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408:. They form the inner and outer surfaces of the jacket and provide abrasion resistance for the hose. The yarns that are wound in a tight spiral around the circumference of the hose are called the filler yarns and are made from filament polyester. They are trapped between the crisscrossing warp yarns and provide strength to resist the internal water pressure. The spun polyester warp yarns are specially prepared by a yarn manufacturer and are shipped to the hose plant. No further preparation is needed.
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162:, and his son Nicholaas took firefighting to its next step with the fashioning of the first fire hose in 1673. These 50-foot (15 m) lengths of leather were sewn together like a boot leg. Even with the limitations of pressure, the attachment of the hose to the gooseneck nozzle allowed closer approaches and more accurate water application. Van der Heyden was also credited with an early version of a
33:
147:
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female ends are avoided by such tactics. In countries where Storz (or similar) connectors have been used for attack hoses for generations, firefighters drop a manifold at the border of the danger zone, which is connected to the apparatus by a single supply line. As a result, the tiny item "hose coupler" has also influenced the looks and design of fire apparatus.
362:
multiple layers of rubber and woven fabric encapsulating an internal helix of steel wire. Some very flexible hard-suction hoses use a thin, polyvinyl chloride cover with a polyvinyl chloride plastic helix. Suction hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from 2.5 to 6.0 in (64 to 152 mm). The standard length is 10 ft (3.05 m).
246:
vacuum has formed inside. It should also be strong enough to resist hydrant pressure. Usually an appliance has to carry about 10 m of suction hose in either 3 m or 2.5 m length. The diameter of the hose depends on the capacity of the pump, and three standard sizes such as 75mm, 100mm, and 140mm are generally used.
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using wire to keep it rigid. In the United States, the fire hose was introduced in
Philadelphia in 1794. This canvas hose proved insufficiently durable, and sewn leather hose was then used. The sewn leather hose tended to burst, so a hose fabricated of leather fastened together with copper rivets and
350:
Booster hose is a rubber-covered, thick-walled, flexible hose used to fight small fires. It retains its round cross-section when it is not under pressure and is usually carried on a reel on the fire pumper, rather than being stored flat. Booster hose comes in 0.75 and 1.0 in (19 and 25 mm)
245:
Suction hose is laid down on the suction side of pump (inlet) where the water passing through it is at a pressure either below or above that of the atmosphere. It is designed to resist internal and external pressure. It should have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure of external air when a
665:
Threaded hose couplings are used in the United States and Canada. Each of these countries uses a different kind of threading. Many other countries have standardized on quick-action couplings, which do not have a male and female end, but connect either way. Again, there is no international standard:
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There are several types of hose designed specifically for the fire service. Those designed to operate under positive pressure are called discharge hoses; they include: attack hose, supply hose, relay hose, forestry hose, and booster hose. Those designed to operate under negative pressure are called
284:
In fire services, non-percolating hoses are generally used for delivering water. Non-percolating hose consists of a reinforced jacket made from polyester or nylon yarns. This type of hose has an inner lining of vulcanized rubber fixed to the jacket by an adhesive. The use of non-percolating hose is
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Partially
Embedded suction hose is usually made of a tough rubber lining embedded fully as a spiral, with tempered, galvanized steel wire. This embedding is arranged so that it provides a full waterway and a relatively smooth internal surface. The wall of the hose is prepared from several layers of
186:
process as a means of curing raw soft rubber into a harder, more useful product, the fire service slowly made the transition from bulky and unreliable leather hose to the unlined linen hose, then to a multi-layer, rubber lined and coated hose with interior fabric reinforcement. This rubber hose was
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When a nozzle is connected to a hose and water is ejected, the nozzle must be restrained by an anchor such as the hands of a firefighter. This anchor must apply a force in the direction of the spray, which is called the nozzle reaction. The magnitude of the nozzle reaction is the jet momentum flow
429:
As the loom starts, the filler bobbins wind the filler yarn in a circle through the warp yarns. As soon as the bobbins pass, the loom crisscrosses each pair of adjacent warp yarns to trap the filler yarn between them. This weaving process continues at a high speed as the lower end of the jacket is
332:
Supply and relay hoses are large-diameter, fabric-covered, flexible hoses used to bring water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper, or to relay water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These hoses range in nominal inside diameter from 3.5 to 5.0 in (89 to 127 mm). They
174:
