27:
681:
652:, the now-ruined Bronze Bird Terrace joins historical imperial harems in the tradition of "palace resentment poems" (宮怨詩), where the women within were depicted as abandoned and wasting away their youths. Cao Cao, the harem master in these works, became satirized and criticized for his sensuality and obsession with the women entertainers, who he trapped in his terrace even after his death. It is from this tradition that the late-Tang poet
241:, and made Ye his capital next year. Known for his extravagance and indulgence, Shi Hong utilized up to 400,000 workers on construction projects in his new capital city along with Chang'an and Luoyang. The Three Terraces of Ye, which had fallen into disrepair up to this point, were transformed by these constructions to be "more adorned and embellished than they were at the beginning of Wei". The Bronze Bird Terrace was heightened to 12
167:, and had ample street-level access connecting them with the rest of the city. Underneath the terraces were storage facilities for grain, salt, water, fuel, graphite, and—in the case of the Ice Well Terrace—ice. Around the terraces sprang the Bronze Bird Garden (銅雀園), also known as the West Garden (西園) since it was immediately west of the palace. The garden took up the whole northwestern quadrant of the city.
637:'s elegy for Cao Cao. In the elegy itself, written around 298, Lu Ji creates a scene where instead of Cao Cao's sons, it is the female entertainers who were to gaze at Cao Cao's tomb from the Bronze Bird Terrace. At the end of the elegy, Lu Ji asks rhetorically: "Ascending Bronze Bird Terrace, they mourned together; Their beautiful eyes were fixed in a distant gaze, but what could they see?" The
140:
Hall of Civil
Splendour (文昌殿) which was to become the centerpiece of Ye's palace complex. The Bronze Bird Terrace was erected in the northwest corner of the city in 210 as part of these works. It was soon joined by two shorter terraces in 213, the Metal Tiger Terrace (金虎臺) to the south and the Ice Well Terrace (冰井臺) to the north. Together, they are referred to as the Three Terraces (三臺).
729:, Cao Cao was portrayed negatively and criticized harshly in these writings. Some of these writings criticize the inkstones' collectors as dilettantes for being concerned with owning a piece of history at the price of forgetting history, and held the inkstones in disdain for their association with Cao Cao — as one indignant
26:
858:
As a result, an enraged Zhou Yu vows to go to war with Cao Cao and defeats him in the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208. Historically, the battle predates the terrace by two years, and Cao Zhi's poem was written two years after Zhou Yu's death. Nonetheless, the story of the Bronze Bird
Terrace and the Qiao
618:
My concubines and entertainers should all be accommodated on Bronze Bird
Terrace. A couch of eight feet long enclosed with fine hemp curtains should be set up in the hall on the terrace. Every day, once in the morning and once in the afternoon, dried meat and other kinds of food should be offered to
288:
issued the "Edict to
Destroy Gardens and Terraces of the State of Qi" (毀撤齊國園臺詔) on 2 March 577 in which he denounced the wasteful extravagance of the Qi, proclaimed a return to restraint and frugality, and ordered the destruction of Ye's gardens and the Three Terraces. Emperor Wu died the next year,
609:
As Cao Cao laid dying in 220, he dictated his will to his sons. After reflecting on his own life and addressing the division of his belongings, he stipulated the Bronze Bird
Terrace to be the place where his concubines were to be accommodated, where rituals were to be held for his spirit, and where
396:
among the poets of the Jian'an period, all wrote about the Bronze Bird
Terrace cemented its place in the poetic imagination of the Jian'an period (196-220), and the laudatory tone that Cao Pi and Cao Zhi took here contributed to the terrace being seen as a symbol of Cao Cao's success, ambitions, or
333:
named
Dongxiao Monastery (洞霄觀) was built on the Metal Tiger's. The Ice Well Terrace was noted to have been washed by the Zhang River, causing one corner to erode away. Today, after centuries of flooding by the Zhang River, only the Metal Tiger Terrace remained visible, while the Bronze Bird Terrace
