States of Germany - Knowledge

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federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6). Article 29 states that "the division of the federal territory into Länder may be revised to ensure that each

7110: 6974: 3580:. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. 2737: 6234: 5451: 3050: 2796: 2239: 2298: 2861: 3478: 3115: 7030: 3269: 5993:). Nowadays, this is mostly just the right to be called a city or town. However, in former times there were many other privileges, including the right to impose local taxes or to allow industry only within city limits. Municipalities have the competence to define the amount of taxes to be paid, esp. facing Gewerbesteuer (companies taxation) and Grundsteuer (property taxation). Municipalities have the competence to deliver local services of general interest (so called Kommunale Daseinsvorsorge). 3253: 4171: 358: 57: 8905: 2666: 5342: 2426: 1529: 1824:, some topics, such as foreign affairs and defence, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation. The states retain residual or exclusive legislative authority for all other areas, including culture, which in Germany includes not only topics such as the financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training (see 3174: 2926: 2544: 6248: 2369: 2985: 2485: 4094:. Article 29 was again modified and provided an option for the states to "revise the division of their existing territory or parts of their territory by agreement without regard to the provisions of paragraphs (2) through (7)". Article 118a was introduced into the Basic Law and provided the possibility for Berlin and Brandenburg to merge "without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the two 6220: 5328: 1515: 2601: 7075: 3728: 6262: 6034:, in many cases unpopulated forest and mountain areas, but also four Bavarian lakes that are not part of any municipality. As of 1 January 2005, there were 246 such areas, with a total area of 4167.66 km or 1.2% of the total area of Germany. Only four unincorporated areas are populated, with a total population of around 2,000. The table below provides an overview. 6016:

right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law". Under this broad statement of competence, local governments can justify a wide range of activities. For instance, many municipalities develop and expand the economic infrastructure of their communities through the development of industrial

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The complaint was dismissed in July 1961 on the grounds that Article 29 had made the new delimitation of the federal territory an exclusively federal matter. At the same time, the Court reaffirmed the requirement for a territorial revision as a binding order to the relevant constitutional bodies.

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The municipalities are ruled by elected councils and by an executive, the mayor, who is chosen either by the council or directly by the people, depending on the state. The "constitution" for the municipalities is created by the states and is uniform throughout a state (except for Bremen, which allows

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in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers

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ruled that the rejection was unlawful: the population of Baden had the right to a new referendum because the one of 1951 had taken place under different rules from the ones provided for by article 29. In particular, the outcome of the 1951 referendum did not reflect the wishes of the majority of

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is typically the head of the biggest party of a coalition. The minister-president appoints a cabinet to run the state's agencies and to carry out the executive duties of the state's government. Like in other parliamentary systems, the legislature can dismiss or replace the minister-president after a

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The municipalities have two major policy responsibilities. First, they administer programs authorized by the federal or state government. Such programs typically relate to youth, schools, public health, and social assistance. Second, Article 28(2) of the Basic Law guarantees the municipalities "the

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On 24 August 1976, the binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory was altered into a mere discretionary one. Paragraph 1 of Article 29 was rephrased, with the provision that any state had to be "of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively" put first.

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Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that, if a petition was successful, a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening, the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958.

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from these territories that had formed part of the German-speaking lands for centuries and which mostly did not have sizable Polish minorities before 1945. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories, as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

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proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an

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had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the

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petitions (for a reintegration into Bavaria and integration into Baden-Württemberg) failed with 7.6% and 9.3%. Further requests for petitions (Lübeck, Geesthacht, Lindau, Achberg, and 62 Hessian communities) had already been rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Minister of the Interior or

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into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: "Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the

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generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of the parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity. Despite the original

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The votes in Lower Saxony were successful as both proposals were supported by more than 25% of eligible voters. The Bundestag, however, decided that both Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe should remain part of Lower Saxony. The justification was that a reconstitution of the two former states would

6027:, and by holding fairs. Local government also provides public utilities, such as gas and electricity, as well as public transportation. The majority of the funding for municipalities is provided by higher levels of government rather than from taxes raised and collected directly by themselves. 3915:

decided to settle the 1956 petitions by setting binding deadlines for the required referendums. The referendums in Lower Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate were to be held by 31 March 1975, and the referendum in Baden was to be held by 30 June 1970. The threshold for a successful vote was set at

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Possible boundary changes between states continue to be debated in Germany, in contrast to how there are "significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes" in those other countries. Arthur B. Gunlicks

1828:). Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the 3958:

At the same time, the commission developed criteria for classifying the terms of Article 29 Paragraph 1. The capacity to perform functions effectively was considered most important, whereas regional, historical, and cultural ties were considered as hardly verifiable. To fulfill

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In 2000, the number of unincorporated areas was 295, with a total area of 4,890.33 square kilometres (1,888.17 sq mi). However, the unincorporated areas are continually being incorporated into neighboring municipalities, wholly or partially, most frequently in Bavaria.

5987:, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as well, also having city rights or town rights ( 4100:

with the participation of their inhabitants who are entitled to vote". A state treaty between Berlin and Brandenburg was approved in both parliaments with the necessary two-thirds majority, but in a popular referendum of 5 May 1996, about 63% voted against the merger.

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In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from

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The German states can conclude treaties with foreign countries in matters within their own sphere of competence and with the consent of the federal government (Article 32 of the Basic Law). Typical treaties relate to cultural relationships and economic affairs.

3715:, and others) made proposals – some of them far-reaching – for redrawing boundaries but hardly anything came of these public discussions. Territorial reform is sometimes propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce 4063:. While academics (Rutz and others) and politicians (Gobrecht) suggested introducing only two, three, or four states in East Germany, legislation reconstituted the East German states in an arrangement similar to that which they had had before 1952, as the five " 5458:

The federal constitution stipulates that the structure of each Federated State's government must "conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law" (Article 28). Most of the states are governed by a

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in 1954, West Germany regained (limited) sovereignty. This triggered the start of the one-year period as set in paragraph 2 of Article 29. As a consequence, eight petitions for referendums were launched, six of which were successful:

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and the relationship between their legislative and executive branches mirrors that of the federal system: the legislatures are popularly elected for four or five years (depending on the state), and the minister-president is then chosen by a

4067:" on 3 October 1990. The former district of East Berlin joined West Berlin to form the new state of Berlin. Henceforth, the 10 "old states" plus 5 "new states" plus the new state Berlin add up to current 16 states of Germany. 3624:

to the minister-presidents in the Western occupation zones. Among other things, they recommended revising the boundaries of the West German states in a way that none of them should be too large or too small in comparison with the others.

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In Rhineland-Palatinate, these districts were abolished or re-organized on 1 January 2000, in Saxony-Anhalt on 1 January 2004, and in Lower Saxony on 1 January 2005. From 1990 until 2012, Saxony was divided into three districts (called

3656:, the three western military governors approved the Basic Law but suspended Article 29 until such time as a peace treaty should be concluded. Only the special arrangement for the southwest under Article 118 could enter into force. 3607:

fell under Polish administration with the Soviet Union taking the area around Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. More than 8 million Germans had been

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established that Saarland should be allowed to join Germany, as provided by the German constitution. Saarland became part of Germany effective 1 January 1957. The Franco-Saarlander currency union ended on 6 July 1959, when the

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to form a replacement of the aforementioned administrative entities at the district level. They are intended to implement simplification of administration at that level. Typically, a district-free city or town and its urban

5828:, making 402 districts altogether. Each consists of an elected council and an executive, which is chosen either by the council or by the people, depending on the state, the duties of which are comparable to those of a 7216: 3694:

A new delimitation of the federal territory has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949 and even before. Committees and expert commissions advocated a reduction of the number of states; academics

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region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg. The other alternative was that the Palatinate (including the region of

3636:. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a 2145:

also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated." But several proposals have failed so far; territorial reform remains a controversial topic in German politics and public perception.

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Some territories bordering other states were annexed to the bordering state. Also, Prussia had exclaves that were surrounded by other states. These became part of their surrounding states. All states, except

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The option for a referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4) was abolished, which meant territorial revision was no longer possible against the will of the population affected by it.

3691:" today. West Berlin was under the sovereignty of the Western Allies and neither a Western German state nor part of one. However, it was in many ways integrated with West Germany under a special status. 3735:

In southwestern Germany, territorial revision seemed to be a top priority since the border between the French and American occupation zones was set along the Autobahn Karlsruhe-Stuttgart-Ulm (today the

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contributed most territory to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and Rhineland province contributed about half of the territory of the state of Rhineland Palatinate. Most of the Prussian province of

6862: 3609: 1889:("free states", an older German term for "republic"): Bavaria (since 1919), Saxony (originally from 1919 and again since 1990), and Thuringia (since 1994). Of the 17 states at the end of the 4643: 4638: 4633: 830: 825: 820: 1814:

into a city state. A referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour.

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had originally consisted of five states (i.e., Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia). In 1952, these states were abolished and the East was divided into

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majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory". In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: the 7

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After reunification, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the

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is associated emotionally with a more independent status, especially in Bavaria. However, it has no legal significance. All sixteen states are represented at the federal level in the

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contradict the objectives of paragraph 1 of article 29 of the constitution. An appeal against the decision was rejected as inadmissible by the Federal Constitutional Court.

