Antoninus Pius - Knowledge

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the law throughout the empire. One of his chief concerns was to having local communities conform their legal procedures to existing Roman norms: in a case concerning repression of banditry by local police officers ("irenarchs", Greek for "peace keepers") in Asia Minor, Antoninus ordered that these officers should not treat suspects as already condemned, and also keep a detailed copy of their interrogations, to be used in the possibility of an appeal to the Roman governor. Also, although Antoninus was not an innovator, he would not always follow the absolute letter of the law; rather he was driven by concerns over humanity and equality, and introduced into

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and his officers did act in a resolute manner dealing with frontier disturbances of his time, although conditions for long-lasting peace were not created. On the whole, according to Grant, Marcus Aurelius' eulogistic picture of Antoninus seems deserved, and Antoninus appears to have been a conservative and nationalistic (although he respected and followed Hadrian's example of Philhellenism moderately) emperor who was not tainted by the blood of either citizen or foe, combined and maintained Numa Pompilius' good fortune, pacific dutifulness and religious scrupulousness, and whose laws removed anomalies and softened harshnesses.

31: 1208:. Raoul McLaughlin quotes Aurelius Victor as saying "The Indians, the Bactrians, and the Hyrcanians all sent ambassadors to Antoninus. They had all heard about the spirit of justice held by this great emperor, justice that was heightened by his handsome and grave countenance, and his slim and vigorous figure." Due to the outbreak of the Antonine epidemic and wars against northern Germanic tribes, the reign of Marcus Aurelius was forced to alter the focus of foreign policies, and matters relating to the Far East were increasingly abandoned in favour of those directly concerning the Empire's survival. 1131: 1834: 1977:

well-trained intelligence and the sincerest desire for the welfare of his subjects. Instead of plundering to support his prodigality, he emptied his private treasury to assist distressed provinces and cities, and everywhere exercised rigid economy (hence the nickname κυμινοπριστης "cummin-splitter"). Instead of exaggerating into treason whatever was susceptible of unfavorable interpretation, he turned the very conspiracies that were formed against him into opportunities for demonstrating his clemency. Instead of stirring up

757:. Their union could not produce any legitimate offspring who could threaten any heirs, such as those of Antoninus. Also, as one could not have a wife and an official concubine (or two concubines) at the same time, Antoninus avoided being pressed into a marriage with a noblewoman from another family. (Later, Marcus Aurelius would also reject the advances of his former fiancée Ceionia Fabia, Lucius Verus's sister, on the grounds of protecting his children from a stepmother, and took a concubine instead.) 1217: 946:. Eventually, at his wit's end, Antoninus Pius demanded that Paraskevi be immersed into a large kettle of oil and tar. However, she emerged from even this unscathed. When she was accused of using magic, Paraskevi responded by throwing the liquid into the Emperor's face. He was blinded and desperately asked for her help. Antoninus Pius regained his sight. This miracle moved him to convert to Christianity and set Paraskevi free. He did not persecute Christians thereafter. 833: 942:, and brought to trial. The charge was blasphemy and her words were the cause of all the ills that had recently befallen the empire. Antoninus Pius attempted to convince Paraskevi to denounce her faith, and even offered to marry her. Paraskevi refused, and was beaten and tortured by having a steel helmet lined with nails placed on her head and tightened with a vice. No pain seemed to affect her, and her endurance caused many to convert to 8490: 1435:, a former military officer turned by Antoninus into a civil procurator, and who, in view of his subsequent career (discovered on the basis of epigraphical and prosopographical research), was the emperor's most important legal adviser. Maecianus would eventually be chosen to occupy various prefectures (see below) as well as to conduct the legal studies of Marcus Aurelius. He was also the author of a large work on 7501:"... The king of this state always wanted to enter into diplomatic relations with the Han. But Anxi wanted to trade with them in Han silk and so put obstacles in their way, so that they could never have direct relations . This continued until the ninth year of the Yanxi (延熹) reign period of Emperor Huan (桓) (A.D. 166), when Andun 安敦, king of Da Qin, sent an envoy from beyond the frontier of 1925: 824:. He also adopted (briefly) the name Imperator Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus, in preparation for his rule. There seems to have been some opposition to Antoninus' appointment on the part of other potential claimants, among them his former consular colleague Lucius Catilius Severus, then prefect of the city. Nevertheless, Antoninus assumed power without opposition. 1392:. While still a private citizen, Antoninus had increased his personal fortune greatly by means of various legacies, the consequence of his caring scrupulously for his relatives. Also, Antoninus left behind him a reputation for stinginess and was probably determined not to leave his personal property to be "swallowed up by the demands of the imperial throne". 1829:

in Rome. If it was Maecianus who rose to prominence, he may have risen precisely in order to prepare the incoming—and unprecedented—joint succession. In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. Perhaps Antoninus was already ill; in any case, he died before the year

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and Pausanias. These cities received from Antoninus the usual honorific accolades, such as when he commanded that all governors of Asia should enter the province, when taking office, by way of Ephesus. Ephesus was specially favoured by Antoninus, who confirmed and upheld its distinction of having two

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Antoninus was regarded as a skilled administrator and as a builder. In spite of an extensive building directive—the free access of the people of Rome to drinking water was expanded with the construction of aqueducts, not only in Rome but throughout the Empire, as well as bridges and roads—the emperor

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Krzysztof Ulanowski argues that the claims of military inability are exaggerated, considering that although the sources praise Antoninus' love for peace and his efforts "rather to defend, than enlarge the provinces", he could hardly be considered a pacifist, as shown by the conquest of the Lowlands,

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that the reign of Antoninus comprised "a succession of grossly wasted opportunities", given the upheavals that were to come. There is more to this argument, given that the Parthians in the East were themselves soon to make no small amount of mischief after Antoninus' death. Kornemann's brief is that

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however estimable the man, Antoninus was hardly a great statesman. The rest which the Empire enjoyed under his auspices had been rendered possible through Hadrian's activity, and was not due to his own exertions; on the other hand, he carried the policy of peace at any price too far, and so entailed

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Nevertheless, Antoninus was virtually unique among emperors in that he dealt with these crises without leaving Italy once during his reign, but instead dealt with provincial matters of war and peace through their governors or through imperial letters to the cities such as Ephesus (of which some were

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There are no records of any military related acts in his time in which he participated. One modern scholar has written "It is almost certain not only that at no time in his life did he ever see, let alone command, a Roman army, but that, throughout the twenty-three years of his reign, he never went

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agrees that it is possible that had Antoninus acted decisively sooner (it appears that, on his death bed, he was preparing a large-scale action against the Parthians), the Parthians might have been unable to choose their own time, but current evidence is not conclusive. Grant opines that Antoninus

1958:, an unreliable and mostly fabricated work. Nevertheless, it still contains information that is considered reasonably sound; for instance, it is the only source that mentions the erection of the Antonine Wall in Britain. Antoninus is unique among Roman emperors in that he has no other biographies. 1415:

Of the public transactions of this period there is only the scantiest of information, but, to judge by what is extant, those twenty-two years were not remarkably eventful in comparison to those before and after the reign. However, Antoninus did take a great interest in the revision and practice of

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It has been therefore speculated that the invasion of Lowland Scotland and the building of the wall had to do mostly with internal politics, that is, offering Antoninus an opportunity to gain some modicum of necessary military prestige at the start of his reign. Actually, the campaign in Britannia

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Although Antonine's Wall was, in principle, much shorter (37 miles in length as opposed to 73), and at first sight more defensible than Hadrian's Wall, the additional area that it enclosed within the Empire was barren, with land use for grazing already in decay. This meant that supply lines to the

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Antoninus was an effective administrator, leaving his successors a large surplus in the treasury, expanding free access to drinking water throughout the Empire, encouraging legal conformity, and facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves. He died of illness in AD 161 and was succeeded by his

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In his dealings with Greek-speaking cities, Antoninus followed the policy adopted by Hadrian of ingratiating himself with local elites, especially with local intellectuals: philosophers, teachers of literature, rhetoricians and physicians were explicitly exempted from any duties involving private

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A few months afterwards, on Hadrian's death, he was enthusiastically welcomed to the throne by the Roman people, who, for once, were not disappointed in their anticipation of a happy reign. For Antoninus came to his new office with simple tastes, kindly disposition, extensive experience, a

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properties were regarded as public. It was a way of pretending that the Imperial function—and most properties attached to it—was a public one, formally subject to the authority of the Senate and the Roman people. That the distinction played no part in subsequent political history—that the

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as well as by the erasing of Priscianus' name from an inscription. In both cases, Antoninus was not in formal charge of the ensuing repression: Priscianus committed suicide and Titianus was found guilty by the Senate, with Antoninus abstaining from sequestering their families' properties.

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mentions two, made by the senators Cornelius Priscianus ("for disturbing the peace of Spain"; Priscianus had also been Lollius Urbicus' successor as governor of Britain) and Atilius Rufius Titianus (possibly a troublemaker already exiled under Hadrian). Both attempts are confirmed by the

1981:, he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire. Rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emperor's progress through his dominions, he was content to spend all the years of his reign in Rome, or its neighbourhood. 1485:; that accused persons are not to be treated as guilty before trial, as in the case of the irenarchs (see above). Antoninus also asserted the principle that the trial was to be held, and the punishment inflicted, in the place where the crime had been committed. He mitigated the use of 877:

Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus' betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus' daughter, instead. Faustina's betrothal to Ceionia's brother

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at dinner quite greedily. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. The day after that, he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. The emperor gave the keynote to his life in the last word that he uttered: when the

1059:. The wall, however, was soon gradually decommissioned during the mid-150s and eventually abandoned late during the reign (early 160s), for reasons that are still not quite clear. Antonine's Wall is mentioned in just one literary source, Antoninus' biography in the 1810:) and some fellow equestrian procurators held lasting grudges against him. A procurator named Gaius Censorius Niger died while Gavius Maximus was alive. In his will, Censorius Niger vilified Maximus, creating serious embarrassment for one of the heirs, the orator 521:

his adoptive father, or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years. His reign is notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, with no major revolts or military incursions during this time. A successful military campaign in

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wall were strained enough such as the costs for maintaining the additional territory outweighed the benefits of doing so. Also, in the absence of urban development and the ensuing Romanization process, the rear of the wall could not be lastingly pacified.

1594:. Harper (2017) states that the embassy was likely to be a group of merchants, as many Roman merchants traveled to India and some might have gone beyond, while there are no records of official ambassadors of Rome travelling as far east. The group came to 1476:, giving the putative freedman the benefit of the doubt when the claim to freedom was not clearcut. Also, he punished the killing of a slave by their master without previous trial and determined that slaves could be forcibly sold to another master by a 1373:, meaning the properties of the "Crown", the hereditary properties of each succeeding person that sat on the throne, transmitted to his successors in office, regardless of their previous membership in the imperial family. Secondly, the 1480:

in cases of consistent mistreatment. Antoninus upheld the enforcement of contracts for selling of female slaves forbidding their further employment in prostitution. In criminal law, Antoninus introduced the important principle of the

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in her name, with priestesses serving in her temple. He had various coins with her portrait struck in her honor. These coins were scripted "DIVA FAUSTINA" and were elaborately decorated. He further founded a charity, calling it

1024:; however, these were considered less serious than prior (and later) revolts among both. It was however in Britain that Antoninus decided to follow a new, more aggressive path, with the appointment of a new governor in 139, 874:). Two other reasons for this title are that he would support his aged father-in-law with his hand at Senate meetings, and that he had saved those men that Hadrian, during his period of ill-health, had condemned to death. 1551:(Avodah Zarah 10a–b), Rabbi Judah was very wealthy and greatly revered in Rome. He had a close friendship with "Antoninus", possibly Antoninus Pius, who would consult Rabbi Judah on various worldly and spiritual matters. 1387:

biography, where Antoninus replies to Faustina (who complained about his stinginess) that "we have gained an empire lost even what we had before" possibly relates to Antoninus' actual concerns at the creation of the

1791:, i.e., heir apparent. As Antoninus aged, Marcus took on more administrative duties. Marcus's administrative duties increased again after the death, in 156 or 157, of one of Antoninus' most trusted advisers, 1113:

was later to say that, although Antoninus bestowed the direction of the British campaign to others, he should be regarded as the helmsman who directed the voyage, whose glory, therefore, belonged to him.

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in examining slaves by certain limitations. Thus he prohibited the application of torture to children under fourteen years, though this rule had exceptions. However, it must be stressed that Antoninus

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research has revealed that Antoninus' imperial ruling team centered around a group of closely knit senatorial families, most of them members of the priestly congregation for the cult of Hadrian, the

1497:, the use of torture as a means of obtaining evidence to pecuniary cases, when it had been applied up until then only in criminal cases. Also, already at the time torture of free men of low status ( 1802:, an office that was as much secretarial as military. Gavius Maximus had been awarded with the consular insignia and the honours due a senator. He had a reputation as a most strict disciplinarian ( 1994:

calamities on the state after his death. He not only had no originality or power of initiative, but he had not even the insight or boldness to work further on the new lines marked out by Hadrian.

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A. Mischcon, Abodah Zara, p.10a Soncino, 1988. Mischcon cites various sources, "SJ Rappaport... is of opinion that our Antoninus is Antoninus Pius." Other opinions cited suggest "Antoninus" was

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Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, "elaborate". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the

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Antoninus was known as an avid observer of rites of religion and of formal celebrations, both Roman and foreign. He is known for having increasingly formalized the official cult offered to the

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That this quest for some military achievement responded to an actual need is proved by the fact that, although generally peaceful, Antoninus' reign was not free from attempts at usurpation:

1625:, and the envoy arrived in 166, confusion remains about who sent the mission, given that both emperors were named "Antoninus". The Roman mission came from the south (therefore probably by 765: 1895:), Marcus and Lucius nominated their father for deification. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus' campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. A 1862:

of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, "aequanimitas" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since

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he had built in the Forum in 141 to his deified wife Faustina was rededicated to the deified Faustina and the deified Antoninus. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda.

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The Emperor also famously suspended the collection of taxes from multiple cities affected by natural disasters, such as when fires struck Rome and Narbona, and earthquakes affected

1251:. Rome would not witness another Emperor leaving his successor with a surplus for a long time, but this treasury was depleted almost immediately after Antoninus's reign due to the 1424: 1761: 864:

to grant divine honours to Hadrian, which they had at first refused; his efforts to persuade the Senate to grant these honours is the most likely reason given for his title of

816:, on the condition that Antoninus would in turn adopt Marcus Annius Verus, the son of his wife's brother, and Lucius, son of Lucius Aelius, who afterwards became the emperors 683:

Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. His name appears on a Greek Imperial coin.