Around 1890, unlined fire hoses made of circular woven linen yarns began to replace leather hoses. They were certainly much lighter. As the hose fibers, made of flax, became wet, they swelled up and tightened the weave, causing the hose to become watertight. Unlined hoses, because of their lack of
154:
Until the mid-19th century, most fires were fought by water transported to the scene in buckets. Original hand pumpers discharged their water through a small pipe or monitor attached to the top of the pump tub. It was not until the late 1860s that hoses became widely available to convey water more
232:
in their construction. These materials allow the hoses to be stored wet without rotting and to resist the damaging effects of exposure to sunlight and chemicals. Modern hoses are lighter weight than older designs, which has reduced the physical strain on firefighters. Various devices are becoming
103:
is in excess of 110 bar. (11,000kPa; 1600psi) Hose is one of the basic, essential pieces of fire-fighting equipment. It is necessary to convey water either from an open water supply, or pressurized water supply. Hoses are divided into two categories, based on their use: suction hose, and delivery
685:
The different styles of hose couplings have influenced fireground tactics. Apparatus in the United States features "preconnects": Hose for a certain task is put into an open compartment, and each attack hose is connected to the pump. Time-consuming multiple connections or problems with male and
433:
The inner and outer jackets are woven separately. The inner jacket is woven to a slightly smaller diameter so that it will fit inside the outer jacket. Depending on the expected demand, several thousand feet of jacket may be woven at one time. After an inspection, the two jackets are placed in
361:
Suction hose, sometimes called hard-suction hose, is usually a rubber-covered, semi-rigid hose with internal, metal reinforcements. It is used to suck water out of unpressurized sources such as ponds, rivers, or swimming pools for home wildfire protection purposes. Hard-suction hose comprises
377:
In the past, cotton was the most common fiber used in fire hoses, but most modern hoses use synthetic fiber like polyester or nylon filament. The synthetic fibers provide additional strength and better resistance to abrasion. The fiber yarns may be dyed various colors, or may be left natural.
323:
Attack hose is a fabric-covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from 1.5 to 3 in (38 to 76 mm) and is designed to operate at pressures up to about 400 psi (2,760 kPa). The standard length is
518:
This trend is expected to continue in the future as new materials and manufacturing methods evolve. One result of this trend has been the introduction of lightweight supply hoses in diameters never possible before. Hoses up to 12 in (30.5 cm) in diameter with pressure ratings up to
341:
Forestry hose is a fabric-covered, flexible hose used to fight fires in grass, brush, and trees where a lightweight hose is needed to maneuver it over steep or rough terrain. Forestry hose comes in 1.0 and 1.5 in (25 and 38 mm) nominal inside diameters and is designed to operate at
490:
require that each length of new double jacket, rubber-lined attack hose must be pressure tested to 600 psi (41.4 bar; 4,140 kPa), but most manufacturers test to 800 psi (55.2 bar; 5,520 kPa). Subsequent to delivery, the hose is tested annually to 400 psi
681:
In the United States, a growing number of departments use Storz couplers for large-diameter supply hose, or other quick-action couplings. Because the usage is not standardized, mutual aid apparatus might have a compartment on their trucks dedicated to a multitude of hose adapters.
210:
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Another suction hose, called a soft-suction hose, is actually a short length of fabric-covered, flexible discharge hose used to connect the fire pumper suction inlet with a pressurized hydrant. It is not a true suction hose, since it cannot withstand negative pressure.
187:
as bulky, heavy, and stiff as a leather hose, but was not prone to leaking. It also proved more durable than unlined linen hose. Its wrapped construction resembled some hoses used today by industry, for example, fuel delivery hoses used to service airliners.
467:
A steam connection is attached to each end of the assembled hose, and pressurized steam is injected into the hose. This makes the liner swell against the inner jacket and causes the thin sheet of uncured rubber to vulcanize and bond the liner to the inner
271:
Delivery hose is laid down from the delivery side of the pump (outlet), and the water passing through it is always at a pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. Delivery hose is divided into two categories: percolating hose, and non-percolating hose.
390:
Fire hose is usually manufactured in a plant that specializes in providing hose products to municipal, industrial, and forestry fire departments. Here is a typical sequence of operations used to manufacture a double jacket, rubber-lined fire hose.
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Hose connections are often made from brass, though hardened aluminum connections are also specified. In countries which use quick-action couplers for attack hoses, forged aluminum has been used for decades because the weight penalty of brass for
381:
Coatings and liners use synthetic rubbers, which provide varying degrees of resistance to chemicals, temperature, ozone, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mold, mildew, and abrasion. Different coatings and liners are chosen for specific applications.