1836:("Federal Council"), and in areas where they have the legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government". 3965:

The referendum in Baden was held on 7 June 1970. 81.9% of voters decided for Baden to remain part of Baden-Württemberg, only 18.1% opted for the reconstitution of the old state of

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one-quarter of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections. Paragraph 4 stated that the vote should be disregarded if it contradicted the objectives of paragraph 1.

6579: 5860:. Such an organization requires the issuing of special laws by the governing state, since they are not covered by the normal administrative structure of the respective states. 3350:, on 1 July 1867. Four of the five southern German states (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt) entered military alliances with Prussia but Austria did not. In the 9297: 3381:

continued as republics of a new German federation. The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution.

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concerned. If no agreement is reached, the revision shall be effected by a federal law, which shall provide for an advisory referendum." Since no agreement was reached, a

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the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor

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After a relatively brief discussion and mostly negative responses from the affected states, the proposals were shelved. Public interest was limited or nonexistent.

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did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favourable to state reforms.

9386: 8603: 8791: 5614: 5170: 4356: 1357: 543: 6950: 1661:("West Germany") was created in 1949 through the unification of the three western zones previously under American, British, and French administration in the 8619: 5155: 5115: 4427: 1342: 1302: 614: 6854: 5612: 3587:

fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. The former

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into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the

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refused but was overruled, as the result of total votes was decisive). On 25 April 1952, the three former states merged to form Baden-Württemberg.

1487: 7015: 6678: 5613: 7858: 7701: 3704: 5615: 1739:, while still under occupation by the Western Allies, viewed itself as part of the Federal Republic and was largely integrated and considered a 7494: 3952:) could be merged with the Saarland and Baden-Württemberg, and the rest of Rhineland-Palatinate would then merge with Hesse (solution D). 8760: 8744: 8063: 7334: 7289: 5430:(constitution), the authors expressed the intention that it would be replaced by a true constitution once Germany was reunited as one state. 5418: 5382: 4182: 4071: 3696: 3633: 1821: 1569: 369: 3887:

for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

5621: 5605: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 4118:). It is merely a historic synonym for "republic" and was a description used by most German states after the abolishment of monarchy after 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 2074:

formed the core of the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony, respectively. The Prussian provinces of

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The last petition was originally rejected by the Federal Minister of the Interior by reference to the referendum of 1951. However, the

3378: 4078:. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the 9376: 7531: 6943: 6576: 6335: 4764: 951: 9391: 8708: 8697: 8349: 7589: 7536: 6513: 6345: 5678:. This arrangement was meant to ease the friction caused by uniting the two culturally different regions into a single state after 3436: 2125: 9122: 8530: 7505: 6370: 6325: 4194: 3845: 3500:, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. New states were established in all four zones of occupation: 381: 6895: 6484: 3857:

were withdrawn as in the case of Lindau. The rejection was confirmed by the Federal Constitutional Court in the case of Lübeck.

9052: 8994: 8714: 7274: 6509: 5922:("offices" or "bureaus"): in some states, there is an administrative unit between the districts and the municipalities, called 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4405: 3314:

Territorial boundaries were essentially redrawn as a result of military conflicts and interventions from the outside: from the

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The large states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia are divided into governmental districts, or

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that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation and pay for it from own source revenues. Too many

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It was the states that formed the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. This was in contrast to the post-war development in

1400: 786: 751: 17: 5770: 1746: 7977: 7960: 7793: 7489: 7399: 7264: 6968: 6350: 6310: 5218: 4448: 1405: 635: 40: 9259: 9072: 7868: 7833: 7778: 7374: 7024: 5140: 5135: 4879: 4267: 4230: 3497: 3448: 3444: 3243: 2956: 2897: 2767: 2708: 2572: 2515: 2456: 1995: 1991: 1327: 1322: 1066: 454: 417: 33: 1852:("federation") was constituted first, and then the individual states were carved out as units of that federal nation. 9320: 9097: 8317: 8221: 8058: 7419: 7104: 7069: 6826: 6794: 6774: 5609: 5375: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4869: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4535: 4250: 3577: 2823: 2758: 2340: 2095:, now have territory of the former Free State of Prussia. Other former Prussian territories lying east of the rivers 1562: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1056: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 804: 799: 794: 722: 437: 6719:

were constituent states of the federation when it was formed in 1949. They united to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952.

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summarizes the main arguments for boundary reform in Germany: "the German system of dual federalism requires strong

9371: 6517: 6320: 5416:. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the 5294: 5145: 4849: 4334: 1937:

The other 11 states of the Weimar Republic either merged into one another or were separated into smaller entities:

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made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a

2888: 5705:, although these two constituent parts of the state are not represented in the current administrative division. 3980:

were held on 19 January 1975 (the percentages given are the percentages of those eligible who voted in favour):

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administrative duties adequately, a population of at least five million per state was considered as necessary.

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in which Prussia defeated Austria and forced Austria to remove itself from the affairs of the German states.

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have primary administrative functions in specific areas, such as highways, hospitals, and public utilities.

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consists of two urban districts, while Berlin and Hamburg are states and urban districts at the same time.

5765: 5465: 5368: 5272: 5228: 5203: 5184: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4864: 4859: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4579: 4510: 4470: 4387: 3781: 2184: 1555: 1459: 1415: 1390: 1371: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1051: 1046: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 766: 697: 657: 574: 9244: 8702: 8275: 8188: 7640: 7557:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

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The number of inhabitants of German municipalities differs greatly, the most populous municipality being

5223: 5208: 4769: 4559: 1864: 1583: 1410: 1395: 956: 746: 8960: 7094: 6716: 3749: 3668: 3549: 1732: 9366: 9214: 9174: 9154: 9134: 9037: 8987: 8198: 8110: 8088: 8007: 7992: 7808: 7788: 7630: 7464: 7444: 6550: 5740: 4574: 4475: 4276: 2388: 1879:). However, this term is not used officially in the constitution of 1919 nor in the current one. Three 761: 662: 463: 3939:

In the center and southwest, one alternative was that Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the

3370:. Within the empire, 65% of the territory and 62% of the population belonged to the state of Prussia. 9149: 8450: 7635: 7269: 5972: 5967: 5919: 4625: 4526: 4517: 4087: 3912: 3875:

of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the

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was held on 9 December 1951 in four different voting districts, three of which approved the merger (

2506: 9330: 9277: 9229: 9224: 9199: 9057: 8679: 8427: 8389: 8226: 7997: 5833: 5410: 5130: 4400: 4309: 3354:

of 1870–71, those four states joined the North German Federation which was consequently renamed to

3295:, numbering more than 300 in around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the 3077: 2083: 1317: 587: 496: 9315: 5660:

The most populous state of North Rhine-Westphalia is uniquely divided into two area associations (

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with nearly 3.8 million inhabitants, while the least populous municipalities (for instance,

5531: 5290: 5110: 4226: 4199: 4109: 3985: 3790: 3537: 3517: 3347: 2699: 2215: 2063: 2005: 1961: 1477: 1297: 413: 386: 6928: 6429: 6417: 6406: 3936:) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). 9340: 9282: 9249: 9239: 9219: 9209: 9194: 9189: 9169: 9139: 9107: 9092: 9067: 9003: 8857: 8851: 8691: 8364: 8339: 8302: 8161: 8093: 7922: 7813: 7803: 7479: 7429: 7129: 7054: 6923: 6275: 5733:

since 2008). In 2012, these districts' authorities were merged into one central authority, the

5690: 5487: 5406: 4569: 4288: 4007: 3940: 3876: 3812: 3617: 3557: 3556: – which later received a special status – in the French zone; 3533: 3339: 2801: 2742: 2447: 2269: 2222: 2075: 2043: 1999: 1975: 1783: 1704: 756: 475: 112: 105: 8904: 6543:

Leonardy, Uwe (1998). "Länder Power-Sharing in International Relations and European Affairs".

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thus had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (

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was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29 of the

3588: 3541: 3374: 3304: 3201: 2866: 2511: 2265: 2059: 2047: 2027: 2013: 1941: 1825: 1765: 1714: 1337: 838: 737: 688: 607: 602: 597: 565: 534: 405: 312: 119: 8954: 8821: 7005: 6712: 6162: 3933: 3745: 3676: 3672: 3509: 2244: 2129: 1955: 1750: 1728: 61: 8: 8490: 8384: 8359: 8354: 8231: 8176: 8115: 8021: 7752: 7686: 7521: 7484: 7459: 7454: 7439: 7349: 7319: 7304: 7299: 7259: 7254: 6480: 6465: 6031: 5809:), cities that are districts in their own right, or local associations of a special kind 5413: 5120: 5100: 4156: 4131: 3758:

may be revised, without regard to the provisions of Article 29, by agreement between the

3621: 3452: 3386: 3351: 3335: 3308: 2947: 2071: 1971: 1901: 1860: 1307: 1287: 343: 7848: 7404: 8887: 8556: 8549: 8404: 8369: 8256: 8241: 8171: 8149: 8125: 8053: 7987: 7917: 7828: 7747: 7716: 7625: 7602: 7474: 7424: 7354: 7324: 7314: 7279: 7059: 6140: 5871: 5662: 5555: 5508: 5503: 5450: 5442:

remained in effect after the German reunification in 1990, with only minor amendments.