5740:. Prosopographica et genealogica (in Italian). Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 278. 8685: 8858: 8743: 8702: 1109: in 142. The fact that around the same time coins were struck announcing a victory in Britain points to Antoninus' need to publicise his achievements. The orator 8800: 8760: 1428: 7505:(日南) who offered elephant tusk, rhinoceros horn, and tortoise shell. It was only then that for the first time communication was established ." "Xiyu Zhuan" of the 5601: 2138: 5530: 8821: 8650: 1439:(Testamentary Trusts). As a hallmark of the increased connection between jurists and the imperial government, Antoninus' reign also saw the appearance of the 5417: 3314: 2028:

Although only one of his four children survived to adulthood, Antoninus came to be ancestor to four generations of prominent Romans, including the Emperor

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Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as

13738: 1690:, dated to the early 1st century BC. Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus Pius and perhaps even Marcus Aurelius have been found at 1318:, formerly only a private ritual, now being also performed for the sake of the Emperor's welfare. Antoninus also offered patronage to the worship of 8505: 8033: 3552: 885:

Antoninus built temples, theaters, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of

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absorbed his role as office-holder—proves that the autocratic logic of the imperial order had already subsumed the old republican institutions.

5149: 13862: 1540:. He decreased the silver purity of the denarius from 89% to 83.5, the actual silver weight dropping from 2.88 grams to 2.68 grams. 1512:

being celebrated by the hosting of magnificent games in Rome. It lasted a number of days, and a host of exotic animals were killed, including

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Emmanuelle Collas-Heddeland, "Le culte impérial dans la compétition des titres sous le Haut-Empire. Une lettre d'Antonin aux Éphésiens". In:

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Antoninus' father had no other children and died shortly after his 89 ordinary consulship. Antoninus was raised by his maternal grandfather

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YU, Taishan (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2013). "China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources".

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He acquired much favor with Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor on 25 February 138, after the death of his first adopted son

7854:, "Préfecture du prétoire et haute administration équestre à la fin du règne d'Antonin le Pieux et au début du règne de Marc Aurèle". In: 7861: 6902: 5894: 3895: 8510: 8154: 6958: 6306: 1966: 954: 8681: 8292: 6458: 5840: 5824: 893:. Antoninus made few initial changes when he became emperor, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by Hadrian. 1501:) had become legal, as proved by the fact that Antoninus exempted town councillors expressly from it, and also free men of high rank ( 13753: 13748: 2448: 6474:

W. E. Boyd (1984),"Environmental change and Iron Age land management in the area of the Antonine Wall, central Scotland: a summary".

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by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by

911:, prosopographical research of Antoninus' ruling team allows us to grasp the deeply conservative character of the ruling senatorial 8895: 8739: 7450: 4746: 460: 1266:. He offered hefty financial grants for rebuilding and recovery of various Greek cities after two serious earthquakes: the first, 992:, notwithstanding the fact that there were several military disturbances in the Empire in his time. Such disturbances happened in 406: 13892: 13827: 13728: 13723: 9420: 7410: 2124: 2020:

and the expansion of Germania Superior. Ulanowski also praises Antoninus for being successful in deterrence by diplomatic means.

1365:, no matter how extended and ill-defined his competencies were. He is credited with the splitting of the imperial treasury, the 13733: 1881:, while his spirit would rise to the gods' home in the heavens. However, it seems that this was not the case: according to his 5136: 13713: 10214: 10082: 8469: 8450: 8018: 7989: 7780: 7756: 7589: 7564: 7332: 7260: 7205: 7165: 7123: 7019: 6983: 6939: 6918: 6749: 6692: 6631: 6610: 6589: 6538: 6496: 6389: 5490: 5402: 5292: 1142:

on the reverse) handing the crown to him, an empty claim that Parthia was still subject to Rome after the events surrounding

669:). Faustina was a beautiful woman, and despite rumours about her character, it is clear that Antoninus cared for her deeply. 10247:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

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Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité

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spending for civic purposes, a privilege granted by Hadrian that Antoninus confirmed by means of an edict preserved in the

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has identified five direct descendants of Antoninus and Faustina who were consuls in the first half of the third century.

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was followed by an Imperial salutation, that is, by Antoninus formally taking for the second (and last) time the title of

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Aubert, Jean-Jacques. "L'esclave en droit romain ou l'impossible réification de l'homme". Esclavage et travail forcé,

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Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, First to Second Centuries CE

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The rise of Nemausus from Augustus to Antoninus Pius: a prosopographical study of Nemausian senators and equestrians

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biography (which seems to reproduce an earlier, detailed report) Antoninus' body (and not his ashes) was buried in

1667:. The text specifically states that it was the first time there had been direct contact between the two countries. 1588:

The first group of people claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded in 166 AD by the

1369:. This splitting had to do with the division of imperial properties into two parts. Firstly, the fiscus itself, or 7451:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." 1817:

Gavius Maximus' death initiated a change in the ruling team. It has been speculated that it was the legal adviser

690:, consul 145. She appeared to have no children with her husband; and her sepulchral inscription has been found in 13867: 13847: 12950: 10016: 9999: 9826: 9814: 4477: 3964: 2104: 1201:

publicly displayed). This style of government was highly praised by his contemporaries and by later generations.

6455:. Table ronde de Rome (9–11 novembre 1982) Rome : École Française de Rome, 1984. pp. 241–293. Available at 13000: 12727: 12583: 9987: 9779: 9741: 9701: 9668: 8854: 7826: 7667: 5836: 5820: 5678: 2482: 2072: 2047: 1186: 687: 611:. The link between Antoninus' family and their home province explains the increasing importance of the post of 8056:). More recent modern scholars cite the date as 6 March. Either way, 7 March is the universally accepted date. 5870: 5781: 749:

was a form of female companionship sometimes chosen by powerful men in Ancient Rome, especially widowers like

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Greco-Roman Associations: Texts, translations and commentaries. II: North Coast of the Black Sea, Asia Minor

5412: 3888: 3099: 2675: 1377:, the "private" properties tied to the personal maintenance of the emperor and his family, something like a 642: 13897: 12868: 12805: 12088: 9843: 8888: 7605:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. (1999). "The Roman Empire as Known to Han China".

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makes a brief and confused mention of a war in Britain. In one inscription honouring Antoninus, erected by

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An, Jiayao (2002). "When Glass Was Treasured in China". In Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (eds.).

6235: 1784:. He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. 599:

in his bid to the Imperial office and been rewarded with a suffect consulship, plus an ordinary one under

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The Religious Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome: Ancient Warfare Series, Volume 1

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Heinz Bellen, "Die 'Verstaatlichung' des Privatvermögens der römische Kaiser". Hildegard Temporini, ed.,

6325:, "L'armée des provinces pannoniennes et la pacification des révoltes maures sous Antonin le Pieux". In: 5283: 3653: 2489: 1508:

One highlight during his reign occurred in 148, with the nine-hundredth anniversary of the foundation of

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Scholars name Antoninus Pius as the leading candidate for an individual identified as a friend of Rabbi

13058: 12391: 12128: 11955: 11887: 10469: 10234: 10190: 10168: 10119: 10006: 9797: 9566: 8908: 8796: 8581: 7885: 7497:"... 其王常欲通使于汉，而安息欲以汉缯彩与之交市，故遮阂不得自达。至桓帝延熹九年，大秦王安敦遣使自日南徼外献象牙、犀角、瑇瑁，始乃一通焉。其所表贡，并无珍异，疑传者过焉。" 《后汉书·西域传》 4520: 2268: 2008: 1742: 1190: 492: 303: 229: 1940: 882:, Marcus' future co-Emperor, would also have to be annulled. Marcus consented to Antoninus' proposal. 280: 13579: 11350: 10141: 10109: 9934: 9114: 8873: 4187: 2440: 1818: 1432: 1143: 676:

Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the

439: 7527: 6246: 6221: 5286:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in 506:, and Hadrian adopted him as his son and successor shortly before his death. Antoninus acquired the 291:(reverse). Inscription: ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P. P., TR. P., COS. III / AVRELIVS CAES. AVG. PII F. COS. 13907: 11424: 11195: 11057: 10151: 10104: 9651: 9298: 4271: 2668: 1909: 1774: 1482: 709:

When Faustina died in 141, Antoninus was greatly distressed. In honour of her memory, he asked the

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It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

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at Ephesus, 140–144 AD, explaining how the emperor resolved a dispute between the Roman cities of

13912: 13872: 13837: 13812: 13264: 13179: 13156: 11473: 11335: 11272: 11061: 10861: 10677: 9959: 9939: 9713: 9593: 8881: 8673: 8646: 4726: 3339: 1811: 1469: 1291:), therefore having first place in the list of imperial honor titles, surpassing both Smyrna and 1110: 1080: 1025: 798: 786: 619: 6266: 805:, where he had estates. He then greatly increased his reputation by his conduct as proconsul of 13857: 13768: 13758: 13306: 13285: 13204: 12118: 11978: 11588: 11222: 11182: 10976: 10918: 10802: 10606: 10269: 10229: 10208: 10114: 8904: 8706: 8617: 7522: 7036: 6203: 4760: 3715: 1066: 1013: 967: 634:, suffect consul in 98; from that marriage came two daughters, Arria Lupula and Julia Fadilla. 30: 8263: 8197: 7977: 6815: 6788: 6682: 5762: 1787:

Marcus Aurelius had already been created consul with Antoninus in 140, receiving the title of

1326:. In 148, he presided over the celebrations of the 900th anniversary of the founding of Rome. 13778: 13254: 13219: 13199: 13189: 13151: 11751: 11655: 11009: 10163: 10158: 10134: 10129: 10045: 9882: 9870: 9641: 9266: 8664: 8364: 8236: 8006: 7879: 7859: 6900: 6005: 5978: 5951: 5914: 2910: 1888: 1871: 1792: 1130: 806: 677: 523: 129: 8152: 6956: 6456: 6304: 5627: 1845:

Two days before his death, the biographer reports, Antoninus was at his ancestral estate at

13773: 13279: 13234: 12607: 12235: 12170: 12023: 12018: 11725: 11720: 11573: 10999: 10787: 10666: 10146: 10094: 9954: 9929: 9894: 9809: 9723: 9573: 9404: 8533: 8289: 7555:

Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.).

5008: 4719: 4215: 3949: 2056:(21 September between 125 and 130–175), had several children; those who had children were: 2053: 1560: 997: 853: 698: 631: 172: 5000:

dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships

713:

to deify her as a goddess, and authorised the construction of a temple to be built in the

657:. They are believed to have enjoyed a happy marriage. Faustina was the daughter of consul 498:

Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor

8: 13822: 13269: 13244: 13209: 13146: 12521: 12496: 11700: 11695: 11119: 10550: 10077: 10062: 10040: 9975: 9964: 9919: 9865: 9355: 9293: 9256: 8545: 8426: 5012: 4984: lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned 4264: 2891: 1595: 1574: 1441: 1194: 1074: 972: 903: 626:. The Arrii Antonini were an older senatorial family from Italy, very influential during 518: 7557:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

7461: 1780:

In 156, Antoninus Pius turned 70. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without

13817: 13559: 13546: 13123: 12133: 11705: 11680: 10747: 10522: 10124: 10067: 10011: 9993: 9982: 9944: 9914: 9792: 9510: 9414: 9164: 9133: 9126: 8052:". However, most historians who cite the passage indicate that it occurred on 7 March ( 8048:, written half a century later, states that his successors took power the day before: " 7622: 7457: 7365: 6790:

Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China

6684:

Rome, Parthia, and the Politics of Peace: The Origins of War in the Ancient Middle East

3919: 3911: 1826: 1799: 1300: 1204:

Antoninus was the last Roman Emperor recognised by the Indian Kingdoms, especially the

1154: 959: 742: 654: 604: 503: 488: 140: 1833: 591:). Titus Aurelius Fulvus was the son of a senator of the same name, who, as legate of 13614: 13593: 13487: 13454: 13166: 12501: 12123: 12003: 11625: 11553: 11211: 11014: 11004: 10936: 10262: 10089: 10035: 9876: 9774: 9749: 9598: 9460: 9196: 9181: 9059: 9027: 8551: 8465: 8446: 8269: 8242: 8203: 8014: 7985: 7956: 7889: 7822: 7776: 7752: 7724: 7691: 7663: 7585: 7560: 7430: 7373: 7349: 7328: 7294: 7256: 7235: 7201: 7161: 7140: 7119: 7086: 7065: 7015: 6979: 6935: 6914: 6879: 6845: 6821: 6794: 6745: 6712: 6688: 6664: 6643: 6627: 6606: 6585: 6564: 6534: 6513: 6492: 6453:

Du châtiment dans la cité. Supplices corporels et peine de mort dans le monde antique

6435: 6385: 6364: 6343: 6262: 6125: 6011: 5984: 5957: 5768: 5741: 5486: 5453: 5398: 5376: 5357: 5338:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families" 2033: 1901:, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Antoninus, now 1718: 1089: 1033: 935: 908: 623: 592: 147: 1822: 1536:. While this increased Antoninus's popularity, the frugal emperor had to debase the 13793: 13620: 13448: 13214: 12968: 12551: 11848: 11744: 11685: 11109: 11089: 10219: 10196: 10099: 10072: 10057: 10023: 9949: 9909: 9899: 9624: 9551: 9521: 9384: 9339: 9334: 9206: 8436: 8375: 7614: 6198:

H.G. Pflaum, "Les prêtres du culte impérial sous le règne d'Antonin le Pieux". In:

5906: 5639: 5541: 5476: 5288: 4753: 3092: 2682: 1985:

Some historians have a less positive view of his reign. According to the historian

1954: 1883: 1695: 1603: 1383: 1283: 1270:

140, which affected mostly Rhodes and other islands; the second, in 152, which hit

1263: 1178: 1070: 1061: 856: 662: 7219:

Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian

6293: 3291: 1157:

governor and the dispatch of additional soldiers to the province. On the northern

726:, which assisted destitute girls of good family. Finally, Antoninus created a new 13565: 13535: 13494: 13430: 13174: 13104: 12974: 12313: 11968: 11690: 11084: 10722: 10690: 10529: 9860: 9850: 9759: 9546: 9454: 9442: 9436: 9288: 9109: 9079: 9022: 9002: 8845: 8788: 8627: 8440: 8428:

A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius

8359: 8296: 8158: 8041: 7865: 7851: 7040: 6962: 6906: 6462: 6322: 6310: 6209: 5480: 4278: 4223: 4195: 2902: 2660: 2433: 1999: 1945: 1838: 1746: 1722: 1687: 1622: 1465: 1252: 1123: 1093: 977: 929: 817: 754: 702: 622:, reputed by contemporaries to be a man of integrity and culture and a friend of 608: 535: 432: 374: 288: 177: 77: 11271: 7688:

Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305

1621:" (Rome). As Antoninus Pius died in 161, leaving the empire to his adoptive son 934:

There is a Christian tradition that in the village of Therapia, Constantinople,

603:

in 85. The Aurelii Fulvi were therefore a relatively new senatorial family from

13852: 13842: 13661: 13459: 13138: 13094: 12963: 12047: 11973: 11803: 11675: 11635: 11383: 11235: 11200: 11190: 11124: 11079: 10961: 10956: 10536: 10515: 10481: 9754: 9718: 9663: 9556: 9479: 9377: 9371: 9303: 9283: 9037: 5390: 2881: 2626: 2084: 1878: 1788: 1766: 1671: 1649: 1537: 1446: 1352: 1338:

Copy inscribed in marble of a letter from Antoninus to the Ephesians, from the

1174: 1162: 1150: 1085: 1056: 1052: 1043:

Under instructions from the emperor, Lollius undertook an invasion of southern

845: 701:(between 125 and 130–175), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin 580: 287:, struck 140 AD with portrait of Antoninus Pius (obverse) and his adoptive son 2043:

Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138), died young without issue

1431:, a prolific writer; and three others. Of these three, the most prominent was 1247:

still managed to leave behind a sizable public treasury of around 2.7 billion

1216: 672:

Faustina bore Antoninus four children, two sons and two daughters. They were:

13806: 13340: 13239: 13071: 13041: 12717: 12572: 12429: 12298: 12138: 12113: 12063: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11650: 11457: 11388: 11378: 11240: 10994: 10742: 10685: 10638: 10475: 10434: 10224: 10184: 9728: 9536: 9344: 8501: 8496: 8045: 5723: 4975: 4257: 3130: 2261: 2017: 1962: 1854: 1205: 1170: 1048: 1021: 898: 813: 527: 484: 48: 8514:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149. 8399: 8147:

Robert Turcan, "Origines et sens de l'inhumation à l'époque impériale". In:

7660:

Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road

5102: 2040:

Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (died before 138), died young without issue

1000:

in place of the usual equestrian procurator and cavalry reinforcements from

13425: 13259: 13249: 13224: 13076: 13026: 12985: 12711: 12623: 12511: 12424: 12404: 12323: 12288: 12283: 12169: 12108: 11818: 11640: 11630: 11593: 11548: 11462: 11452: 11442: 11358: 11074: 10951: 10760: 10701: 10561: 10508: 10413: 9969: 9764: 9696: 9691: 9681: 9504: 9366: 9007: 8835: 8778: 8720: 8631: 7744: 7426: 6200:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

5910: 4918: 4238: 3162: 1544: 1533: 1339: 1323: 1303:(27.1.6.8). Antoninus also created a chair for the teaching of rhetoric in 1005: 943: 879: 861: 821: 734: 710: 666: 572: 539: 514: 364: 268: 183: 81: 7083:

Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 B.C. – A.D. 250

5643: 5446:"Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire – Some Addenda" 1717:) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the 13529: 13474: 13325: 13274: 13194: 13066: 12958: 12940: 12898: 12809: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12644: 12628: 12601: 12566: 12556: 12491: 12444: 12434: 12419: 12409: 12356: 12318: 12293: 12273: 12263: 12029: 12013: 11988: 11983: 11783: 11710: 11620: 11603: 11558: 11533: 11467: 11447: 11432: 11414: 11144: 11139: 10946: 10773: 10753: 10567: 10501: 10492: 10376: 9833: 9708: 9658: 9583: 9157: 9104: 9047: 8346: 7043:, and therefore turned into public properties: Carrié & Roussele, 586 6995: 6247:"Saint Paraskevi", St. Barbara Greek Orthodox Church, Orange, Connecticut 6222:"Saint Paraskevi", St. Barbara Greek Orthodox Church, Orange, Connecticut 4928: 1738: 1679: 1675: 1660: 1570: 1378: 1361: 1315: 963: 923: 832: 746: 714: 647: 564: 208: 104: 7582:

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)

2007:

Antoninus might have waged preventive wars to head off these outsiders.

13646: 13600: 13553: 13508: 13480: 13301: 13184: 13109: 13036: 12925: 12740: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12650: 12638: 12618: 12591: 12561: 12541: 12486: 12439: 12414: 12346: 12308: 12278: 12268: 12008: 11808: 11798: 11568: 11563: 11528: 11437: 11409: 11230: 11134: 11129: 11114: 11099: 10907: 10901: 10815: 10543: 10361: 10298: 9889: 9804: 9769: 9734: 9646: 9561: 9321: 9314: 9261: 9241: 9186: 9151: 9144: 9089: 9054: 8917: 7952: 7506: 6635: 6624:

From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire AD 14–192

5764:

Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History

2088: 1986: 1664: 1646: 1590: 1525: 1282:. Antoninus' financial help earned him praise by Greek writers such as 1248: 1173:, probably Gaius Popillius Carus Pedo, built new fortifications in the 1037: 993: 989: 890: 36: 8903: 7910: 7626: 6814:

Allen, Timothy F. H.; Hoekstra, Thomas W.; Tainter, Joseph A. (2012).

1929: 13586: 13501: 13464: 13390: 13384: 13311: 13291: 13008: 12990: 12935: 12915: 12778: 12613: 12596: 12546: 12399: 12366: 12361: 12303: 12102: 11923: 11876: 11828: 11788: 11765: 11538: 11404: 11373: 11027: 10941: 10767: 10648: 10385: 9636: 9588: 9498: 9485: 9272: 9201: 9174: 9169: 9138: 9084: 9032: 8967: 8962: 7927: 7422: 1952:

The only intact account of his life handed down to us is that of the

1750: 1703: 1683: 1599: 1529: 1477: 1417: 1319: 1288: 1166: 1158: 1106: 1017: 894: 842: 794: 750: 612: 596: 8386:. Note that the Historia Augusta includes pseudohistorical elements. 6911:

Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine Age

13656: 13651: 13640: 13607: 13522: 13515: 13469: 13441: 13435: 13400: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 12980: 12920: 12763: 12735: 12328: 12258: 12070: 12056: 12036: 11998: 11910: 11855: 11813: 11645: 11615: 11578: 11523: 11368: 11245: 11150: 11094: 10989: 10896: 10890: 10879: 10845: 10729: 10715: 10708: 10695: 10659: 10399: 9904: 9686: 9578: 9531: 9491: 9473: 9393: 9328: 9308: 9278: 9251: 9246: 9231: 9221: 9191: 9099: 9094: 9042: 9017: 9012: 8977: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8039:. The date is found in an inscription by Titus Flavius Xenion. The 7723:(revised ed.). Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. pp. 24–25. 7618: 7487:. Princeton, New Jersey, United States: Princeton University Press. 7062:

The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 11: The High Empire, AD 70–192

5445: 4492: 3188: 2029: 1867: 1863: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1657: 1513: 1494: 1409: 1292: 1044: 1001: 886: 774: 728: 600: 584: 556: 513:

after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the

507: 384: 284: 100: 8495:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

6296:, '"Enceintes urbaines et insécurité en Maurétanie Tingitane" In: 1691: 1274:(where the huge and newly built Temple to Hadrian was destroyed), 588: 13633: 13572: 13415: 13099: 12910: 12904: 12892: 12773: 12768: 12705: 12684: 12529: 12481: 12381: 12371: 12096: 11993: 11963: 11945: 11934: 11917: 11869: 11862: 11793: 11715: 11363: 11171: 11157: 11069: 11020: 10926: 10869: 10820: 10653: 10643: 10623: 10556: 10406: 10285: 9838: 9541: 9448: 9361: 9216: 8992: 8610: 5356:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. 5337: 4535: 4511: 3171: 2098: 2059: 1933: 1859: 1850: 1770: 1707: 1699: 1642: 1630: 1578: 1517: 1486: 1343: 1275: 1271: 1135: 1029: 849: 802: 790: 778: 560: 499: 344: 248: 224: 66: 10297: 7325:

Fear of slaves, fear of enslavement in the ancient Mediterranean

5518: 1077:, one of them beheaded, seems to stand for some actual warfare. 555:

Antoninus Pius was born Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus near

13540: 13410: 13047: 12930: 12535: 12506: 12376: 12351: 12143: 12077: 11903: 11896: 11823: 11778: 11772: 11598: 11518: 11104: 10931: 10884: 10838: 10810: 10736: 10614: 10573: 10455: 10420: 10392: 9610: 9467: 9349: 9121: 8987: 7751:(2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge. p. 154. 6976:

Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History

6032:

From polis to empire, the ancient world, c. 800 B.C. – A.D. 500

2642: 1897: 1846: 1781: 1769:

of Antoninus Pius outside the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in

1638: 1548: 1457: 1366: 1347: 1311: 1304: 1279: 1259: 1221: 1182: 1009: 919: 870: 782: 769:

Marble bust of Antoninus Pius (138–161); British Museum, London

653:

Some time between 110 and 115, Antoninus married Annia Galeria

630:'s reign. Arria Fadilla, Antoninus' mother, married afterwards 334: 215:

Imperator Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius

117: 40: 7346:

L'Empire Romain en Mutation, des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337

930:

Christian tradition about the persecution of Paraskevi of Rome

13626: 13405: 13395: 13373: 13031: 11940: 11928: 11841: 11758: 11609: 11543: 11205: 10874: 10832: 10826: 10618: 10577: 10448: 10441: 10427: 9211: 8982: 8972: 8952: 7714: 7502: 6899:, tome 108, Juillet-décembre 1995. pp. 410–429. Available at 2461: 2416: 1924: 1653: 1634: 1618: 1582: 1521: 988:

His reign was the most peaceful in the entire history of the

912: 691: 627: 324: 6661:

Las ventas por subasta en el mundo romano: la esfera privada

1825:. Maecianus was briefly Praefect of Egypt, and subsequently 1314:, which from his reign onwards included a bull sacrifice, a 13378: 13368: 12758: 12633: 11834: 11164: 10984: 10966: 10851: 10633: 10628: 10462: 10254: 8957: 8947: 8409:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192

7032: 6580:

Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow (2014):

1509: 1047:, winning some significant victories, and constructing the 510: 8312:

Ronald Syme, "Antonine Relatives: Ceionii and Vettuleni",

6451:

Jean-Louis Voisin, "Les Romains, chasseurs de têtes". In:

1912:

was dedicated to Antoninus on the Campus Martius, and the

1359:

Antoninus tried to portray himself as a magistrate of the

11583: 8064: 8062: 7604: 6603:

A Commentary on the Vita Hadriani in the Historia Augusta

5980:

Common Law Marriage: A Legal Institution for Cohabitation

5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 4996: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties 1626: 1423:

In this, the emperor was assisted by five chief lawyers:

12804: 8400:"Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138–161) De Imperatoribus Romanis" 7948:

Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Principat. V

7709: 7707: 7372:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, 6709:

North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies

6414: 6412: 6410: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6059: 6057: 5354:

Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins

1153:

which required the granting of additional powers to the

8091: 8089: 6512:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, 6180: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 2050:, suffect consul in 145; no children known for certain. 860:. One of his first acts as emperor was to persuade the 526:

early in his reign resulted in the construction of the

8164: 8113: 8059: 7944: 7786: 7681: 7679: 7392: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 6277: 6275: 6236:"Martyr Parasceva of Rome", Orthodox Church in America 5694: 1965:

or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the

1749:

was centered there, not in China or even the overland

1420:

many important new principles based upon this notion.

1181:

fifteen miles forward in his province and neighboring

615:

of Gallia Narbonensis during the late second century.

8011:

Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook

7704: 6955:, tome 6, fasc. 3–4, 1927. pp. 753–756. Available at 6722: 6407: 6395: 6135: 6078: 6054: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5418:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

1460:

of Antoninus, 153 AD. ANTONINVS AVG PIVS PP TR P XVII

1255:

brought back by soldiers after the Parthian victory.

8216: 8199:

Delphi Complete Works of Edward Gibbon (Illustrated)

8086: 7690:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 29–30. 7411:

Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate"

7253:

Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition

7096: 6813: 6152: 5802: 5800: 5657: 5499: 4990: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants 1853:, about twelve miles (19 km) from Rome. He ate 1012:

being fortified. Similar disturbances took place in

741:

The emperor never remarried. Instead, he lived with

8325:Based on Table F, "The Children of Faustina II" in 7931:

Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 24–25

7676: 7312:

Cahiers de la Recherche sur les droits fondamentaux

7266: 7171: 6909:. Retrieved 22 January 2016; Edmund Thomas,(2007): 6763:

Riding for Caesar: The Roman Emperors' Horse Guards

6272: 6202:, 111 année, N. 2, 1967. pp. 194–209. Available at 6090: 5895:"Découverte à Rennes d'une pièce de Faustine jeune" 5858: 5628:"Le proconsulat de Narbonnaise sous le Haut-Empire" 5600:(MA). Ontario: Queen's University. pp. 49–57. 5395:

Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age

5174:

Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

5142: 840:On his accession, Antoninus' name and style became 836:

The Roman Empire during the reign of Antoninus Pius

8151:. Tome 60, 1958, n°3–4. pp. 323–347. Available at 7819:A Commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto 7773:Marcus Aurelius in the Historia Augusta and Beyond 7085:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991, 6878:. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1994, 6865:. Cambridge University Press: 1895, pp. 45–46, 68. 5567: 5373:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 5126:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. 1224:of Antoninus Pius, 145 AD. Inscription: ANTONINVS 1073:, which participated in the building of the Wall, 7642: 7449:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). 7198:Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century 6102: 5797: 5072:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. 1399:lands could be sold and/or given away, while the 13804: 8079: 8077: 7982:The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook 7443: 7441: 7439: 6303:, tome 86, n°1. 1974. pp. 501–522. Available at 5485:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 492–493. 5332: 5304:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. 5129: 5042:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 1741:), although the significantly greater amount of 7737: 6820:. Columbia University Press. pp. 105–106. 5246:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 5094: 5092: 5090: 6951:Paul Graindor, "Antonin le Pieux et Athènes". 6582:The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization 5411: 5255:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. 1629:), entering China by the frontier province of 1554: 1449:, an elementary legal textbook for beginners. 1084:Statue of Antoninus Pius in military garb and 781:with more than usual success, he obtained the 607:whose rise to prominence was supported by the 203:Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus (after adoption) 10270: 8889: 8674:L. Catilius Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus 8238:The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition 8074: 7749:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire 7447:For a full translation of that passage, see: 7436: 6340:The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition 6122:The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition 6069: 5448:. In Caldelli, M. L.; Gregori, G. L. (eds.). 2132: 2113: 2062:(7 March 150–182?), whose children included: 1211: 487:from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the 461: 7976:Levick, Dr Barbara; Levick, Barbara (2002). 7975: 7721:The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future 7579: 7448: 6876:The Book of Acts in Its Graeco-Roman Setting 5471: 5469: 5161:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and 5087: 1464:Antoninus passed measures to facilitate the 483:(19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was 7914:. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 7911:The Tribunician Day during the Early Empire 7639:Hill (2009), p. 27 and nn. 12.18 and 12.20. 7160:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & sons, 2009, 5165:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. 2046:Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135), who married 1602:and claimed to be an embassy from "Andun" ( 1134:A coin of Antoninus Pius showing a subdued 996:, where a senator was named as governor of 686:Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married 10277: 10263: 8896: 8882: 7928:Istituto Italiano d'Arti Grafiche (1956). 7775:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, 7584:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 600. 7344:Jean-Michel Carrié & Aline Rousselle, 7137:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 7000:Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius 6786: 5956:. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. 5953:Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World 5938:Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World 5563:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. 5450:Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 30 anni dopo 5314: 5312: 5310: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5059: 5057: 2139: 2125: 1798:For twenty years, Gavius Maximus had been 468: 454: 29: 8261: 7559:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7526: 6842:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors 6782: 6780: 6051:. Cambridge University Press, 1895, p. 12 5735: 5590: 5466: 5113: 5111: 5080: 5078: 13687: 8731:G. Bruttius Praesens L. Fulvius Rusticus 8500: 7607:Journal of the American Oriental Society 6663:. Edicions Universitat Barcelona, 2005, 5672: 5443: 5101:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), 1939: 1923: 1832: 1760: 1564: 1451: 1333: 1215: 1189:was retained by the choice in AD 140 of 1169:. Also during his reign the governor of 1129: 1079: 985:within five hundred miles of a legion." 953: 831: 764: 732:, a Roman welfare programme, as part of 641: 637: 279: 96:Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus 8682:G. Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus 8442:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy 7718: 7368:, 48.18.9, as quoted by Edward Peters, 6953:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 6765:, Harvard University Press, 1997, p. 50 6680: 5983:. Oxford University Press. p. 72. 5625: 5482:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy 5370: 5351: 5307: 5258: 5218: 5202: 5177: 5054: 1472:. Mostly, he favoured the principle of 789:. He was next appointed by the Emperor 550: 13805: 12834: 12199: 11301: 10327: 8543: 8415: 8406: 8397: 8326: 8195: 8170: 8135: 8119: 8068: 7858:, 18, 2007. pp. 115–140. Available at 7817:Michael Petrus Josephus Van Den Hout, 7792: 7482: 7398: 7102: 6777: 6728: 6510:The grand Strategy of the Roman Empire 6418: 6401: 6350:, p. 17; Rebuffat "Enceintes urbaines" 6231: 6229: 6186: 6158: 6146: 6084: 6063: 6003: 5949: 5876: 5855:(1921), Life of Antoninus Pius, Note 7 5810:(1921), Life of Antoninus Pius, Note 6 5787: 5684: 5591:Whitfield, Hugo Thomas Dupuis (2012). 5558: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5475: 5389: 5108: 5075: 5045: 1702:. This may have been the port city of 1694:in southern Vietnam, then part of the 760: 13686: 12803: 12168: 11270: 10296: 10258: 8877: 8818:L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus 8478: 8234: 7685: 7158:Politics and Society in Imperial Rome 6681:Schlude, Jason M. (13 January 2020). 6299:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome 5892: 5767:. Taylor & Francis. p. 240. 5452:. Edizioni Quasar. pp. 492–493. 4926: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4534: 4526: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4370: 4304: 4277: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4213: 4193: 4191: 4186: 3994: 3963: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3739: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3576: 3564: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3313: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3186: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3061: 3059: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2890: 2880: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2782: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2658: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2414: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2156: 1745:suggest the Roman maritime trade for 1185:. In the East, Roman suzerainty over 1075:a relief showing four naked prisoners 481:Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius 13339: 8740:L. Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus 8459: 8424: 8398:Weigel, Richard D. (2 August 2023). 8222: 8095: 7877: 7743: 7327:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 2007 7293:. Cambridge University Press: 1994, 7277: 7232:Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development 7200:. Edinburgh University Press, 2012, 7184: 6281: 6096: 5976: 5864: 5760: 5578: 1229: 938:was arrested by soldiers of Emperor 907:. According to the German historian 646:Statue of Faustina the Elder in the 8530:(Cambridge Historical Essays, 1895) 8004: 6934:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2014, 6752:, entry "Arshakuni/Arsacid", p. 174 6491:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2015, 6226: 5607:from the original on 9 October 2022 1756: 13: 8435: 7657: 7554: 7512: 6240: 6108: 6034:, (2002) p. 33; Historia Augusta, 2079:Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus 2075:(151–?), whose children included: 2054:Annia Galeria Faustina the Younger 1979:persecution against the Christians 1837:The bust of Antoninus Pius at the 1725:). Roman coins from the reigns of 1233: 976:were deified after their death by 949: 166:Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus 14: 13924: 13863:Burials at the Castel Sant'Angelo 8568: 7881:Roman Festivals in the Greek East 7662:. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 83. 7538:"Chinese Text Project Dictionary" 7035:, the personal properties of the 6650:, p. 28, footnote 61; Salway, 149 6363:. Oxford University Press: 2001, 1919: 1737:, China (site of the Han capital 1322:, to whom he erected a temple in 1149:There were also some troubles in 745:, one of Faustina's freed women. 8488: 8319: 8306: 8282: 8255: 8228: 8202:. Delphi Classics. p. 125. 8189: 8176: 8141: 8134:7.10, tr. David Magie, cited in 8125: 8101: 8027: 7998: 7969: 7938: 7921: 7902: 7871: 7845: 7832: 7811: 7798: 7765: 7651: 7633: 7598: 7573: 7548: 7491: 7476: 7415: 7404: 7383: 7359: 6742:Historical Dictionary of Armenia 5298: 5276: 5249: 5240: 5193: 5168: 5155: 5120: 5066: 5036: 1427:, an author of legal treatises; 1329: 1236: 1225: 697:Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or 163:Marcus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus 153: 8007:"A religious calendar: P. Dura" 7984:. Routledge. pp. 143–146. 7945:H. Temporini, W. Haase (1972). 7856:Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 7338: 7317: 7304: 7283: 7245: 7224: 7211: 7190: 7150: 7129: 7108: 7075: 7055: 7046: 7025: 7005: 7002:. Library of Alexandria, s.d.g. 6989: 6968: 6945: 6924: 6889: 6868: 6855: 6834: 6807: 6768: 6755: 6734: 6701: 6674: 6653: 6616: 6595: 6574: 6553: 6544: 6523: 6502: 6489:Great Walls and Linear Barriers 6481: 6468: 6445: 6424: 6382:The Roman Government of Britain 6374: 6353: 6332: 6316: 6287: 6251: 6215: 6192: 6164: 6114: 6041: 6024: 5997: 5970: 5943: 5929: 5886: 5845: 5829: 5813: 5754: 5729: 5717: 5282:The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 4974: Reddish-purple indicates 4935: 4499: 4245: 4202: 3935: 3177: 2649: 2468: 2423: 2105:Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor 1287:temples for the imperial cult ( 1004:were brought in, towns such as 868:(dutiful in affection; compare 785:in 120 having as his colleague 412:Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 13893:People from Gallia Narbonensis 13828:2nd-century Gallo-Roman people 8445:. Cambridge University Press. 6793:. A&C Black. p. 131. 6478:, Volume 11 Issue 1, pp. 75–81 6476:Glasgow Archaeological Journal 5619: 5584: 5552: 5437: 2073:Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina 2048:Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus 2023: 1891:. After a seven-day interval ( 1830:was out, probably on 7 March. 1753:running through ancient Iran. 1743:Roman coins unearthed in India 1425:Lucius Fulvius Aburnius Valens 1239: 688:Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus 665:(a step-sister to the Empress 1: 13297:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 8521:Zur Geschichte des Kaisers A. 8483:. Vol. I & II, Prag. 8411:. Cambridge University Press. 8262:Ulanowski, Krzysztof (2016). 8241:. Routledge. pp. 14–23. 8013:. Routledge. pp. 16–19. 7221:. Cambridge U.P.: 1955, p. 67 7039:had been appropriated by the 6434:, Abingdon: Routledge, 2004, 6342:. Abingdon: Routledge, 1996, 5736:Settipani, Christian (2000). 5430: 4978:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty 4747:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus 2060:Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla 1711: 1698:near the Chinese province of 773:Having filled the offices of 545: 502:. He married Hadrian's niece 16:Roman emperor from 138 to 161 10284: 8550:. London: New York, Harper. 8544:Watson, P. B. (1884). "ii". 8290:"Les gendres de Marc-Aurèle" 8005:Lee, A. D. (15 April 2013). 7139:, Berlin: De Gruyter, 1974, 6707:Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, ed., 6533:. London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 6430:David Colin Arthur Shotter, 6259:The Journal of Roman Studies 6007:Marcus Aurelius: A Biography 5561:Religion in republican Italy 2066:Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus 958:The temple of Antoninus and 918:He owned palatial villas at 579:. The Aurelii Fulvi were an 7: 13230:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 8268:. Brill. pp. 360–361. 7713:For further information on 7580:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). 7291:Slavery and Society at Rome 7234:. The Hague: Mouton, 1978, 7118:. London: Routledge, 2014, 7052:Carrié & Rousselle, 586 7012:Oxford Classical Dictionary 6978:. London: Routledge, 2012, 6965:. Retrieved 22 January 2016 6863:The Reign of Antoninus Pius 6744:, Lanham: Scarecrow, 2010, 6626:. London: Routledge, 2014, 6601:Herbert W. Benario (1980), 6563:, London: Routledge, 2012, 6313:. Accessed 26 December 2015 6049:The Reign of Antoninus Pius 5397:. Oxford University Press. 2490:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus 1623:Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) 1555:Diplomatic mission to China 1032:and previously governor of 809:, probably during 134–135. 10: 13929: 13833:2nd-century Roman emperors 12129:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 11513:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 11277:Second Intermediate Period 10169:Constantine XI Palaiologos 10120:Andronikos III Palaiologos 10007:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 8855:L. Plautius Lamia Silvanus 8380:The Life of Antoninus Pius 8335: 8161:. Accessed 14 January 2016 8149:Revue des Études Anciennes 7886:Cambridge University Press 7868:. Accessed 27 January 2016 6817:Supply-Side Sustainability 6787:McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). 6687:. Routledge. p. 176. 6531:Roman Frontiers in Britain 6465:. Accessed 14 January 2016 6361:A History of Roman Britain 6212:. Accessed 27 January 2016 6004:Birley, Anthony R (2012). 5632:Revue des Études Anciennes 5527:, p. 54; Dio, 70:1:2. 2147:Nerva–Antonine family tree 2114:Nerva–Antonine family tree 1944:Statue of Antoninus Pius, 1928:Arch of Antoninus Pius in 1645:). It brought presents of 1558: 1212:Economy and administration 827: 407:Nerva–Antonine family tree 13878:2nd-century Roman consuls 13791: 13693: 13682: 13580:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 13324: 13270:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 13165: 13137: 13122: 13085: 13057: 13017: 12999: 12949: 12882: 12867: 12825: 12821: 12799: 12749: 12726: 12659: 12582: 12520: 12472: 12457: 12390: 12337: 12249: 12234: 12190: 12186: 12175:Third Intermediate Period 12164: 12087: 12046: 11954: 11886: 11734: 11502: 11487: 11423: 11397: 11349: 11334: 11292: 11288: 11266: 11221: 11181: 11056: 11041: 10975: 10917: 10860: 10801: 10786: 10676: 10605: 10590: 10491: 10375: 10360: 10318: 10314: 10303:First Intermediate Period 10292: 10245: 10177: 10142:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 10110:Andronikos II Palaiologos 9935:Constantine IX Monomachos 9623: 9520: 9403: 9230: 9068: 8916: 8851: 8833: 8814: 8793: 8776: 8757: 8736: 8718: 8699: 8678: 8662: 8643: 8638: 8624: 8615: 8607: 8602: 8575: 8547:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 7719:Osborne, Milton (2006) . 7323:Anastasia Serghidou, ed. 6897:Revue des Études Grecques 6010:. Routledge. p. 33. 5950:Strong, Anise K. (2016). 5539:, p. 55; citing the 5371:Lambert, Royston (1984). 5352:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). 