pp. 178–182. 3542: 3533: 3524: 3498: 3489: 3459: 3450: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3367: 3344: 3318: 3309: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3227: 3202: 3164: 3112: 3086: 3060: 3034: 2998: 2953: 2944: 2921: 2912: 2879: 2854: 2815: 2803: 2794: 2781: 2772: 2759: 2756:, vol. 2 (London, 1930), p. 28. 2747: 2738: 2725: 2712: 2687: 2684:(Modena, 1868), pp. 264–5, 271. 2674: 2665: 2656: 2640: 2619: 2610: 2580: 2565: 2552: 2536: 2524: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2458: 2445: 2436: 2399: 2378: 2359:A History of the Forsyth Family 2349: 2332: 2311: 2298: 2233: 2199: 2190: 2143:The Oxford Dictionary of Saints 1788: 1590: 715:(marriage settlement) given to 463:, fortified Stirling, and that 356:, including several during the 352:There have been at least eight 276:James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar 4991:Regimental museums in Scotland 2828:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2214:Dunbar, Sir Archibald H.,Bt., 2133: 2124: 2082: 2073: 2050: 2041: 1458: 1121:, the "Old Pretender", in the 937:baptised here in December 1566 699:Under the early Stewart kings 49:Aerial view of Stirling Castle 1: 4981:Wars of Scottish Independence 4689:Video view of Stirling Castle 4630:Historic Environment Scotland 4594:(2nd ed.). Eneas Mackay. 3561:, vol. 13, Edinburgh, p. 708. 2079:Gifford & Walker, p.42–43 2035: 1939:and Home Headquarters of the 1893: 1516: 1302:in Edinburgh since 2014. The 1115:John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar 985:was ejected by supporters of 902:Sir James Hamilton of Finnart 558:Wars of Scottish Independence 370:Historic Environment Scotland 358:Wars of Scottish Independence 258:Wars of Scottish Independence 190:Historic Environment Scotland 4971:Royal residences in Scotland 4704:360° tour can be found here. 1990: 1816:The interior of Chapel Royal 1275:The team of weavers visited 1168:and the barracks became the 866:. The Captain of the Castle 744:William, 8th Earl of Douglas 436:in 655. The area came under 324:farthest downstream crossing 7: 4946:12th-century fortifications 4634:"Stirling Castle (SM90291)" 4496:Scotland's Stewart Monarchs 3941:"King's Knot: Site History" 2791:, John Donald (2003), p.57. 2308:(William Tait, 1845) p. 270 2030:List of castles in Scotland 2014:Governor of Stirling Castle 2007: 1677:National Museum of Scotland 1406: 1309: 976:William Kirkcaldy of Grange 831:for the establishment of a 748:John of Islay, Earl of Ross 330:, has made it an important 10: 5057: 4966:Listed castles in Scotland 4691:on ScotlandonTV (archived) 4474:Harrison, John G. (2011). 4439:Harrison, John G. (2007). 3873:(Edinburgh, 1858), p. 107. 3579:Pearce (2018), pp. 129–30. 2720:Scottish Historical Review 2521:Gifford & Walker, p.45 1868: 1615:. With its combination of 1281:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1077:Stirling Castle, drawn by 983:Alexander Erskine of Gogar 981:The keeper of the Castle, 929:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 614:. By 1313, only Stirling, 538:Statue of Robert the Bruce 375: 366:Scheduled Ancient Monument 318:, which forms part of the 311:. The castle sits atop an 114:Stirling Castle (Scotland) 18: 4907: 4792: 4746: 4590:Stair-Kerr, Eric (1928). 4356:Fawcett, Richard (1995). 3904:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3815:10.1017/S0066622X00004019 3762:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3508:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3495:Dunbar (1999), pp.50, 221 3434:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3281:. Undiscovered Scotland. 3186:. Undiscovered Scotland. 2406:Stevenson, Katie (2006). 2218:, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 116 1654:Privy Council of Scotland 1628:James Hamilton of Finnart 1453:Henry, Prince of Scotland 1157:visited in 1842, and the 570:Battle of Stirling Bridge 354:sieges of Stirling Castle 343:Scottish Kings and Queens 287:Hereditary office of the 281: 269: 264: 249: 241: 222: 214: 209: 199: 185: 180: 163: 126: 54: 42: 35: 30: 4740:British royal residences 4599:Tabraham, Chris (1997). 4539:McKean, Charles (2004). 4291:Cruden, Stewart (1981). 4165:Duncan, Heather (2004). 3871:Letters of John Colville 3717:10.14236/ewic/EVA2013.36 3094:"Armed Forces: location" 2765:Charles Thorpe McInnes, 2744:Fraser 1994, pp. 314–317 2731:Strickland, Agnes, ed., 2634:Adam & Charles Black 2414:. pp. 52–3, 72–66. 2171:Rogers, Charles (1882). 