Brownie (folklore)

1346:, in which he states, "The Brownie formed a class of beings distinct in habit and disposition from the freakish and mischievous elves." Modern scholars, however, categorize brownies as household spirits, which is usually treated as a subcategorization of fairy. Brownies and other household spirits differ significantly from other fairies in folklore, however. Brownies are usually said to dwell alongside humans in houses, barns, and on farms; whereas other fairies are usually said to reside in places of remote wilderness. Brownies are usually regarded as harmless, unless they are angered; other types of folkloric fairies, however, are typically seen as dark and dangerous. Finally, brownies are unusual for their solitary nature, since most other types of fairies are often thought to live in large groups. 1037:, who received her name from the fact that she was always dressed in grey silk, appears in English and Scottish folklore. Like a ghost, the Silkie is associated with the house rather than the family who lives there, but, like a brownie, she is said to perform chores for the family. A famous Silkie was reported to haunt Denton Hall in Northumberland. Briggs gives the report of a woman named Marjory Sowerby, who, as a little girl, had spoken with the last remaining Hoyles of Denten Hall, two old ladies, about the Silkie and its kindness to them. They told her that the Silkie would clean the hearth and kindle fires for them. They also mentioned "something about bunches of flowers left on the staircase". Sowerby left the area in around 1902 and, when she returned over half a century later after 1232: 445:(or "Hairy Meg"), have occasionally been described as well. They are usually envisioned as ugly and their appearances are sometimes described as frightening or unsettling to members of the houses in which they reside. They received their name from the fact that they are usually described as brown-skinned and completely covered in hair. In the earliest traditions, brownies are either the same size as humans or sometimes larger, but, in later accounts, they are described as "small, wizened, and shaggy". They are often characterized as short and rotund, a description that may be related to mid-seventeenth-century Scottish descriptions of 1638: 557: 1407:

who employed them could use stories of the brownie to convince their servants to behave by telling them that the brownie would punish servants who were idle and reward those who performed their duties vigilantly. According to Susan Stewart, brownies also resolved the problem that human storytellers faced of the unending repetition and futility of labour. As immortal spirits, brownies could neither be worn out nor revitalized by working, so their work became seen as simply part of "a perpetual cycle that is akin to the activities of Nature herself."

47: 1421: 5991: 1542:. In the story, a selfish boy seeks a brownie to do his chores for him because he is too lazy to do them himself. A wise old owl tells him that brownies do not really exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother to join him in becoming the new household "brownies". Ewing's short story inspired the idea of calling helpful children "brownies". 6001: 1501:, or a fairy". Like folkloric brownies, Merodach's religion is overtly pagan and he detests the sight of the Bible. He also refuses to accept any form of payment. Lady Wheelhope hates him and attempts to kill him, but all her efforts mysteriously backfire, instead resulting in the deaths of those she loves. The novel never reveals whether Merodach is actually of supernatural origin or if he is merely a peculiar-looking servant. 1729:, published between 1997 and 2007. Similar to the traditional brownies of folklore, house elves are loyal to their masters and wear ragged garments. They are released by a gift of clothing, but house elves cannot leave on their own accord regardless of how they are treated. House elves also resemble brownies in appearance, being small, but they have larger heads and large, bat-like ears. Rowling's books also include 1497:

discreetly poisoned. A single mysterious servant named Merodach stands up to her. Merodach is described as having "the form of a boy, but the features of one a hundred years old" and his eyes "bear a strong resemblance to the eyes of a well-known species of monkey." Characters in the novel believe Merodach to be a brownie, although others claim that he is a "mongrel, between a Jew and an ape... a wizard... a

4024: 386:. The brownie will punish household servants who are lazy or slovenly by pinching them while they sleep, breaking or upsetting objects around them, or causing other mischief. Sometimes they are said to create noise at night or leave messes simply for their own amusement. In some early stories, brownies are described as guarding treasure, a non-domestic task outside of their usual repertoire. 1754:. He lives inside the walls of the Spiderwick estate and is only visible when he wishes to be seen. He is described as "a little man about the size of a pencil" with eyes "black and beetles" and a nose that is "large and red". When angered, Thimbletack transforms into a malicious boggart. The series became an international bestseller and was translated into thirty languages. 312: 1687:, describes the brownies living near the residence on the Fablehaven Sanctuary. These are human-like, save for their minuscule stature and leafy ears. They love to make desserts and will repair and improve (to their abilities) anything broken throughout the house overnight if given any ingredients, which they will use to make a dessert of their choosing. It is said that 1052:. This one is said to manifest in the form of a "beautiful young woman with long, golden hair, wearing a long silken gown" and supposedly guards a hoard of treasure buried on the grounds. Few people have seen the spirit, but many claim to have heard the rustling of her silk dress. She is believed to quietly strangle anyone who comes near finding the treasure. 1013:

served as an invitation for him to come visit. He was believed to pester idle servants, but he was said to enjoy the company of children. He is described as a hideous, short-legged old man with a long tail who always dressed in a red coat and blue breeches with an old nightcap atop his head and a bandage around his face, since he was constantly plagued by

1470:. The "goblin" churns butter, brews drinks, makes dough rise, sweeps the floor, washes the dishes, and lays by the fire. According to Briggs, like most other early brownies, Milton's Lubbar Fend was probably envisioned as human-sized or larger. In many early literary appearances, the brownie turns out to be an ordinary person. The Scottish novelist 548:

road leading up from the water at night. A man returning from the market one night heard him splashing in the water and called out to him, addressing him by the nickname "Puddlefoot". Puddlefoot exclaimed in horror, "I've gotten a name! 'Tis Puddlefoot they call me!" Then he vanished forever and was never heard again.

222:. Brownies are described as easily offended and will leave their homes forever if they feel they have been insulted or in any way taken advantage of. Brownies are characteristically mischievous and are often said to punish or pull pranks on lazy servants. If angered, they are sometimes said to turn malicious, like 368:

brownies are seen as more mobile, capable of leaving or moving to another house if they became dissatisfied. One story describes a brownie who left the house after the stingy housewife fired all the servants because the brownie was doing all the work and refused to return until all the servants had been re-hired.

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Britain, describing him as the epitome of what a good household servant of the era was supposed to be. Belief in brownies could be exploited by both masters and servants. The servants could blame the brownie for messes, breakages, and strange noises heard at night. Meanwhile, the masters of the house

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Briggs notes that brownies are frequently associated with the dead and states that, like the banshee in Irish folklore, "a good case" could be made for brownies to be classified as ghosts. Nonetheless, she rejects this idea, commenting that the Brownie has "an adaptability, individuality and a homely

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wood over the fire, which was known as the "clavvy" or "clavey". Once, when the woman was having dinner with a local farmer, the servants set the table at the inn with "silver and linen", but, as soon as they left the room and came back, Charlie had put all the table settings back where they had come

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originated in the early 16th century as a dialect word used only in the Scottish Lowlands and along the English border, it has become the standard name for a variety of similar creatures appearing in the folklores of various cultures across Britain. Stories about brownies are generally more common in

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Traditions about brownies are generally similar across different parts of Great Britain. They are said to inhabit homes and farms. They only work at night, performing necessary housework and farm tasks while the human residents of the home are asleep. The presence of the brownie is believed to ensure

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of ancient Roman tradition. Descriptions of brownies vary regionally, but they are usually described as ugly, brown-skinned, and covered in hair. In the oldest stories, they are usually human-sized or larger. In more recent times, they have come to be seen as small and wizened. They are often capable

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described the brownie as "a personage of small stature, wrinkled visage, covered with short curly brown hair, and wearing a brown mantle and hood". Brownies are usually described as either naked or clothed in rags. Brownies of the Scottish Lowlands were said not to have noses, but instead had merely

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Brownies are almost always described as solitary creatures who work alone and avoid being seen. There is rarely said to be more than one brownie living in the same house. Usually, the brownie associated with a house is said to live in a specific place, such as a particular nearby cave, stream, rock,