5105: 4297: 3830: 3604: 3525: 3327: 3319: 3300: 3257: 3247: 3210: 3120: 3017: 2568: 2563: 2331: 2067: 2055: 2017: 1985: 1724: 1292: 484: 143: 3362:(since 1 January 1871). The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, 8510: 8485: 8432: 8379: 8193: 7757: 7344: 7329: 6884: 6822: 6790: 6770: 6473: 6376: 5899: 5125: 4136:(Federal Council), where their voting power depends on the size of their population. 4079: 3966: 3866: 3837: 3680: 3592: 3288: 3012: 1951: 1754: 1312: 8765: 5527: 3358:. The parliament and Federal Council decided to give the Prussian king the title of 3141: 8572: 8520: 8515: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8322: 8287: 8261: 7933: 7737: 7706: 7661: 7656: 7364: 7044: 6267: 6023:

Local authorities foster cultural activities by supporting local artists, building

5829: 5720: 5402: 4494: 3872: 3804: 3584: 3363: 2763: 2628: 2195: 1831: 681: 308: 292: 6549:. Working papers / Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, London Office (electronic ed.). 5874:: formed in 2001 from the rural district of Hanover and the district-free city of 5774:

Map of German districts. Yellow districts are urban, white are sub-urban or rural.

5648:, which are not contiguous. In the other states there are the subdivisions below. 8475: 8470: 8465: 8412: 7838: 7246: 6816: 6784: 6764: 6583: 6469: 6396: 5902:: formed in 2009 from the rural district of Aachen and the district-free city of 5561: 5483: 5346: 5254: 3884: 3700: 3653: 3477: 3430: 3411: 3367: 3315: 3296: 3082: 1905: 1890: 1533: 1441: 241: 3427:

were gradually abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the

2828: 2336: 8925: 8654: 8631: 8577: 8455: 8442: 8105: 7863: 7029: 6988: 6225: 6017: 5814: 5794: 5519: 5332: 4302: 4091: 3949: 3853: 3808: 3501: 3331: 3292: 2952: 2490: 2452: 2079: 1676: 1603: 1519: 489: 272: 204: 83: 7231: 6618: 5893: 5546:; and in the other states, the government is referred to as "Land government" 3687:, the Federal Republic consisted of ten states, which are referred to as the " 2942: 9360: 8881: 7818: 6998: 6973: 6297: 6239: 6005: 5492: 4284: 3896: 3569: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3268: 3261: 3055: 2166: 2051: 1945: 1795: 1587: 471: 136: 8618: 2818: 8845: 8203: 7878: 7873: 7843: 7742: 7696: 7109: 7039: 6741: 6096: 6024: 5984: 5679: 4045: 4033: 3973: 3944: 3920: 3660: 3596: 3529: 3485: 3481: 3390: 3342:. Prussia and the other states in Northern and Central Germany united as a 3252: 3206: 2704: 2671: 2119: 2039: 2009: 1965: 1769: 1694: 1658: 98: 4170: 3924:

alternative proposal for the two regions: the north and center-southwest.

1768:

in 1990, in which the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (

357: 27:

First-level administrative subdivisions of the Federal Republic of Germany

8972: 8948: 8833: 8213: 7927: 7762: 7711: 7166: 7158: 7084: 6737: 6708: 5694: 5645: 5473: 4263: 4119: 4053: 4049: 3919:

In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor

3891: 3769: 3664: 3561: 3545: 3489: 3399: 3382: 2893: 2633: 2431: 2035: 2012:, with its former exclaves now belonging to their neighbouring states of 1811: 1777: 1736: 1666: 1611: 450: 211: 183: 78: 5843:

Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more

5785:

are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of

5341: 1818:

Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany

1528: 32:

This article is about the states of modern Germany. For other uses, see

8422: 8043: 6648: 5989: 5853: 5698: 5671: 5629: 5565: 5470: 3765: 3435:

process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the

3418: 3284: 2393: 1623: 227: 155: 56: 6508: 5569:

in the larger states. The equivalent of the minister-president is the

8893: 8033: 7681: 7554:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

7139: 6762: 5667: 5593:. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as 5585:(governing mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the 5551: 4328: 3740:). Article 118 stated "The division of the territory comprising 3712: 3573: 3395: 3179: 3072: 2623: 2255: 1931: 1885: 1749:, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into 1649: 1643: 515: 218: 150: 6464: 3322:, the number of territories decreased from about 300 to 39; in 1866 8869: 7567: 5633: 4083: 3929: 3684: 3628:

As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the

3553: 2931: 2753: 1758: 1741: 126: 6001: 3649:

be of a size and capacity to perform its functions effectively".

8931: 8827: 8636: 8312: 7732: 7676: 7598: 7049: 6983: 6958: 6855:"Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)" 6074: 5875: 5790: 5589:(House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a 5535: 5523: 5478: 4075: 3999: 3600: 3521: 3513: 3407: 3403: 3323: 3007: 2688: 2549: 2442: 2303: 2092: 1916: 1897: 1845: 1680: 1635: 1607: 1599: 278: 251: 197: 190: 176: 88: 68: 3727: 2156:

List of current heads of government of the German federal states

8919: 8875: 7237: 7185: 7182: 7149: 7074: 5997: 5903: 5786: 5641: 5515: 3565: 3461:) of 1937, the territory of the city-state was extended, while 3196: 2990: 2501: 2374: 2320: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2031: 1926: 1911: 1639: 1595: 169: 162: 131: 73: 6818:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under internaromtional law

3731:

The three states that merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952

8839: 8806: 7692:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

7671: 6993: 6118: 5708: 5675: 4056:– was declared East Germany's capital and its 15th district. 4003: 3823: 3741: 3505: 2883: 2606: 2188: 1921: 1684: 93: 4059:

The debate on territorial revision restarted shortly before

6753:

Though it was originally founded in 1920 after World War I.

6679:"Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Einwohner nach Bundesländern 2020" 3443:. Three changes are of particular note: on 1 January 1934, 3131: 2228: 2100: 1772:) became part of the Federal Republic, by accession of the 5651: 3775: 1893:, six still exist (though partly with different borders): 5805:, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or 316: 39:"Regions of Germany" redirects here. For other uses, see 5573:(president of the senate), also commonly referred to as 4090:

and the 16 German states in matters concerning the

1904:, which was part of Bavaria, 1816–1946, is now part of 6766:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

6649:"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab" 5542:, the government is referred to as "state government" 3955:

Both alternatives could be combined (AC, BC, AD, BD).

3465:

lost its independence and became part of the Prussian

3722: 1871:("states"). Today, it is very common to use the term 1665:. Initially, the states of the Federal Republic were 6782: 6215: 5749: 5836:, supervising local government administration. The 5454:Composition of German states' governing coalitions 4016:reintegration of Montabaur region into Hesse 14.3% 8645:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 6814: 6546:The institutional structures of German federalism 4028: 3860: 9358: 6341:List of German states by Human Development Index 3899:was introduced as legal tender in the Saarland. 9387:First-level administrative divisions by country 6885:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 6474:"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany" 5620:Administrative divisions of Germany (clickable 5608: 4052:– despite officially having the same status as 3498:Allied occupation of Germany after World War II 1626:"), while the other thirteen states are called 6763:Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). 277:70,549.4 km (27,239.29 sq mi) ( 8988: 8792: 8761:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art 8604: 7583: 7217: 6944: 6577:"German Federalism and Recent Reform Efforts" 6481:Deutscher Bundestag Public Relations Division 5957: 5376: 3616:In 1948, the military governors of the three 3583:Former German territory that lay east of the 1563: 7548:Table of administrative divisions by country 6861:. Saarbrücken. 24 October 1955. p. 10. 6433: 6421: 6409: 6295: 5718: 4129: 4123: 4113: 4095: 4013:reintegration of Rheinhessen into Hesse 7.1% 3902: 3759: 3753: 3644: 3637: 3456: 3428: 3422: 3307:. The Confederation was dissolved after the 3287:has a long tradition in German history. The 2086:was merged with the existing state of Hesse. 1829: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1781: 1757:joined the Federal Republic as the state of 1718: 1708: 1698: 1688: 1670: 1647: 1627: 1615: 7702:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 6356:List of German states by population density 6306:List of administrative divisions by country 6281:Composition of the German state parliaments 6012:Bremerhaven to have its own constitution). 9002: 8995: 8981: 8799: 8785: 8611: 8597: 7590: 7576: 7224: 7210: 6951: 6937: 6924:CityMayors feature on Germany subdivisions 6590:, Vol. 06, No. 10, p. 1287. 6514:"House of Commons debates (Welsh affairs)" 6366:List of German states by unemployment rate 5632:of Berlin and Hamburg are subdivided into 5383: 5369: 3472: 1570: 1556: 8808:States of the Federal Republic of Germany 6789:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 6336:List of German states by household income 5856:are grouped into such an association, or 5422:(Basic Law). By calling the document the 6821:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 6542: 6346:List of German states by life expectancy 6030:In five of the German states, there are 5769: 5604: 5449: 4652:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 3776:Petitions to reconstitute former states 3726: 3476: 3267: 3251: 839:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) 271:419.4 km (161.92 sq mi) ( 6769:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 6371:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 6326:List of German states by fertility rate 5550:. Before 1 January 2000, Bavaria had a 4149:This article is part of a series on the 3846:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 336:This article is part of a series on the 14: 9359: 6659:from the original on 15 September 2019 6510:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 6038:Unincorporated areas in German states 6008:) have less than 10 inhabitants. 5469:(minister-president), together with a 3679:. From 1957, when the French-occupied 3366:cities) and the imperial territory of 8976: 8780: 8592: 7571: 7205: 6932: 6689:from the original on 7 September 2021 6361:List of German states by poverty rate 5636:. The City of Bremen consists of two 5554:parliament, with a popularly elected 3879:(WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the 2221: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2194: 1810:), and the reunification of West and 7597: 6835:from the original on 11 January 2024 6803:from the original on 11 January 2024 6557:from the original on 7 November 2020 6524:from the original on 25 October 2012 3398:states were merged in 1920, whereby 3373:After the territorial losses of the 6351:List of German states by population 6311:List of cities and towns in Germany 41:Regions of Germany (disambiguation) 24: 9382:Administrative divisions in Europe 6865:from the original on 19 March 2013 6740:was largely treated as a state of 6728:Berlin has only officially been a 6629:from the original on 2 August 2021 6619:"Germany: States and Major Cities" 5979:): every rural district and every 5910: 5811:(Kommunalverbände besonderer Art), 5581:(first mayor) in Hamburg, and the 4169: 3723:Establishment of Baden-Württemberg 3421:seized power in January 1933, the 3303:(1815), 39 states formed the 3244:List of historic states of Germany 1669:(until 1952), Bavaria (in German: 356: 34:States of Germany (disambiguation) 25: 9403: 6917: 6901:from the original on 19 June 2017 6490:from the original on 19 June 2017 6373:– the German states prior to 1815 3683:was returned and formed into the 9377:Lists of subdivisions of Germany 8903: 7108: 7073: 7028: 7014: 6972: 6518:Parliament of the United Kingdom 6321:List of German states by exports 6260: 6246: 6232: 6218: 5340: 5326: 4038:14 administrative districts 3326:annexed the sovereign states of 3172: 3113: 3048: 2983: 2924: 2859: 2794: 2735: 2664: 2599: 2542: 2483: 2424: 2367: 2296: 2237: 1527: 1513: 55: 9392:States of Germany-related lists 8620:Orders, decorations, and medals 7794:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7763:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 6877: 6847: 6756: 6747: 6722: 6701: 6671: 5865:Kommunalverbände besonderer Art 5600: 4108:Some states call themselves a " 3389:, drafted a plan to divide the 1646:, which describe themselves as 7779:Early modern period, 1500–1800 7667:List of early Germanic peoples 6641: 6611: 6602: 6593: 6569: 6536: 6502: 6458: 6389: 5858:Kommunalverband besonderer Art 5797:consists of "rural districts" 5245:Politics of the European Union 4029:Reunited Germany, 1990–present 3993:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe 3861:Saar: the little reunification 3798:Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe 3467:province of Schleswig-Holstein 1780:, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania ( 1764:The next change occurred with 1663:aftermath of World War II 1432:Politics of the European Union 13: 1: 8698:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 7902:History of Germany since 1990 6783:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 6451: 6316:List of German states by area 5815:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 5445: 3447:was united with neighbouring 3274:states of the Weimar Republic 1900:(The geographically distinct 1774:re-established eastern states 6786:The United States and Poland 6331:List of German states by GRP 6291:German Bundesländer €2 coins 5896:), which was formed in 1974. 5801:District-free Towns/Cities ( 5766:List of districts of Germany 5686:now have very little power. 5196:Foreign relations by country 4388:Federal Constitutional Court 4195:Federal Constitutional Court 2180:Head of state and government 1944:is now part of the state of 1859:("lands") dates back to the 1634:("area states") and include 1383:Foreign relations by country 575:Federal Constitutional Court 382:Federal Constitutional Court 7: 6211: 5936:Gemeindeverwaltungsverbände 5693:at §75 states the right of 4600:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 4139: 4074:thus applied to the entire 3659:Upon its founding in 1949, 1865:states of the German Empire 1855:The German use of the term 1659:Federal Republic of Germany 1584:Federal Republic of Germany 787:Weimar Republic (1919–1933) 10: 9408: 7809:North German Confederation 7789:Confederation of the Rhine 6859:Saarländische Volkszeitung 6815:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 6608:Gunlicks, pp. 1287–88 6551:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 5965: 5888:: formed in 2008 from the 5884:(district association) of 5820:As of 2011, there are 295 5763: 5757: 5750:Administrative districts ( 5394: 4277:Vice Chancellor of Germany 3864: 3620:handed over the so-called 3241: 3237: 2153: 1745:state. In 1952, following 464:Vice Chancellor of Germany 38: 31: 9306: 9268: 9010: 8941: 8912: 8901: 8814: 8753: 8653: 8630: 8543: 8403: 8283: 8274: 8157: 8148: 8029: 8020: 7956: 7947: 7910: 7889: 7771: 7725: 7649: 7618: 7609: 7545: 7503: 7245: 7178: 7148: 7103: 7068: 7023: 7012: 6967: 6892:www.btg-bestellservice.de 6051: 6048: 6042: 5968:Municipalities of Germany 5948:Verwaltungsgemeinschaften 5583:Regierender Bürgermeister 4518:Collective municipality ( 3903:Constitutional amendments 3707:, etc.) and politicians ( 2070:, Schleswig-Holstein and 1863:of 1919. Previously, the 1839: 705:Collective municipality ( 301: 285: 267: 261: 257: 247: 237: 54: 53: 48: 8961:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 7961:Administrative divisions 7234:administrative divisions 7095:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6717:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6382: 5890:Stadtverband Saarbrücken 5709:Governmental districts ( 5081:State and local politics 4626:East Germany (1949–1960) 4072:West German constitution 3890:On 27 October 1956, the 3750:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3669:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3558:Mecklenburg(-Vorpommern) 3550:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3260:(light gray) within the 1733:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 1268:State and local politics 813:East Germany (1949–1960) 9372:Subdivisions of Germany 9004:Subdivisions of Europe 6960:Allied-occupied Germany 5952:Kirchspiellandgemeinden 