4946: 4944: 4924: 4922: 4919:Furia Sabina Tranquillina 4855: 4851: 4849: 4839: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4723: 4716: 4714:L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4610: 4608: 4592: 4590: 4570: 4557: 4541: 4532: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4481: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4378: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4290: 4284: 4275: 4261: 4254: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3924: 3908: 3892: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3829: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3642: 3640: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3411: 3409: 3397: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3318: 3299: 3297: 3288: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3231: 3229: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3184: 3167: 3136: 3134: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3100:L. Julius Ursus Servianus 3096: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2838: 2836: 2824: 2822: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2758: 2756: 2744: 2742: 2728: 2696: 2679: 2665: 2656: 2631: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2575: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2517: 2515: 2486: 2444: 2430: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2372: 2370: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2162: 1819:Lucius Volusius Maecianus 1607: 1433:Lucius Volusius Maecianus 1161:coast, the Greek city of 801:, his district including 440:Year of the Five Emperors 258: 235: 223: 214: 207: 202: 197: 193: 146: 136: 124: 111: 92: 88: 72: 62: 58:11 July 138 – 7 March 161 54: 47: 28: 23: 13292:Cleopatra VII Philopator 11549:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 10307: (<3150–2040 BC) 10105:Michael VIII Palaiologos 8538:A. le Pieux et son Temps 8416:Birley, Anthony (2000). 8407:Bowman, Alan K. (2000). 8138:, pp. 118, 278 n.6. 7771:Geoffrey William Adams, 7255:, Heidelberg: Springer, 7064:. Cambridge U.P., 2009, 6930:Philip A. Harland, ed., 6592:, entry "Antoninus Pius" 6559:Birley, Anthony (2012). 6380:Birley, Anthony (2005), 6329:, 17, 1981. pp. 133–141. 5626:Gayraud, Michel (1970). 5559:Harvey, Paul B. (2006). 5006:= posthumously deified ( 3896:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla 2262:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus 1821:who assumed the role of 1775:Hadrian's Arch in Athens 1733:have been discovered in 1670:Furthermore, a piece of 1483:presumption of innocence 659:Marcus Annius Verus (II) 298:Roman imperial dynasties 13903:Roman governors of Asia 13883:Imperial Roman praetors 13265:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 13180:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 11474:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 9960:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 9594:Tiberius II Constantine 8511:Encyclopædia Britannica 8235:Grant, Michael (2016). 8196:Gibbon, Edward (2015). 7686:Young, Gary K. (2001). 7116:The Roman Empire at Bay 6844:. Leiden: Brill, 2004, 6711:. Leiden: Brill, 2001, 6659:Marta García Morcillo, 5893:Daucé, Fernand (1968). 5761:Vagi, David L. (2000). 4528:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 3654:L. Caesennius Antoninus 1968:Encyclopædia Britannica 1747:purchasing Chinese silk 1663:, probably acquired in 1429:Lucius Ulpius Marcellus 1026:Quintus Lollius Urbicus 970:). The emperor and his 787:Lucius Catilius Severus 620:Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus 13888:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 13868:Deified Roman emperors 13848:Ancient Roman adoptees 13307:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 13286:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 13280:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 13235:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 13205:Arsinoe III Philopator 12119:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 11589:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 11529:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 11120:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 10115:Michael IX Palaiologos 8686:T. Rutilius Propinquus 8582:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 8460:Hill, John E. (2009). 8184:Life of Antoninus Pius 7821:. Leiden: Brill, 199, 7314:(CRDF). Vol. 10. 2012. 7037:Julio-Claudian dynasty 7022:, entry "Patrimonium". 6642:, Paris: Seuil, 2005, 6036:Life of Antoninus Pius 5911:10.3406/abpo.1968.2460 5318:Levick (2014), p. 117. 5273:Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 5237:Levick (2014), p. 164. 5215:Levick (2014), p. 162. 5190:Levick (2014), p. 163. 5063:Levick (2014), p. 161. 4761:Junius Licinius Balbus 4555:Junius Licinius Balbus 4549:M. Plautius Quintillus 4521:M. Annius Verus Caesar 3480:C. Fuscus Salinator II 3292:Julia Serviana Paulina 1996: 1983: 1949: 1937: 1842: 1777: 1641:(present-day northern 1585: 1573:cup unearthed from an 1461: 1356: 1243: 1146: 1097: 981: 968:San Lorenzo in Miranda 837: 770: 650: 493:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 304:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 292: 141:Annia Galeria Faustina 120:, Italia, Roman Empire 13255:Ptolemy X Alexander I 13220:Ptolemy VI Philometor 13200:Ptolemy IV Philopator 13195:Berenice II Euergetes 13190:Ptolemy III Euergetes 13152:Philip III Arrhidaeus 11661:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 11656:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 11010:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 10209:Thessalonian emperors 10203:Trapezuntine emperors 10164:John VIII Palaiologos 10159:Manuel II Palaiologos 10130:John VI Kantakouzenos 10046:Andronikos I Komnenos 9883:Constantine Lekapenos 8911:and empresses regnant 8797:Q. Antonius Isauricus 8528:The Reign of Antonine 8365:Epitome de Caesaribus 7978:"The Feriale Duranum" 7483:Harper, Kyle (2017). 7348:. Paris: Seuil 1999, 6761:Speidel, Michael P., 6740:Rouben Paul Adalian, 6640:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 6327:Antiquités africaines 6124:, (1996), Routledge, 5883:, Antoninus Pius 6:7. 5794:, Antoninus Pius 1:7. 5691:, Antoninus Pius 1:6. 5644:10.3406/rea.1970.3874 5336:contributors (2000). 5117:Giacosa (1977), p. 9. 5084:Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 5051:Giacosa (1977), p. 8. 3286:C. Fuscus Salinator I 2269:Q. Marcius Barea Sura 2099:Annia Aurelia Fadilla 1991: 1974: 1943: 1927: 1872:Constantine the Great 1836: 1793:Marcus Gavius Maximus 1764: 1568: 1455: 1381:. An anecdote in the 1337: 1219: 1165:was held against the 1133: 1083: 957: 835: 768: 645: 638:Marriage and children 569:Titus Aurelius Fulvus 283: 243:Titus Aurelius Fulvus 115:7 March 161 (aged 74) 13688:Dynastic genealogies 13312:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 12608:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 12522:High Priests of Amun 12024:Merankhre Mentuhotep 11726:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 11721:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 11574:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 11281: (2040–1550 BC) 11000:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 10147:John VII Palaiologos 10095:Theodore II Laskaris 9955:Constantine X Doukas 9895:Nikephoros II Phokas 8859:L. Poblicola Priscus 8841:January–February 145 8744:L. Claudius Proculus 8647:G. Herennius Capella 8425:Bury, J. B. (1893). 7908:Hammond, M. (1938). 7878:Graf, Fritz (2015). 7515:Sino-Platonic Papers 7464:on 10 September 2014 7251:George Mousourakis, 7230:A. Arthur Schiller, 7217:John Anthony Crook, 6461:2 March 2017 at the 6261:, Vol. LXXV 19 book 5977:Lind, Goran (2008). 5444:Salomies, O (2014). 5375:. New York: Viking. 5293:"Marcus Aurelius" 24 3527:L. Caesennius Paetus 3470:L. Ceionius Commodus 3340:Cn. Arrius Antoninus 2635:C. Salonius Matidius 2016:the building of the 1773:, Greece, imitating 1678:has been found at a 1561:Sino-Roman relations 998:Mauretania Tingitana 720:Puellae Faustinianae 699:Faustina the Younger 678:Mausoleum of Hadrian 632:Publius Julius Lupus 551:Childhood and family 173:Faustina the Younger 13898:People from Lanuvio 13210:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 13147:Alexander the Great 12179: (1550–664 BC) 11701:Mershepsesre Ini II 11696:Merkawre Sobekhotep 11090:Neferkare IV Khendu 10078:Theodore I Laskaris 10063:Alexios III Angelos 10041:Alexios II Komnenos 9965:Romanos IV Diogenes 9920:Romanos III Argyros 9866:Romanos I Lekapenos 8801:L. Aurelius Flaccus 8761:M. Ceccius Justinus 8703:P. Cassius Secundus 8516:This source lists: 8479:Hüttl, W. (1936) . 8384:English translation 8371:English translation 8355:English translation 8316:, 35 (1957), p. 309 8301:Journal des savants 8295:5 June 2018 at the 8157:3 June 2018 at the 7864:2 June 2018 at the 7648:Hill (2009), p. 27. 7389:Grant, pp. 154–155. 7031:After the death of 6961:3 June 2018 at the 6913:. Oxford U. Press, 6905:3 June 2018 at the 6874:Conrad Gempf, ed., 6208:2 June 2018 at the 6030:Traver, Andrew G., 5899:Annales de Bretagne 4734:Plautius Quintillus 4727:L. Antistius Burrus 4709:Petronius Antoninus 4272:Q. Servilius Pudens 4265:Plautius Quintillus 3716:C. Avidius Nigrinus 2892:Libo Rupilius Frugi 2669:P. Acilius Attianus 2310:P. Aelius Hadrianus 2004:Römische Geschichte 1889:Hadrian's mausoleum 1575:Eastern Han dynasty 1547:. According to the 966:(now the church of 904:sodales Hadrianales 793:as one of the four 761:Favour with Hadrian 130:Hadrian's Mausoleum 13547:Trebonianus Gallus 12134:Senakhtenre Ahmose 11752:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 11706:Sewahenre Senebmiu 11681:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 11110:Neferkare V Tereru 11080:Neferkare III Neby 10748:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 10197:Britannic emperors 10191:Palmyrene emperors 10125:John V Palaiologos 10068:Alexios IV Angelos 10017:Constantine Doukas 10012:Alexios I Komnenos 10000:Constantine Doukas 9983:Michael VII Doukas 9945:Michael VI Bringas 9511:Romulus Augustulus 9134:Trebonianus Gallus 9127:Herennius Etruscus 8909:Byzantine emperors 8865:as suffect consuls 8828:as suffect consuls 8807:as suffect consuls 8771:as suffect consuls 8750:as suffect consuls 8713:as suffect consuls 8707:M. Nonius Mucianus 8692:as suffect consuls 8657:as suffect consuls 8639:Political offices 8182:Historia Augusta, 7888:. pp. 89–90. 7535:Chinese original: 7458:Fordham University 7156:Aloys Winterling, 6605:. Scholars Press, 6309:4 May 2018 at the 5726:. Strachan stemma. 5137:"Julius Servianus" 4224:C. Avidius Cassius 3553:T. Aurelius Fulvus 2002:has had it in his 1950: 1938: 1843: 1827:Praefectus annonae 1800:praetorian prefect 1778: 1586: 1577:(25–220 AD) tomb, 1462: 1357: 1244: 1147: 1098: 1016:, and amongst the 982: 838: 771: 743:Galeria Lysistrate 655:Faustina the Elder 651: 605:Gallia Narbonensis 583:family settled in 489:Five Good Emperors 293: 13800: 13799: 13787: 13786: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13594:Claudius Gothicus 13488:Severus Alexander 13455:Septimius Severus 13320: 13319: 13118: 13117: 12863: 12862: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12502:Osorkon the Elder 12453: 12452: 12230: 12229: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12124:Nubkheperre Intef 12004:Sekhemre Shedwast 11626:Sehetepkare Intef 11554:Semenkare Nebnuni 11483: 11482: 11330: 11329: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11037: 11036: 11015:Netjerkare Siptah 10937:Neferirkare Kakai 10782: 10781: 10586: 10585: 10356: 10355: 10252: 10251: 10090:John III Vatatzes 10036:Manuel I Komnenos 9775:Michael I Rangabe 9619: 9618: 9461:Petronius Maximus 9060:Severus Alexander 9028:Septimius Severus 8872: 8871: 8868: 8852:Succeeded by 8831: 8810: 8794:Succeeded by 8774: 8753: 8737:Succeeded by 8726:January–April 139 8716: 8695: 8679:Succeeded by 8660: 8625:Succeeded by 8519:Bossart-Mueller, 8471:978-1-4392-2134-1 8452:978-0-521-84026-2 8437:Cooley, Alison E. 8391:Secondary sources 8303:(1961), pp. 28–41 8108:HA Antoninus Pius 8050:Prid(ie) Nonr[tis 8020:978-1-136-61739-3 7991:978-1-134-57264-9 7781:978-0-7391-7638-2 7758:978-0-415-72078-6 7591:978-90-04-15605-0 7566:978-0-521-24327-8 7431:Alexander Severus 7333:978-2-84867-169-7 7261:978-3-319-12267-0 7206:978-0-7486-2050-0 7166:978-1-4051-7969-0 7124:978-0-415-84054-5 7114:David S. Potter, 7081:Edward Champlin, 7020:978-0-19-954556-8 6984:978-0-415-52217-5 6940:978-3-11-034014-3 6919:978-0-19-928863-2 6840:Barbara Burrell. 6750:978-0-8108-6096-4 6694:978-1-351-13570-2 6632:978-1-138-01920-1 6622:Albino Garzetti, 6611:978-0-891-30391-6 6590:978-0-1910-1676-9 6539:978-1-8539-9698-6 6529:David J. Breeze, 6497:978-1-84884-377-6 6390:978-0-19-925237-4 6189:, pp. 53–54. 5935:Anise K. Strong: 5492:978-0-521-84026-2 5477:Cooley, Alison E. 5428: 5427: 5404:978-0-19-537941-9 5023: 5022: 4950: 4949: 4485:M. Petronius Sura 2911:L. Vibius Sabinus 2290:M. Cocceius Nerva 2034:Hans-Georg Pflaum 1998:German historian 1719:Golden Chersonese 1617:-inus), "king of 1090:Museo Chiaramonti 1034:Germania Inferior 936:Paraskevi of Rome 724:Girls of Faustina 624:Pliny the Younger 593:Legio III Gallica 524:southern Scotland 478: 477: 445: 444: 393: 392: 309: 278: 277: 219: 218: 13920: 13794:List of pharaohs 13684: 13683: 13449:Pescennius Niger 13337: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13245:Ptolemy IX Soter 13215:Cleopatra I Syra 13135: 13134: 13131: 13130: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12832: 12831: 12823: 12822: 12816: 12815: 12801: 12800: 12552:Djedkhonsuefankh 12470: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12247: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12217: 12212: 12197: 12196: 12188: 12187: 12181: 12180: 12166: 12165: 11759:Qareh Khawoserre 11745:Yakbim Sekhaenre 11686:Mersekhemre Ined 11500: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11299: 11298: 11290: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11268: 11267: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10294: 10293: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10100:John IV Laskaris 10073:Alexios V Doukas 10058:Isaac II Angelos 10024:John II Komnenos 9950:Isaac I Komnenos 9910:Constantine VIII 9900:John I Tzimiskes 9627:Byzantine Empire 9401: 9400: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8875: 8874: 8862: 8825: 8815:Preceded by 8804: 8768: 8765:G. Julius Bassus 8758:Preceded by 8747: 8710: 8700:Preceded by 8689: 8654: 8651:L. Coelius Rufus 8644:Preceded by 8608:Preceded by 8598: 8591: 8573: 8572: 8561: 8515: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8484: 8475: 8456: 8432: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8376:Historia Augusta 8329: 8323: 8317: 8310: 8304: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8193: 8187: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8145: 8139: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8084: 8081: 8072: 8066: 8057: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7925: 7919: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7875: 7869: 7849: 7843: 7836: 7830: 7815: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7711: 7702: 7701: 7683: 7674: 7673: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7532: 7530: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7485:The Fate of Rome 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7460:. Archived from 7445: 7434: 7419: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7387: 7381: 7363: 7357: 7342: 7336: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7264: 7249: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7215: 7209: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7169: 7154: 7148: 7133: 7127: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7079: 7073: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7044: 7029: 7023: 7014:, London: 2012, 7009: 7003: 6993: 6987: 6972: 6966: 6949: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6893: 6887: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6784: 6775: 6774:See Victor, 15:3 6772: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6678: 6672: 6657: 6651: 6620: 6614: 6599: 6593: 6578: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6508:Edward Luttwak, 6506: 6500: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6378: 6372: 6357: 6351: 6336: 6330: 6320: 6314: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6270: 6255: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6233: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6133: 6120:Grant, Michael, 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5947: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5913:. Archived from 5890: 5884: 5881:Historia Augusta 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5853:Historia Augusta 5849: 5843: 5833: 5827: 5817: 5811: 5808:Historia Augusta 5804: 5795: 5792:Historia Augusta 5785: 5779: 5778: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5692: 5689:Historia Augusta 5682: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5638:(3–4): 344–363. 