276:
in 370, and Ye only became capital again under
Eastern Wei and then the Northern Qi. In 558, the old Three Terraces were renovated under the Northern Qi, which had mobilized 300,000 three hundred thousand workmen to make them "higher and grander" than ever before. The terraces were renamed again at
139:
in 204 and made the city his chief residence. As the years of war had destroyed the inner city, Cao Cao set about rebuilding the city in the mold of an imperial capital. He initiated a number of works in Ye, digging canals in and around the city to improve irrigation and drainage, and building the
716:
Regardless of their authenticity or utility (or lack thereof), Bronze Bird
Inkstones were traded as gifts among the literati. The receiving party would write poems expressing their gratitude and essays appraising the artifact, sometimes inscribing the words onto the inkstone itself. This led to a
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into war against Cao Cao by stating that Cao Cao is specifically campaigning throughout China in search of beautiful women to fill his Bronze Bird
Terrace, and if Zhou Yu fails to act, his own wife—the younger of the Qiao sisters—would be made captive there. Also of note is that the Bronze Bird
862:
Other than the reference to the Qiao sisters, the writer of the novel resists fully committing to the vernacular trope of Bronze Bird Terrace being Cao Cao's harem. In chapter 56 on the completion of the Bronze Bird Terrace, Cao Cao holds a grand feast there, but the descriptions of Cao Cao's
174:
since it references auspicious symbols from an old song: "To the west of Chang'an, a pair of circular watchtowers, / On top of them perches a pair of Bronze Birds. / They sing once, and five grains grow; / They sing again, and five grains ripen". The Metal Tiger Terrace was named after the
713:, and inkstone made from these tiles "could hold water for days without drying up." Others describe that the water dried away as soon as it was poured onto the inkstone, and declare that the Bronze Bird Inkstones were unusable and "no different from any ordinary broken tile and brick."
787:
interprets as an auspicious portent harking back to the ancient sage kings. Pleased by the sign, Cao Cao charges Cao Zhi with the construction of the Bronze Bird Terrace in Ye, flanked by two shorter ones called Jade Dragon and Gold Phoenix. In chapter 44, Cao Zhi's poem
708:
that locals began to make fake Bronze Bird Terrace tiles from a mold and bury them into the ground before making them into inkstones to sell for profit. One source claims that tiles from the Bronze Bird Terrace were made with clay filtered by fine linen then mixed with
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my spirit. On the first day and fifteenth day every month, the entertainers should give a musical performance in front of the curtains. You should all go up Bronze Bird Terrace from time to time and gaze at my tomb on the western mound.
866:
In modern times, the Bronze Bird Terrace remains a staple in Three Kingdoms media associated with Cao Cao from historical dramas to video games. Notably, the Bronze Bird Terrace lends its name and setting to the 2012 Chinese film
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from Cao Cao's invading fleet by a fire attack in the Battle of Red Cliffs. Du Mu's poem provides a counterfactual: if the winds were not favourable to Zhou Yu, Cao Cao's fleet would not have burned and Zhou Yu's forces would be
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blends historical, literary, and popular traditions into a single narrative. In chapter 34 of the novel, a glowing bronze bird was dug out of the ground after Cao Cao's conquest of north China, which Cao Cao's advisor
400:
Also, the Bronze Bird Terrace and its associated garden were used as places of merrymaking, such that they became the subject of a subset of Jian'an poetry known as "feast poems" (公燕詩), where poets such as Cao Zhi and
334:
could only be identified through archaeology. The extant Metal Tiger Terrace (now known as the Metal Phoenix), mistakenly identified by the locals as the more famous Bronze Bird Terrace, is only 12 meters tall.
