592:" by outsiders for the numerous attacks on the homes and churches of black civil rights activists—Birmingham voters changed the city's form of government. Rather than an at-large election of three commissioners, who had specific oversight of certain city departments, there would be a mayor-council form of government. Members of the city council were to be elected from nine single-member districts. Blacks were still largely disenfranchised. For instance, in 1961 when the president of the city's
31:
383:, which served as a barrier to voter registration by poor blacks and whites, and against an anti-sedition bill intended to stifle union activity. He did not stand for a second term in 1936, instead running for Commissioner of Public Safety for the City of Birmingham. Concurrently during this period, Connor served as the radio play-by-play broadcaster of the minor league
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agreement. On May 10, they agreed on desegregation of lunch counters, restrooms, fitting rooms, and drinking fountains at department stores, the upgrading in position and hiring of blacks, cooperation with SCLC legal representatives in releasing all detainees, and the establishment of formal communication between black and whites through the Senior
Citizens Committee.
557:, the Greyhound bus of the Freedom Riders was attacked. They were offered no police protection. After they left town, they were forced to stop by a violent mob that firebombed and burned the bus, but no activists were fatally hurt. A new Greyhound bus was placed into service and departed for Birmingham. The activists on the earlier Trailways bus had been accosted by
546:
King, a candidate running for mayor of
Birmingham, met with Connor on May 8, 1961, to pay his respects. In addition, he asked him to refrain from announcing support for the other leading mayoral candidate, Art Hanes, so that King's chances would be greater. At the end of the meeting, Connor noted that he was expecting the
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destroyed a portion of the church basement causing the death of four
African-American girls, Addie Mae Collins age 14, Carol Denise McNair age 11, Carole Rosamond Robertson age 14, and Cynthia Dionne Wesley, age 14. The church was known as the center of civil rights activities in Birmingham. The city
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On May 2, 1961, Connor had won a landslide election for his sixth term as
Commissioner of Public Safety in Birmingham. As Commissioner, he had administrative authority over the police and fire departments, schools, public health service, and libraries, all of which were segregated by state law. Tom
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The next day, even more students joined the marches, against whom Connor ordered the use of fire hoses and attack dogs. This did not stop the demonstrators, but generated bad publicity for Connor through the news media. The use of fire hoses continued and by May 7, Connor and the police department
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ruled against them. Connor ended his 23-year tenure in the post. Citing a general law, he had argued that the change could not take effect until the
October 1 following the date of the election, but the Supreme Court of Alabama held that the general law was preempted by a special law applicable to
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Connor intentionally let the
Klansmen beat the Riders for 15 minutes with no police intervention. He publicly blamed the violence on many factors, saying that "No policemen were in sight as the buses arrived, because they were visiting their mothers on Mother's Day". He insisted that the violence
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As I have said on numerous occasions, we are not going to stand for this in
Birmingham. And if necessary we will fill the jail full and we don't care whose toes we step on. I am saying now to these meddlers from out of our city the best thing for them to do is stay out if they don't want to get
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The Black
Americans' economic boycott of businesses that refused to hire them and downtown stores that kept segregated facilities helped gain negotiation by the city's business leaders. The SCLC and the Senior Citizens Committee, who represented a majority of Birmingham businesses, came to an
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which became noted as a moral argument for civil rights activism. The goal of the campaign was to gain mass arrests of non-violent protesters and overwhelm the judicial and penal systems. It would also demonstrate to national media and local residents the strong desire of
African Americans to
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The
Freedom Riders arrived in Birmingham on May 14, 1961. As the Trailways bus reached the terminal in Birmingham, a large mob of Klansmen and news reporters was waiting for them. The Riders were viciously attacked soon after they disembarked from the bus and attempted to gain service at the
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King wanted to have massive arrests to highlight the brutal police tactics used by Connor and his subordinates. (By extension, the campaign was intended to demonstrate the general suppression by other Southern police officials as well). After King was arrested and jailed, he wrote his
635:" (for "confrontation") against the Birmingham business community. They used economic boycotts and demonstrations to seek integration of stores and job opportunities. Throughout April 1963, King led smaller demonstrations, which resulted in his arrest along with many others.