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The popularity of Cox's poems, illustrations, and tie-in products cemented brownies as an element of North American children's literature and culture. Meanwhile, Cox could not copyright the name "brownie" because it was a creature from folklore, so unauthorized "brownie" products began to flood the

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was often heard splashing and paddling in the water. He was said to go up to the nearby farm every night with wet feet and, if anything was untidy, he would put it in order, but, if anything was tidy, he would hurl it around and make a mess. The people of the area feared him and did not go near the

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Not above forty or fifty years ago, every family had a brownie, or evil spirit, so called, which served them, to which they gave a sacrifice for his service; as when they churned their milk, they took a part thereof, and sprinkled every corner of the house with it, for Brownie’s use; likewise, when

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of ancient Roman tradition, who were envisioned as the protective spirits of deceased ancestors. Brownies and Lares are both regarded as solitary and devoted to serving the members of the house. Both are said to be hairy and dress in rags and both are said to demand offerings of food or dairy. Like

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as a "good-natured goblin" who performs chores for Welsh maids. He states that, right before she goes to bed, the maid must sweep the kitchen and make a fire in the fireplace and set a churn filled with cream by the fire with a fresh bowl of cream next to it. The next morning, "if she is in luck",

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that had been left out for the brownie. They sat down together to eat them, but the brownie sat between them invisibly and whenever either of them tried to eat the bannock or drink the milk, the brownie would steal it from them. The two maids began arguing, each accusing the other of stealing her

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Hobs are sometimes also known as "Lobs". Lob-Lie-by-the-Fire is the name of a large brownie who was said to perform farm labour. In Scotland, a similar hearth spirit was known as the Wag-at-the-Wa. The Wag-at-the-Wa was believed to sit on the pothook and it was believed that swinging the pothook

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If the brownie feels he has been slighted or taken advantage of, he will vanish forever, taking the prosperity of the house with him. Sometimes the brownie is said to fly into a rage and wreck all his work before leaving. In extreme cases, brownies are even sometimes said to turn into malicious

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The family cult of deceased ancestors in ancient times centred around the hearth, which later became the place where offerings would be left for the brownie. The most significant difference between brownies and Lares is that, while Lares were permanently bound to the house in which they lived,

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Hogg later wrote about brownies in his short story "The Brownie of Black Haggs" (1828). In this story, the evil Lady Wheelhope orders that any of her male servants who openly practises any form of religion must be given over to the military and shot. Female servants who practised religion are

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is also said to be inhabited by a mischievous Hob named Charlie. The story was recorded by the folklorist R. L. Tongue in 1964 immediately after he heard it from a woman who lived next door to the inn. Everyone in the locality knew about Charlie and he was believed to sit on the beam of

1311:. Stillwell had spoken to brownies since he was the age of four and always took their advice regarding anything from where to build to whom he would marry. The brownies had warned him not to build his terminal in Galveston as it was going to be destroyed in a tidal wave. 502:

if angered or treated improperly. A brownie is said to take offence if a human observes him working, if a human criticizes him, or if a human laughs at him. Brownies are supposedly especially angered by anything they regard as contempt or condescension. The brownie at

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for a sacrifice to Brownie. They also had some stacks of corn, which they called Brownie's Stacks, which, though they were not bound with straw ropes, or in any way fenced as other stacks used to be, yet the greatest storm of wind was not able to blow away straw off

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is said to have mown and thrashed the grain for years. Then someone commented that the grain had been poorly mown and stacked, so, that night, the brownie carried all the grain to Raven Crag two miles away and hurled it off the cliff, all the while muttering:

1719:. These brownies are portrayed as only a couple inches tall and are armed with bows and arrows. Though they are initially introduced as the kidnappers of a human infant, they turn out to be benevolent. Creatures known as "house elves" appear in the 934:

once tried to round up a flock of sheep and had more trouble with a small, hornless, grey one than any of the others; the "sheep" he had so much difficulty with turned out to be a hare. The exact same mistake is also attributed to a brownie from

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is a brownie-like creature from the Scottish Lowlands that is often said to inhabit mills. He is said to have no mouth, but an enormous nose that covers most of his face. He is fond of pranks and only the miller himself is able to control him.

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Briggs notes stories of other household spirits from British folklore who are reputed to haunt specific locations. The "cellar ghost" is a spirit who guards wine in cellars from would-be thieves; Lazy Lawrence is said to protect orchards;

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was known as "Cauld Lad". Brownies are said to be motivated by "personal friendships and fancies" and may sometimes be moved to perform extra work outside of their normal duties, such as, in one story of a brownie from Balquam, fetching a

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If the family gives the brownie a gift of clothing, he will leave forever and refuse to work for the family. The first mention in English of a brownie disappearing after being presented with clothes comes from Book Four, Chapter Ten of

1017:. He also sometimes wore a grey cloak. He was often reported to laugh alongside the rest of the family if they were laughing, but he was strongly opposed to the family drinking any beverages with more alcohol content than home-brewed 676:

It is possible that the Cauld Lad may have simply thought himself "too grand for work", a motif attested to in other folk tales, or that the gift of clothing may have been seen as a means of freeing him from a curse. A brownie from

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is said to do this on the behalf of spirits of the restless dead, who cannot sleep because of the presence of hidden treasure. When these spirits fail to succeed in persuading a living mortal to remove the treasure, they have the

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The Cauld Lad of Hilton seems to have wanted clothes and to have been grateful for the gift of them, yet still refused to stay after receiving them. At night, people were supposed to have heard him working and somberly singing:

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movement, were being persecuted. Food goes missing from the farm of Walter of Chaplehope, leading villagers to suspect it is the "brownie of Bodsbeck". In the end, it turns out that the "brownie" was actually

1041:, the Hoyles were both long dead and the house was owned by a man who did not believe in fairies. The stories about the Silkie were no longer told and instead the house was reputed to be haunted by a vicious 214:

that is said to come out at night while the owners of the house are asleep and perform various chores and farming tasks. The human owners of the house must leave a bowl of milk or cream or some other

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The late nineteenth century saw the growth and profusion of children's literature, which often incorporated fantasy. Brownies in particular were often thought of as especially appealing to children.

1667:(1926), a mischievous trio of brownies named Hop, Skip, and Jump attempt to sneak into a party hosted by the King of Fairyland by pretending to be Twirly-Whirly, the Great Conjuror from the Land of 607:

Explanations differ regarding why brownies disappear when presented with clothes, but the most common explanation is that the brownie regards the gift of clothing as an insult. One story from

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household prosperity and the human residents of the home are expected to leave offerings for the brownie, such as a bowl of cream or porridge, or a small cake. These are usually left on the

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s were troublemakers and vandals who perpetrated acts of butchery, arson, and ravaging, but, once domesticated, they were fiercely loyal. Wealthy and prominent families were said to have

453:, one by Thomas Shanks in 1649 and another by Margaret Comb in 1680, both describe meetings with a "thick little man". The man in these descriptions may have been conceived as a brownie. 1048:

Silkies were also sometimes believed to appear suddenly on roads at night to lonely travellers and frighten them. Another Silkie is said to haunt the grounds of Fardel Hall in

1045:, who made banging noise and other strange noises and pulled pranks on the man. The man eventually moved out. Briggs calls this an example of a brownie turning into a boggart. 1133:

was supposed to remain in the solitude of the wilderness, but, during the winter, he would come down and visit the local farms at night or take up residence in a local mill.

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his brownie characters rather than selling them, something which he was among the first to do. He and his many business collaborators were able to market brownie-themed

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in Scotland, left for the nearby farm of Leithenhall after the owner of Bodsbeck called for him after pouring his cream, instead of letting him find the cream himself.