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5550: 5542:Historia Augusta 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5497: 5496: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5441: 5422: 5408: 5386: 5367: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5319: 5316: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5256: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5216: 5213: 5200: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5175: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5106: 5096: 5085: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5005: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4973: 4967:(3) = 3rd spouse 4964:(2) = 2nd spouse 4961:(1) = 1st spouse 4956: 4955: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4754:Antonia Gordiana 4739:Plautia Servilla 4560:Servilia Ceionia 4503: 4501: 4495: 4478:Cornificia Minor 4249: 4247: 4241: 4218: 4206: 4204: 4198: 3950:L. Aelius Caesar 3939: 3937: 3931: 3922: 3334:Boionia Procilla 3321:Rupilia Faustina 3191: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3165: 2905: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2629: 2620: 2472: 2470: 2464: 2451: 2427: 2425: 2419: 2295:Sergia Plautilla 2275:Antonia Furnilla 2154: 2153: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2118: 2117: 1970:Eleventh Edition 1955:Augustan History 1884:Historia Augusta 1808:Historia Augusta 1804:vir severissimus 1757:Death and legacy 1716: 1713: 1696:Kingdom of Funan 1612: 1545:Judah the Prince 1493:, by means of a 1474:favor libertatis 1384:Historia Augusta 1284:Aelius Aristides 1264:Province of Asia 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1197:as client king. 1179:Limes Germanicus 1177:, advancing the 1119:Historia Augusta 1071:Legio II Augusta 1062:Historia Augusta 899:prosopographical 857:Pontifex Maximus 663:Rupilia Faustina 595:, had supported 575:in 89, and wife 542:as co-emperors. 470: 463: 456: 437:Followed by 430:Preceded by 427: 426: 321: 320: 307: 295: 294: 195: 194: 157: 84: 33: 21: 20: 13928: 13927: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13918: 13917: 13908:Roman quaestors 13803: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13783: 13689: 13666: 13566:Macrianus Minor 13495:Maximinus Thrax 13431:Marcus Aurelius 13330: 13329: 13328: 13316: 13175:Ptolemy I Soter 13161: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13114: 13081: 13053: 13013: 12995: 12975:Psammetichus IV 12945: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12859: 12837: 12828: 12817: 12814:(664 BC–313 AD) 12813: 12812: 12783: 12745: 12722: 12718:Menkheperre Ini 12655: 12578: 12516: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12449: 12386: 12333: 12314:Neferneferuaten 12240: 12239: 12238: 12226: 12225: 12215: 12210: 12209:Pharaohs 12202: 12193: 12182: 12178: 12177: 12148: 12083: 12042: 11969:Sobekhotep VIII 11950: 11882: 11730: 11691:Sewadjkare Hori 11493: 11492: 11491: 11479: 11419: 11393: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11326: 11304: 11295: 11284: 11280: 11279: 11250: 11217: 11177: 11085:Djedkare Shemai 11047: 11046: 11045: 11033: 10971: 10913: 10856: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10778: 10672: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10582: 10487: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10352: 10330: 10321: 10310: 10306: 10305: 10288: 10283: 10253: 10248: 10241: 10185:Gallic emperors 10173: 9861:Constantine VII 9642:Constantine III 9629: 9626: 9615: 9524: 9516: 9455:Valentinian III 9443:Constantius III 9437:Priscus Attalus 9421:Constantine III 9407: 9399: 9289:Valerius Valens 9234: 9226: 9072: 9064: 9023:Didius Julianus 9003:Marcus Aurelius 8920: 8912: 8902: 8861: 8857: 8846:Marcus Aurelius 8842: 8840: 8824: 8822:D. Velius Fidus 8820: 8803: 8799: 8789:Marcus Aurelius 8785: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8746: 8742: 8727: 8725: 8709: 8705: 8688: 8684: 8670: 8668: 8653: 8649: 8634: 8628:Marcus Aurelius 8621: 8613: 8592: 8590:19 September 86 8586: 8585: 8578: 8577:Antoninus Pius 8571: 8566: 8558: 8504:, ed. (1911). " 8489: 8487: 8472: 8453: 8418:Marcus Aurelius 8360:Aurelius Victor 8341:Primary sources 8338: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8311: 8307: 8297:Wayback Machine 8287: 8283: 8276: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8159:Wayback Machine 8146: 8142: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8060: 8042:Feriale Duranum 8032: 8028: 8021: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7955:. p. 534. 7943: 7939: 7926: 7922: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7876: 7872: 7866:Wayback Machine 7852:Michel Christol 7850: 7846: 7840:Final Judgments 7837: 7833: 7816: 7812: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7578: 7574: 7567: 7553: 7549: 7536: 7534: 7528:10.1.1.698.1744 7510: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7446: 7437: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7364: 7360: 7343: 7339: 7322: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7289:Keith Bradley, 7288: 7284: 7276: 7267: 7250: 7246: 7229: 7225: 7216: 7212: 7196:Clifford Ando, 7195: 7191: 7183: 7172: 7155: 7151: 7134: 7130: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7080: 7076: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7030: 7026: 7010: 7006: 6994: 6990: 6974:Gary Forsythe, 6973: 6969: 6963:Wayback Machine 6950: 6946: 6929: 6925: 6907:Wayback Machine 6894: 6890: 6873: 6869: 6860: 6856: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6785: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6760: 6756: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6658: 6654: 6621: 6617: 6600: 6596: 6579: 6575: 6561:Marcus Aurelius 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6528: 6524: 6507: 6503: 6486: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6463:Wayback Machine 6450: 6446: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6384:. Oxford U.P., 6379: 6375: 6358: 6354: 6338:Michael Grant, 6337: 6333: 6323:Michel Christol 6321: 6317: 6311:Wayback Machine 6292: 6288: 6280: 6273: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6216: 6210:Wayback Machine 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6136: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6042: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5891: 5887: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5834: 5830: 5818: 5814: 5805: 5798: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5695: 5687:, p. 242; 5683: 5679: 5671: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5568: 5557: 5553: 5547:Life of Hadrian 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5500: 5493: 5474: 5467: 5460: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5405: 5391:Levick, Barbara 5383: 5364: 5342: 5340: 5322: 5317: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5259: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5219: 5214: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5097: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4279:Ceionia Plautia 4244: 4242: 4237: 4232:Aurelia Fadilla 4214: 4201: 4199: 4196:Marcus Aurelius 4194: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3918: 3889:M. Annius Verus 3315:M. Annius Verus 3187: 3176: 3170: 3161: 2903:Salonia Matidia 2901: 2659: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2625: 2618: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2447: 2434:Marcia Furnilla 2422: 2420: 2415: 2148: 2145: 2116: 2101:(159–after 211) 2026: 2000:Ernst Kornemann 1946:Palazzo Altemps 1922: 1903:Divus Antoninus 1839:Museo del Prado 1806:, according to 1759: 1723:Malay Peninsula 1714: 1706:, described by 1688:South China Sea 1676:Roman glassware 1563: 1557: 1466:enfranchisement 1351: 1332: 1253:Antonine Plague 1214: 1124:Fasti Ostienses 1094:Vatican Museums 978:Marcus Aurelius 952: 950:Lack of warfare 932: 880:Lucius Commodus 830: 818:Marcus Aurelius 763: 755:Marcus Aurelius 703:Marcus Aurelius 640: 553: 548: 536:Marcus Aurelius 474: 438: 433:Flavian dynasty 431: 416: 375:Marcus Aurelius 289:Marcus Aurelius 274: 254: 189: 178:Marcus Aurelius 169:Aurelia Fadilla 151: 150: 132: 116: 99: 98:19 September 86 97: 78:Marcus Aurelius 76: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13926: 13916: 13915: 13913:Roman pharaohs 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13873:Gaulish people 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13838:Adult adoptees 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13813:Antoninus Pius 13798: 13797: 13792: 13789: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13662:Maximinus Daza 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13637: 13630: 13623: 13618: 13611: 13604: 13597: 13590: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13557: 13550: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13526: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13445: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13421:Antoninus Pius 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13334: 13331:(30 BC–313 AD) 13322: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13171: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13132: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13095:Artaxerxes III 13091: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13063: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13023: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13012: 13011: 13005: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12971: 12966: 12964:Petubastis III 12961: 12955: 12953: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12901: 12896: 12888: 12886: 12877: 12865: 12864: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12829: 12826: 12819: 12818: 12797: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12755: 12753: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12743: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12665: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12648: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12588: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12478: 12476: 12467: 12459:3 Intermediate 12455: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12396: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12244: 12241:(1550–1070 BC) 12232: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12194: 12191: 12184: 12183: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12099: 12093: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12074: 12067: 12060: 12052: 12050: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12033: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11974:Neferhotep III 11971: 11966: 11960: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11900: 11892: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11873: 11866: 11859: 11852: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11804:Sewadjkare III 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11773:Maaibre Sheshi 11769: 11766:'Ammu Ahotepre 11762: 11755: 11748: 11740: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11676:Merhotepre Ini 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11636:Sobekhotep III 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11508: 11506: 11497: 11494:(1802–1550 BC) 11489:2 Intermediate 11485: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11429: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11384:Mentuhotep III 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11344: 11341:(2040–1802 BC) 11336:Middle Kingdom 11332: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11286: 11285: 11273:Middle Kingdom 11264: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11236:Neferkare VIII 11233: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11208: 11203: 11201:Nebkaure Khety 11198: 11193: 11191:Meryibre Khety 11187: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11125:Neferkamin Anu 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11066: 11064: 11051: 11048:(2181–2040 BC) 11043:1 Intermediate 11039: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10981: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10962:Djedkare Isesi 10959: 10957:Menkauhor Kaiu 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10866: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10793:(2686–2181 BC) 10784: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10680: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10611: 10609: 10600: 10597:(3150–2686 BC) 10592:Early Dynastic 10588: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10497: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10478: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10389: 10381: 10379: 10370: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10312: 10311: 10290: 10289: 10282: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10259: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10181: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10144: 10139: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10021: 10009: 10004: 9980: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9940:Theodora (III) 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9836: 9831: 9819: 9807: 9802: 9790: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9755:Constantine VI 9752: 9747: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9719:Theodosius III 9716: 9711: 9706: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9664:Constantine IV 9661: 9656: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9522:Eastern Empire 9518: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9452: 9445: 9440: 9433: 9417: 9411: 9409: 9405:Western Empire 9398: 9397: 9390: 9378:Magnus Maximus 9374: 9372:Valentinian II 9369: 9364: 9359: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9304:Constantius II 9301: 9299:Constantine II 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9167: 9162: 9154: 9149: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8998:Antoninus Pius 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8922: 8921:27 BC – AD 235 8914: 8913: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8870: 8869: 8853: 8850: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8795: 8792: 8775: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8738: 8735: 8717: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8680: 8677: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8626: 8623: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8603:Regnal titles 8600: 8599: 8579: 8576: 8570: 8569:External links 8567: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8541: 8531: 8524: 8506:Antoninus Pius 8502:Chisholm, Hugh 8485: 8481:Antoninus Pius 8476: 8470: 8457: 8451: 8433: 8422: 8413: 8404: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8373: 8357: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8318: 8305: 8281: 8274: 8254: 8247: 8227: 8225:, p. 524. 8215: 8208: 8188: 8175: 8173:, p. 118. 8163: 8140: 8124: 8122:, p. 114. 8112: 8100: 8098:, p. 532. 8085: 8073: 8071:, p. 156. 8058: 8026: 8019: 7997: 7990: 7968: 7961: 7937: 7934:. p. 101. 7920: 7901: 7894: 7870: 7844: 7831: 7810: 7797: 7795:, p. 112. 7785: 7764: 7757: 7736: 7729: 7703: 7696: 7675: 7668: 7650: 7641: 7632: 7619:10.2307/605541 7597: 7590: 7572: 7565: 7547: 7490: 7475: 7435: 7414: 7403: 7401:, p. 154. 7391: 7382: 7358: 7337: 7316: 7303: 7282: 7280:, p. 527. 7265: 7244: 7223: 7210: 7189: 7187:, p. 526. 7170: 7149: 7128: 7107: 7095: 7074: 7054: 7045: 7024: 7004: 6988: 6967: 6944: 6923: 6888: 6867: 6854: 6833: 6826: 6806: 6799: 6776: 6767: 6754: 6733: 6731:, p. 113. 6721: 6700: 6693: 6673: 6652: 6615: 6594: 6573: 6552: 6543: 6522: 6501: 6487:Peter Spring, 6480: 6467: 6444: 6423: 6421:, p. 155. 6406: 6404:, p. 152. 6394: 6373: 6352: 6331: 6315: 6286: 6284:, p. 525. 6271: 6250: 6239: 6225: 6214: 6191: 6179: 6163: 6151: 6149:, p. 151. 6134: 6113: 6111:, p. 492. 6101: 6099:, p. 517. 6089: 6087:, p. 148. 6077: 6068: 6066:, p. 149. 6053: 6040: 6023: 6016: 5996: 5989: 5969: 5962: 5942: 5928: 5905:(1): 270–276. 5885: 5879:, p. 77; 5869: 5867:, p. 528. 5857: 5851:Magie, David, 5844: 5828: 5812: 5806:Magie, David, 5796: 5790:, p. 34; 5780: 5773: 5753: 5746: 5728: 5716: 5713:Antoninus Pius 5693: 5677: 5656: 5618: 5583: 5581:, p. 523. 5566: 5551: 5529: 5517: 5515:, p. 150. 5498: 5491: 5465: 5458: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5415:, ed. (1870). 5413:Smith, William 5409: 5403: 5387: 5381: 5368: 5362: 5349: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5306: 5297: 5275: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5217: 5201: 5192: 5176: 5167: 5154: 5152:, pp. 319–322. 