333:
are designed to operate at pressures up to about 300 psi (2,070 kPa) for the smaller diameters and up to 200 psi (1,380 kPa) for the larger diameters. The standard length is 100 ft (30.48 m).
411:
The continuous filament polyester fibers are gathered together in a bundle of 7-15 fibers and are twisted on a twister frame to form filler yarns. The plied and twisted yarn is then wound onto a spool called a filler
471:
The metal end connections, or couplings, are attached to the hose. The outer portion of each coupling is slipped over the outer jacket and an inner ring is inserted into the rubber liner. A tool called an expansion
678:, two municipalities on the Belgian-Dutch border, share a common international fire department. The fire trucks have been equipped with adapters to allow them to work with both Storz and Guillemin connectors.
209:
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Blocks of softened, sticky, uncured rubber are fed into an extruder. The extruder warms the rubber and presses it out through an opening between an inner and outer solid circular piece to form a tubular
507:
resistance tests, accelerated aging tests, adhesion tests of the bond between the liner and inner jacket, determination of the amount of hose twist under pressure, dimensional checks, and many more.
107:
After use, a fire hose is usually hung to dry, because standing water that remains in a hose for a long time can deteriorate the material and render it unreliable or unusable. Therefore, the typical
503:
In addition to the final pressure testing, each hose is subjected to a variety of inspections and tests at each stage of manufacture. Some of these inspections and tests include visual inspections,
278:
Percolating hose is used mainly to fight forest fires. The seepage of water through the hose protects the hose against damage by glowing embers falling onto it or the hose being laid on hot ground.
476:
is placed inside the hose and expands the ring. This squeezes the jackets and liner between the ring and serrations on the outer portion of the coupling to form a seal all the way around the hose.
430:
slowly drawn down through the loom, and the bobbins continue to wrap the filler yarns around the circumference of the jacket in a tight spiral. The woven jacket is wound flat on a take-up reel.
175:
durability, were rapidly replaced with rubber hoses in municipal fire service use. They continued to be used on interior hose lines and hose rack until the 1960s to 1980s. In
January 1981, the
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Fully embedded (smooth bore) suction hose has a thick, internal rubber lining embedded fully with a spiral of wire. Suction hose should be constructed to withstand a pressure of 10.5 bar.
765:
400:
There are two different fiber yarns that are woven together to form a hose jacket. The yarns that run lengthwise down the hose are called warp yarns and are usually made from spun
297:
Type 3: Covered lined hose: Covered lined hose has a thicker elastic cover that prevents liquid absorption but also adds substantial improvements to abrasion and heat resistance.
839:
491:(27.6 bar; 2,760 kPa) by the fire department. While the hose is under pressure, it is inspected for leaks and to determine that the couplings are firmly attached.
437:
If the outer jacket is to be coated, it is drawn through a dip tank filled with the coating material and then passed through an oven where the coating is dried and cured.
2955:
635:, which offer patching materials for Type 1, 2, and 3 hoses. The patches come in two different sizes and two different colours (red and yellow). The patches are
1116:
Goldwater, Sam and Robert F. Nelson. "Large-Diameter Super
Aquaduct Flexible Pipeline Applications in the Fire Service." Fire Engineering (April 1997): 147-149.
294:
Type 2: Coated lined hose: This has a thin, elastic outer coating that reduces liquid absorption into the jacket and may slightly improve abrasion resistance.
694:
Fire hoses must sustain high tensile forces during operation. These arise from both pressure and flow. The magnitude of the axial tension in a fire hose is
2089:
454:
The cured liner passes through a machine called a rubber calender, which forms a thin sheet of uncured rubber and wraps it around the outside of the liner.
1200:
451:
The rubber liner is then heated in an oven where it undergoes a chemical reaction called vulcanizing, or curing. This makes the rubber strong and pliable.
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nominal inside diameters and is designed to operate at pressures up to 800 psi (5,520 kPa). The standard length is 100 ft (30.48 m).
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canvas and rubber lining so that turns of each one lie midway between turns of the other. The complete wall is consolidated by vulcanizing.
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2007:
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150 psi (10.3 bar; 1,030 kPa) are now available. These hoses are expected to find applications in large-scale industrial
291:
Type 1: Lined hose without external jacket treatment: Such hose absorbs liquid into reinforcement jacket and requires drying after use.
237:. This makes hoses smaller and somewhat rigid, allowing more hose to be packed into the same compartment on a fire-fighting apparatus.