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she will find the bowl of cream had been drunk and the cream in the churn has been dashed. Sikes goes on to explain that, in addition to being a household spirit, the

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wrote in his notes on local folklore, "A Browny is not a fairey, but a tawny color'd Being which will do a great deal of work for a Family, if used well." The writer

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reportedly had a habit of stealing the family keys and the only way to retrieve them was for the whole family sit around the hearth and to set a piece of cake on the

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in a fit of passion. Those who saw him described him as a naked boy. He was said to clean up anything that was untidy and make messes of things that were tidy. The

1590:. Cox portrayed brownies as "tiny elf-like figures who often took on tasks en masse". These poems and illustrations were later collected and published in his book 465:, brownies are sometimes described as having no fingers or toes. Sometimes brownies are stated to appear like children, either naked or dressed in white tunics. 532:

him. In some stories, even the manner in which their bowls of cream are given is enough to drive the brownie away. The brownie of Bodsbeck, near the town of

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as an offering to the brownie. Then they would all sit with their eyes closed, absolutely silent, and the missing keys would be hurled at them from behind.

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A recurring folkloric motif holds that, if presented with clothing, a brownie will leave his family forever and never work for them again, similar to the

583:, published in 1584. Sometimes brownies are reported to recite couplets before disappearing. One brownie from Scotland is said to have angrily declared: 1377:

and blindness, and haunted divers houses, without doing any evill, but as it were necessarie turnes up and down the house: and this spirit they called

1267:", in which he warns Burd Isbel, the woman Bekie is pledged to marry, that Bekie is about to marry another woman. He also appears in the ballad of " 855:

for her, but she wanted to know his name, which he refused to tell. Then, one day when she pretended to be out, she heard him singing his name,

3756:"When Fantasy Becomes a Real Issue: On Local and Global Aspects of Literary Translation/Adaptation, Subtitling and Dubbing Films for the Young" 861:, so he left and went to another farm, where he became close friends with the manservant, whose name was Moses. After Moses was killed in the 6037: 3934: 685:

ordered for a green shirt to be made for the brownie. It was left out for him and he disappeared forever. People assumed he had gone to

3183: 1263:. Unlike brownies, who usually provide practical domestic aid, Billy Blind usually only provides advice. He appears in the ballad of " 681:

is also said to have desired clothing. The servants are reported to have heard him one night saying, "Wae's me for a green sark!" The

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that lived in a cave. In some parts of Scotland, similar domestic spirits were called Shellycoats, a name whose origin is uncertain.

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series of children's books, in which he is portrayed as living in a mushroom house just outside the village of Toytown. In Blyton's

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were both familiar with Hogg's stories and his portrayal of Merodach may have greatly influenced Emily's portrayal of her character

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have been compared to brownies as well, seeing they are portrayed as a race of dwarf people who carry out work during night time.

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s are sometimes described as half-man and half-goat. They are said to have "long hair, long teeth, and long claws". According to

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was said to live in a natural cave known as the "Hob-Hole", where parents would bring their children for the Hob to cure them of

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incorporated brownie folklore remembered from her childhood into her short story "The Brownies", first published in 1865 in

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about a young maid suspected of having fairy blood, who left a bowl of cream at the bottom of the stairs every night for a

1231: 611:, first recorded in 1891, attempts to rationalize the motif by making a brownie who is accustomed to being presented with 480:, but they are supposed to rarely need this ability because they are already experts at sneaking and hiding. A story from 4028: 3912: 987:" due to their association with the hearth. Like brownies, Hobs would leave forever if presented with clothing. A Hob in 664:

After the servants presented him with a green mantle and hood, he is supposed to have joyfully sung before disappearing:

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in 1887, which became the first of several such collections. In the 1890s, so-called "brownie-mania" swept across the

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in our language, who appeared like a rough-man: yea, some were so blinded, as to believe that their house was all the

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England and the Lowlands of Scotland than in Celtic areas. Nonetheless, stories of Celtic brownies are recorded.

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was offended and lifted up each item of clothing, reciting the various illnesses each one would bring him. The

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is believed to leave forever if he is presented with clothing. In one story, a farmer of Ballochrink gave the

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or pond. Some individual brownies are occasionally given names. Around 1650, a brownie at Overthwaite in

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inflicted havoc and mischief upon a certain household that had angered him. The 19th-century folklorist

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Sometimes giving the brownie a name was enough to drive him away. A brownie who haunted Almor Burn near

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as the "brownie's seat" or "brownie's sway". If the hook did not have crook on it, people would hang a

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An entity referred to as a "drudging goblin" or the "Lubbar Fend" is described in lines 105 to 114 of

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on it upside-down so the brownie would have a place to sit. The brownie at the Portway Inn in

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milk and bannock. Finally, the brownie laughed and cried out: "Ha, ha, ha! Brownie has't a'!"

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is also the name for a terrifying phantom believed to sweep people away on gusts of air. The

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The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture: Volume Six: US Popular Print Culture 1860–1920

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An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures

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A brownie named Thimbletack plays an important role in the children's fantasy book series

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Lares, brownies were associated with the dead and a brownie is sometimes described as the

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A Dictionary of English Folklore: An Engrossing Guide to English Folklore and Traditions

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in the late nineteenth century and continue to appear in works of modern fantasy. The

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tang which forbids one to think of him as merely a lingering and reminiscent image."

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distinguishes between the English brownie, which lived in houses, and the Scottish

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Briggs, Katharine M. (1972). "Folklore in Nineteenth-Century English Literature".

1255:" or "Billy Blin", who bears close resemblances to both the brownie and the Irish 1180:

had an ùruisg servant named "Harry", possibly shortened from "the hairy one". The

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are said to have violent tempers if angered. The twelfth-century Welsh historian

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used to hang pots over the fire was made with a crook in it, which was known in

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incorporated features of Scottish brownie lore in his nineteenth-century works

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In seventeenth-century Scotland, brownies were sometimes regarded as a kind of

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is regarded as generally unintelligent. One Manx folktale tells of how the

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whisk the person away instead. Briggs notes that this other aspect of the

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Brownies have traditionally been regarded as distinct and different from

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sitting atop a rock at dusk, watching them go by. During the summer, the

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movement. An illegal meeting of Covenanters is shown in this painting,

1425: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1106: 1049: 936: 918:

is envisioned as a "hairy spirit of great strength", who is capable of

819:, a Welsh scholar of Celtic culture and folklore, records a story from 778: 544: 404: 4868: 4848: 4617: 4034: 1855:

or other trooping fairies do the work of a brownie, especially in the

1382: 6289: 6149: 6084: 5933: 5798: 5592: 5342: 5295: 5239: 5219: 5123: 5103: 5083: 5073: 4975: 4657: 4612: 4552: 4527: 4507: 4399: 4354: 4187: 1831: 1556: 1288: 1014: 980: 919: 898: 816: 706: 686: 616: 540: 504: 215: 207: 6189: 5527: 4244: 3762:, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, 813:'s activities makes it much more closely resemble the Irish Phooka. 6349: 6307: 6239: 5963: 5864: 5734: 5724: 5714: 5704: 5608: 5587: 5572: 5567: 5517: 5464: 5429: 5393: 5347: 5337: 5275: 5174: 5164: 5159: 5030: 5021: 4910: 4890: 4788: 4748: 4682: 4572: 4562: 4542: 4537: 4517: 4419: 4389: 4359: 4269: 4136: 1730: 1691:

were named after them due to being invented by the fairy brownies.