5148:Smith (1870), 5141: 5135:Smith (1870), 5128: 5119: 5107: 5086: 5074: 5065: 5053: 5044: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4938: 238–244 4925: 4923: 4921: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4720:Aurelia Sabina 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4502: 177–192 4489: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4248: 161–169 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4216:Faustina Minor 4212: 4210: 4208: 4205: 161–180 4192: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3938: 138–161 3929:Antoninus Pius 3925: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3912:M. Annius Libo 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3540:Arria Antonina 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3180: 117–138 3168: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2882:Lucius Mindius 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2676:P. Aelius Afer 2673: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2449:Trajanus Pater 2445: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2085:Annia Faustina 2070: 2069: 2068: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2025: 2022: 1921: 1920:Historiography 1918: 1879:Campus Martius 1767:triumphal arch 1758: 1755: 1556: 1553: 1538:Roman currency 1534:hippopotamuses 1505:) in general. 1437:Fidei commissa 1353:British Museum 1331: 1328: 1213: 1210: 1175:Agri Decumates 1151:Dacia Inferior 1144:Parthamaspates 1086:muscle cuirass 1057:Firth of Clyde 1053:Firth of Forth 1028:, a native of 951: 948: 940:Antoninus Pius 931: 928: 922:(Etruria) and 829: 826: 797:to administer 762: 759: 707: 706: 695: 684: 681: 639: 636: 552: 549: 547: 544: 476: 475: 473: 472: 465: 458: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 435: 423: 422: 418: 417: 415: 414: 409: 403: 400: 399: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 357: 355:Antoninus Pius 351: 350: 347: 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 317: 316: 312: 311: 300: 299: 276: 275: 273: 272: 266: 262: 260: 256: 255: 253: 252: 246: 239: 237: 233: 232: 230:Nerva–Antonine 227: 221: 220: 217: 216: 212: 211: 205: 204: 200: 199: 191: 190: 188: 187: 181: 175: 170: 167: 164: 160: 158: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 126: 122: 121: 113: 109: 108: 107:, Roman Empire 94: 90: 89: 86: 85: 74: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 45: 44: 34: 26: 25: 24:Antoninus Pius 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13925: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13858:Aurelii Fulvi 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13795: 13790: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13685: 13681: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13612: 13610: 13609: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13598: 13596: 13595: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13527: 13525: 13524: 13520: 13518: 13517: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13506: 13504: 13503: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13450: 13446: 13444: 13443: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13327: 13323: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13240:Cleopatra III 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13133: 13125: 13121: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13045: 13043: 13042:Nepherites II 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13016: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12894: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12856: 12853: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12833: 12830: 12824: 12820: 12811: 12807: 12802: 12798: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12609: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12573:Psusennes III 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12468: 12464:(1069–664 BC) 12460: 12456: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12430:Ramesses VIII 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12389: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12299:Amenhotep III 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12222: 12219: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12198: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12163: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12139:Seqenenre Tao 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12114:Sobekemsaf II 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12064:Wepwawetemsaf 12061: 12059: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11919: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11853: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11671:Merneferre Ay 11669: 11667: 11666:Wahibre Ibiau 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11651:Sobekhotep IV 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11458:Amenemhat III 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11390: 11389:Mentuhotep IV 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11379:Mentuhotep II 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11323: 11320: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11300: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11278: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241:Wahkare Khety 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11196:Neferkare VII 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10841: 10840: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10743:Seth-Peribsen 10741: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10720: 10718: 10717: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10686:Hotepsekhemwy 10684: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10593: 10589: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10518: 10517: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10476:Double Falcon 10474: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10367:(pre-3150 BC) 10363: 10362:Protodynastic 10359: 10349: 10346: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10317: 10313: 10304: 10300: 10299:Protodynastic 10295: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10275: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10244: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9885: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9822:Theodora (II) 9820: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9730: 9729:Constantine V 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9714:Anastasius II 9712: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9537:Theodosius II 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9345:Valentinian I 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9268: 9267:Constantine I 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257:Constantius I 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8860: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8839: 8837: 8830: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8791: 8790: 8782: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8732: 8724: 8722: 8715: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8675: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8620: 8619: 8618:Roman emperor 8612: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8574: 8559: 8557:9780836956672 8553: 8549: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8497:public domain 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8464:. BookSurge. 8463: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8366: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351:Roman History 8348: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8328: 8322: 8315: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8285: 8277: 8275:9789004324763 8271: 8267: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8248:9781317972112 8244: 8240: 8239: 8231: 8224: 8219: 8211: 8209:9781910630761 8205: 8201: 8200: 8192: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8150: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8070: 8065: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7972: 7964: 7962:9783110018851 7958: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7932: 7924: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7895:9781107092112 7891: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7807: 7806:The Antonines 7801: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7745:Ball, Warwick 7740: 7732: 7730:1-74114-893-6 7726: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7699: 7697:0-415-24219-3 7693: 7689: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7645: 7636: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7486: 7479: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7386: 7379: 7378:0-8122-1599-0 7375: 7371: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7354:2-02-025819-6 7351: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7300: 7299:9780521263351 7296: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7240:90-279-7744-5 7237: 7233: 7227: 7220: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7146: 7145:3-11-004571-0 7142: 7138: 7132: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7105:, p. 71. 7104: 7099: 7092: 7091:0-520-07103-4 7088: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7070:9780521263351 7067: 7063: 7058: 7049: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6885: 6884:0-85364-564-7 6881: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6861:E.E. Bryant, 6858: 6851: 6850:90-04-12578-7 6847: 6843: 6837: 6829: 6827:9780231504072 6823: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6800:9781847252357 6796: 6792: 6791: 6783: 6781: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6717:90-04-12041-6 6714: 6710: 6704: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6677: 6670: 6669:84-475-3017-5 6666: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6648:2-02-057798-4 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6570: 6569:0-415-17125-3 6566: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6518:0-8018-2158-4 6515: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6440:0-415-31943-9 6437: 6433: 6432:Roman Britain 6427: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6369:0-19-280138-4 6366: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6348:0-415-13814-0 6345: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6294:René Rebuffat 6290: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6257:J.J. Wilkes, 6254: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6161:, p. 55. 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6130:0-415-13814-0 6127: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6075:Bryant, p. 15 6072: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6050: 6047:E.E. Bryant, 6044: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6017:9781134695690 6013: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5990:9780199710539 5986: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5963:9781107148758 5959: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5917:on 4 May 2018 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5774:9781579583163 5770: 5766: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5747:9781900934022 5743: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5673:Chisholm 1911 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5603: 5596: 5595: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5461: 5459:9788871405674 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5382:0-670-15708-2 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5363:0-8390-0193-2 5359: 5355: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5171: 5164: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5069: 5060: 5058: 5048: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4999: 4977: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4930: 4920: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4728: 4721: 4703: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4646: 4620: 4618: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4494: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4324: 4322: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4258:Ceionia Fabia 4252: 4240: 4225: 4217: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4076: 4074: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3951: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3875: 3867: 3865: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3781: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3655: 3633: 3630: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3554: 3545:Arria Fadilla 3515: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3494: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3461: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3341: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3218: 3212: 3190: 3173: 3164: 3132: 3131:Matidia Minor 3124: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3104: 3101: 3094: 3093:Paulina Minor 3055: 3043: 3041: 3012: 3009: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2904: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2802: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683:Paulina Major 2677: 2670: 2662: 2652: 98–117 2644: 2636: 2628: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2583: 2581: 2580: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2535: 2527: 2525: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2463: 2450: 2442: 2435: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2188: 2186: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2018:Antonine Wall 2013: 2010: 2009:Michael Grant 2005: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1963:Edward Gibbon 1959: 1957: 1956: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1855:Alpine cheese 1852: 1848: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823:grey eminence 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765:Ruins of the 1763: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1408:power of the 1407: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1330:Legal reforms 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1206:Kushan Empire 1202: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Upper Germany 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Antonine Wall 1046: 1041: 1039: 1036:as well as a 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 979: 975: 974: 969: 965: 961: 956: 947: 945: 941: 937: 927: 925: 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 875: 873: 872: 867: 863: 859: 858: 855: 851: 848:Titus Aelius 847: 844: 834: 825: 823: 819: 815: 814:Lucius Aelius 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 767: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 736: 731: 730: 725: 721: 716: 712: 704: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 682: 679: 675: 674: 673: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 649: 644: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:Arria Fadilla 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 543: 541: 537: 534:adopted sons 531: 529: 528:Antonine Wall 525: 520: 516: 512: 509: 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 485:Roman emperor 482: 471: 466: 464: 459: 457: 452: 451: 449: 448: 441: 436: 434: 429: 428: 425: 424: 420: 419: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 397: 396: 389:177–192 388: 386: 383: 382: 379:161–180 378: 376: 373: 372: 369:161–169 368: 366: 363: 362: 359:138–161 358: 356: 353: 352: 349:117–138 348: 346: 343: 342: 338: 336: 333: 332: 328: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 305: 302: 301: 297: 296: 290: 286: 282: 270: 267: 265:Arria Fadilla 264: 263: 261: 257: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 226: 222: 213: 210: 206: 201: 196: 192: 185: 182: 179: 176: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 159: 156: 155: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 110: 106: 102: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 50: 49:Roman emperor 46: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 13639: 13632: 13625: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13564: 13552: 13545: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13486: 13479: 13447: 13440: 13426:Lucius Verus 13420: 13383: 13284: 13260:Berenice III 13250:Cleopatra IV 13225:Cleopatra II 13157:Alexander IV 13077:Nectanebo II 13046: 13027:Nepherites I 12986:Artaxerxes I 12973: 12903: 12891: 12874:(664–332 BC) 12854: 12810:Roman Period 12712:Shoshenq VII 12710: 12683: 12643: 12624:Shoshenq III 12606: 12571: 12534: 12512:Psusennes II 12425:Ramesses VII 12405:Ramesses III 12289:Amenhotep II 12284:Thutmose III 12220: 12109:Sobekemsaf I 12101: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12035: 12028: 11933: 11916: 11911:'Aper-'Anati 11909: 11902: 11895: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11833: 11819:Sekheperenre 11771: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11641:Neferhotep I 11631:Seth Meribre 11608: 11594:Djedkheperew 11511: 11472: 11463:Amenemhat IV 11453:Senusret III 11443:Amenemhat II 11359:Mentuhotep I 11321: 11210: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11075:Neferkare II 11026: 11019: 10952:Nyuserre Ini 10906: 10889: 10844: 10837: 10825: 10766: 10761:Neferkasokar 10759: 10752: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10665: 10658: 10566: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10509:Finger Snail 10507: 10500: 10480: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10405: 10398: 10391: 10384: 10347: 10152:Andronikos V 10150: 10133: 10081: 10049: 10027: 10015: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9974: 9968: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9842: 9825: 9813: 9796: 9784: 9778: 9765:Nikephoros I 9740: 9739: 9733: 9700: 9697:Justinian II 9692:Tiberius III 9682:Justinian II 9673: 9667: 9650: 9602: 9574:Anastasius I 9565: 9509: 9505:Julius Nepos 9497: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9459: 9447: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9419: 9392: 9383: 9382: 9376: 9367:Theodosius I 9354: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9284:Maximinus II 9271: 9173: 9156: 9143: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9046: 9008:Lucius Verus 8997: 8864: 8863: 8843: 8836:Roman consul 8834: 8827: 8826: 8806: 8805: 8786: 8779:Roman consul 8777: 8770: 8769: 8749: 8748: 8728: 8721:Roman consul 8719: 8712: 8711: 8691: 8690: 8671: 8665:Roman consul 8663: 8656: 8655: 8632:Lucius Verus 8616: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8546: 8537: 8534:Lacour-Gayet 8527: 8520: 8509: 8480: 8461: 8441: 8427: 8420:. Routledge. 