5736:Landesdirektion Sachsen 5577:(Mayor) in Bremen, the 5488:parliamentary republics 5237:International Relations 4227:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 3986:Free State of Oldenburg 3881:Saar Statute referendum 3791:Free State of Oldenburg 3473:West Germany, 1945–1990 3348:North German Federation 3299:(1796–1814). After the 2149: 1424:International Relations 414:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 9053:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8858:North Rhine-Westphalia 8852:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 8709:North Rhine-Westphalia 8222:Science and technology 7923:History of Brandenburg 7814:Unification of Germany 7804:Frankfurt Constitution 7290:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7055:North Rhine-Westphalia 6434: 6422: 6410: 6400: 6296: 6276:Cantons of Switzerland 5775: 5719: 5691:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 5625: 5455: 5141:North Rhine-Westphalia 5136:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4751:Parliamentary election 4592:Presidential elections 4174: 4130: 4124: 4114: 4096: 4008:North Rhine-Westphalia 3991:reconstitution of the 3984:reconstitution of the 3877:Western European Union 3813:North Rhine-Westphalia 3796:Reconstitution of the 3789:Reconstitution of the 3760: 3754: 3732: 3645: 3638: 3534:North Rhine-Westphalia 3493: 3457: 3429: 3423: 3340:Free City of Frankfurt 3281: 3265: 2802:North Rhine-Westphalia 2743:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2389:Abgeordnetenhaus 2044:North Rhine-Westphalia 2000:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1976:North Rhine-Westphalia 1830: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1784:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1782: 1719: 1709: 1705:North Rhine-Westphalia 1699: 1689: 1671: 1648: 1628: 1616: 1590:, consists of sixteen 1328:North Rhine-Westphalia 1323:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 938:Parliamentary election 779:Presidential elections 361: 7859:Flight and expulsions 6962:(1945–1949/1956/1990) 6416:; colloquially also ( 6302:– German state police 6254:European Union portal 5900:City region of Aachen 5892:(city association of 5813:see below. The state 5773: 5619: 5453: 5397:Federalism in Germany 5395:Further information: 5295:Agrarian Conservatism 4365:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 4358:Vermittlungsausschuss 4251:Chancellor of Germany 4173: 3865:Further information: 3730: 3630:Parliamentary Council 3480: 3278:Free State of Prussia 3271: 3255: 3242:Further information: 2196:Bundesrat 1848:, where the national 1482:Agrarian Conservatism 552:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss 545:Vermittlungsausschuss 438:Chancellor of Germany 360: 309:Governmental district 8864:Rhineland-Palatinate 8715:Rhineland-Palatinate 8531:World Heritage Sites 8209:German states by GDP 7799:German Confederation 7090:Rhineland-Palatinate 6575:Gunlicks, Arthur B. 6512:(28 February 1991). 6286:Elections in Germany 6032:unincorporated areas 5780:Districts of Germany 5760:Districts of Germany 5689:The constitution of 5597:(State Parliament). 5579:Erster Bürgermeister 5526:are referred to as " 5267:Political ideologies 5146:Rhineland-Palatinate 4580:Federal Convention ( 4219:President of Germany 4061:German reunification 3978:Rhineland-Palatinate 3941:Germersheim district 3849:Baden's population. 3542:Rhineland-Palatinate 3449:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3445:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3385:, the father of the 3375:Treaty of Versailles 3305:German Confederation 2867:Rhineland-Palatinate 2512:Andreas Bovenschulte 2266:Winfried Kretschmann 2048:Rhineland-Palatinate 2030:among the states of 2014:Rhineland-Palatinate 1996:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1992:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1826:Education in Germany 1766:German reunification 1715:Rhineland-Palatinate 1454:Political ideologies 1333:Rhineland-Palatinate 767:Federal Convention ( 406:President of Germany 18:Bundesland (Germany) 9269:States with limited 8637:Republic of Germany 8167:Automobile industry 7753:Carolingian dynasty 7687:History of the Huns 7506:States with limited 6466:Christian Tomuschat 6039: 5983:is subdivided into 5872:District of Hanover 5863:In 2010 only three 5703:Landschaftsverbände 5684:Landschaftsverbände 5663:Landschaftsverbände 5654:Landschaftsverbände 5652:Area associations ( 5514:The governments in 5414:democratic republic 5347:Politics portal 3972:The referendums in 3652:In their letter to 3622:Frankfurt Documents 3458:Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz 3453:Greater Hamburg Act 3387:Weimar Constitution 3352:Franco-Prussian War 3309:Austro-Prussian War 2807:Nordrhein-Westfalen 1861:Weimar Constitution 1822:German constitution 1820:. According to the 1710:Nordrhein-Westfalen 1534:Politics portal 8888:Schleswig-Holstein 8739:Schleswig-Holstein 8237:Telecommunications 7918:History of Prussia 7834:Revolution of 1918 7829:War guilt question 7748:Carolingian Empire 7717:Sack of Rome (410) 7626:History of Germany 7060:Schleswig-Holstein 6625:. 3 October 2020. 6588:German Law Journal 6582:2011-06-21 at the 6442:"Federate State/s" 6141:Schleswig-Holstein 6037: 5776: 5626: 5509:no-confidence vote 5504:minister-president 5486:). The states are 5456: 5433:Amendments to the 5333:Germany portal 5166:Schleswig-Holstein 5011:European elections 4476:State Parliament ( 4471:Minister president 4175: 3943:but including the 3836:Reconstitution of 3733: 3605:Posen-West Prussia 3526:Schleswig-Holstein 3494: 3320:Congress of Vienna 3301:Congress of Vienna 3282: 3276:in 1925, with the 3266: 3258:Kingdom of Prussia 3248:History of Germany 3121:Schleswig-Holstein 3018:Michael Kretschmer 2569:Peter Tschentscher 2564:Bürgerschaft 2507:Bürgerschaft 2185:Minister-President 2177:Legislature 2060:Prussian provinces 2056:Schleswig-Holstein 2018:Schleswig-Holstein 1986:Schleswig-Holstein 1804:), and Thuringia ( 1731:(until 1952), and 1725:Schleswig-Holstein 1606:(with its seaport 1520:Germany portal 1353:Schleswig-Holstein 1198:European elections 663:State Parliament ( 658:Minister president 362: 9367:States of Germany 9354: 9353: 8970: 8969: 8955:Württemberg-Baden 8822:Baden-Württemberg 8774: 8773: 8668:Baden-Württemberg 8660:states of Germany 8624:States of Germany 8586: 8585: 8539: 8538: 8270: 8269: 8184:Chemical Triangle 8144: 8143: 8131:Political parties 8079:Foreign relations 8016: 8015: 7943: 7942: 7854:Allied occupation 7758:Holy Roman Empire 7565: 7564: 7199: 7198: 7006:Württemberg-Baden 6713:Württemberg-Baden 6653:globaldatalab.org 6599:Gunlicks, p. 1288 6377:States of Austria 6205: 6204: 6163:Baden-Württemberg 5944:Verbandsgemeinden 5849:Kreisfreie Städte 5847:with one or more 5826:Kreisfreie Städte 5803:Kreisfreie Städte 5793:and the state of 5731:Direktionsbezirke 5721:Regierungsbezirke 5711:Regierungsbezirke 5680:World War II 5548:(Landesregierung) 5544:(Staatsregierung) 5466:Ministerpräsident 5393: 5392: 5273:Political culture 5186:Foreign relations 5096:Baden-Württemberg 4582:Bundesversammlung 4565:Political parties 4160: 4080:Saar Protectorate 3934:Lüchow-Dannenberg 3867:Saar Protectorate 3829:Reintegration of 3818:Reintegration of 3746:Württemberg-Baden 3681:Saar Protectorate 3677:Baden-Württemberg 3675:) merged to form 3673:Württemberg-Baden 3593:Farther Pomerania 3510:Württemberg-Baden 3406:, Pyrmont joined 3293:many petty states 3289:Holy Roman Empire 3235: 3234: 2245:Baden-Württemberg 2192: 2130:Baden-Württemberg 1998:are now parts of 1956:Baden-Württemberg 1755:Saar Protectorate 1751:Baden-Württemberg 1729:Württemberg-Baden 1654:("free states"). 1580: 1579: 1460:Political culture 1373:Foreign relations 1283:Baden-Württemberg 769:Bundesversammlung 752:Political parties 347: 329: 328: 16:(Redirected from 9399: 9307:Dependencies and 9011:Sovereign states 8997: 8990: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8907: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8778: 8777: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8590: 8589: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8516:Prussian virtues 8281: 8280: 8189:Economic history 8155: 8154: 8049: 8027: 8026: 7978:Cities and towns 7954: 7953: 7934:Baden Revolution 7738:Treaty of Verdun 7707:Marcomannic Wars 7662:Migration Period 7657:Germanic peoples 7641:Military history 7616: 7615: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7569: 7568: 7247:Sovereign states 7226: 7219: 7212: 7203: 7202: 7171: 7163: 7113: 7112: 7078: 7077: 7033: 7032: 7018: 6977: 6976: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6889: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6780: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6726: 6720: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6591: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6478: 6462: 6445: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6393: 6301: 6270: 6268:Geography portal 6265: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6040: 6036: 5958:Municipalities ( 5830:county executive 5744: 5724: 5587:Abgeordnetenhaus 5501: 5474:legislative body 5385: 5378: 5371: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5311:Social Democracy 5187: 4560:Electoral system 4553: 4496:Regierungsbezirk 4451: 4381: 4310:Federal agencies 4188: 4187: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4120:World War I 4117: 4099: 3873:Paris Agreements 3833:into Hesse 20.2% 3782:Paris Agreements 3763: 3757: 3717:fiscal transfers 3648: 3641: 3585:Oder-Neisse line 3460: 3434: 3426: 3379:remaining states 3178: 3176: 3175: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3054: 3052: 3051: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2764:Manuela Schwesig 2741: 2739: 2738: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2182: 2160: 2159: 2116:Schaumburg-Lippe 2103:are now part of 2058:. The erstwhile 1883:call themselves 1867:had been called 1835: 1809: 1803: 1793: 1787: 1722: 1712: 1702: 1692: 1674: 1653: 1633: 1621: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1498:Social Democracy 1374: 