349:. The park includes a recreation of the Three Terraces, the original foundations of the Golden Phoenix Terrace, a museum showing various unearthed artifacts, and locales commemorating Cao Cao and
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to rise against him in Ye. After Yuchi Jiong was defeated in 580, Yang Jian evacuated the population of Ye and razed the city to the ground. Yang Jian would declare himself emperor of the
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is woven into the narrative where Zhuge Liang goads Zhou Yu—an altered version of the poem with added verses is recited (under line 10 above), "proving" Cao Cao's lecherous intentions:
338:
153:(~18 meters). Modern observers measure the bases of the Bronze Bird Terrace and the Metal Tiger Terrace at 122 m north to south and 70 m east to west. Atop the terraces were
90:, where the terrace is a popular topic. Although its destruction in 577 and natural disasters left only ruins of the Bronze Bird Terrace, the terrace lives on in the Chinese
680:
1534:
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of the Former Yan in 352. Murong Jun moved his capital to Ye in 357, upon which he ordered the repair of its palaces and the Bronze Bird Terrace. Former Yan fell to
402:
912:
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poet Ai Xingfu (艾性夫) puts it: "I request you sir, spit on it, throw it out, and never use it again. If the Bronze Bird still stood, I would destroy it."
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known as the "Bronze Bird Performers" (銅雀妓), and the terrace itself was transformed from a symbol of splendour and glory to one of loss and longing.
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merrymaking there were confined to more elegant displays of poetry recitals and martial feats, not the carnal pleasures of the popular tradition.
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1309:
1218:
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this time, with Bronze Bird being renamed as Golden Phoenix (金鳳), Metal Tiger as Sagely Response (聖應), and Ice Well as Magnificent Light (崇光).
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By the Yuan dynasty, a popular tradition took hold viewing Cao Cao as a lustful tyrant and his Bronze Bird Terrace a pleasure palace. The
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725:
through which the poet could recall the lost city of Ye and its lord Cao Cao. As the sympathies of the time laid with Cao Wei's enemy
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1247:
163:, the Bronze Bird had 101 rooms, Metal Tiger had 109, and Ice Well had 145. The terraces were linked to each other and the palace by
1325:
284:
in 577, Northern Qi quickly disintegrated within a month, with large scale defections of court and military personnel. The incoming
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249:", five stories high, and topped with a bronze bird sculpture. Together, the Bronze Bird Terrace and its pavilion measured 27
1808:
1779:
1754:
1698:
390:(登臺賦) extolling Cao Cao's creation is extant in its entirety. That the "Three Caos" (as the three are collectively known),
329:
periods. A Buddhist temple named Yongning Temple (永寧寺) was erected on the foundations of the Bronze Bird Terrace, while a
873:(Chinese name: 铜雀台, "Bronze Bird Terrace"), which depicts fictional attempts on Cao Cao's life in the eponymous terrace.
1852:
1847:
1722:
752:("Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language") elaborates on the connection Du Mu made between Cao Cao and the
94:
through its connection with Cao Cao and retains its place in Chinese literature and modern media pertaining to the
1319:
341:
in 1988. The site of the Three Terraces, now administratively in Santai village (三台村; "Three Terrace Village") of
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Despite the destruction of Ye and the terrace buildings, the foundations of the Three Terraces survived into the
1842:
1771:
372:
The poetic tradition of the Bronze Bird Terrace began soon after its completion, when Cao Cao brought his sons
45:
774:
672:'s favour. The poem popularized the image of the Bronze Bird Terrace as a place of frustrated sexual desire.
386:) to mark the occasion. Cao Cao and Cao Pi's poems on this occasion only survive in fragments, but Cao Zhi's
290:
53:
32:
1614:
1837:
700:, the literati began collecting tiles purported to be from the Bronze Bird Terrace and shaping them into
285:
1623:"Romance of Three Kingdoms (based on a 1925 translation, with modernized names, corrections, and notes)"
1622:
704:. These Bronze Bird Inkstones (銅雀硯), as they came to be known, were so sought after by the time of the
30:
Cao Cao holds a feast on the Bronze Bird Terrace, in chapter 56 of the illustrated 1591 edition of the
1197:
1163:
264:
Shi Hu died in 349, after which his sons killed one another for the throne only to be exterminated by
82:. Despite reconstructions after Cao Cao's time that exceeded his in scale, the Bronze Bird Terrace is
1708:
685:
204:
87:
1022:
577:
1334:, pp. 173-4. Original Chinese: 吾婕妤妓人，皆著銅爵臺。於臺堂上施八尺床，繐帳，朝晡上脯糒之屬。月朝十五，輒向帳作妓。汝等時時登銅爵臺，望吾西陵墓田。.