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670:. Spain, Sweden and Norway each have their own quick coupling. Countries of the former Soviet Union area use the Gost coupling.
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The jackets and liner are cut to the desired length. The inner jacket is inserted into the outer jacket, followed by the liner.
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1038:
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is the water density, and Q is the volumetric flow rate. This tension is the same regardless of the bend angle of the hose.
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1997:
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The trend in fire hose construction over the last 20 years has been to use lighter, stronger, lower maintenance materials.
487:
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1151:"Fire Hose." How Products are Made. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford. Gale Cengage, 2002. eNotes.com. 2006. 22 November 2009
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recommended in certain applications, as friction losses will be much less than that of percolating hoses.
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often has a high structure to accommodate the length of a hose for such preventive maintenance, known as a
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pressures up to about 450 psi (3,100 kPa). The standard length is 100 ft (30.48 m).
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revised their standards such that unlined hoses were to no longer be installed for interior hose lines.
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Fornell, David P. Fire Stream
Management Handbook. Saddle Brook, N.J: Fire Engineering, 1991. Print.
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596:, and on occasion 3-inch lines are used for structural applications. Supply lines, used to supply
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There are several systems available for repairing holes in fire hoses, the most common being the
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In
Central Europe, the Storz connector is used by several countries. Belgium and France use the
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The warp yarns are staged on a creel, which will feed them lengthwise down through a circular
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2017:
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Sutton, Peter C. Jan van der Heyden 1637–1712. New York: Yale
University Press, 2006. Print.
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2012:
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National Fire
Protection Association Report. Submitted by Jaqueline Wilmot. Tue 3 May 2016
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8:
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Gilbert, Darrell. "History of the Fire Hose." Crown Shop Talk. Web. 19 October 2009.
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more prevalent to remove air from the interior of fire hose, commonly referred to as
163:
100:
61:
1231:
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Fire hoses come in a variety of diameters. Lightweight, single-jacket construction,
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1030:"Fire Hose." How Products are Made. Ed. Stacey L. Blachford. Gale Cengage, 2002.
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20:
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Flexible tube used for delivering water or foam at high pressure, to fight fires
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2002:
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927:
76:, or a portable fire pump. Indoors, it can permanently attach to a building's
57:
1215:
494:
After testing the hose is drained, dried, rolled, and shipped to the customer.
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2348:
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2142:
1992:
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1083:
NFPA 1963: Fire Hose
Connections. National Fire Protection Association, 1993.
869:
675:
671:
648:
636:
183:
119:
92:
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In
Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic, the Superintendent of the Fire Brigade,
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127:
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The usual working pressure of a firehose can vary between 8 and 20
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1962:
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1172:"Baarlenet.nl Euopese brandweer in 2009 Baarle-Nassau en Baarle-Hertog"
426:. Two filler bobbins with the filler yarn are put in place in the loom.
112:
88:
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2408:
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1054:
Greycheck, Ronald (December 2010). "The Evolution of the Hosepack".
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81:
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where p is pressure in the hose relative to the ambient pressure,
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easily from the hand pumps, and later steam pumpers, to the fire.
1071:
NFPA 1961: Fire Hose. National Fire Protection Association, 1997.
523:, as well as in disaster relief efforts and military operations.
473:
200:
1258:
1031:
195:
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53:
32:
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National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
423:
146:
65:
49:
934:
London: London New York, E. & F. N. Spon, 1878. Print.
19:
This article is about the type of hose. For the band, see
1020:"Standpipe and hose system regulation" 1910.158(c)(3)(ii)
639:
onto the hose and usually last the lifetime of the hose.
793:
703:
1208:
Fire Technology S.K. Chin, P.B. Sunderland, G. Jomaas
550: inch diameter hose lines are commonly used in
68:
to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a
689:
833:
759:
99:) while per the NFPA 1961 Fire Hose Standard, its
2751:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
1224:20.500.11820/e0cb178d-5a25-4d4b-9411-43eade26476b
3138:
1003:Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884).
554:applications. Heavy duty double, double-jacket,
224:Modern fire hoses use a variety of natural and
1002:
2242:
1274:
177:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2008:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
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850:is the cross-sectional area of the nozzle.
2559:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
2249:
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1840:International Association of Fire Fighters
1281:
1267:
932:Aid book to engineering enterprise abroad.