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introduced a controversial new tactic of using young people in the demonstrations. Most adults were working for bosses who openly threatened their jobs with termination for participating in the demonstrations. On May 2, 1963, the first youths and students walked out of the
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whites-only lunch counter. Some were taken to the loading dock area, away from reporters, but some reporters were also beaten with metal bars, pipes, and bats and one's camera was destroyed. After 15 minutes, the police finally arrived, but by then most Klansmen had left.
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In the spring of 1961, integrated teams of civil rights activists mounted what they called "Freedom Rides" to highlight the illegal imposition of racial segregation on interstate buses, whose operations came under federal law and the constitution. They had teams ride
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In 1936, Connor was elected to the office of commissioner of Public Safety of Birmingham, beginning the first of two stretches that spanned a total of 26 years. His first stretch ended in 1952, but he was re-elected in 1956, serving to 1963.
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against civil rights activists, including against children supporting the protests. National media broadcast these tactics on television, horrifying much of the world. The outrages served as catalysts for major social and legal change in the
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for $ 1.5 million. He objected to what he claimed was their insinuation that he had promoted racial hatred. He dropped his claim for damages to $ 400,000; the case dragged on for six years until Connor lost a $ 40,000 judgment on appeal.
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as an example of a particular type of bullying public official and police officer whose tolerance, or encouragement, of violence towards Civil Rights campaigners plays into the hands of the media-conscious SCLC and Martin Luther King
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Before returning to office in 1956, Connor quickly resumed his brutal approach to dealing with perceived threats to the social order. His forces raided a meeting which was being held at the house of African-American activist Reverend
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slapped in jail. Our people of Birmingham are a peaceful people and we never have any trouble here unless some people come into our city looking for trouble. And I've never seen anyone yet look for trouble who wasn't able to find it.
1335:, 275 Ala. 230, 153 So. 2d 787 (1963) (decision of the Supreme Court of Alabama holding that the City of Birmingham could change from a commission form of government to a mayor-council form of government and thereby unseat Connor).
497:, which meant that they were not allowed to pay bail, nor were they allowed to receive any visitors during the first three days of their incarceration. A federal investigation followed, but Connor refused to cooperate.
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Local civil rights activists had been unable to negotiate much change with the city or business leaders, in their efforts to gain integration of facilities and hiring of blacks by local businesses. They invited Dr.
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He suffered another stroke on February 26, 1973, which left him unconscious. He died a few weeks later, in March of that year. Survivors included his widow, Beara, a daughter, and a brother, Ed Connor.
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Connor's brutality and violence against civil rights activists contributed to Ku Klux Klan and other violence against black people in the city of Birmingham. On a Sunday in September 1963, the
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to reach Birmingham the following Sunday, Mother's Day. He stated, "We'll be ready for them, too," and King responded, "I bet you will, Commissioner," as he walked out.
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Connor's second run for governor failed in 1954. He was the center of controversy that year by pushing through a city ordinance in Birmingham that outlawed "communism."
607:, Connor attempted to run for mayor, but lost on April 2, 1963. Connor and his fellow commissioners filed suit to block the change in power, but on May 23, 1963, the
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and movement leaders had just reached a negotiated agreement on integration of facilities and jobs. The deaths of the children prompted the Attorney General
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and attempted to march to Birmingham's City Hall to talk to the Mayor. By the end of the day, 959 children, ranging from ages 6–18, had been arrested.
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came from out-of-town meddlers and that police had rushed to the scene "as quickly as possible." The violence was covered by national media.
446:, was arrested for violating Birmingham's racial segregation laws. Connor's effort to enforce the law was caused by the group's reported
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and his team to help mount a more concerted campaign. The day after the April election, Dr. King and local civil rights leaders began "
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In 1962, Connor ordered the closing of 60 Birmingham parks rather than follow a federal court order to desegregate public facilities.
457:, Connor led the Alabama delegation in a walkout when the national party included a civil rights plank in its platform. The offshoot
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279:(July 11, 1897 – March 10, 1973) was an American politician who served as Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of
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which was under way would spread to Birmingham, in an effort to integrate city buses. He had the ministers arrested on charges of
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mistakes a man washing his car for Connor. Connor also appears as an antagonist in the 2014 episode "Freedom Ride or Die" in the
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on December 7, 1966, and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. Connor won another term in 1968, but was defeated in 1972.