1461: 1000: 833:. One night, as a prank, she filled the bowl with stale urine. The 678: 415: 357: 316: 146: 5791: 5403: 5398: 4284: 3461: 3459: 1519:(1847). Brownies are also briefly referenced in Charlotte's novel 6415: 6102: 6075: 5958: 5886: 5823: 5808: 5759: 5709: 5638: 5633: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5502: 5454: 5310: 5234: 5154: 5128: 5108: 5045: 5040: 5026: 4858: 4667: 4582: 4512: 4454: 4449: 4349: 4344: 4319: 4309: 4294: 4264: 4099: 2527: 2525: 2523: 1779: 1773: 1750:

and published in five volumes from May 2003 to September 2004 by

1538:

and later incorporated into her 1871 collection of short stories

1333: 1271:" in which he also provides advice, but offers no practical aid. 1256: 1172:

that had once worked for one of their ancestors as a drudge. The

879:. Elements of this story recur throughout other brownie stories. 876: 872: 698: 529: 499: 441:

Brownies are virtually always male, but female brownies, such as

424: 400: 328: 243: 223: 154: 150: 4833: 3813:

Interdisciplinary and Cross-Cultural Narratives in North America

1109:, they may be Celtic survivals of goat-like nature spirits from 615:

shirts become enraged upon being presented with a shirt made of

469: 277:. Brownies have also appeared outside of folklore, including in 6442: 6379: 6340: 6324: 6314: 6230: 5943: 5854: 5828: 5818: 5774: 5744: 5628: 5613: 5492: 5419: 5389: 5384: 5315: 5300: 5249: 5068: 5050: 4945: 4905: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4853: 4813: 4808: 4753: 4717: 4672: 4652: 4487: 4424: 4304: 4229: 4224: 4023: 3897:, Facts On File, New York City, New York: InfoBase Publishing, 3456: 1630:" as the name for the lowest age group in her organization of " 1603: 1498: 1373: 1034: 968: 533: 383: 219: 84: 3651:, New York City, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, p. 316, 3446: 3444: 3442: 3189: 3145: 2520: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1614:

market as well. The widespread "brownie" merchandise inspired

1099:

s are very similar in character, they have different origins.

1009:

from because he did not like the farmer she was meeting with.

6435: 6280: 5948: 5938: 5803: 5786: 5769: 5719: 5683: 5663: 5648: 5532: 5522: 5459: 5444: 5372: 5327: 5322: 5270: 5204: 5118: 5113: 5093: 5088: 4965: 4925: 4920: 4828: 4712: 4522: 4404: 4314: 4254: 4065: 3811:. In Anderson, Mark Cronland; Blayer, Irene Maria F. (eds.). 3206: 3204: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1852: 1607: 1354: 1329: 1325: 1296: 1118: 1005: 682: 612: 446: 345: 340: 320: 234: 79: 4843: 3939:

Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook

3862:, in Goodare, Julian; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce (eds.), 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 2342: 1941: 1939: 595:

Another brownie from Berwickshire is said to have declared:

53:

Illustration of a brownie sweeping with a handmade broom by

5739: 5618: 5507: 5367: 5332: 5144: 4980: 3844:, vol. 1, Glasgow, Scotland: William Maclellan, Ltd., 3734:

The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters

3439: 3304: 3302: 2612: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 1214: 1114: 428: 3674:, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, 3201: 3121:

Tax Free Trade Zones of the World and in the United States

3078: 3076: 3074: 2952:, Glasgow, Scotland: James MacLehose and Sons, p. 194 2910: 2908: 2876: 2874: 2811: 2809: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2510: 2508: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2091: 1152:

was said to have been nursed and raised by the wife of an

5876: 4577: 4434: 3626:

Sutton Companion to British Folklore, Myths & Legends

3600: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3418: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3088: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2366: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1936: 1018: 528:

A brownie can also be driven away if someone attempts to

311: 3590: 3588: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3299: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3162: 3160: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2688: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2474: 2472: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2281: 2279: 2277: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1897: 1895: 1893: 3071: 3006: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2905: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2698: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2564: 2537: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2354: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2210: 2171: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1956: 1954: 1385:, as they called it, that such spirites resorted there. 472:

in Irish folklore, brownies are sometimes described as

348:

of a deceased servant who once worked in the home. The

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Superstitions Of The Highlands And Islands Of Scotland

2146: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2009: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1584:

through his illustrated poems about them published in

1398:

states that the image of the brownie fits well into a

1361:

describes the brownie as a demon in his 1597 treatise

619:. The brownie in the story sings before disappearing: 394:

was known as "Tawny Boy" and a brownie from Hilton in

6433: 6413: 6377: 6347: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6246: 6237: 6228: 6214: 6205: 6196: 6167: 6147: 6138: 6118: 6082: 6073: 3585: 3566: 3531: 3391: 3314: 3245: 3216: 3157: 2886: 2469: 2420: 2378: 1966: 1890: 1218: 1202: 1195: 1189: 1167: 1153: 1143: 1137: 1128: 1122: 1100: 1094: 1084: 1069: 1056: 955:

a gift of clothes in gratitude for all his work. The

456:

In the late nineteenth century, the Irish folklorist

331:. Brownies bear many similarities to the Roman Lares. 192: 184: 131: 124: 117: 3841:

The Silver Bough: Scottish Folk-lore and Folk-belief

3760:

Media and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach

3100: 2920: 2848: 2821: 2785: 2748: 2665: 2624: 2484: 2432: 2291: 2254: 2227: 1951: 2973: 2033: 1907: 922:an entire barn full of corn in a single night. The 3057:. Middlesex, United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 23. 1188:and the Frazers of Abertarff also claimed to have 484:tells of two maids who stole a bowl of milk and a 249:Regional variants in England and Scotland include 3981:Architecture, Ethics, and the Personhood of Place 3894:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore 3119:Tiefenbrun, Susan (2012). "PORT ARTHUR (Texas)". 3049: 1402:analysis of the "old, generous rural economy" of 6455: 1653:A brownie character named "Big Ears" appears in 523:And they'll hae some wark ere it's mow'd again! 263:. Variants outside England and Scotland are the 5008: 3866:, New York City, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 3736:, New York City, New York and London, England: 3864:Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland 3775: 3504: 2348: 1235:"O Waken, Waken, Burd Isbel", illustration by 1148:s as household servants. One chieftain of the 845:was forced to flee to the neighboring farm of 671:The Cauld Lad of Hilton will do no more good! 461:a single hole in the centre of their face. In 6031: 4050: 1474:incorporated brownie folklore into his novel 1415: 4006:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 3961:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 3919:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 3910: 3465: 3450: 2402: 2400: 45: 6338: 6329: 6187: 6045: 3954: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3210: 3195: 3151: 2730: 2606: 2531: 2140: 1480:(1818). The novel is set in 1685, when the 866: 856: 851:. A girl there fed him well and he did her 846: 840: 834: 828: 808: 802: 795: 789: 782: 772: 762: 747: 734: 6038: 6024: 6000: 4057: 4043: 3937:, in Garry, Jane; El-Shamy, Hasan (eds.), 3118: 1432:, the eponymous "brownie" turns out to be 974: 962: 956: 950: 944: 929: 923: 913: 896: 883: 517:It's no' weel mow'd! It's no' weel mow'd!— 3955:Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000), 3622: 2577: 2558: 2397: 2204: 1389: 238:of turning invisible, and they sometimes 3887: 3806: 3793:, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, p. 16, 3492: 3480: 3433: 3351: 3293: 3043: 2945: 2939: 2914: 2880: 2360: 2165: 1636: 1555: 1419: 1305:Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf Railroad 1279:scares children away from eating unripe 1230: 555: 310: 4064: 3974: 3837: 3727: 3671:The Fairies in Tradition and Literature 3560: 3548: 3412: 3345: 3333: 3308: 3239: 3037: 3000: 2967: 2899: 2003: 1945: 1901: 1033:A female spirit known as the Silkie or 983:and Lancashire, brownies are known as " 839:attacked her, but she screamed and the 600:Gie Brownie a coat, gie Brownie a sark, 14: 6456: 3932: 3857: 3753: 3732:, in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), 3707: 3694:, Stroud, England: The History Press, 3664: 3642: 3629:, Stroud, England: The History Press, 3606: 3594: 3579: 3362: 3268: 3166: 3106: 3094: 3082: 2865: 2842: 2815: 2800: 2779: 2767: 2742: 2707: 2692: 2659: 2618: 2546: 2514: 2499: 2478: 2463: 2451: 2426: 2391: 2372: 2336: 2324: 2285: 2248: 2221: 2064: 2027: 2015: 1960: 1930: 1641:A brownie serves as the mascot of the 1410: 939:and the story is also told in western 602:Ye'se get nae mair o' Brownie's wark. 6019: 6005:List of beings referred to as fairies 5007: 4210: 4038: 3935:"Fairies and Elves: Motifs F200-F399" 3687: 2933: 2076: 1634:" on account of Ewing's short story. 1121:. Passersby often reported seeing an 1078: 1021:. He is said to have fled before the 907: 756: 519:Then it's ne'er be mow'd by me again; 403:when the lady of the house went into 30:For the seaweed called gruagach, see 27:Household spirit in Scottish folklore 4211: 3996: 3012: 2979: 720: 551: 521:I'll scatter it owre the Raven Stane 492: 3911:Nelson, Cary; Chasar, Mike (2012), 24: 3838:McNeill, Florence Marian (1977) , 1756:A film adaptation of the same name 669:Here's a cloak, and here's a hood! 287:. They became popular in works of 25: 6520: 2946:Campbell, John Gregorson (1900), 1674: 1610:, stoves, dolls, and silverware. 1545: 1493:, the leader of the Covenanters. 1343:Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 1319: 1226: 632:Thrift may go, bad luck may stay, 590:Ye'll no get me to do your wark! 299:are named after a short story by 5999: 5990: 5989: 4022: 3782:Scottish Fairy Belief: A History 3708:Dorson, Richard Mercer (2001) , 1884:Dictionary of the Scots Language 1797:Lithuanian household gods (list) 335:Brownies originated as domestic 229:Brownies originated as domestic 218:for the brownie, usually by the 6059:Scottish mythology and folklore 3615: 3498: 3172: 3112: 2070: 1845: 1645:and previously for the defunct 697:In the nineteenth century, the 692: 626:I will neither grind nor stamp; 451:Scottish witchcraft confessions 240:appear in the shapes of animals 3758:, in Abend-David, Dror (ed.), 1872: 1606:merchandise, including boots, 630:I have served you many a year. 588:Red breeks and a ruffled sark! 13: 1: 4003:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 3809:"Palmer Cox: Telling Stories" 3377:10.1080/0015587x.1972.9716469 1866: 1618:to name his low-cost camera " 1560:Illustration of a brownie by 1111:Proto-Indo-European mythology 436: 376: 371: 339:spirits, very similar to the 319:, or household shrine to the 233:spirits, very similar to the 6479:Scottish legendary creatures 3979:, in Caicco, Gregory (ed.), 3915:, in Bold, Christine (ed.), 1540:The Brownies and Other Tales 1259:, appears in ballads of the 882: 628:Had you given me linen gear, 624:Harden, harden, harden hamp, 580:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 414:wrote in his description of 7: 6469:English legendary creatures 5009:Fairy-like beings worldwide 3779:; Cowan, Edward J. (2001), 3711:History of British Folklore 3649:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 3129:10.4337/9781849809061.00115 1761: 1700:The Princess and the Goblin 1580:helped promote brownies in 1314: 1213:. A story on the island of 999:. The Holman Clavel Inn in 943:. Like other brownies, the 651:That's to grow to the wood, 566:The Elves and the Shoemaker 476:. As a rule, they can turn 474:taking the forms of animals 303:based on brownie folklore. 246:it, it will leave forever. 10: 6525: 6339: 6330: 4076:Classifications of fairies 3933:Silver, Carole G. (2005), 2349:Henderson & Cowan 2001 1671:, and his two assistants. 1549: 1416:Early literary appearances 967:then left to hide away in 653:That's to make the cradle, 29: 6434: 6426: 6414: 6406: 6390: 6378: 6370: 6348: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6270: 6261: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6188: 6180: 6168: 6160: 6148: 6139: 6131: 6119: 6111: 6095: 6083: 6074: 6066: 6054: 5980: 5909: 5842: 5697: 5601: 5485: 5478: 5412: 5263: 5137: 5061: 5014: 5003: 4726: 4480: 4217: 4206: 4175: 4082: 4073: 3807:Margerum, Eileen (2005). 3623:Alexander, Marc (2013) , 1739:The Spiderwick Chronicles 1566:Brownies Around the World 1307:terminal and the town of 1287:guards nut thickets. The 1203: 1113:, analogous to the Roman 1055: 1028: 733: 655:That's to rock the bairn, 634:I shall travel far away. 306: 160: 142: 104: 96: 72: 62: 44: 3728:Germanà, Monica (2014), 3509:. Deseret Book Company. 3466:Nelson & Chasar 2012 3451:Nelson & Chasar 2012 1838: 1683:book series, written by 1592:The Brownies: Their Book 1440:, a persecuted Scottish 863:Battle of Bosworth Field 564:in the German story of " 4445:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar 3998:West, Martin Litchfield 3975:Stewart, Susan (2007), 3688:Dacre, Michael (2011), 3505:Mull, Brandon. (2013). 3211:Simpson & Roud 2000 3196:Simpson & Roud 2000 3152:Simpson & Roud 2000 2731:Simpson & Roud 2000 2607:Simpson & Roud 2000 2532:Simpson & Roud 2000 2141:Simpson & Roud 2000 1477:The Brownie of Bodsbeck 1430:The Brownie of Bodsbeck 1299:in 1895, brownies told 1066:John Gregorson Campbell 975:Hobs and hearth spirits 5917:Christmas gift-bringer 4335:Brown Man of the Muirs 3913:"American Advertising" 3858:Miller, Joyce (2008), 3666:Briggs, Katharine Mary 3643:Ashley, Mike (1999) , 2077:Thrum, Thomas (1907). 