2944:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1107:
1053:
942:
940:
259:Fully embedded (smooth bore) suction hose
199:Fire hoses connected to a fire engine in
36:Indoor fire hose with a fire extinguisher
2277:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1130:
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1062:
385:
205:
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145:
31:
2923:Listing and approval use and compliance
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760:{\textstyle T=pA_{1}+\rho Q^{2}/A_{1},}
3139:
937:
2968:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
2230:
1262:
288:Lined hose are divided into 3 types:
118:On occasion, fire hoses are used for
3119:
2962:National Fire Protection Association
2173:
1998:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
1201:"Firefighter Nozzle Reaction (2017)"
1190:
600:with water, are frequently found in
488:National Fire Protection Association
23:. For the propaganda technique, see
2256:
167:washers was invented by members of
13:
2464:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
1646:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1346:Firefighter assist and search team
1094:"Home Wildfire Protection Systems"
1006:History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884
777:is the hose cross-sectional area,
14:
3168:
2839:Fire alarm notification appliance
1242:
965:Eriksen, Annie (17 August 2017).
890:"Fire Pump Cart Packages Systems"
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1371:Fire department ranks by country
1288:
834:{\textstyle R=\rho Q^{2}/A_{2},}
690:Forces on fire hoses and nozzles
372:
2600:Vehicle fire suppression system
2288:Combustibility and flammability
2209:
1845:International Firefighters' Day
1805:Candidate Physical Ability Test
1164:
1119:
1086:
1047:
1024:
250:Partially Embedded suction hose
190:
182:Following the invention of the
1356:Special operations firefighter
1013:
996:
984:
967:"A Brief History of Fire Hose"
958:
949:
921:
903:
882:
642:
150:Fire hose with Finnish coupler
134:against protesters during the
1:
2950:Institution of Fire Engineers
2907:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2579:Personal protective equipment
1895:Wildfire emergency management
1462:Hazardous materials apparatus
1009:. L. H. Everts & Company.
875:
3021:GHS precautionary statements
2859:Manual fire alarm activation
1254:A Short History of Fire Hose
658:couplers is higher than for
220:conducting a fire hose drill
7:
2892:Fire protection engineering
2824:Explosive gas leak detector
2641:Electromagnetic door holder
2474:External water spray system
1870:World Police and Fire Games
1825:Fire protection engineering
853:
324:50 ft (15.24 m).
10:
3173:
3068:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
2459:Automatic fire suppression
2399:K-factor (fire protection)
2118:Glossary of wildfire terms
1850:List of firefighting films
1298:Personnel and organization
646:
628:, 5 and 6-inch diameters.
141:
18:
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2974:Underwriters Laboratories
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2809:Aspirating smoke detector
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2469:Detonation flame arrester
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2026:
1908:
1887:
1878:
1830:Geography of firefighting
1797:
1669:
1490:
1422:
1379:
1361:Volunteer fire department
1296:
1216:10.1007/s10694-017-0661-3
1034:. 2006. 22 November 2009
510:
481:Pressure testing the hose
2918:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2834:Fire alarm control panel
2814:Carbon monoxide detector
2791:Standpipe (firefighting)
2554:Gaseous fire suppression
2319:Enthalpy of vaporization
2148:Template:Fire protection
1865:World Firefighters Games
1759:Gaseous fire suppression
300:
171:'s Humane Hose Company.