392:
310:
79:
1744:
925:, p. 338 note 11. Another tradition dates the completion of the Ice Well Terrace in 214.
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of this scene, where women regularly perform and pine for their dead lord, became a trope of
869:
661:
642:
20:
1581:
1243:
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high, which translates to about 23 meters, while the other two terraces were shorter at 8
8:
595:
127:. When the dynasty fractured into warlord states, the city served as the headquarters of
195:
forced the abdication of the last emperor of Eastern Han, becoming the first emperor of
1674:
1192:
306:
294:
1471:
203:, Ye was still considered a secondary "northern capital". Cao Wei was replaced by the
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tall. The Metal Tiger Terrace was renamed to Metal Phoenix Terrace (金鳳臺) to avoid a
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collection, carved with the words "Jian'an Year 15" (210 AD), catalogued in the
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sisters in the popular tradition aroused people's imagination for generations.
120:
95:
1818:
1789:
1714:
Remembrances : the experience of the past in classical Chinese literature
245:, and its top was covered by a circular pavilion with "linking ridgepoles and
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330:
281:
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668:, famed beauties of the southern lands, had a fortuitous wind not blown in
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515:
Let me follow in the footsteps of the enlightened ruler that I may rejoice,
326:
322:
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145:
136:
268:, whose state of Ran Wei lasted two years in Ye before being conquered by
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of the Later Zhao became emperor in 334 through a coup against his cousin
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Cao Cao's will survived only through its inclusion in the preface of the
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in 263, who were later forced out of northern China by a series of non-
112:
71:
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1646:
345:, was made into a park of 20 square kilometers, costing 75.62 million
826:
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Terrace was described to be in Chang'an instead of Ye in this story.
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with the Bronze Bird Terrace by textually placing in the terrace the
128:
994:
955:
337:
The ruins of Ye, of which the Three Terraces is a part, were made a
297:
made a bid for the throne, which prompted the Zhou loyalist general
1662:
1544:
1396:
1034:
701:
657:
346:
238:
159:
339:
Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level
293:
died less than a year on the throne. Emperor Xuan's father-in-law
1547:. Six more lines were added to the end of the poem, omitted here.
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761:
726:
669:
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He has set up the beautiful building in the midst of the heavens,
377:
265:
220:
200:
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75:
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That the humane influence may be poured out over all the world,
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61:
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Whence abundance of fruits could be looked for in his gardens.
211:
states. Ye became the capital of several of these states: the
170:
The name "Bronze Bird Terrace" evokes the Western Han capital
1562:
1031:, p. 215. Original Chinese: 長安城西雙員闕，上有一雙銅雀宿，一鳴五穀生，再鳴五穀熟.
945:
943:
721:
on the topic of Bronze Bird Inkstones, treating the tiles as
653:
549:
That the perfection of reverence may be offered to the Ruler.
1630:
900:
837:
He will rejoice in the multitude of scholars that assemble,
517:
And ascend the storied terrace that I may gladden my heart,
940:
179:
that Cao Cao received from the Han emperor as part of the
1691:
Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD
833:
Look down; there is the grand beauty of an imperial city,
539:
Look up; and there is the gorgeous harmony of springtime,
1767:
The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms
1419:
1377:
1746:
The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel: Ssu ta ch'i-shu
1488:
1486:
523:
He has established the exalted gates high as the hills,
1063:
1061:
535:
On the banks of the rolling River Zhang he planned it,
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to the terrace in 212 and all three wrote rhapsodies (
1365:
1142:
1140:
533:
Whence the eye can range over the cities of the west.
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in 581 and go on to reunify China in 589, ending the
1483:
1125:
831:
That he might rejoice with them morning and evening.
560:
Could compare with that of the sacred understanding.