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600:. Bull Connor had arranged for opponents to have time to attack civil rights activists when their bus reached Birmingham.
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824:, appearing in the 2015 second novel of the trilogy as an opposition to the Freedom Riders and general racial equality.
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to call Governor George Wallace and threaten to send in federal troops to control violence and bombings in Birmingham.
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remembered listening to him call games: "Pretty good announcer, too, although I think he used to get too excited."
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In November 1962, in response to the extremely negative perception of the city—it was derisively nicknamed "
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philosophy, with Connor noting at the time, "There's not enough room in town for Bull and the Commies."
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was visiting Japan, he saw a newspaper photo of a bus engulfed in flames, which occurred during the
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1088:"2007 Domestic Anticommunism in Alabama and the Resurgence of American Conservatism". 2007.
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On June 3, 1964, Connor resumed a place in government when he was elected president of the
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and maintained that party affiliation throughout his career. As a legislator, he supported
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stands up to another character and says 'You don't scare me, Bull Connor didn't scare me.'
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Vagrant Nation: Police Power, Constitutional Change, and the Making of the 1960s
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Vagrant Nation: Police Power, Constitutional Change, and the Making of the 1960s
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measures and pro-union policies for white people. He voted for extending the
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buses traveling through southern capitals, with the final stop intended as
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J. Barton Starr, "Birmingham and the 'Dixiecrat' Convention of 1948,"
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Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1991, p. 157.
1257:"Segregation at All Costs: Bull Connor and the Civil Rights Movement"
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Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1991, p. 154.
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Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1991, p. 93.
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and beat up the activists, pushing them all to the back of the bus.
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1142:"Eugene 'Bull' Connor Dies at 75; Police Head Fought Integration"
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Democratic Party members of the Alabama House of Representatives
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918:"Meet the Players: Other Figures | American Experience | PBS"
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The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
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American government official and segregationist (1897–1973)
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Terry Gross, "Get On the Bus: The Freedom Riders of 1961"
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Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice.
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Brands, Edgar G., "Broadcasts of Game Blanket America",
943:"The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Connor"
1026:"How 'Communism' Brought Racial Equality To The South"
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baseball club spanning the 1932 through 1936 seasons.
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Connor v. State, 275 Ala. 230, 153 So. 2d 787 (1963).
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Commissioner of Public Safety (1936–1954, 1957–1963)
355:, the son of Molly (Godwin) and Hugh King Connor, a
1151:. Birmingham, Alabama (published March 11, 1973).
647:exercise their constitutional rights as citizens.
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489:ministers were in attendance. He feared that the
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1194:New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 154.
728:Connor is mentioned in contemporary folk singer
465:for president at its convention in Birmingham's
1219:Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited, 2004.
774:in which he is voiced by veteran voice artist
283:, for more than two decades. A member of the
977:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 30.
678:had detained more than 3,000 demonstrators.
508:, soon after filing a civil lawsuit against
442:. Taylor, who had attempted to speak to the
322:. He is well known for directing the use of
314:to black citizens, especially during 1963's
59:January 18, 1965 – January 17, 1972
1321:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
1206:, 12 January 2006; accessed 10 January 2017
767:Footage of Connor appears in the 1999 film
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975:Say Hey: The Autobiography of Willie Mays
781:Connor is cited by name in the 2014 film
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663:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
418:In 1948, Connor's officers arrested the
320:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
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403:In 1938, Connor ran as a candidate for
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963:(St. Louis, Mo.), April 23, 1936, p. 2
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867:Baggett, James L. (October 12, 2009).
732:'s 1965 song "Talking Birmingham Jam".
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814:Connor is framed as an antagonist in
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661:In the final phase of Project C, the
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1391:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
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1167:from the original on April 20, 2021.
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455:1948 Democratic National Convention
299:, which also had their own chiefs.
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762:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
739:in the 1978 television miniseries
712:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
335:and contributed to passage by the
14:
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1282:Hornblower, Margot (1999-06-27).