3152:Hellenistic engineering
2761:Pressurisation ductwork
2726:Firewall (construction)
2574:Passive fire protection
2524:Fire suppression system
1835:History of firefighting
1158:28 October 2011 at the
1041:28 October 2011 at the
329:Supply and relay hoses
3147:Firefighting equipment
2937:Industry organizations
2902:Fire-resistance rating
2781:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2756:Penetration (firestop)
2746:Packing (firestopping)
2454:Active fire protection
2414:Spontaneous combustion
1973:Firefighting apparatus
1661:Thermal imaging camera
1641:Secure information box
1457:Firefighting apparatus
1056:Wildland Fire Magazine
835:
761:
598:firefighting apparatus
221:
203:
151:
37:
3089:Template:Firefighting
3063:Arthur B. Guise Medal
3016:GHS hazard statements
2519:Fire sprinkler system
2499:Fire-retardant fabric
2018:Wildland water tender
1600:Hydraulic rescue tool
1366:Women in firefighting
1249:High Temperature Hose
836:
762:
486:Standards set by the
386:Manufacturing process
218:Tokyo Fire Department
216:
198:
149:
136:Civil Rights Movement
48:) is a high-pressure
35:
25:Firehose of falsehood
2873:Professions, trades,
2786:Smokeproof enclosure
2646:Electromagnetic lock
2354:Flammability diagram
2265:Fundamental concepts
2059:Wildland fire module
2013:Wildland fire engine
1900:Wildfire suppression
1437:Fire command vehicle
1432:Airport crash tender
1331:Retained firefighter
791:
701:
660:threaded connections
552:wildfire suppression
282:Non-percolating hose
91:(800 and 2,000
2829:Fire alarm call box
2736:Heat and smoke vent
1918:Aerial firefighting
1774:Stop, drop and roll
1764:Multiple-alarm fire
1631:Portable water tank
1540:Fire proximity suit
668:Guillemin connector
442:Extruding the liner
417:Weaving the jackets
132:Birmingham campaign
95:; 116 and 290
2801:Fire alarm systems
2616:Annulus (firestop)
2544:Flashback arrestor
2509:Fire-safe polymers
2504:Fire retardant gel
2359:Flammability limit
1958:Fire retardant gel
1943:Fire lookout tower
1616:New York roof hook
1467:Light and air unit
1404:Fire lookout tower
1311:Chief fire officer
831:
757:
395:Preparing the yarn
222:
204:
160:Jan van der Heyden
152:
38:
3134:
3133:
3042:Safety data sheet
3037:List of S-phrases
3032:List of R-phrases
2928:Sprinkler fitting
2819:Circuit integrity
2691:Fire extinguisher
2529:Firefighting foam
2424:Thermal radiation
2224:
2223:
2131:
2130:
2123:List of wildfires
1983:Helicopter bucket
1978:Firefighting foam
1580:Hard suction hose
1525:Fire extinguisher
1515:Fire brigade keys
992:Crownshoptalk.com
971:Rawhide Fire Hose
917:on 3 August 2018.
366:
365:
235:fire hose vacuums
226:synthetic fabrics
214:
101:bursting pressure
3164:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3026:Life Safety Code
2631:Compartmentation
2441:
2364:Flammable liquid
2251:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2164:
2163:
1885:
1884:
1820:Fire photography
1602:("Jaws of life")
1560:Fireman's switch
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1236:
1235:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:. Archived from
1168:
1162:
1149:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
935:
925:
919:
918:
913:. Archived from
911:"Burst Pressure"
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
886:
849:
840:
838:
837:
832:
827:
826:
817:
812:
811:
776:
766:
764:
763:
758:
753:
752:
743:
738:
737:
722:
721:
627:
626:
622:
619:
613:
612:
608:
605:
595:
594:
590:
587:
581:
580:
576:
573:
567:
566:
562:
559:
549:
548:
544:
541:
535:
534:
530:
459:Forming the hose
309:
308:
276:Percolating hose
215:
201:Vaughan, Ontario
126:), including by
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3098:
3072:
3051:
2979:
2932:
2874:
2868:
2795:
2721:Firestop pillow
2656:Emergency light
2609:Building design
2604:
2595:Tank blanketing
2564:Inerting system
2539:Flame retardant
2489:Fire protection
2484:Fire prevention
2442:
2433:
2298:Dangerous goods
2260:
2258:Fire protection
2255:
2225:
2220:
2197:
2185:
2152:
2127:
2106:
2063:
2022:
1923:Controlled burn
1910:
1904:
1874:
1815:Fire engine red
1793:
1784:Two-in, two-out
1739:Fireman's carry
1665:
1565:Flame retardant
1486:
1447:Fire motorcycle
1418:
1392:Fire department
1375:
1326:Station officer
1306:Battalion chief
1292:
1287:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:on 28 July 2013
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:Wayback Machine
1150:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1043:Wayback Machine
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
975:
973:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
938:
928:Matheson, Ewing
926:
922:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
888:
887:
883:
878:
856:
848:
844:
822:
818:
813:
807:
803:
792:
789:
788:
775:
771:
748:
744:
739:
733:
729:
717:
713:
702:
699:
698:
692:
651:
645:
624:
620:
617:
615:
610:
606:
603:
601:
592:
588:
585:
583:
578:
574:
571:
569:
564:
560:
557:
555:
546:
542:
539:
537:
532:
528:
527:
513:
499:Quality control
388:
375:
306:suction hoses.