8417: 8408: 8379: 8363: 8350: 8321: 8313: 8308: 8300: 8284: 8264: 8257: 8237: 8230: 8218: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8166: 8148: 8143: 8131: 8127: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8083:Victor, 15:7 8054:nones martis 8053: 8049: 8040: 8034: 8029: 8010: 8000: 7981: 7971: 7947: 7940: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7909: 7904: 7880: 7873: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7818: 7813: 7805: 7800: 7788: 7783:, pp. 74–75. 7772: 7767: 7748: 7739: 7720: 7687: 7659: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7613:(1): 71–79. 7610: 7606: 7600: 7581: 7575: 7556: 7550: 7541: 7518: 7514: 7499:Translation: 7493: 7484: 7478: 7468:17 September 7466:. 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Retrieved 5333: 5327: 5300: 5287: 5278: 5251: 5242: 5195: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5144: 5131: 5122: 5098: 5068: 5047: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5007: 4239:Lucius Verus 3928: 3708: 3475:Appia Severa 2471: 96–98 2426: 79–81 2091:' third wife 2027: 2014: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1876: 1866:(surpassing 1844: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1779: 1669: 1614: 1609: 1596:Emperor Huan 1589: 1587: 1542: 1526:rhinoceroses 1507: 1502: 1498: 1490: 1473: 1463: 1440: 1436: 1422: 1414: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1340:Bouleuterion 1312:Great Mother 1309: 1297: 1267: 1257: 1245: 1203: 1199: 1148: 1139: 1118: 1116: 1103: 1099: 1060: 1042: 987: 983: 971: 944:Christianity 939: 933: 917: 902: 895:Epigraphical 884: 876: 869: 865: 841: 839: 822:Lucius Verus 811: 772: 740: 735:Cura Annonae 733: 727: 723: 719: 708: 671: 667:Vibia Sabina 652: 617: 559:(modern-day 554: 540:Lucius Verus 532: 497: 480: 479: 365:Lucius Verus 354: 339:98–117 269:Vibia Sabina 184:Lucius Verus 152: 82:Lucius Verus 35:Bust in the 18: 13530:Gordian III 13475:Diadumenian 13275:Cleopatra V 13129:(332–30 BC) 13124:Hellenistic 13067:Nectanebo I 12959:Cambyses II 12941:Psamtik III 12899:Tefnakht II 12701:Takelot III 12696:Osorkon III 12691:Shoshenq VI 12645:Pedubast II 12629:Shoshenq IV 12602:Shoshenq II 12567:Pinedjem II 12557:Menkheperre 12492:Psusennes I 12445:Ramesses XI 12435:Ramesses IX 12420:Ramesses VI 12410:Ramesses IV 12357:Ramesses II 12319:Tutankhamun 12294:Thutmose IV 12274:Thutmose II 12264:Amenhotep I 12236:New Kingdom 12171:New Kingdom 12030:Senusret IV 12014:Dedumose II 11989:Nebiriau II 11984:Nebiryraw I 11979:Mentuhotepi 11784:Khakherewre 11711:Merkheperre 11621:Imyremeshaw 11604:Sedjefakare 11559:Sehetepibre 11534:Ameny Qemau 11468:Sobekneferu 11448:Senusret II 11433:Amenemhat I 11415:Iyibkhentre 11145:Neferirkare 11140:Neferkauhor 10947:Shepseskare 10788:Old Kingdom 10774:Khasekhemwy 10754:Neferkara I 10723:Weneg-Nebty 10568:Scorpion II 10211:(1224–1242) 10205:(1204–1461) 9994:Konstantios 9871:Christopher 9844:Constantine 9834:Michael III 9815:Constantine 9798:Constantine 9780:Theophylact 9709:Philippicus 9659:Constans II 9584:Justinian I 9480:Severus III 9428:Constans II 9182:Claudius II 9158:Silbannacus 9105:Gordian III 9080:Maximinus I 9048:Diadumenian 8784:January 140 8597:7 March 161 8353:, Book 70, 8347:Cassius Dio 8327:Birley 2000 8171:Birley 2000 8136:Birley 2000 8120:Birley 2000 8069:Bowman 2000 7793:Birley 2000 7454:Fordham.edu 7399:Bowman 2000 7168:, pp. 73–75 7103:Birley 2000 6996:Samuel Dill 6729:Birley 2000 6550:Salway, 149 6419:Bowman 2000 6402:Bowman 2000 6301:, Antiquité 6187:Birley 2000 6159:Birley 2000 6147:Bowman 2000 6132:, pp. 10–11 6085:Bowman 2000 6064:Bowman 2000 5877:Birley 2000 5788:Birley 2000 5685:Birley 2000 5537:Birley 2000 5525:Birley 2000 5513:Bowman 2000 5328:References: 4929:Gordian III 3696:L. Commodus 2024:Descendants 1680:Western Han 1571:Roman glass 1503:honestiores 1401:patrimonium 1397:res privata 1390:res privata 1379:Privy Purse 1375:res privata 1371:patrimonium 1362:res publica 1316:taurobolium 1088:, from the 964:Roman Forum 924:Villa Magna 909:H.G. Pflaum 747:Concubinage 715:Roman Forum 648:Getty Villa 329:96–98 209:Regnal name 63:Predecessor 13823:161 deaths 13807:Categories 13647:Diocletian 13601:Quintillus 13554:Aemilianus 13509:Gordian II 13481:Elagabalus 13302:Arsinoe IV 13185:Arsinoe II 13110:Darius III 13037:Psammuthes 12926:Psamtik II 12741:Bakenranef 12679:Pedubast I 12674:Takelot II 12669:Harsiese A 12651:Osorkon IV 12639:Shoshenq V 12619:Osorkon II 12592:Shoshenq I 12562:Smendes II 12542:Pinedjem I 12487:Amenemnisu 12440:Ramesses X 12415:Ramesses V 12367:Amenmesses 12347:Ramesses I 12309:Smenkhkare 12279:Hatshepsut 12269:Thutmose I 12019:Montuemsaf 12009:Dedumose I 11809:Nebdjefare 11799:Merdjefare 11569:Nedjemibre 11564:Sewadjkare 11438:Senusret I 11410:Qakare Ini 11231:Meryhathor 11135:Neferkaure 11130:Qakare Iby 11115:Neferkahor 11100:Neferkamin 10908:Thamphthis 10902:Shepseskaf 10816:Sekhemkhet 10667:Horus Bird 10544:Scorpion I 9988:Andronikos 9976:Nikephoros 9925:Michael IV 9890:Romanos II 9810:Theophilos 9805:Michael II 9786:Staurakios 9770:Staurakios 9742:Nikephoros 9735:Artabasdos 9647:Heraclonas 9604:Theodosius 9562:Basiliscus 9322:Nepotianus 9315:Magnentius 9309:Constans I 9262:Severus II 9242:Diocletian 9187:Quintillus 9152:Aemilianus 9145:Volusianus 9090:Gordian II 9055:Elagabalus 8918:Principate 7953:De Gruyter 7838:Champlin, 7827:9004109579 7669:2503521789 7507:Hou Hanshu 6636:Paul Veyne 6634:, p. 447; 5921:23 October 5649:24 January 5611:24 January 5431:References 5004:Small Caps 4188:Cornificia 2089:Elagabalus 1987:J. B. Bury 1715: 150 1686:along the 1672:Republican 1665:South Asia 1647:rhinoceros 1591:Hou Hanshu 1559:See also: 1530:crocodiles 1499:humiliores 1442:Institutes 1155:procurator 994:Mauretania 990:Principate 926:(Latium). 891:philosophy 852:Antoninus 795:proconsuls 783:consulship 546:Early life 421:Succession 315:Chronology 271:(adoptive) 251:(adoptive) 186:(adoptive) 180:(adoptive) 37:Glyptothek 13818:86 births 13779:Ptolemaic 13587:Gallienus 13502:Gordian I 13465:Caracalla 13391:Vespasian 13385:Vitellius 13167:Ptolemaic 13009:Amyrtaeus 12991:Darius II 12936:Ahmose II 12916:Psamtik I 12855:uncertain 12843:Pharaohs 12779:Tanutamun 12614:Takelot I 12597:Osorkon I 12547:Masaharta 12497:Amenemope 12400:Setnakhte 12362:Merneptah 12304:Akhenaten 12221:uncertain 12103:Nebmaatre 11924:Sakir-Har 11877:Yaqub-Har 11789:Nebefawre 11539:Hotepibre 11405:Segerseni 11374:Intef III 11322:uncertain 11310:Pharaohs 10942:Neferefre 10768:Hudjefa I 10649:Semerkhet 10386:Hedju Hor 10348:uncertain 10336:Pharaohs 10230:Classical 10215:Empresses 10199:(286–296) 10193:(267–273) 10187:(260–274) 9930:Michael V 9856:Alexander 9669:Heraclius 9637:Heraclius 9589:Justin II 9499:Glycerius 9486:Anthemius 9356:Procopius 9294:Martinian 9273:Maxentius 9202:Florianus 9175:Saloninus 9170:Gallienus 9139:Hostilian 9115:Philip II 9085:Gordian I 9033:Caracalla 8968:Vespasian 8963:Vitellius 8431:. Harper. 8314:Athenaeum 8223:Bury 1893 8132:HA Marcus 8096:Bury 1893 7542:ctext.org 7523:CiteSeerX 7521:: 25–26. 7423:Caracalla 7278:Bury 1893 7185:Bury 1893 6282:Bury 1893 6269:, p. 242. 6267:0075-4358 6171:HA Marcus 6097:Bury 1893 5865:Bury 1893 5841:VI, 00989 5825:VI, 00988 5579:Bury 1893 5150:"Hadrian" 5103:"Hadrian" 5017:or other) 2107:(160–213) 1893:justitium 1751:Silk Road 1704:Kattigara 1684:Guangzhou 1600:Han China 1514:elephants 1478:proconsul 1418:Roman law 1355:, London. 1289:neocorate 1249:sesterces 1167:Scythians 1159:Black Sea 1140:PAR-TH-IA 1107:Imperator 1067:Pausanias 1051:from the 1022:Britannia 1018:Brigantes 850:Hadrianus 843:Imperator 751:Vespasian 613:proconsul 597:Vespasian 491:from the 245:(natural) 73:Successor 13739:21 to 23 13657:Galerius 13652:Maximian 13641:Numerian 13608:Aurelian 13560:Valerian 13523:Balbinus 13516:Pupienus 13470:Macrinus 13442:Pertinax 13436:Commodus 13401:Domitian 13364:Claudius 13359:Caligula 13354:Tiberius 13349:Augustus 12969:Darius I 12921:Necho II 12764:Shebitku 12736:Tefnakht 12329:Horemheb 12259:Ahmose I 12071:Pantjeny 12057:Senebkay 12037:Pepi III 11999:Bebiankh 11856:Shenshek 11814:Nebsenre 11646:Sihathor 11616:Khendjer 11579:Renseneb 11524:Nerikare 11369:Intef II 11246:Merykare 11151:Wadjkare 11095:Merenhor 10990:Userkare 10897:Menkaure 10891:Bikheris 10880:Djedefre 10846:Qahedjet 10730:Wadjenes 10716:Horus Sa 10709:Nubnefer 10696:Nynetjer 10660:Sneferka 10400:Ni-Neith 10286:Pharaohs 10225:Usurpers 10220:Augustae 10178:See also 10083:Nicholas 9905:Basil II 9702:Tiberius 9687:Leontius 9675:Tiberius 9652:Tiberius 9630:610–1453 9625:Eastern/ 9579:Justin I 9532:Arcadius 9492:Olybrius 9474:Majorian 9415:Honorius 9394:Eugenius 9329:Vetranio 9279:Licinius 9252:Galerius 9247:Maximian 9232:Dominate 9222:Numerian 9192:Aurelian 9165:Valerian 9110:Philip I 9100:Balbinus 9095:Pupienus 9043:Macrinus 9018:Pertinax 9013:Commodus 8978:Domitian 8943:Claudius 8938:Caligula 8933:Tiberius 8928:Augustus 8622:138–161 8526:Bryant, 8439:(2012). 8293:Archived 8288:Pflaum, 8155:Archived 7918:, p. 46. 7862:Archived 7829:, p. 389 7747:(2016). 7509:(ch. 88) 7356:, p. 290 7335:, p. 159 7301:, p. 162 7242:, p. 477 7147:, p. 112 7072:, p. 150 7041:Flavians 6959:Archived 6942:, p. 381 6921:, p. 133 6903:Archived 6886:, p. 305 6719:, p. 425 6671:, p. 301 6613:, p. 103 6459:Archived 6392:, p. 137 6371:, p. 149 6359:Salway, 6307:Archived 6206:Archived 5724:Rupilius 5711:Weigel, 5602:Archived 5479:(2012). 5393:(2014). 5343:14 April 5013:Augustae 4493:Commodus 3920:Faustina 3906:Fundania 3189:Antinous 2627:Marciana 2083:Empress 2030:Commodus 1868:Tiberius 1864:Augustus 1841:, Madrid 1739:Chang'an 1731:Aurelian 1727:Tiberius 1682:tomb in 1658:tortoise 1518:giraffes 1495:rescript 1491:extended 1410:princeps 1406:personal 1293:Pergamon 1262:and the 1195:Sohaemus 1045:Scotland 1002:Pannonia 960:Faustina 887:rhetoric 854:Augustus 775:quaestor 729:alimenta 680:in Rome. 609:Flavians 601:Domitian 587:(modern 585:Nemausus 581:Aurelian 557:Lanuvium 508:cognomen 504:Faustina 385:Commodus 285:Denarius 101:Lanuvium 13634:Carinus 13615:Tacitus 13573:Quietus 13416:Hadrian 13100:Khabash 12931:Wahibre 12911:Necho I 12905:Nekauba 12893:Ammeris 12836:Dynasty 12774:Taharqa 12769:Shabaka 12706:Rudamun 12685:Iuput I 12530:Herihor 12482:Smendes 12382:Twosret 12372:Seti II 12216:female) 12201:Dynasty 12097:Rahotep 11994:Semenre 11964:Djehuti 11946:Khamudi 11935:Yanassi 11918:Salitis 11870:Yakareb 11863:Khamure 11794:Sehebre 11716:Merkare 11364:Intef I 11303:Dynasty 11212:Imhotep 11172:Iytjenu 11158:Khuiqer 11070:Menkare 11021:Neferka 11005:Pepi II 10927:Userkaf 10821:Sanakht 10644:Anedjib 10624:Hor-Aha 10557:Iry-Hor 10551:Shendjw 10523:Pen-Abu 10407:Hat-Hor 10329:Dynasty 10235:Eastern 10135:Matthew 10029:Alexios 9877:Stephen 9839:Basil I 9724:Leo III 9599:Maurice 9542:Marcian 9525:395–610 9449:Joannes 9408:395–480 9362:Gratian 9235:284–610 9217:Carinus 9197:Tacitus 9073:235–285 8993:Hadrian 8611:Hadrian 8499:: 8336:Sources 8037:I, 1509 7804:Grant, 7380:, p. 29 7370:Torture 7263:, p. 79 7208:, p. 91 7126:, p. 49 7093:, p. 98 6986:, p. 92 6852:, p. 87 6571:, p. 61 6541:, p. 53 6520:, p. 88 6499:, p. 75 6442:, p. 49 5009:Augusti 4976:emperor 4536:Lucilla 4512:Fadilla 3709:unknown 3702:Plautia 3172:Hadrian 2661:Plotina 1934:Tunisia 1930:Sbeïtla 1860:tribune 1851:Etruria 1771:Eleusis 1721:(i.e., 1708:Ptolemy 1700:Jiaozhi 1643:Vietnam 1631:Jiaozhi 1604:Chinese 1579:Guangxi 1487:torture 1344:Ephesus 1320:Mithras 1276:Ephesus 1272:Cyzicus 1191:Arsacid 1187:Armenia 1136:Parthia 1055:to the 1038:new man 1030:Numidia 973:Augusta 962:in the 828:Emperor 803:Etruria 791:Hadrian 779:praetor 705:in 146. 561:Lanuvio 500:Hadrian 345:Hadrian 310:96–192) 249:Hadrian 225:Dynasty 67:Hadrian 13774:Argead 13621:Probus 13541:Decius 13536:Philip 13411:Trajan 13139:Argead 13048:Muthis 13001:XXVIII 12981:Xerxes 12849:female 12827:Period 12536:Piankh 12507:Siamun 12377:Siptah 12352:Seti I 12192:Period 12144:Kamose 12078:Snaaib 12048:Abydos 11904:Semqen 11897:Sharek 11849:Sheneh 11829:'Apepi 11824:Bebnum 11779:Nehesy 11599:Sebkay 11519:Sonbef 11316:female 11294:Period 11105:Nikare 10995:Pepi I 10932:Sahure 10885:Khafre 10870:Snefru 10839:Sedjes 10811:Djoser 10737:Senedj 10615:Narmer 10574:Narmer 10456:Wazner 10421:Hsekiu 10393:Ny-Hor 10342:female 10320:Period 9997:& 9973:& 9880:& 9851:Leo VI 9827:Thekla 9783:& 9750:Leo IV 9672:& 9611:Phocas 9567:Marcus 9552:Leo II 9468:Avitus 9385:Victor 9350:Valens 9340:Jovian 9335:Julian 9207:Probus 9142:& 9122:Decius 9070:Crisis 8988:Trajan 8593: 8554: 8540:(1888) 8523:(1868) 8493: 8468: 8449: 8272: 8245: 8206: 8110:12.4–8 8017: 7988: 7959: 7892: 7825: 7779: 7755: 7727: 7717:, see 7694: 7666: 7627:605541 7625: 7588: 7563: 7525: 7376: 7366:Digest 7352: 7331: 7297: 7259: 7238: 7204: 7164: 7143: 7122: 7089: 7068: 7018: 6982: 6938: 6917: 6882: 6848: 6824: 6797: 6748: 6715: 6691: 6667: 6646: 6630: 6609: 6588: 6567: 6537: 6516: 6495: 6438: 6388: 6367: 6346: 6265: 6128: 6109:Cooley 6014: 5987: 5960: 5771: 5744: 5489: 5456: 5401: 5379: 5360: 5163:passim 5029:Notes: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4972: 3965:Avidia 3163:Sabina 2643:Trajan 2619:Flavia 2441:Marcia 1948:, Rome 1914:temple 1910:column 1898:flamen 1847:Lorium 1812:Fronto 1789:Caesar 1656:, and 1639:Tonkin 1613:; for 1606:: 1569:Green 1549:Talmud 1522:tigers 1470:slaves 1458:aureus 1367:fiscus 1348:Smyrna 1305:Athens 1301:Digest 1280:Smyrna 1278:, and 1260:Rhodes 1222:aureus 1193:scion 1183:Raetia 1111:Fronto 1010:Tipasa 920:Lorium 871:pietas 862:Senate 846:Caesar 799:Italia 753:, and 711:Senate 573:consul 515:Senate 398:Family 335:Trajan 259:Mother 236:Father 154:Detail 137:Spouse 125:Burial 118:Lorium 105:Italia 41:Munich 13853:Arrii 13843:Aelii 13627:Carus 13406:Nerva 13396:Titus 13374:Galba 13341:XXXIV 13326:Roman 13105:Arses 13032:Hakor 12951:XXVII 12661:XXIII 12251:XVIII 12211:(male 11941:Apepi 11929:Khyan 11842:Wazad 11610:Wegaf 11544:Iufni 11398:Nubia 11206:Setut 11028:Nefer 10875:Khufu 10833:Khaba 10827:Nebka 10691:Nebra 10619:Menes 10578:Menes 10530:Stork 10493:Upper 10449:Neheb 10442:Thesh 10428:Khayu 10377:Lower 9793:Leo V 9760:Irene 9547:Leo I 9212:Carus 8983:Nerva 8973:Titus 8953:Galba 8905:Roman 8844:with 8787:with 8729:with 8672:with 8595:Died: 8588:Born: 8046:1.21. 7715:Oc Eo 7623:JSTOR 7503:Rinan 6177:2.3–4 6175:Verus 6173:6.2; 5605:(PDF) 5598:(PDF) 5549:24.4. 5284:72.22 4250:) (1) 2483:Ulpia 2462:Nerva 2417:Titus 1849:, in 1782:stays 1735:Xi'an 1692:Óc Eo 1674:-era 1661:shell 1654:ivory 1650:horns 1635:Rinan 1619:Daqin 1615:Anton 1610:āndūn 1583:China 1456:Gold 1447:Gaius 1324:Ostia 1268:circa 1228:PIVS 1163:Olbia 1014:Judea 913:caste 692:Italy 628:Nerva 589:Nîmes 565:Italy 563:) in 519:deify 325:Nerva 198:Names 148:Issue 55:Reign 13460:Geta 13379:Otho 13369:Nero 13087:XXXI 13072:Teos 13019:XXIX 12884:XXVI 12869:Late 12846:male 12806:Late 12759:Piye 12728:XXIV 12634:Pami 12584:XXII 12173:and 12089:XVII 11835:Nuya 11504:XIII 11313:male 11275:and 11165:Khui 11062:VIII 10985:Teti 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