692:Alabama Public Service Commission
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47:Alabama Public Service Commission
1348:at the Birmingham Public Library
1333:Connor v. State ex rel. Boutwell
502:Democratic National Committeeman
373:Alabama House of Representatives
158:Alabama House of Representatives
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1396:Politicians from Selma, Alabama
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818:'s graphic novel memoir series
561:members who boarded the bus in
459:States' Rights Democratic Party
1155:. March 10, 1973. p. 61.
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371:in 1934 winning a seat in the
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1317:Nunnelley, William A. (1991)
998:Goluboff, Risa (2016-01-25).
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612:only the City of Birmingham.
444:Southern Negro Youth Congress
430:. He was the running mate of
346:
306:, Bull Connor enforced legal
87:Commissioner of Public Safety
1076:Alabama Historical Quarterly
791:Connor is referenced in the
500:In 1960, Connor was elected
297:Birmingham Police Department
7:
1004:. Oxford University Press.
642:Letter from Birmingham Jail
351:Connor was born in 1897 in
10:
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1217:The Civil Rights Movement.
833:, the character played by
672:16th Street Baptist Church
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415:by the Democratic party".
293:city commission government
287:, he strongly opposed the
1110:"Shuttlesworth, Fred Lee"
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1381:American anti-communists
609:Supreme Court of Alabama
359:and telegraph operator.
341:Civil Rights Act of 1964
291:in the 1960s. Under the
188:Theophilus Eugene Connor
1052:Oxford University Press
898:Encyclopedia of Alabama
873:Encyclopedia of Alabama
461:(Dixiecrats) nominated
434:presidential candidate
947:politicalgraveyard.com
941:Kestenbaum, Lawrence.
894:"Eugene "Bull" Connor"
869:"Eugene "Bull" Connor"
827:In the 2004 remake of
629:Martin Luther King Jr.
583:
491:Montgomery bus boycott
337:United States Congress
333:Southern United States
1346:Photographs of Connor
1259:, YouTube, 8 Apr 2011
973:Mays, Willie (1988).
760:, which is about the
603:Endorsed by Governor
578:
289:Civil Rights Movement
1268:Nunnelley, William.
1231:Nunnelley, William.
1215:Dierenfield, Bruce.
1190:Arsenault, Raymond.
1177:Nunnelley, William.
735:Connor is played by
686:Later life and death
467:Municipal Auditorium
438:, former Democratic
1406:Birmingham campaign
1078:1970 32(1–2): 23–50
811:based on the strip.
622:Birmingham campaign
616:Birmingham campaign
594:Chamber of Commerce
405:Governor of Alabama
316:Birmingham campaign
281:Birmingham, Alabama
218:Birmingham, Alabama
1284:"Comic N the Hood"
1148:The New York Times
809:animated TV series
770:Our Friend, Martin
723:In popular culture
657:Children's Crusade
651:Children's Crusade
511:The New York Times
483:Fred Shuttlesworth
308:racial segregation
119:Position abolished
961:The Sporting News
605:George C. Wallace
555:Anniston, Alabama
432:Progressive Party
385:Birmingham Barons
304:white supremacist
269:Theophilus Eugene
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1376:1973 deaths
1371:1897 births
1352:Bull Connor
1319:Bull Connor
796:comic strip
753:documentary
667:James Bevel
633:Project 'C'
576:He said:
540:New Orleans
453:During the
389:Willie Mays
328:attack dogs
326:and police
318:led by the
310:and denied
141:W. O. Downs
137:Preceded by
104:Preceded by
65:Preceded by
23:Bull Connor
1386:Dixiecrats
1365:Categories
1301:2021-03-24
984:0671632922
927:2020-08-05
903:2021-12-01
842:References
835:JK Simmons
816:John Lewis
793:syndicated
590:Bombingham
487:Montgomery
347:Early life
324:fire hoses
229:Democratic
194:1897-07-11
85:Birmingham
1296:0040-781X
1161:0362-4331
1090:CiteSeerX
878:August 4,
749:Spike Lee
730:Phil Ochs
536:Trailways
532:Greyhound
448:communist
241:Dixiecrat
170:1935–1937
166:In office
131:1937–1954
127:In office
98:1957–1963
94:In office
69:Jack Owen
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1165:Archived
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495:vagrancy
381:poll tax
377:populist
369:Democrat
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184:Born
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