303:
206:
193:
144:
28:
21:Firehose (band)
17:
12:
11:
5:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3116:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Fire insurance
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2864:Smoke detector
2861:
2856:
2851:
2849:Flame detector
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Fire sprinkler
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2651:Emergency exit
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Area of refuge
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Spark arrestor
2587:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Flame arrester
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Fire retardant
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2429:Water pressure
2426:
2421:
2419:Structure fire
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2314:Dust explosion
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Fire retardant
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Structure fire
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Door breaching
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1656:Smoke detector
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Fireman's pole
1552:
1547:
1545:Fire retardant
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:Rescue vehicle
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1243:External links
1241:
1238:
1237:
1189:
1163:
1129:
1118:
1106:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1046:
1023:
1012:
995:
983:
957:
948:
936:
920:
902:
880:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
855:
852:
846:
830:
825:
821:
816:
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:
773:
768:
767:
756:
751:
747:
742:
736:
732:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
691:
688:
647:Main article:
644:
641:
512:
509:
501:
500:
496:
495:
492:
483:
482:
478:
477:
469:
465:
461:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
427:
419:
418:
414:
413:
409:
397:
396:
387:
384:
374:
371:
364:
363:
359:
353:
352:
348:
344:
343:
339:
338:Forestry hose
335:
334:
330:
326:
325:
321:
317:
316:
313:
302:
299:
192:
189:
143:
140:
58:fire retardant
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3169:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3094:Template:HVAC
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Template:Fire
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Duct cleaning
2880:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Heat detector
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Smoke control
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Heat transfer
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Friction loss
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Fire triangle
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Conflagration
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Template:Fire
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:United States
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Saint Florian
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:Miscellaneous
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Fire triangle
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Dead man zone
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Heat detector
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
993:
987:
972:
968:
961:
952:
943:
941:
933:
929:
924:
916:
912:
906:
891:
885:
881:
871:
870:Hose coupling
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
851:
841:
828:
823:
819:
814:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
786:
782:
780:
754:
749:
745:
740:
734:
730:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
707:
704:
697:
696:
695:
687:
683:
679:
677:
676:Baarle-Hertog
673:
672:Baarle-Nassau
669:
663:
661:
657:
650:
649:Hose coupling
640:
638:
634:
633:Stenor Merlin
629:
599:
553:
524:
522:
516:
508:
506:
498:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
480:
479:
475:
470:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
453:
450:
446:
445:
441:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
420:
416:
415:
410:
407:
403:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
383:
379:
373:Raw materials
370:
360:
358:
355:
354:
349:
347:Booster hose
346:
345:
340:
337:
336:
331:
328:
327:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
307:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
279:
277:
273:
269:
268:
267:Delivery Hose
264:
261:
260:
256:
252:
251:
247:
243:
242:
238:
236:
231:
227:
219:
202:
197:
188:
185:
184:vulcanization
180:
178:
172:
170:
165:
161:
156:
148:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:crowd control