1758:was released in 2008. 1650: 1569: 1453: 1390:Functionalist analysis 1387: 1248: 1219: 1196: 1190: 1168: 1154: 1144: 1138: 1129: 1123: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1070: 1057: 963: 957: 951: 945: 930: 924: 914: 897: 895:name for a brownie is 884: 871:began behaving like a 867: 857: 847: 841: 835: 829: 809: 803: 796: 790: 783: 773: 763: 748: 746:name for a brownie is 735: 674: 662: 637: 605: 593: 569: 526: 434: 332: 193: 185: 132: 125: 118: 50: 6224:Blue men of the Minch 4789:Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling 4300:Blue men of the Minch 4176:Abodes and structures 3872:10.1057/9780230591400 3754:Heller, Erga (2014), 3691:Devonshire Folk Tales 2621:, pp. 37, 40–41. 2417:. London: H. G. Bohn. 1640: 1587:St. Nicholas Magazine 1559: 1530:Juliana Horatia Ewing 1446:Covenanters in a Glen 1423: 1369: 1261:Anglo-Scottish border 1234: 666: 659:That's to lay to me. 657:That's to grow a man, 649:Fallen from the tree, 642: 621: 597: 585: 559: 514: 420: 314: 301:Juliana Horatia Ewing 289:children's literature 164:Found within the home 49: 6489:Supernatural legends 5195:Hopkinsville Goblins 4031:at Wikimedia Commons 1851:Sometimes, however, 1752:Simon & Schuster 1436:, the leader of the 647:The acorn is not yet 6464:Brownies (folklore) 4916:Sprite/Water sprite 4090:Celtic sacred trees 3609:, pp. 188–190. 3468:, pp. 143–144. 3198:, pp. 111–112. 3179:King James VI and I 3154:, pp. 109–110. 3097:, pp. 120–121. 3015:, pp. 292–294. 2534:, pp. 110–111. 2415:The Fairy Mythology 2375:, pp. 205–206. 2080:Hawaiian Folk Tales 1948:, pp. 110–111. 1725:series of books by 1624:Juliette Gordon Low 1411:Outside of folklore 1359:King James VI and I 1295:In the US state of 1200:were also known as 1166:told stories of an 909:[fəˈnɑðəɾi] 645:Wae's me! Wae's me! 350:Cauld Lad of Hilton 325:House of the Vettii 182:), also known as a 41: 18:Brownie (mythology) 6407:Goblins/hobgoblins 4245:Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe) 4029:Brownie (folklore) 3977:"Reading a Drawer" 3889:Monaghan, Patricia 3777:Henderson, Lizanne 3740:, pp. 61–65, 3738:Ashgate Publishing 2339:, pp. 35, 46. 1689:chocolate brownies 1651: 1598:. Cox effectively 1576:children's writer 1570: 1535:The Monthly Packet 1454: 1249: 1247:waking Burd Isobel 761:). Like brownies, 725:Although the name 570: 333: 67:Legendary creature 51: 39: 6509:Household deities 6504:Scottish folklore 6451: 6450: 6121:Loch Ness Monster 6013: 6012: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5644:Headless Horseman 5185:Fearsome critters 4999: 4998: 4027:Media related to 4013:978-0-19-928075-9 3990:978-1-58465-653-1 3968:978-0-19-210019-1 3948:978-0-7656-1260-1 3926:978-0-19-923406-6 3904:978-0-8160-4524-2 3881:978-0-230-59140-0 3822:978-0-8204-7409-0 3800:978-1-8623-2190-8 3769:978-1-6235-6101-7 3747:978-1-4094-2563-2 3721:978-0-415-20476-7 3701:978-0-7524-7033-7 3681:978-0-415-28601-5 3658:978-0-312-19869-5 3636:978-0-7509-5427-3 3563:, pp. 64–65. 3495:, pp. 61–62. 3436:, pp. 92–93. 3348:, pp. 63–64. 3311:, pp. 62–63. 3085:, pp. 32–33. 3064:978-0-14-004753-0 3051:Briggs, Katharine 2818:, pp. 36–37. 2782:, pp. 37–38. 2745:, pp. 33–39. 2710:, pp. 43–44. 2561:, pp. 64–65. 2549:, pp. 38–41. 2517:, pp. 41–42. 2466:, pp. 42–43. 2407:Keightley, Thomas 2224:, pp. 46–47. 2087:. pp. 33–34. 2030:, pp. 39–40. 2018:, pp. 47–48. 1516:Wuthering Heights 1080:[ˈuːɾɯsk] 1023:sign of the cross 823:in his 1901 book 758:[ˈbuːbaχ] 721:Regional variants 552:Gifts of clothing 493:Leaving the house 362:Hawaiian folklore 212:Scottish folklore 168: 167: 55:Alice B. Woodward 16:(Redirected from 6516: 6499:English folklore 6484:Tutelary deities 6439: 6438: 6419: 6418: 6383: 6382: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6334: 6311: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6265: 6252: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6233: 6220: 6219: 6211: 6210: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6173: 6172: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6124: 6123: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6047:Celtic mythology 6040: 6033: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5986: 5689:Tuatha Dé Danann 5659:Jimmy Squarefoot 5483: 5482: 5210:Little green men 5005: 5004: 4971:Will-o'-the-wisp 4739:Margot the fairy 4688:Lady of the Lake 4638:Jenny Greenteeth 4633:Jack o' the bowl 4465:Queen of Elphame 4212:Attested fairies 4208: 4207: 4083:Related articles 4059: 4052: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4016: 3993: 3971: 3951: 3929: 3907: 3884: 3854: 3834: 3803: 3772: 3750: 3724: 3704: 3684: 3661: 3639: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3529: 3528: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3416: 3410: 3389: 3388: 3360: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3272: 3266: 3243: 3237: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3069: 3068: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2846: 2840: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2663: 2657: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2581: 2575: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2289: 2283: 2252: 2246: 2225: 2219: 2208: 2202: 2169: 2163: 2144: 2138: 2089: 2088: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1943: 1934: 1928: 1905: 1899: 1888: 1887: 1876: 1860: 1849: 1809:Jack o' the bowl 1695:George MacDonald 1664:Book of Brownies 1647:St. Louis Browns 1643:Cleveland Browns 1301:Arthur Stillwell 1251:A figure named " 1222: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1171: 1157: 1147: 1141: 1132: 1126: 1104: 1098: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1060: 966: 960: 954: 948: 933: 927: 917: 911: 906: 902: 887: 870: 860: 850: 844: 838: 832: 812: 806: 799: 793: 786: 776: 766: 760: 755: 751: 738: 458:Thomas Keightley 204:household spirit 196: 188: 135: 128: 121: 89:Household spirit 42: 38: 21: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6422: 6402: 6386: 6366: 6181:Fairies/spirits 6176: 6156: 6127: 6107: 6091: 6062: 6050: 6044: 6014: 6009: 5984: 5968: 5905: 5838: 5780:Enchanted Moura 5693: 5597: 5474: 5470:Yara-ma-yha-who 5408: 5259: 5133: 5057: 5010: 4995: 4759:Mooinjer veggey 4722: 4628:Jack-o'-lantern 4593:Heinzelmännchen 4476: 4213: 4202: 4171: 4147:Household deity 4105:Fairy godmother 4078: 4069: 4063: 4019: 4014: 3991: 3969: 3949: 3927: 3905: 3882: 3852: 3823: 3801: 3770: 3748: 3722: 3702: 3682: 3659: 3637: 3618: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3532: 3517: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3432: 3419: 3411: 3392: 3361: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3275: 3267: 3246: 3238: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2849: 2841: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2666: 2658: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2584: 2576: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2485: 2477: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2292: 2284: 2255: 2247: 2228: 2220: 2211: 2203: 2172: 2164: 2147: 2139: 2092: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1967: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1908: 1900: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1792:Household deity 1786:Heinzelmännchen 1764: 1748:Tony DiTerlizzi 1677: 1554: 1548: 1450:Alexander Carse 1418: 1413: 1394:The folklorist 1392: 1322: 1317: 1229: 1174:Maclachlan clan 1150:MacFarlane clan 1075: 1064:The folklorist 1062: 1031: 993:North Yorkshire 977: 904: 889: 868:Gwarwyn-a-throt 858:Gwarwyn-a-throt 825:Celtic Folklore 769:Gerald of Wales 753: 740: 723: 711:Staunton on Wye 695: 673: 670: 661: 658: 656: 654: 652: 650: 648: 646: 636: 633: 631: 629: 627: 625: 604: 601: 592: 589: 554: 525: 522: 520: 518: 495: 439: 379: 374: 309: 200:Scottish Gaelic 138: 92: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:English ghosts 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6267: 6258: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6221: 6217:Biasd Bheulach 6212: 6203: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 5997: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5913: 5911: 5910:Cross-regional 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5857: 5852: 5850:Dames blanches 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5755:Kallikantzaros 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Doñas de fuera 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5358:Mrenh kongveal 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4991:Yan-gant-y-tan 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Nelly Longarms 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4588:The Hedley Kow 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4558:Gwragedd Annwn 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4162:Tutelary deity 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4122: 4117: 4115:Fairy painting 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4017: 4012: 3994: 3989: 3972: 3967: 3952: 3947: 3930: 3925: 3908: 3903: 3885: 3880: 3855: 3850: 3835: 3821: 3804: 3799: 3773: 3768: 3751: 3746: 3725: 3720: 3705: 3700: 3685: 3680: 3662: 3657: 3640: 3635: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3599: 3597:, p. 188. 