1681:Thistles Shopping Centre 1617:Renaissance architecture 1188:amalgamated to form the 703:(reigned 1371–1390) and 457:Historia Gentis Scotorum 4915:Former royal residences 4573:Stewart Style 1513–1542 4519:: 51–60. Archived from 4493:Higgins, James (2020). 4454:: 29–50. Archived from 4424:. Thames & Hudson. 3971:"Welcome to the museum" 3928:Scotland's Lost Gardens 3850:(subscription required) 2733:Letters of Mary Stewart 2588:Paul, Sir James Balfour 2304:Patrick Fraser Tytler, 1902:Stirling Castle in 2017 1507:Robert William Billings 1264:The Hunt of the Unicorn 1214:The Hunt of the Unicorn 1131:Jacobite rising of 1745 1123:Jacobite rising of 1715 1089:Stirling Castle in 1900 964:Church of the Holy Rude 908:. His infant daughter, 540:on the castle esplanade 459:that the Romans, under 4920:Historic Royal Palaces 4504:King, Elspeth (2007). 4339:Scottish Royal Palaces 2102:Scott, Walter (1825). 1951: 1903: 1785: 1608: 1600: 1494: 1416: 1090: 1082: 812: 696: 659: 541: 442:Battle of Dun Nechtain 254:Sieges and occupations 4478:. Historic Scotland. 4422:Scottish Architecture 4403:Buildings of Scotland 4337:Dunbar, John (1999). 4310:Dunbar, John (1975). 3947:. Historic Scotland. 3891:Fawcett, pp. 79, 109. 3803:Architectural History 3711:(2013), pp. 173–180. 3632:Dunbar (1975), p. 26. 3570:Dunbar (1975), p. 21. 3237:. Slezer's Scotland. 3070:. BBC. 23 June 2015. 2789:Scotland under Morton 2374:on 15 September 2010. 2019:Banknotes of Scotland 1995:Numerous accounts of 1949: 1901: 1783: 1619:, and exuberant late- 1606: 1598: 1488: 1414: 1135:Charles Edward Stuart 1127:Battle of Sheriffmuir 1103:James, Duke of Albany 1088: 1076: 804: 768:Battle of Sauchieburn 694: 657: 645:Battle of Bannockburn 636:Patrick Fraser Tytler 536: 362:Bonnie Prince Charlie 226:Significant works by 5041:Mary, Queen of Scots 4874:Thatched House Lodge 4683:Clan Stirling Online 4541:The Scottish Chateau 4526:on 24 September 2015 4461:on 24 September 2015 4277:. William Blackwood. 3623:Dunbar (1975), p. 2. 3588:King, (2007), p. 56. 3557:Masson, David, ed., 3259:Fawcett, pp.100, 104 2317:Stair-Kerr, pp.31–33 2105:The Lady of the Lake 2100:, among others. See 2021:(featured on design) 1241:Replica of a bedroom 1013:. Probably built by 1011:baptism on 30 August 910:Mary, Queen of Scots 856:human-powered flight 529:Wars of Independence 519:Richard I of England 501:, Stirling became a 470:Another chronicler, 347:Mary, Queen of Scots 265:Garrison information 148:56.12389°N 3.94778°W 117:Show map of Scotland 84:Show map of Stirling 4764:Hillsborough Castle 4380:Mary Queen of Scots 4293:The Scottish Castle 3650:BBC News (Scotland) 3373:Dunbar (1999), p.47 3306:Dunbar (1999), p.41 2636:. pp. 180–181. 2306:History of Scotland 1886:arena known as the 1697:Mary Queen of Scots 1481:King's Old Building 1023:Union of the Crowns 764:Margaret of Denmark 546:Edward I of England 194:Ministry of Defence 144: / 37:Stirling, Scotland 4835:Nottingham Cottage 4826:Kensington Palace 4603:Scotland's Castles 4560:Regional Furniture 4341:. Tuckwell Press. 4312:The Stirling Heads 4273:Anonymous (1817). 4193:"Haunted Scotland" 4060:. British Castle. 2693:Gordon Donaldson, 2647:James Balfour Paul 2543:James Balfour Paul 2268:. 9 October 2019. 1952: 1935:celebrations. The 1913:Ocean Colour Scene 1904: 1786: 1609: 1601: 1495: 1417: 1211:Replica of one of 1091: 1083: 833:college of priests 813: 774:Renaissance palace 736:Jacques de Lalaing 697: 660: 542: 245:Still in use today 153:56.12389; -3.94778 16:Castle in Scotland 4928: 4927: 4852:Sandringham House 4779:St James's Palace 4774:Kensington Palace 4754:Buckingham Palace 4485:978-1-84917-055-0 4389:978-0-297-17773-9 4256:978-1-5157-3068-2 4178:978-0-8065-2552-5 4171:. Citadel Press. 4058:"Stirling Castle" 3683:Historic Scotland 3315:Fawcett, pp.36–37 3279:"The Outer Close" 3096:. UK Parliament. 2970:"Training Depots" 2959:Stair-Kerr, p.132 2950:Stair-Kerr, p.131 2927:Stair-Kerr, p.118 2835:978-0-313-28391-8 2671:Fawcett, pp.65–66 2632:(15th ed.). 2616:Fawcett, pp.53–54 2603:978-0-11-490488-3 2509:Fawcett, pp.46–47 2421:978-1-84383-192-1 2342:The Scots Peerage 2157:978-0-19-959660-7 2121:Stair-Kerr, p.2–3 2090:William Worcester 1937:Regimental Museum 1643:planetary deities 1434:Linlithgow Palace 1304:regimental museum 1251:West Dean College 1196:Twentieth century 1029:Military fortress 1001:In December 1593 918:Inchmahome Priory 879:Battle of Flodden 874:, at the castle. 