545:
The house desires success in its double undertaking,
405:(劉楨) write of fleeting happiness and the essence of
199:. Although the main capital of Wei was relocated to
157:
of more than a hundred rooms each: According to the
1522:
1459:
1431:
1297:
1261:
1113:
1058:
521:
That I may gaze upon the plans of the virtuous one.
16:
Architectural icon of China's Three Kingdoms period
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1510:
1498:
1407:
1285:
1273:
1137:
1101:
1089:
1046:
1010:
970:
1613:
1540:
1480:, p. 152. Original Chinese: 請君唾去勿復用，銅雀猶在吾當摧.
1315:
982:
928:
888:
541:And the singing of many birds delighting the ear;
1829:
1800:The city of Ye in the Chinese literary landscape
1346:, p. 223. Original Chinese: 登爵臺而群悲，眝美目其何望.
684:The underside of a Bronze Bird Inkstone in the
1717:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
756:: In the prelude to the Battle of Red Cliffs,
143:The Bronze Bird Terrace was recorded to be 10
1651:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
519:That I may see the wide extent of the palace,
1685:
1040:
1004:
964:
949:
922:
906:
835:And the rolling vapors lie floating beneath.
823:This named Golden Phoenix, that Jade Dragon.
821:The two towers rise, one on either flank,
604:
551:Only the richly prosperous rule of dukes
131:. After Yuan Shao's death, rival warlord
70:) was an iconic structure in the city of
1858:Former buildings and structures in China
679:
675:
572:Bright as the glory of the sun and moon,
123:and an important regional center in the
25:
576:The Ruler shall live to the age of the
1830:
1644:
1303:
1267:
976:
1739:
1647:"Cao Zhi's (192-232) Symposium Poems"
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1492:
1182:
1180:
1157:
1155:
839:Answering to the felicitous dream of
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1707:
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1086:(鄴中記). Original Chinese: 更加崇飾, 甚於魏初.
1079:
1067:
1052:
1028:
1016:
1000:
988:
934:
918:
894:
794:
624:Cao Cao, "Testamentary Command" (遺令)
413:
1161:
852:—translated by C.H. Brewitt-Taylor
564:The gracious kindness spreads afar,
191:After Cao Cao died in 220, his son
13:
1177:
1152:
778:attributed to 14th century writer
660:"Red Cliffs" (赤壁), connecting the
14:
1884:
1863:Buildings and structures in Hebei
574:Ever honorable and ever enduring,
568:Peace reigns over all the empire,
566:The imperial family is supported,
361:
316:
280:Triggered by an invasion by the
135:took control of the city in the
1592:from the original on 2013-05-10
1574:
1389:
1250:from the original on 2021-02-05
1235:
1211:
829:, these beautiful ladies of Wu,
78:, the prominent warlord of the
1772:Harvard University Asia Center
1749:. Princeton University Press.
1607:
543:The lofty sky stands over all.
66:
57:
49:
1:
1541:Brewitt-Taylor & Luo 1925
1316:Brewitt-Taylor & Luo 1925
1257:– via news.sina.com.cn.
876:
775:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
736:
570:Bounded only by the universe.
33:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1770:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1196:. 2007-02-01. Archived from
356:
7:
1645:Cutter, Robert Joe (1984).
1242:Wang, Wenhua (2004-05-16).
286:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
10:
1889:
1395:Zhou Yu defended his lord
1173:– via people.com.cn.
1162:Guo, Jiqiao (2013-03-15).
1082:, p. 31, quoting the
562:That fortune! What beauty!
365:
261:) is Shi Hu's given name.
106:
101:
19:For the Chinese film, see
18:
967:, pp. 338-9 note 12.
686:Palace of Heavenly Purity
1853:Chinese poetry allusions
1848:Han dynasty architecture
1803:. Leiden Boston: Brill.
1693:. Leiden Boston: Brill.
881:
798:
529:piercing the blue vault,
417:
88:Classical Chinese poetry
80:late Eastern Han dynasty
1571:, p. 465 note 373.
525:He has built the lofty
309:that started since the
1764:Tian, Xiaofei (2018).