3584: 3582:, p. 190. 3565: 3553: 3530: 3515: 3497: 3485: 3470: 3455: 3453:, p. 143. 3438: 3417: 3390: 3371:(3): 194–209. 3350: 3338: 3313: 3298: 3273: 3271:, p. 316. 3244: 3215: 3213:, p. 112. 3200: 3188: 3171: 3169:, p. 148. 3156: 3144: 3137: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3070: 3063: 3042: 3040:, p. 127. 3017: 3005: 3003:, p. 126. 2984: 2982:, p. 294. 2972: 2970:, p. 128. 2955: 2938: 2936:, p. 105. 2919: 2917:, p. 420. 2904: 2885: 2883:, p. 292. 2870: 2847: 2820: 2805: 2784: 2772: 2747: 2735: 2733:, p. 109. 2712: 2697: 2664: 2623: 2611: 2609:, p. 111. 2582: 2578:Alexander 2013 2563: 2559:Alexander 2013 2551: 2536: 2519: 2504: 2483: 2481:, p. 180. 2468: 2456: 2431: 2429:, p. 206. 2419: 2396: 2394:, p. 151. 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 322. 2353: 2341: 2329: 2290: 2253: 2226: 2209: 2205:Alexander 2013 2170: 2145: 2143:, p. 110. 2090: 2069: 2032: 2020: 2008: 2006:, p. 111. 1965: 1963:, p. 205. 1950: 1935: 1906: 1904:, p. 123. 1889: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828:(Scandinavian) 1823: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1780:Haltija/Tonttu 1777: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1715:, directed by 1676: 1675:Modern fantasy 1673: 1649:baseball team. 1616:George Eastman 1550:Main article: 1547: 1546:Mass marketing 1544: 1428:'s 1818 novel 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1404:pre-Industrial 1391: 1388: 1340:agreed in his 1321: 1320:Classification 1318: 1316: 1313: 1237:Arthur Rackham 1228: 1227:Other variants 1225: 1061: 1054: 1030: 1027: 997:whooping cough 979:Especially in 976: 973: 888: 881: 781:describes the 771:records how a 739: 732: 722: 719: 694: 691: 667: 643: 622: 598: 586: 553: 550: 515: 494: 491: 438: 435: 378: 375: 373: 370: 308: 305: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 129: 122: 115: 112: 108: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97:First attested 94: 93: 91: 90: 87: 82: 76: 74: 70: 69: 64: 60: 59: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6521: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6057:Creatures in 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6006: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5927:Companions of 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870:King Goldemar 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:Pictish Beast 5677: 5675: 5674:Morgan Le Fay 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5255:Yunwi Tsunsdi 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Christmas elf 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5036:Little people 5034: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4986:Yallery Brown 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693:Lazy Laurence 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678:Klabautermann 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Iannic-ann-ôd 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157:Nature spirit 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3851:9780853351610 3847: 3843: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3551:, p. 65. 3550: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3516:9781609089856 3512: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3493:Monaghan 2004 3489: 3483:, p. 93. 3482: 3481:Margerum 2005 3477: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3434:Margerum 2005 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3415:, p. 64. 3414: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3336:, p. 63. 3335: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3296:, p. 92. 3295: 3294:Margerum 2005 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3242:, p. 62. 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3140: 3138:9781849809061 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3109:, p. 32. 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2915:Monaghan 2004 2911: 2909: 2902:, p. 61. 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2882: 2881:Monaghan 2004 2877: 2875: 2868:, p. 44. 2867: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2845:, p. 45. 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2803:, p. 36. 2802: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2776: 2770:, p. 37. 2769: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2695:, p. 43. 2694: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2662:, p. 38. 2661: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2580:, p. 65. 2579: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2502:, p. 41. 2501: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2465: 2460: 2454:, p. 42. 2453: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2361:Monaghan 2004 2357: 2351:, p. 16. 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2327:, p. 46. 2326: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2288:, p. 33. 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2251:, p. 35. 2250: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2207:, p. 64. 2206: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2168:, p. 62. 2167: 2166:Monaghan 2004 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2086: 2085:A. C. McClurg 2082: 2081: 2073: 2067:, p. 40. 2066: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1933:, p. 47. 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1880:"Broonie n.1" 1875: 1871: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1815:Koro-pok-guru 1813: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742:, written by 1741: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:J. K. Rowling 1724: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:United States 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1582:North America 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1484:, a Scottish 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400:Functionalist 1397: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328:. In 1777, a 1327: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1270: 1269:Willie's Lady 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Strathlachlan 1175: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 972: 970: 965: 959: 953: 947: 942: 941:North America 938: 932: 926: 921: 916: 910: 901: 900: 894: 886: 880: 878: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 843: 837: 831: 826: 822: 821:Monmouthshire 818: 814: 811: 805: 798: 792: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 759: 750: 745: 737: 731: 728: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:Herefordshire 700: 690: 688: 684: 680: 672: 665: 660: 641: 635: 620: 618: 614: 610: 603: 596: 591: 584: 582: 581: 576: 575:Reginald Scot 567: 563: 562:Wichtelmänner 558: 549: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 524: 513: 510: 506: 501: 490: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 463:Aberdeenshire 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 433: 430: 426: 419: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 397: 396:County Durham 393: 387: 385: 369: 365: 363: 359: 355: 354:Hilton Castle 351: 347: 342: 