839:was painted with 829:Pope Alexander VI 810:Corneille de Lyon 677:Andrew of Wyntoun 574:William FitzWarin 515:Treaty of Falaise 472:William Worcester 389:, a formation of 294: 293: 5048: 4892:Frogmore Cottage 4882:Adelaide Cottage 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4637: 4618: 4606: 4595: 4586: 4567: 4554: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4510: 4500: 4489: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4435: 4416: 4399:Central Scotland 4393: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4306: 4287: 4278: 4261: 4260: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3725: 3719: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652:. 6 April 2011. 3642: 3633: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3432:"The Great Hall" 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3184:"Outer defences" 3180: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3148: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2891: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2787:Hewitt, George, 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2558:Thomas Dickson, 2556: 2550: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2462: 2456: 2455:, (1958), 36–44. 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2370:. Archived from 2353: 2347: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2205:Stair-Kerr, p.16 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2146:(5th ed.). 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2098:Sir Walter Scott 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 1849:Valentine Jenkin 1813: 1804:The Chapel Royal 1801: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1720: 1541: 1529: 1489:The arms of the 1445:triumphal arches 1361: 1349: 1327: 1300:Redford Barracks 1270:royal collection 1238: 1226: 1208: 1182:Childers Reforms 1180:. Following the 1166:Cardwell Reforms 957:Lochleven Castle 953:Earl of Bothwell 922:Michael Gardiner 578:Marmaduke Thweng 480:Edinburgh Castle 465:Kenneth MacAlpin 181:Site information 176: 159: 158: 156: 155: 154: 149: 145: 142: 141: 140: 137: 118: 104: 103: 97: 85: 71: 70: 64: 47: 38: 28: 27: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5045: 4951:Stirling Castle 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4903: 4822:Highgrove House 4810:Craigowan Lodge 4800:Balmoral Castle 4788: 4769:Holyrood Palace 4742: 4737: 4625: 4615: 4583: 4551: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4508: 4486: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4443: 4432: 4413: 4390: 4376:Fraser, Antonia 4368: 4358:Stirling Castle 4349: 4330: 4303: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3926:Marilyn Brown, 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3902:"Nether Bailey" 3900: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784:Fawcett, p. 73. 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3685:. 20 May 2011. 3677: 3676: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539:Shire, pp.76–79 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3473:. 4 June 2011. 3465: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3151: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2894:The Independent 2884: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2641: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2422: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2354: 2350: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2138: 2134: 2130:Stair-Kerr, p.4 2129: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2010: 1993: 1964:Clydesdale Bank 1896: 1871: 1858: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1761:A Roman Emperor 1759: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1673:Smith Institute 1669:Andrew Mansioun 1593: 1576:hammerbeam roof 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1519: 1491:Earl of Douglas 1483: 1461: 1441:age of chivalry 1409: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1317: 1312: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1209: 1198: 1159:Prince of Wales 1107:powder magazine 1095:The Restoration 1056:Oliver Cromwell 1031: 1019:2nd Earl of Mar 1003:Anne of Denmark 972:George Buchanan 885:. In 1515, the 796:Stewart dynasty 776: 740:Earl of Douglas 689: 566:William Wallace 531: 426:Penda of Mercia 391:quartz-dolerite 383: 378: 297:Stirling Castle 283: 271: 202:the public 201: 192: 172: 152: 150: 146: 143: 138: 135: 133: 131: 130: 122: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 108:Stirling Castle 105: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75:Stirling Castle 72: 50: 36: 31:Stirling Castle 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5054: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5036:James