1582:"《铜雀台》26日公映 八大看点开启国庆档"
1399:'s lands south of the
1188:"河北邯郸：保护古邺城遗址 再现铜雀台风光"
1043:, p. 338 note 11.
921:, p. 19 note 43;
819:
693:
627:
605:Bronze Bird Performers
513:
311:end of the Han dynasty
37:
1843:577 disestablishments
1797:Tsao, Joanne (2020).
1615:Brewitt-Taylor, C. H.
1246:. Wenzhou Dushi Bao.
1219:"邺城三台遗址 - 中国年鉴网络出版总库"
790:Ascending the Terrace
683:
676:Bronze Bird Inkstones
616:
598:, with modifications
589:Ascending the Terrace
388:Ascending the Terrace
29:
1428:, pp. 261, 263.
1386:, pp. 241, 245.
662:Battle of Red Cliffs
656:produced his famous
643:Six Dynasties poetry
610:his sons could gaze
119:was the seat of the
21:The Assassins (film)
1223:gb.oversea.cnki.net
719:Song dynasty poetry
596:C.H. Brewitt-Taylor
74:built in AD 210 by
46:traditional Chinese
42:Bronze Bird Terrace
1838:210 establishments
1687:de Crespigny, Rafe
825:He would have the
694:
393:primus inter pares
307:Period of Disunity
187:Period of Disunity
54:simplified Chinese
38:
1810:978-90-04-42014-4
1781:978-1-68417-092-0
1756:978-1-4008-4393-0
1700:978-90-04-18522-7
1627:threekingdoms.com
1374:, pp. 120–1.
1164:"鄴城：三國故地 六朝古都【3】"
1041:de Crespigny 2010
1005:de Crespigny 2010
965:de Crespigny 2010
950:de Crespigny 2010
923:de Crespigny 2010
909:, pp. 334–6.
907:de Crespigny 2010
856:
855:
749:Sanguozhi Pinghua
602:
601:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
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424:
1880:
1822:
1793:
1760:
1741:Plaks, Andrew H.
1736:
1704:
1682:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1629:. Archived from
1601:
1600:
1598:
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1578:
1572:
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1554:
1548:
1538:
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1135:
1134:, pp. 42–3.
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1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
953:
947:
938:
932:
926:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
795:
625:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
414:
331:Taoist monastery
181:Nine Bestowments
86:with Cao Cao in
68:
59:
51:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1782:
1757:
1725:
1701:
1636:
1634:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1586:ent.sina.com.cn
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:, p. 262;
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:, p. 229;
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
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1314:
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1298:
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999:
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983:
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956:
948:
941:
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917:
913:
905:
901:
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889:
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879:
845:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
824:
822:
816:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
739:
692:(西清硯譜), c. 1778
678:
626:
623:
607:
594:—translated by
582:
578:eastern emperor
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
550:
548:
546:
544:
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455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
425:
420:
370:
364:
359:
343:Linzhang County
319:
227:(534–550), and
189:
165:raised walkways
109:
104:
92:cultural memory
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
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1824:
1823:
1809:
1794:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1737:
1723:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1663:10.2307/823444
1642:
1619:Luo, Guanzhong
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1588:. 2012-09-25.
1573:
1561:
1549:
1533:
1531:, p. 331.
1521:
1509:
1497:
1495:, p. 465.
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 140.
1458:
1456:, p. 133.
1442:
1440:, p. 132.
1430:
1418:
1406:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1362:, p. 103.
1348:
1336:
1324:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1234:
1210:
1176:
1151:
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 211.
1112:
1100:
1088:
1072:
1070:, p. 210.
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
1007:, p. 339.
1003:, p. 19;
993:
981:
969:
954:
952:, p. 338.
939:
927:
911:
899:
886:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
854:
853:
850:
847:
846:
817:
738:
735:
717:large body of
677:
674:
621:
606:
603:
600:
599:
592:
584:
583:
511:
368:Jian'an poetry
363:
362:Jian'an poetry
360:
358:
355:
351:Jian'an poetry
318:
315:
188:
185:
121:Wei Commandery
108:
105:
103:
100:
96:Three Kingdoms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1885:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:0-674-76015-8
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:Owen, Stephen
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:(1/2): 1–32.