747:Electoral system 740: 683:Regierungsbezirk 638: 568: 497:Federal agencies 375: 374: 350: 345: 337: 331: 330: 293:State government 59: 46: 45: 21: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9308: 9302: 9288:Northern Cyprus 9270: 9264: 9185:North Macedonia 9006: 9001: 8971: 8966: 8937: 8908: 8899: 8810: 8805: 8775: 8770: 8749: 8658: 8655:Orders of merit 8649: 8635: 8632:Orders of merit 8626: 8617: 8587: 8582: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8535: 8399: 8350:Life expectancy 8266: 8140: 8111:Law enforcement 8047: 8012: 7939: 7906: 7885: 7869:Divided Germany 7839:Weimar Republic 7767: 7733:Frankish Empire 7721: 7645: 7611: 7605: 7596: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7541: 7527:Northern Cyprus 7510: 7507: 7499: 7420:North Macedonia 7241: 7230: 7200: 7195: 7174: 7169: 7161: 7144: 7107: 7099: 7072: 7064: 7027: 7019: 7010: 6971: 6963: 6957: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6829: 6806: 6804: 6797: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6727: 6723: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6683:de.statista.com 6677: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6623:City Population 6617: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6584:Wayback Machine 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6470:David P. Currie 6463: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6266: 6261: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6018:trading estates 5970: 5964: 5917: 5882:Regionalverband 5768: 5762: 5756: 5738: 5715: 5666:), one for the 5658: 5638:urban districts 5618: 5603: 5571:Senatspräsident 5502:s members. The 5499: 5448: 5438:intention, the 5399: 5389: 5360: 5356:Other countries 5339: 5338: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5281: 5268: 5260: 5259: 5241: 5233: 5200: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5091: 5082: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5015: 5007: 5006: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4648: 4622: 4596: 4588: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4491: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4353: 4323: 4315: 4314: 4294: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4213: 4205: 4204: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4088:Federal Council 4031: 3998:integration of 3913:grand coalition 3905: 3885:Konrad Adenauer 3869: 3863: 3803:Integration of 3778: 3725: 3701:Meinhard Miegel 3654:Konrad Adenauer 3475: 3431:Gleichschaltung 3368:Alsace-Lorraine 3316:Napoleonic Wars 3297:Napoleonic Wars 3250: 3240: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3114: 3112: 3083:Reiner Haseloff 3058: 3049: 3047: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2925: 2923: 2872:Rheinland-Pfalz 2869: 2860: 2858: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2736: 2734: 2691: 2674: 2665: 2663: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2543: 2541: 2484: 2482: 2425: 2423: 2368: 2366: 2323: 2306: 2297: 2295: 2238: 2236: 2226: 2218: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2181: 2158: 2152: 2128:is now part of 2118:is now part of 2008:is now part of 1984:is now part of 1974:is now part of 1964:is now part of 1954:is now part of 1906:Rheinland Pfalz 1891:Weimar Republic 1842: 1753:. In 1957, the 1720:Rheinland-Pfalz 1576: 1547: 1543:Other countries 1526: 1525: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1468: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1428: 1420: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1278: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1202: 1194: 1193: 942: 934: 933: 835: 809: 783: 775: 742: 738: 730: 729: 678: 640: 636: 628: 627: 619: 579: 570: 566: 558: 557: 540: 510: 502: 501: 481: 432: 424: 423: 400: 392: 391: 377: 372: 370: 348: 344: 335: 325: 297: 276: 242:Federated state 233: 232: 225: 221: 216: 209: 202: 195: 188: 181: 174: 167: 160: 153: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 129: 124: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 63: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9310: 9309:other entities 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9260:United Kingdom 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9073:Czech Republic 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8804: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8781: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8766:Pour le Mérite 8763: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8664: 8662: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8628: 8627: 8616: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8447:Cultural icons 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8227:Stock exchange 8224: 8219: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7866: 7864:Denazification 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7636:Historiography 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7572: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7495:United Kingdom 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7310:Czech Republic 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7229: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7162:(France/UK/US) 7155: 7153: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6918:External links 6916: 6913: 6912: 6876: 6846: 6827: 6795: 6775: 6755: 6746: 6736:, even though 6721: 6707:The states of 6700: 6670: 6640: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6568: 6535: 6501: 6472:(April 2010). 6456: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6257: 6243: 6229: 6226:Germany portal 6213: 6210: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6044: 5985:municipalities 5973:Municipalities 5966:Main article: 5963: 5956: 5916: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5879: 5758:Main article: 5755: 5748: 5714: 5707: 5670:, and one for 5657: 5650: 5602: 5599: 5447: 5444: 5426:, rather than 5411:representative 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5336: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5087:State Politics 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4586: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4538: 4527:Municipality ( 4524: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4454: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:Administrative 4403: 4397: 4396: 4395:Federal courts 4391: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4335:constituencies 4324: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4293: 4292: 4281: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4260: 4259: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4138: 4092:European Union 4030: 4027: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 3996: 3989: 3904: 3901: 3862: 3859: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3816: 3801: 3794: 3777: 3774: 3724: 3721: 3618:Western Allies 3474: 3471: 3451:; and, by the 3360:German Emperor 3280:as the largest 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3142:Daniel Günther 3139: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061:Sachsen-Anhalt 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2953:Anke Rehlinger 2950: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2702: 2697: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2453:Dietmar Woidke 2450: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2334: 2329: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2151: 2148: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2088: 2087: 2021: 2003: 1989: 1979: 1969: 1959: 1949: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1841: 1838: 1801:Sachsen-Anhalt 1735:(until 1952). 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1523: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1274:State Politics 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 943: 941: 940: 932: 931: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 843: 842: 841: 834: 833: 828: 823: 817: 816: 815: 808: 807: 802: 797: 791: 790: 789: 782: 781: 774: 773: 764: 759: 754: 749: 743: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 714:Municipality ( 711: 702: 701: 700: 686: 677: 676: 675: 674: 660: 654: 653: 641: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 618: 617: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:Administrative 590: 584: 583: 582:Federal courts 578: 577: 571: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 548: 539: 538: 531: 530: 529: 524: 522:constituencies 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 493: 492: 480: 479: 468: 467: 459: 458: 447: 446: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 410: 409: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 378: 368: 367: 364: 363: 353: 352: 340: 339: 327: 326: 324: 323: 305: 303: 299: 298: 296: 295: 289: 287: 283: 282: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 226: 217: 210: 206:Czech Republic 203: 196: 189: 182: 175: 168: 161: 154: 149: 142: 135: 130: 125: 118: 111: 104: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 60: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9404: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Faroe Islands 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293:South Ossetia 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9145:Liechtenstein 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8991: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942:Former states 8940: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8882:Saxony-Anhalt 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8733:Saxony-Anhalt 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:Social issues 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8318:Ethnic groups 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897:Reunification 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819:German Empire 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532:South Ossetia 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380:Liechtenstein 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7222: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7168: 