VI and I 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4784:Windsor Castle 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4759:Clarence House 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4624: 4623:External links 4621: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4596: 4587: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4549: 4536: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4436: 4430: 4417: 4411: 4394: 4388: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4347: 4334: 4328: 4307: 4301: 4288: 4279: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4235: 4210: 4199:. October 2017 4197:HeraldScotland 4184: 4177: 4157: 4131: 4105: 4075: 4049: 4018: 3988: 3962: 3932: 3919: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3863:Cameron, Annie 3855: 3786: 3777: 3760:"Chapel Royal" 3751: 3734:, no.4 (2012)" 3720: 3700: 3667: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3497: 3488: 3458: 3449: 3423: 3421:Fawcett, p.110 3414: 3412:Fawcett, p.109 3405: 3403:Fawcett, p.103 3396: 3387: 3375: 3366: 3352: 3350:Fawcett, p.107 3343: 3317: 3308: 3296: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3226: 3210: 3208:Fawcett, p.104 3201: 3172: 3163: 3149: 3137: 3111: 3085: 3059: 3033: 2997: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2878: 2866: 2860:David Masson, 2853: 2834: 2814: 2802: 2793: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2746: 2737: 2724: 2711: 2699: 2686: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2639: 2618: 2609: 2602: 2590:, ed. (1901). 2579: 2564: 2551: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2457: 2451:Mackie, R.L., 2444: 2435: 2420: 2410:. Woodbridge: 2398: 2386: 2377: 2348: 2331: 2319: 2310: 2297: 2283: 2253: 2251:Tabraham, p.49 2241: 2232: 2220: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2163: 2156: 2132: 2123: 2111: 2081: 2072: 2058: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2009: 2006: 1992: 1989: 1971:Colditz Castle 1962:issued by the 1895: 1892: 1870: 1867: 1857: 1854: 1828:'s first son, 1815: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1772: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710:Stirling heads 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703:Stirling heads 1701: 1665:Stirling Heads 1650:R. W. Billings 1635:Hans Burgkmair 1592: 1589: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1482: 1479: 1460: 1457: 1408: 1405: 1387:Following the 1363: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315:Outer defences 1313: 1311: 1308: 1279:, part of the 1240: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1155:Queen Victoria 1030: 1027: 891:Margaret Tudor 852:William Dunbar 845:Pedro de Ayala 775: 772: 732:Shrove Tuesday 688: 687:Early Stewarts 685: 673:Maurice Murray 669:Robert Stewart 632:Philip Mowbray 530: 527: 455:claims in his 428:besieged King 422:Manaw Gododdin 382: 379: 377: 374: 292: 291: 285: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 262: 261: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 203: 197: 196: 187: 183: 182: 178: 177: 170:grid reference 167: 165:Grid reference 161: 160: 128: 124: 123: 113: 107: 106: 99: 98: 92: 91: 90: 89: 80: 74: 73: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5053: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:Gatcombe Park 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4614:0-7134-7965-5 4610: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4582:1-898410-82-8 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4550:0-7509-3527-8 4546: 4542: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4431:0-500-20374-1 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4412:0-300-09594-5 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4367:0-7134-7623-0 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4348:1-86232-042-X 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4329:0-11-491310-2 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4302:0-7157-2088-0 4298: 4295:. Spurbooks. 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3629: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3548:Billings, p.3 3545: 3536: 3527: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3394:Fawcett, p.41 3391: 3385:Cruden, p.146 3382: 3380: 3370: 3364:Fawcett, p.39 3361: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3301: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3268:Fawcett, p.44 3265: 3256: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3224:Fawcett, p.50 3221: 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