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1633:on 2022-04-09
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1559:, p. 53.
1558:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1519:, p. 51.
1518:
1513:
1507:, p. 52.
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1416:, p. 53.
1415:
1410:
1402:
1401:Yangtze River
1398:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1294:, p. 65.
1293:
1288:
1282:, p. 50.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1200:on 2007-02-05
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1166:. Hebei Daily
1165:
1158:
1156:
1149:, p. 44.
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:, p. 33.
1109:
1104:
1098:, p. 30.
1097:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1055:, p. 27.
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1019:, p. 23.
1018:
1013:
1006:
1002:
997:
991:, p. 19.
990:
985:
978:
973:
966:
961:
959:
951:
946:
944:
937:, p. 17.
936:
931:
924:
920:
915:
908:
903:
897:, p. 16.
896:
891:
887:
874:
872:
871:
870:The Assassins
864:
860:
851:
849:
848:
844:
842:
828:
818:
815:
797:
796:
793:
791:
786:
781:
780:Luo Guanzhong
777:
776:
771:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
746:
745:
734:
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728:
724:
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673:
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398:
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389:
385:
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379:
375:
369:
354:
352:
348:
344:
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335:
332:
328:
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317:Later history
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
282:Northern Zhou
278:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
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118:
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99:
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77:
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63:
55:
47:
43:
35:
34:
28:
22:
1825:
1799:
1766:
1745:
1713:
1690:
1654:
1650:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1626:
1594:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1473:
1461:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1311:
1306:, p. 6.
1299:
1287:
1275:
1270:, p. 1.
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1244:"河北将重新修建铜雀台"
1237:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1191:
1168:. Retrieved
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
996:
984:
979:, p. 9.
972:
930:
914:
902:
890:
868:
865:
861:
857:
820:
799:
789:
773:
770:Ming dynasty
767:
754:Qiao sisters
747:
742:
740:
731:Yuan dynasty
715:
706:Song dynasty
698:Tang dynasty
695:
690:Xiqing Yanpu
689:
666:Qiao sisters
647:
628:
617:
608:
588:
514:
418:
406:
399:
391:
387:
381:
371:
336:
320:
291:Emperor Xuan
289:and his son
279:
263:
258:
257:as "tiger" (
255:naming taboo
250:
242:
233:
190:
169:
158:
150:
144:
142:
137:Battle of Ye
111:The city of
110:
65:
41:
39:
31:
1608:Works cited
1304:Cutter 1984
1268:Cutter 1984
977:Cutter 1984
758:Zhuge Liang
723:synecdoches
650:Tang poetry
631:Western Jin
505:等年壽於東王
498:齊日月之輝光
491:寧彼四方
484:惠澤遠揚
477:豈足方乎聖明
470:盡肅恭於上京
463:家願得而獲呈
456:聽百鳥之悲鳴
449:望眾果之滋榮
442:連飛閣乎西城
435:浮雙闕乎太清
428:觀聖德之所營
421:聊登臺以娛情
303:Sui dynasty
299:Yuchi Jiong
231:(550–577).