7165: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7135:Saxony-Anhalt 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6999:Greater Hesse 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6969:American Zone 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6828:9780880331746 6824: 6820: 6819: 6802: 6798: 6796:9780674926851 6792: 6788: 6787: 6778: 6776:9781847790323 6772: 6768: 6767: 6759: 6750: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6734:reunification 6731: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6605: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6443: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6298:Landespolizei 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6258: 6255: 6244: 6241: 6240:Europe portal 6230: 6227: 6216: 6209: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6006:Nordfriesland 6003: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5940:Landgemeinden 5937: 5933: 5932:Amtsgemeinden 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834:United States 5831: 5827: 5824:and 107 5823: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5799:(Landkreise), 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5607: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575:Bürgermeister 5572: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5493:majority vote 5489: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5476:known as the 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407:parliamentary 5404: 5401:Germany is a 5398: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5180: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5161:Saxony-Anhalt 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4285:Robert Habeck 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4212:Head of State 4209: 4208: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4184:Constitution 4179: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076:German people 4073: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3897:Deutsche Mark 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3709:Walter Döring 3706: 3705:Adrian Ottnad 3702: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570:Saxony-Anhalt 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518:American zone 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3410:in 1922, and 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356:German Empire 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344:federal state 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3262:German Empire 3259: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3056:Saxony-Anhalt 3046: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677:Niedersachsen 2673: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2209:(2023-07-01) 2197: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:Saxony-Anhalt 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946:Saxony-Anhalt 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1797: 1796:Saxony-Anhalt 1792: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1700:Niedersachsen 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630:Flächenländer 1625: 1620: 1619: 1614:) are called 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:federal state 1585: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Saxony-Anhalt 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 939: 936: 935: 930: 929: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 810: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 776: 772: 770: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 734: 733: 724: 721: 720: 719: 717: 712: 710: 708: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 692: 687: 685: 684: 680: 679: 673: 670: 669: 668: 666: 661: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 649: 643: 642: 639: 632: 631: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 612: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 580: 576: 573: 572: 569: 562: 561: 554: 553: 549: 547: 546: 542: 541: 537: 536: 532: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 513: 512: 506: 505: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 473: 472:Robert Habeck 470: 469: 466: 465: 461: 460: 456: 452: 449: 448: 444: 440: 439: 435: 434: 428: 427: 419: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 399:Head of State 396: 395: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 371:Constitution 366: 365: 359: 355: 354: 351: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 306: 304: 300: 294: 291: 290: 288: 284: 280: 274: 270: 266: 263: 260: 256: 253: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 231: 230: 224: 223: 215: 214: 208: 207: 201: 200: 194: 193: 187: 186: 180: 179: 173: 172: 166: 165: 159: 158: 152: 147: 140: 133: 128: 123: 116: 109: 102: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 58: 52: 49:German states 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 9298:Transnistria 8934:(since 1949) 8928:(since 1949) 8922:(since 1990) 8896:(since 1990) 8890:(since 1949) 8884:(since 1990) 8878:(since 1990) 8872:(since 1957) 8866:(since 1949) 8860:(since 1949) 8854:(since 1990) 8848:(since 1949) 8846:Lower Saxony 8842:(since 1949) 8836:(since 1990) 8830:(since 1949) 8824:(since 1952) 8807: 8703:Lower Saxony 8659: 8623: 8564:Bibliography 8438:Coat of arms 8418:Architecture 8395:Trade unions 8375:Prostitution 8335:Homelessness 8298:Demographics 8247:Trade unions 8214: 8204:German model 8177:Central bank 8121:Conservatism 8084:Human rights 8069:Court system 8064:Constitution 8044: 7965: 7890:Contemporary 7879:West Germany 7874:East Germany 7849:World War II 7844:Nazi Germany 7784:18th-century 7743:East Francia 7697:Cimbrian War 7537:Transnistria 7339: 7232:First-level 7040:Lower Saxony 7025:British Zone 6903:. Retrieved 6891: 6879: 6867:. Retrieved 6858: 6849: 6837:. Retrieved 6817: 6805:. Retrieved 6785: 6765: 6758: 6749: 6742:West Germany 6729: 6724: 6703: 6693:15 September 6691:. Retrieved 6682: 6673: 6661:. Retrieved 6652: 6643: 6631:. Retrieved 6622: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6587: 6571: 6559:. Retrieved 6545: 6538: 6526:. Retrieved 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6460: 6441: 6436:Bundesländer 6435: 6423: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6206: 6184: 6097:Lower Saxony 6029: 6025:arts centres 6022: 6014: 6010: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5889: 5881: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5848: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5782: 5777: 5751: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5688: 5683: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5627: 5601:Subdivisions 5594: 5591:Bürgerschaft 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5556: 5547: 5543: 5513: 5496: 5477: 5464: 5457: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5400: 5291:Conservatism 5236: 5195: 5131:Lower Saxony 5086: 5065: 5010: 5000: 4750: 4740: 4591: 4581: 4528: 4519: 4503: 4495: 4477: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4450:Subdivisions 4436:Other courts 4428:Joint Senate 4364: 4357: 4346: 4327: 4275: 4249: 4217: 4200:Human rights 4159:Politics of 4147: 4107: 4103: 4069: 4058: 4048:-controlled 4041: 4034:East Germany 4032: 4023: 4019: 3974:Lower Saxony 3971: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3945:Rhine-Neckar 3938: 3926: 3921:Willy Brandt 3918: 3910: 3906: 3889: 3870: 3851: 3843: 3779: 3734: 3693: 3661:West Germany 3658: 3651: 3627: 3615: 3597:East Prussia 3582: 3538:British zone 3530:Lower Saxony 3495: 3486:East Germany 3482:West Germany 3438: 3416: 3391:German Reich 3372: 3336:Hesse-Kassel 3313: 3283: 3207:Bodo Ramelow 3184: 3060: 2995: 2871: 2829:Hendrik Wüst 2806: 2705:Stephan Weil 2693: 2676: 2672:Lower Saxony 2611: 2337:Markus Söder 2325: 2308: 2212:Pop. per km 2142: 2138: 2135: 2120:Lower Saxony 2089: 2084:Hesse-Nassau 2040:Lower Saxony 2010:Lower Saxony 1966:Lower Saxony 1962:Braunschweig 1936: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1816: 1770:East Germany 1763: 1747:a referendum 1740: 1695:Lower Saxony 1656: 1629: 1618:Stadtstaaten 1617: 1591: 1581: 1478:Conservatism 1423: 1382: 1318:Lower Saxony 1273: 1252: 1197: 1187: 937: 927: 778: 768: 715: 706: 690: 682: 664: 647: 645: 644: 637:Subdivisions 623:Other courts 615:Joint Senate 551: 544: 533: 514: 462: 436: 404: 387:Human rights 346:Politics of 334: 321:Municipality 302:Subdivisions 228: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 177: 170: 163: 156: 113:North Rhine- 106:Mecklenburg- 29: 9336:Isle of Man 9271:recognition 9245:Switzerland 9180:Netherlands 8963:(1949–1952) 8957:(1949–1952) 8951:(1949–1952) 8949:South Baden 8913:City-states 8834:Brandenburg 8686:Brandenburg 8365:Pornography 8340:Immigration 8303:Drug policy 8215:Mittelstand 8162:Agriculture 8126:Nationalism 8099:Transgender 7983:Earthquakes 7930:, 1583-1588 7928:Cologne War 7824:World War I 7726:Middle Ages 7712:Gothic Wars 7508:recognition 7480:Switzerland 7415:Netherlands 7167:East Berlin 7159:West Berlin 7152:(1949–1990) 7125:Mecklenburg 7120:Brandenburg 7105:Soviet Zone 7070:French Zone 6738:West Berlin 6052:2000-01-01 5990:Stadtrechte 5894:Saarbrücken 5886:Saarbrücken 5807:Stadtkreise 5739: [ 5695:Mecklenburg 5646:Bremerhaven 5630:city-states 5532:free states 5507:successful 5440:Grundgesetz 5435:Grundgesetz 5424:Grundgesetz 5419:Grundgesetz 5111:Brandenburg 4870:1932 (July) 4570:Referendums 4485:composition 4322:Legislature 4264:Olaf Scholz 4186:(Basic Law) 4054:West Berlin 4050:East Berlin 3892:Saar Treaty 3820:Rheinhessen 3770:South Baden 3697:Werner Rutz 3665:South Baden 3578:Soviet zone 3562:Brandenburg 3496:During the 3490:West Berlin 3484:(blue) and 3383:Hugo Preuss 3264:(1871–1918) 2943:Saarbrücken 2894:Malu Dreyer 2844:17,944,923 2634:Boris Rhein 2432:Brandenburg 2352:13,203,592 2281:11,148,904 2126:Württemberg 2076:Westphalia 2064:Brandenburg 2036:Brandenburg 1886:Freistaaten 1875:(federated 1812:East Berlin 1788:), Saxony ( 1778:Brandenburg 1737:West Berlin 1650:Freistaaten 1624:city-states 1612:Bremerhaven 1298:Brandenburg 1057:1932 (July) 757:Referendums 672:composition 509:Legislature 451:Olaf Scholz 