338: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253: 247: 245: 241: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 195: 189: 187: 181: 177: 173: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 109: 107: 105:Other name(s) 103: 99: 95: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 56: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6199:Baobhan sith 6056: 5901:Weiße Frauen 5897:Witte Wieven 5669:Menninkäinen 5450:Patupaiarehe 5378:Hungry ghost 5363:Orang bunian 5281:Fallen angel 5225:Nordic alien 4961:Wicked fairy 4901:Sleih beggey 4708:Lubber fiend 4698:Leanan sídhe 4643:Joan the Wad 4608:Hobbididance 4568:Gwyn ap Nudd 4329: 4290:Bloody Bones 4260:Baobhan sith 4250:Arkan Sonney 4167:Water spirit 4152:Hungry grass 4120:Fairy riding 4002: 3980: 3957: 3938: 3916: 3893: 3863: 3840: 3812: 3791:East Lothian 3781: 3759: 3733: 3710: 3690: 3670: 3648: 3625: 3616:Bibliography 3602: 3561:Germanà 2014 3556: 3549:Germanà 2014 3506: 3500: 3488: 3413:Germanà 2014 3368: 3364: 3346:Germanà 2014 3341: 3334:Germanà 2014 3309:Germanà 2014 3240:Germanà 2014 3191: 3182: 3174: 3147: 3120: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3054: 3045: 3038:McNeill 1977 3008: 3001:McNeill 1977 2975: 2968:McNeill 1977 2948: 2941: 2900:Germanà 2014 2775: 2738: 2614: 2554: 2459: 2422: 2414: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2079: 2072: 2023: 2011: 2004:Stewart 2007 1946:Stewart 2007 1902:McNeill 1977 1883: 1874: 1857:West Country 1847: 1804:Hungry ghost 1737: 1735: 1722:Harry Potter 1720: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1693: 1685:Brandon Mull 1678: 1662: 1652: 1622:". In 1919, 1612: 1600:licensed out 1591: 1585: 1571: 1565: 1552:The Brownies 1539: 1533: 1527: 1520: 1514: 1507:Emily Brontë 1495: 1486:Presbyterian 1475: 1465: 1455: 1445: 1442:Presbyterian 1429: 1396:L. F. Newman 1393: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1364:Daemonologie 1362: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1338:Walter Scott 1323: 1294: 1281:gooseberries 1273: 1250: 1240: 1210: 1201: 1135: 1090: 1063: 1047: 1039:World War II 1032: 1011: 989:Runswick Bay 978: 890: 848:Hafod y Ynys 824: 815: 741: 726: 724: 696: 693:Brownie sway 675: 668: 663: 644: 638: 623: 609:Lincolnshire 606: 599: 594: 587: 578: 571: 561: 538: 527: 516: 509:Berwickshire 496: 482:Peeblesshire 467: 455: 440: 421: 409: 388: 380: 366: 334: 282: 274: 267: 260: 256: 250: 248: 228: 191: 183: 175: 171: 169: 73:Sub grouping 36: 6320:Meg Mullach 6299:Ghillie Dhu 5922:Santa Claus 5750:Hippocampus 5440:Muldjewangk 5306:Inari Ōkami 4956:Water horse 4941:Tylwyth Teg 4931:Tooth fairy 4824:Pillywiggin 4774:Moss people 4744:Meg Mullach 4648:Joint-eater 4533:Ghillie Dhu 4493:Fairy Queen 4280:Billy Blind 4235:Alp Luachra 4142:Genius loci 4068:in folklore 3787:East Linton 3607:Heller 2014 3595:Heller 2014 3580:Heller 2014 3269:Ashley 1999 3184:Daemonology 3167:Miller 2008 3107:Briggs 1967 3095:Dorson 2001 3083:Briggs 1967 2866:Briggs 1967 2843:Briggs 1967 2816:Briggs 1967 2801:Briggs 1967 2780:Briggs 1967 2768:Briggs 1967 2743:Briggs 1967 2708:Briggs 1967 2693:Briggs 1967 2660:Briggs 1967 2619:Briggs 1967 2547:Briggs 1967 2515:Briggs 1967 2500:Briggs 1967 2479:Dorson 2001 2464:Briggs 1967 2452:Briggs 1967 2427:Silver 2005 2411:The Brownie 2392:Miller 2008 2373:Silver 2005 2337:Briggs 1967 2325:Briggs 1967 2286:Briggs 1967 2249:Briggs 1967 2222:Briggs 1967 2065:Briggs 1967 2028:Briggs 1967 2016:Briggs 1967 1961:Silver 2005 1931:Briggs 1967 1821:Meg Mullach 1744:Holly Black 1669:Tiddlywinks 1655:Enid Blyton 1632:Girl Guides 1482:Covenanters 1458:John Milton 1438:Covenanters 1309:Port Arthur 1303:to build a 1265:Young Bekie 1253:Billy Blind 1245:Billy Blind 1241:Young Bekie 1160:Graham clan 1043:poltergeist 969:Glen Rushen 443:Meg Mullach 392:Westmorland 323:, from the 297:Girl Guides 279:John Milton 100:In folklore 32:Desmarestia 6458:Categories 6362:Water bull 6332:Sea Mither 6272:Each-uisge 6256:Changeling 6208:Bean-nighe 6170:Nuckelavee 5954:Salamander 5654:Jack Frost 5291:Hồ ly tinh 5286:Fox spirit 5190:Grey alien 5150:Anchimayen 4951:Water bull 4896:Shellycoat 4819:Peg Powler 4804:Nuckelavee 4779:Nain Rouge 4703:Leprechaun 4598:Hinzelmann 4503:Fear gorta 4498:Fear dearg 4470:Svartálfar 4430:Each-uisge 4395:Colt pixie 4385:Clurichaun 4375:Ceffyl Dŵr 4275:Bean nighe 4198:Fairy ring 4193:Fairy path 4183:Fairy fort 4125:Fairy tale 4110:Fairy-lock 4095:Changeling 3525:1002080187 3507:Fablehaven 2934:Dacre 2011 1867:References 1769:Changeling 1717:Ron Howard 1706:Sir Gibbie 1681:Fablehaven 1578:Palmer Cox 1562:Palmer Cox 1511:Heathcliff 1491:John Brown 1472:James Hogg 1434:John Brown 1426:James Hogg 1285:Melch Dick 1277:Awd Goggie 1243:, showing 1217:told of a 1194:servants. 1117:and Greek 1107:M. L. West 1076:pronounced 1050:Devonshire 937:Lancashire 905:pronounced 779:Wirt Sikes 754:pronounced 545:Perthshire 437:Appearance 412:John Brand 377:Activities 372:Traditions 6290:Gancanagh 6150:Cailleach 6085:Gigelorum 5934:Elemental 5624:Black dog 5343:Korpokkur 5296:Huli jing 5240:Pukwudgie 5220:Nimerigar 5180:Encantado 5124:Tikoloshe 5104:Mami Wata 5084:Bultungin 5074:Asanbosam 5015:Worldwide 4976:Wirry-cow 4834:Púca/Pwca 4769:Morvarc'h 4658:Kilmoulis 4613:Hobgoblin 4553:Grindylow 4528:Gancanagh 4508:Fenodyree 4460:Huldufólk 4400:Cyhyraeth 4355:Bugul Noz 4188:Fairyland 3831:1056-3970 3730:"Brownie" 3053:(1977) . 3013:West 2007 2980:West 2007 2409:(1870). " 1832:Wirry-cow 1782:(Finnish) 1626:adopted " 1564:from his 1503:Charlotte 1467:L'Allegro 1374:Papistrie 1289:Kilmoulis 1015:toothache 981:Yorkshire 964:Fenodyree 958:Fenodyree 952:Fenodyree 946:Fenodyree 931:Fenodyree 925:Fenodyree 920:threshing 915:Fenodyree 899:Fenodyree 885:Fenodyree 817:John Rhys 707:horseshoe 687:Fairyland 617:sackcloth 541:Pitlochry 505:Cranshaws 478:invisible 468:Like the 447:the Devil 410:In 1703, 284:L'Allegro 275:Fenodyree 208:hobgoblin 6427:Mermaids 6350:Seonaidh 6308:Glaistig 6249:Cat-sìth 6240:Caoineag 6112:Cryptids 5995:Category 5985:See also 5964:Wild man 5865:Alberich 5735:Farfadet 5725:Dionysus 5715:Cercopes 5705:Basajaun 5698:Southern 5609:Aitvaras 5602:Northern 5588:Vodyanoy 5583:Vântoase 5573:Vadleany 5568:Ursitory 5563:Spiriduș 5558:Sânziană 5518:Kikimora 5513:Karzełek 5465:Wandjina 5430:Menehune 5394:Yakshini 5348:Mazzikin 5338:Kijimuna 5276:Dokkaebi 5230:Nûñnë'hï 5175:Curupira 5165:Chaneque 5160:Canotila 5138:Americas 5031:Succubus 5022:Bogeyman 4911:Spriggan 4891:Seonaidh 4749:Melusine 4683:Korrigan 4573:Habetrot 4563:Gwyllion 4543:Glashtyn 4538:Glaistig 4518:Finvarra 4420:Dullahan 4390:Coblynau 4380:Clíodhna 4365:Cat sìth 4360:Caoineag 4270:Barghest 4137:Familiar 4000:(2007), 3891:(2004), 3668:(1967), 3365:Folklore 1788:(German) 1776:(Slavic) 1762:See also 1731:boggarts 1628:Brownies 1574:Canadian 1525:(1853). 1522:Villette 1462:pastoral 1460:'s 1645 1315:Analysis 1220:ciuthach 1204:ciuthach 1182:MacNeils 1001:Somerset 853:spinning 764:Bwbachod 679:Jedburgh 500:boggarts 416:Shetland 358:Menehune 337:tutelary 317:Lararium 293:Brownies 281:'s poem 270:and the 231:tutelary 224:boggarts 216:offering 202:), is a 194:gruagach 186:brùnaidh 147:Scotland 133:Gruagach 119:Brùnaidh 63:Grouping 6474:Fairies 6416:Bauchan 6263:Cù-sìth 6132:Deities 6103:Boobrie 6076:Beithir 5959:Sandman 5887:Perchta 5882:Lorelei 5843:Western 5824:Thiasus 5809:Silenus 5760:Kobalos 5710:Centaur 5639:Haltija 5634:Gremlin 5553:Rusalka 5548:Psotnik 5543:Polevik 5538:Ovinnik 5503:Domovoy 5498:Căpcăun 5486:Eastern 5455:Taniwha 5413:Oceania 5311:Kitsune 5235:Pombero 5200:Ishigaq 5155:Caipora 5129:Yumboes 5109:Obayifo 5046:Mermaid 5041:Merfolk 5027:Incubus 4869:Skogsrå 4859:Radande 4849:Bergsrå 4668:Knucker 4663:Knocker 4618:Hödekin 4583:Haltija 4548:Groac'h 4513:Finfolk 4455:Erlking 4450:Elegast 4415:Duergar 4370:Cù Sìth 4350:Bugbear 4345:Buggane 4330:Brownie 4320:Boobrie 4310:Boggart 4295:Bluecap 4265:Banshee 4100:Elfshot 4066:Fairies 3645:"Elves" 3385:1259545 1811:(Swiss) 1774:Domovoi 1620:Brownie 1568:(1894). 1383:sonsier 1379:Brownie 1334:Beetham 1326:fairies 1257:banshee 1211:kewachs 1186:Taynish 971:alone. 912:). 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Brownie (folklore)

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