229:Northern Qi
225:Eastern Wei
223:(350–352),
219:(337–370),
215:(319–351),
205:Jin dynasty
177:tiger tally
125:Han dynasty
117:Zhang River
1832:Categories
1819:1141200097
1790:1153560051
1637:2021-02-02
1596:2021-01-31
1569:Plaks 1987
1493:Plaks 1987
1254:2021-01-25
1228:2021-01-25
1204:2021-01-09
1170:2021-01-25
1084:Yezhong Ji
877:References
737:In fiction
711:walnut oil
587:—Cao Zhi,
408:carpe diem
366:See also:
274:Former Qin
270:Murong Jun
217:Former Yan
213:Later Zhao
84:metonymous
67:Tóngquètái
1671:0161-9705
1557:Tsao 2020
1529:Tian 2018
1517:Tsao 2020
1505:Tsao 2020
1478:Tsao 2020
1466:Tsao 2020
1454:Tsao 2020
1450:Tian 2018
1438:Tsao 2020
1426:Tian 2018
1414:Owen 1986
1384:Tian 2018
1372:Tsao 2020
1360:Tsao 2020
1356:Tian 2018
1344:Tian 2018
1332:Tian 2018
1292:Tsao 2020
1280:Tsao 2020
1193:Xinhuanet
1147:Tsao 2020
1132:Tsao 2020
1120:Tian 2018
1108:Tsao 2020
1096:Tsao 2020
1080:Tsao 2020
1068:Tian 2018
1053:Tsao 2020
1029:Tian 2018
1017:Tsao 2020
1001:Tsao 2020
989:Tsao 2020
935:Tsao 2020
919:Tsao 2020
895:Tsao 2020
827:two Qiaos
702:inkstones
397:desires.
357:In poetry
295:Yang Jian
155:pavilions
129:Yuan Shao
1743:(1987).
1733:12342425
1711:(1986).
1689:(2010).
1621:(1925).
1590:Archived
1543:, chpt.
1404:overrun.
1397:Sun Quan
1318:, chpt.
1248:Archived
841:King Wen
658:quatrain
622:—
612:his tomb
403:Liu Zhen
313:in 220.
239:Shi Hong
183:in 213.
172:Chang'an
160:Wen Xuan
98:period.
1873:Cao Cao
814:協飛熊之吉夢
812:欣群才之來萃兮
808:俯皇都之宏麗兮
804:攬二喬於東南兮
800:立雙臺於左右兮
785:Xun You
762:Zhou Yu
727:Shu Han
696:In the
670:Zhou Yu
503:永貴尊而無極兮
496:同天地之矩量兮
475:雖桓文之為盛兮
468:揚仁化於宇內兮
461:天功恒其既立兮
454:仰春風之和穆兮
447:臨漳川之長流兮
440:立冲天之華觀兮
433:建高殿之嵯峨兮
426:見天府之廣開兮
419:從明后之嬉遊兮
378:Cao Zhi
266:Ran Min
247:rafters
221:Ran Wei
201:Luoyang
197:Cao Wei
133:Cao Cao
115:by the
107:Cao Cao
102:History
76:Cao Cao
1868:Handan
1817:
1807:
1788:
1778:
1753:
1731:
1721:
1697:
1679:823444
1677:
1669:
810:瞰雲霞之浮動
806:樂朝夕之與共
802:有玉龍與金鳳
772:novel
760:goads
744:huaben
639:pathos
591:(登臺賦)
527:towers
489:翼佐我皇家兮
374:Cao Pi
235:Shi Hu
193:Cao Pi
64::
62:pinyin
56::
48::
1675:JSTOR
882:Notes
654:Du Mu
635:Lu Ji
633:poet
251:zhang
243:zhang
151:zhang
146:zhang
36:novel
1815:OCLC
1805:ISBN
1786:OCLC
1776:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1729:OCLC
1719:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1667:ISSN
768:The
555:and
553:Huan
482:休矣美矣
376:and
347:yuan
327:Yuan
325:and
323:Song
40:The
1659:doi
648:In
557:Wen
209:Han
58:铜雀台
50:銅雀臺
1834::
1813:.
1784:.
1774:.
1727:.
1673:.
1665:.
1653:.
1649:.
1625:.
1617:;
1584:.
1545:44
1485:^
1320:44
1221:.
1190:.
1179:^
1154:^
1139:^
1060:^
957:^
942:^
843:.
614::
580:.
507:26
500:24
493:22
486:20
479:18
472:16
465:14
458:12
451:10
411:.
383:fu
353:.
259:hu
113:Ye
72:Ye
60:;
52:;
1821:.
1792:.
1759:.
1735:.
1703:.
1681:.
1661::
1655:6
1640:.
1599:.
1322:.
1231:.
1207:.
444:8
437:6
430:4
423:2
44:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