373:(Basic Law) 213:Switzerland 185:Netherlands 79:Brandenburg 64:Württemberg 9361:Categories 9215:San Marino 9175:Montenegro 9155:Luxembourg 9135:Kazakhstan 9038:Azerbaijan 8526:Television 8511:Philosophy 8486:Literature 8345:Irreligion 8330:Healthcare 8293:Corruption 8059:Chancellor 8048:(military) 8045:Bundeswehr 7450:San Marino 7410:Montenegro 7390:Luxembourg 7370:Kazakhstan 7275:Azerbaijan 6869:8 November 6730:Bundesland 6494:15 October 6452:References 6424:Bundesland 6069:Area (km) 6049:2005-01-01 6046:2022-01-01 5926:(singular 5854:hinterland 5845:Landkreise 5838:Landkreise 5822:Landkreise 5764:See also: 5699:Vorpommern 5672:Westphalia 5566:referendum 5530:". In the 5495:among the 5471:unicameral 5446:Government 5428:Verfassung 5306:Liberalism 5277:Federalism 4885:1933 (Nov) 4880:1933 (Mar) 4875:1932 (Nov) 4855:1924 (Dec) 4850:1924 (May) 4765:1867 (Aug) 4760:1867 (Feb) 4575:Coalitions 4502:District ( 4110:free state 4065:New States 3766:referendum 3689:Old States 3488:(red) and 3419:Nazi Party 3417:After the 3402:opted for 3396:Thuringian 3338:, and the 3291:comprised 3285:Federalism 3222:2,099,527 3157:2,936,486 3098:2,155,742 3033:4,036,369 2968:1,005,796 2909:4,126,872 2819:Düsseldorf 2779:1,605,259 2720:8,045,829 2649:6,313,614 2584:1,904,212 2468:2,546,685 2409:3,689,708 2394:Kai Wegner 2225:per capita 2167:State code 2154:See also: 1902:Palatinate 1873:Bundesland 1493:Liberalism 1464:Federalism 1072:1933 (Nov) 1067:1933 (Mar) 1062:1932 (Nov) 1042:1924 (Dec) 1037:1924 (May) 952:1867 (Aug) 947:1867 (Feb) 762:Coalitions 689:District ( 286:Government 229:Baltic Sea 157:Luxembourg 144:Schleswig- 122:Palatinate 120:Rhineland- 115:Westphalia 108:Vorpommern 9326:Gibraltar 9150:Lithuania 8894:Thuringia 8745:Thuringia 8481:Libraries 8461:Festivals 8308:Education 8252:Transport 8217:companies 8136:President 8074:Elections 8039:Bundesrat 8034:Bundestag 8003:Mountains 7971:Districts 7949:Geography 7682:Visigoths 7619:Overviews 7385:Lithuania 7240:countries 7140:Thuringia 6839:3 October 6807:3 October 6201:4,890.33 6113:1,394.10 6091:2,992.78 6063:Area (km) 5977:Gemeinden 5960:Gemeinden 5911:Offices ( 5668:Rhineland 5634:Districts 5552:bicameral 5463:led by a 5301:Far-right 5286:Communism 5171:Thuringia 4552:Elections 4380:Judiciary 4348:Bundesrat 4329:Bundestag 4244:Executive 4132:Bundesrat 4125:Freistaat 4122:. Today, 4115:Freistaat 3831:Montabaur 3780:With the 3713:Hans Apel 3634:Basic Law 3589:provinces 3574:Thuringia 3364:Hanseatic 3185:Thüringen 3180:Thuringia 3073:Magdeburg 2624:Wiesbaden 2256:Stuttgart 2080:Rhineland 2006:Oldenburg 1932:Thuringia 1832:Bundesrat 1807:Thüringen 1644:Thuringia 1488:Far-right 1473:Communism 1358:Thuringia 739:Elections 567:Judiciary 535:Bundesrat 516:Bundestag 431:Executive 151:Thuringia 9346:Svalbard 9331:Guernsey 9278:Abkhazia 9230:Slovenia 9225:Slovakia 9200:Portugal 9058:Bulgaria 8870:Saarland 8721:Saarland 8573:Category 8491:Internet 8476:Language 8466:Folklore 8385:Religion 8360:Pensions 8355:Naturism 8232:Taxation 8116:Lobbying 8089:Intersex 8022:Politics 7631:Timeline 7610:General 7603:articles 7517:Abkhazia 7465:Slovenia 7460:Slovakia 7435:Portugal 7295:Bulgaria 7238:European 6905:30 April 6896:Archived 6863:Archived 6833:Archived 6801:Archived 6687:Archived 6657:Archived 6627:Archived 6580:Archived 6561:4 August 6555:Archived 6528:19 April 6522:Archived 6485:Archived 6212:See also 6195:4,167.66 6085:2,725.06 5783:(Kreise) 5701:to form 5560:, and a 5255:Passport 5151:Saarland 4529:Gemeinde 4401:Ordinary 4140:Politics 4084:Saarland 3930:Cuxhaven 3854:Palatine 3852:The two 3685:Saarland 3610:expelled 3554:Saarland 3552:and the 3492:(yellow) 3211:The Left 2932:Saarland 2754:Schwerin 2694:Hannover 2527:663,567 2231:; 2020) 1759:Saarland 1742:de facto 1442:Passport 1338:Saarland 716:Gemeinde 588:Ordinary 313:District 248:Location 238:Category 146:Holstein 127:Saarland 9255:Ukraine 9205:Romania 9165:Moldova 9123:Ireland 9118:Iceland 9113:Hungary 9103:Germany 9098:Georgia 9088:Finland 9083:Estonia 9078:Denmark 9063:Croatia 9048:Belgium 9043:Belarus 9033:Austria 9028:Armenia 9023:Andorra 9018:Albania 8932:Hamburg 8828:Bavaria 8674:Bavaria 8622:of the 8550:Outline 8456:Fashion 8443:Cuisine 8405:Culture 8370:Poverty 8313:Germans 8276:Society 8257:Welfare 8242:Tourism 8199:Exports 8172:Banking 8150:Economy 8054:Cabinet 7993:Islands 7988:Geology 7911:Regions 7677:Teutons 7650:Ancient 7612:History 7599:Germany 7490:Ukraine 7440:Romania 7400:Moldova 7360:Ireland 7355:Iceland 7350:Hungary 7340:Germany 7335:Georgia 7325:Finland 7320:Estonia 7315:Denmark 7300:Croatia 7285:Belgium 7280:Belarus 7270:Austria 7265:Armenia 7260:Andorra 7255:Albania 7186:Trizone 7050:Hamburg 7045:Hanover 6984:Bavaria 6633:3 April 6432:) 6420:) 6135:327.05 6075:Bavaria 5876:Hanover 5867:exist. 5832:in the 5791:Hamburg 5595:Landtag 5557:Landtag 5536:Bavaria 5528:senates 5524:Hamburg 5497:Landtag 5482:(State 5479:Landtag 5461:cabinet 5403:federal 5121:Hamburg 5101:Bavaria 4478:Landtag 4459:State ( 4340:members 4298:Cabinet 4162:Germany 4082:as the 4042:Bezirke 4040:called 4000:Koblenz 3871:In the 3805:Koblenz 3601:Silesia 3576:in the 3536:in the 3522:Hamburg 3516:in the 3514:Bavaria 3412:Waldeck 3408:Prussia 3404:Bavaria 3328:Hanover 3324:Prussia 3318:to the 3238:History 3231:28,953 3219:16,172 3202:Landtag 3166:33,452 3154:15,799 3137:Landtag 3107:28,652 3095:20,446 3078:Landtag 3042:30,903 3030:18,416 3013:Landtag 3008:Dresden 2996:Sachsen 2977:34,125 2948:Landtag 2918:34,673 2906:19,853 2889:Landtag 2853:38,876 2841:34,085 2824:Landtag 2788:28,590 2776:23,180 2759:Landtag 2729:37,005 2717:47,609 2700:Landtag 2689:Hanover 2658:44,750 2646:21,115 2629:Landtag 2593:64,022 2550:Hamburg 2536:46,468 2477:29,282 2465:29,480 2448:Landtag 2443:Potsdam 2418:42,221 2361:46,498 2349:70,552 2332:Landtag 2326:München 2304:Bavaria 2290:45,108 2278:35,752 2261:Landtag 2219:(2021) 2174:Capital 2093:Bavaria 2072:Hanover 2028:divided 2024:Prussia 1917:Hamburg 1898:Bavaria 1869:Staaten 1846:Austria 1791:Sachsen 1681:Hamburg 1636:Bavaria 1608:exclave 1600:Hamburg 1586:, as a 1308:Hamburg 1288:Bavaria 665:Landtag 646:State ( 527:members 485:Cabinet 349:Germany 279:Bavaria 252:Germany 199:Austria 192:Belgium 178:Denmark 137:Saxony- 89:Hamburg 69:Bavaria 9341:Jersey 9283:Kosovo 9250:Turkey 9240:Sweden 9220:Serbia 9210:Russia 9195:Poland 9190:Norway 9170:Monaco 9140:Latvia 9108:Greece 9093:France 9068:Cyprus 8926:Bremen 8920:Berlin 8876:Saxony 8815:States 8741: 8735: 8729: 8727:Saxony 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8680:Berlin 8676: 8670: 8657:of the 8634:of the 8578:Portal 8433:Cinema 8413:Anthem 8380:Racism 8194:Energy 8008:Rivers 7966:States 7936:, 1848 7772:Modern 7601: 7522:Kosovo 7485:Turkey 7475:Sweden 7455:Serbia 7445:Russia 7430:Poland 7425:Norway 7405:Monaco 7375:Latvia 7345:Greece 7330:France 7305:Cyprus 7183:Bizone 7170:(USSR) 7150:Berlin 7130:Saxony 6989:Bremen 6825: 6793: 6773: 6732:since 6715:, and 6663:28 May 6402:Länder 6397:German 6179:76.99 6157:99.41 6129:327.05 6107:949.16 6066:Number 6060:Number 6057:Number 5998:Berlin 5904:Aachen 5795:Bremen 5787:Berlin 5752:Kreise 5682:. The 5642:Bremen 5562:Senate 5540:Saxony 5520:Bremen 5516:Berlin 5229:Russia 5204:France 5156:Saxony 5116:Bremen 5106:Berlin 4421:Social 4416:Labour 4411:Fiscal 4303:Scholz 4097:Länder 4046:Soviet 3761:Länder 3755:Länder 3671:, and 3572:, and 3566:Saxony 3532:, and 3512:, and 3502:Bremen 3463:Lübeck 3441:system 3424:Länder 3400:Coburg 3377:, the 3346:, the 3332:Nassau 3228:0.923 3197:Erfurt 3177: 3163:0.921 3118: 3104:0.911 3053: 3039:0.933 2991:Saxony 2988: 2974:0.931 2965:2,569 2929: 2915:0.929 2864: 2850:0.939 2799: 2785:0.916 2740: 2726:0.930 2669: 2655:0.950 2612:Hessen 2604: 2590:0.972 2587:2,439 2547: 2533:0.954 2530:1,630 2502:Bremen 2491:Bremen 2488: 2474:0.918 2429: 2415:0.959 2412:4,086 2375:Berlin 2372: 2358:0.950 2321:Munich 2309:Bayern 2301: 2287:0.956 2270:Greens 2242: 2199:votes 2163:State 2143:Länder 2139:Länder 2109:Russia 2105:Poland 2097:Neisse 2068:Saxony 2032:Berlin 1982:Lübeck 1942:Anhalt 1927:Saxony 1912:Bremen 1881:Länder 1857:Länder 1840:States 1690:Hessen 1677:Bremen 1672:Bayern 1642:, and 1640:Saxony 1604:Bremen 1596:Berlin 1592:states 1416:Russia 1391:France 1343:Saxony 1303:Bremen 1293:Berlin 608:Social 603:Labour 598:Fiscal 490:Scholz 273:Bremen 258:Number 171:France 164:Poland 139:Anhalt 132:Saxony 101:Saxony 84:Bremen 74:Berlin 62:Baden- 9316:Åland 9235:Spain 9160:Malta 9130:Italy 8840:Hesse 8754:Other 8692:Hesse 8557:Index 8521:Sport 8506:Names 8501:Music 8496:Media 8451:Dance 8323:Women 8288:Crime 8262:Women 7998:Lakes 7672:Goths 7470:Spain 7395:Malta 7365:Italy 7085:Baden 6994:Hesse 6899:(PDF) 6888:(PDF) 6709:Baden 6488:(PDF) 6477:(PDF) 6418:sing. 6407:sing. 6383:Notes 6185:Total 6173:66.98 6151:99.41 6119:Hesse 6043:State 6002:Gröde 5950:, or 5924:Ämter 5920:Ämter 5913:Ämter 5743:] 5676:Lippe 5622:image 5500:' 5224:China 5209:Italy 5126:Hesse 4504:Kreis 4289:Grüne 4006:into 4004:Trier 3995:39.5% 3967:Baden 3950:Worms 3840:15.1% 3838:Baden 3826:25.3% 3824:Hesse 3822:into 3815:14.2% 3811:into 3809:Trier 3800:15.3% 3793:12.9% 3752:into 3742:Baden 3546:Baden 3506:Hesse 3437:Nazi 2939:1957 2884:Mainz 2607:Hesse 2382:1990 2252:1952 2204:(km) 2189:Mayor 2171:Since 1972:Lippe 1952:Baden 1922:Hesse 1685:Hesse 1667:Baden 1411:China 1396:Italy 1313:Hesse 691:Kreis 476:Grüne 268:Areas 220:North 99:Lower 94:Hesse 8471:Flag 8428:Arts 8094:LGBT 7191:Rape 6907:2010 6871:2011 6841:2020 6823:ISBN 6809:2020 6791:ISBN 6771:ISBN 6695:2021 6665:2019 6635:2020 6563:2014 6530:2011 6496:2010 6412:Land 5789:and 5778:The 5697:and 5644:and 5628:The 5538:and 5522:and 5484:Diet 5250:Visa 5066:2024 5060:2019 5055:2014 5050:2009 5045:2004 5040:1999 5035:1994 5030:1989 5025:1984 5020:1979 5001:Next 4995:2021 4990:2017 4985:2013 4980:2009 4975:2005 4970:2002 4965:1998 4960:1994 4955:1990 4950:1987 4945:1983 4940:1980 4935:1976 4930:1972 4925:1969 4920:1965 4915:1961 4910:1957 4905:1953 4900:1949 4895:1938 4890:1936 4865:1930 4860:1928 4845:1920 4840:1919 4835:1912 4830:1907 4825:1903 4820:1898 4815:1893 4810:1890 4805:1887 4800:1884 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