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:that carries
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3124:
3112:
3011:Flame spread
2897:Fireproofing
2875:and services
2776:Smoke damper
2766:Safety glass
2701:Fire hydrant
2695:
2666:Fire curtain
2626:Booster pump
2585:Relief valve
2549:Fusible link
2339:Fire loading
2334:Fire control
2304:Deflagration
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2075:Ancient Rome
2049:Hotshot crew
2034:Fire lookout
1937:
1933:Fire flapper
1724:Fire control
1689:Chimney fire
1575:Halligan bar
1550:Fire shelter
1535:Fire hydrant
1529:
1510:Fire blanket
1505:Escape chair
1482:Water tender
1409:Fire station
1336:Fire marshal
1316:Fire captain
1290:Firefighting
1207:
1182:18 September
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1166:
1121:
1097:. Retrieved
1088:
1055:
1049:
1026:
1015:
1005:
998:
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:
960:
951:
931:
923:
915:the original
905:
893:. Retrieved
884:
842:
787:
783:
778:
769:
693:
684:
680:
664:
652:
630:
525:
521:firefighting
517:
514:
502:
404:or filament
389:
380:
376:
367:
357:Suction hose
304:
296:
293:
290:
287:
281:
280:
275:
274:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
253:
249:
248:
244:
241:Suction Hose
240:
239:
223:
191:Modern usage
181:
173:
169:Philadelphia
164:suction hose
157:
153:
124:water cannon
117:
109:fire station
106:
86:
74:fire hydrant
45:
41:
39:
29:
2731:Grease duct
2686:Fire escape
2676:Fire damper
2569:Intumescent
2514:Fire safety
2479:Fire bucket
2374:Flash point
2068:By location
2054:Smokejumper
1911:and tactics
1789:Ventilation
1729:Fire safety
1714:False alarm
1671:Terminology
1621:PASS device
1595:Hose bridge
1585:Hazmat suit
1520:Fire bucket
1500:Bunker gear
1442:Fire engine
1387:Drill tower
1341:Fire police
865:Hose bridge
860:Garden hose
643:Connections
315:Definition
128:Bull Connor
70:fire engine
3141:Categories
3028:(NFPA 101)
2991:CE marking
2844:Fire drill
2447:Technology
2344:Fire point
2329:Fire class
2309:Detonation
2100:Washington
2095:California
1963:Fire trail
1909:Equipment
1749:Flash fire
1719:Fire class
1699:Deluge gun
1636:Rotary saw
1606:Kelly tool
1570:Fog nozzle
1414:Hose tower
1380:Facilities
1321:Fire chief
1032:eNotes.com
976:19 October
876:References
637:vulcanised
230:elastomers
122:(see also
113:hose tower
2984:Standards
2913:Fire test
2741:Occupancy
2706:Fire pump
2696:Fire hose
2681:Fire door
2661:Exit sign
2636:Crash bar
2409:Pyrolysis
2404:Pool fire
2369:Flashover
2324:Explosive
2272:Backdraft
2080:Australia
2027:Personnel
1988:Hose pack
1968:Firebreak
1948:Fire rake
1938:Fire hose
1928:Driptorch
1880:Wildfires
1810:Fire camp
1754:Flashover
1684:Barn fire
1679:Backdraft
1530:Fire hose
1492:Equipment
1424:Apparatus
1153:Fire-hose
1099:30 August
1036:Fire-hose
895:30 August
801:ρ
727:ρ
536:, 1, and
402:polyester
138:in 1963.
78:standpipe
60:(such as
56:or other
42:fire hose
3113:Category
3077:See also
3006:EN 16034
2716:Firestop
2671:Fire cut
2394:Jet fire
2384:Gas leak
2300:(HAZMAT)
2283:Boilover
2191:Glossary
2167:Category
2136:See also
2044:Helitack
2039:Handcrew
1769:Rollover
1744:Firewall
1452:Fireboat
1351:Handcrew
1232:55141067
1156:Archived
1039:Archived
854:See also
434:storage.
84:system.
82:plumbing
46:firehose
3125:Commons
2958:(NCEES)
2279:(BLEVE)
2215:Outline
2179:Commons
2090:History
2003:Pulaski
1888:General
1626:The pig
623:⁄
609:⁄
591:⁄
577:⁄
563:⁄
545:⁄
531:⁄
474:mandrel
468:jacket.
412:bobbin.
320:Attack
142:History
130:in the
64:) to a
3056:Awards
2970:(SFPE)
2964:(NFPA)
2946:(FEMA)
2909:(FSES)
1993:McLeod
1855:Muster
1230:
843:where
785:rate,
511:Future
448:liner.
104:hose.
3157:Hoses
3047:UL 94
3001:EN 54
2952:(IFE)
2581:(PPE)
2203:Index
2111:Lists
1709:Draft
1651:Siren
1611:Nomex
1472:Quint
1228:S2CID
1204:(PDF)
656:Storz
614:, 4,
582:, 2,
505:ozone
406:nylon
312:Name
301:Types
54:water
2996:EN 3
2976:(UL)
1397:list
1184:2013
1101:2021
978:2023
897:2021
674:and
424:loom
228:and
66:fire
62:foam
50:hose
44:(or
1220:hdl
1212:doi
97:psi
93:kPa
89:bar
80:or
3143::
1226:.
1218:.
1210:.
1206:.
1192:^
1132:^
1109:^
1076:^
1064:^
969:.
939:^
930:.
662:.
568:,
115:.
72:,
40:A
2250:e
2243:t
2236:v
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1234:.
1222::
1214::
1186:.
1103:.
1058:.
980:.
899:.
847:2
845:A
829:,
824:2
820:A
815:/
809:2
805:Q
798:=
795:R
779:ρ
774:1
772:A
755:,
750:1
746:A
741:/
735:2
731:Q
724:+
719:1
715:A
711:p
708:=
705:T
625:2
621:1
618:+
616:4
611:2
607:1
604:+
602:3
593:2
589:1
586:+
584:2
579:4
575:3
572:+
570:1
565:2
561:1
558:+
556:1
547:2
543:1
540:+
538:1
533:4
529:3
27:.
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