1075:(1368–1644). Ming prosperity was accompanied by a tremendous increase in population, commerce, and poetry composition. Thanks to educational opportunities made possible by commercial printing and the reinvigorated examination system, a massively larger literate population emerged. This population relied on poetry to express personal emotion and to engage with each other socially. A debate as to whether the Tang or Song poets had achieved the highest heights of excellence solidified a collective opinion that past heights could not be surpassed. With over one million surviving Ming poems, modern critics and researchers have been unable to definitively answer whether that conviction is a prejudice or a fact.
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traditional
Chinese method of chronicling history. The poems preserved in writing form the poetic literature. Parallel traditions of oral and traditional poetry known as popular or folk poems or ballads also exist. Some of these poems have been preserved in written form. Generally, folk-type poems are anonymous, and many show signs of having been edited or polished in the process of recording them in written characters. The main source sources for the earliest preserved poems are the
682:
921:(1115–1234), which had established control over northern China and its largely Chinese population. The Chinese poets of the Jin dynasty produced poetry which shared the characteristics of the Song dynasty poetry; and towards the end of the Jin, the poetry begins to similarly show the effects of the Mongol invasions that eventually led to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty with its own characteristic poetry. By far the greatest of Jin dynasty poets was
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1237:, distinct from the spoken vernacular. The tension between a spoken vernacular and a literary form of the language worked both ways, the poetry of literature can be seen to have "various degrees of vernacular overlay" and also the oral folk poetry sometimes were "filled with literary phrases and constructions", perhaps due to the prestigious nature of the written language.
1382:
is often encountered in
Classical Chinese poetry, in which the author writes a poem from the viewpoint of some other person (or type of person). Often these persona types were quite conventional, such as the lonely wife left behind at home, the junior concubine ignored and sequestered in the imperial
1286:
cautions against overemphasizing this visual effect, which he says can "...act on the imagination like blobs in the
Rorschach test. It is rather difficult to estimate this effect since a habitual reader of Chinese is hardly conscious of it without deliberately analysing his reactions....Certainly one
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Many of the
Classical Chinese poems were written on the occasion of a certain event. This was generally expected to be a fairly spontaneous creation made just for that particular period of time, and sometimes with a fairly limited intended audience in mind. Examples include occasions of parting from
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In part due to the possibilities inherent in the
Classical Chinese language and in part as an esthetic principle, many Classical Chinese poems are imprecise when it comes to gender, number, case, or other logically informative elements of speech which tend to be grammatically obligatory or difficult
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The stylistic development of
Classical Chinese poetry consists of both literary and oral cultural processes. These are usually divided into certain standard periods or eras, in terms both of specific poems as well as characteristic styles; these generally correspond to Chinese dynastic eras, per the
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but also on the poetry of other languages. One group of languages on which
Classical Chinese poetry had an early influence was the cultural exchange with various unrelated neighbouring language families that initiated diplomatic contact with Sinitic speakers. Such interaction happened with speakers
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form was set to music, restricting each individual poem to one of nine modal key selections and one of over two hundred tune patterns. Depending on the pattern, this imposed fixed rhythmic and tonal requirements that remained in place for future poets even if its musical component was later lost. A
554:
refers to those poetic movements occurring during the final years of the failing Han dynasty and continuing their development into the beginning of the Six
Dynasties period. Jian'an is considered as a separate period because this is one case where the poetic developments fail to correspond with the
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The arrangement of poems into couplets encouraged the use of parallelism: where for two lines of a poem it would be expected that the reader would compare and contrast the meaning of two lines, which would be specifically marked by the poet by using the same parts of speech in each position, or in
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Many
Classical Chinese poems were written as more-or-less subtle or implied complaints for the treatment of the author by the government. This is in part due to the nature of the imperial examination system as a way of recruiting talented persons into high political office, and the expectations of
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By the time of
Classical Chinese poetry, a complex system of writing had evolved with many characters being composed of combinations of other characters, chosen for similarities of meaning and/or sound. The resulting strong graphical aspect, versus a weaker phonetic element (in comparison to other
1202:
One important aspect of Classical Chinese poetry is that it was generally designed to be chanted or sung, with or without musical accompaniment. In fact, folk poetry, almost by definition, was orally composed and orally transmitted. This is because the "folk" were for the most part illiterate, as
1495:
refers to the often latent contradiction between two statements which when sufficiently considered can lead to the understanding of a third, unstated opinion. It often plays a part in relationship to parallelism: the reader has to consider whether what seem to be parallel constructions and ideas
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Many Classical Chinese poems appear simple on the surface, but contain deeper, more profound ideas. In order to realize what these are, the reader is expected to meet the poet halfway — not just to be told something, but to actively think and feel in sympathy with the poet or the poet's persona.
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Scholars have also asked to what degree the pictorial element latent in Chinese characters informed Classical Chinese poetry. The etymology of Chinese characters is related but distinct from the evolution of the language itself. As is the case with many ancient writing systems, such as the
890:
of the Song dynasty drew on a long tradition of poetry, perhaps especially the "shi" forms which were prevalent in the Tang dynasty. The Song dynasty is known for its achievements in the combination of shi, painting, and calligraphy into a shared art form. Prominent Song shi-poets include
240:
dates the anthology's main compilation date to about the 7th century BCE, with the poems having been collected over the previous four to five centuries before. This, among other factors, indicates a sustained cross-class popularity for this type of poetry, including their characteristic
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can give too much weight to the visual aspect of Chinese writing. Poems in China, as elsewhere, are firstly patterns of sound...." However, Graham is in no way suggesting that the Chinese poet is unaware of the background considerations stemming from character construction.
1098:. Li Yu is also a prime example of the Ming-Qing transition's emotional outpouring when disorder swept away Ming stability as the incoming dynasty's Manchu warriors conquered from North to South. Another example of the poetic focus on emotion during this period is
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semi-independently of their pronunciation (which extends to their use in classical versions of Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese). The pronunciations of spoken Chinese changed quite a bit over the course of time from the oldest surviving written Chinese poetry (in
632:(420–589). The Three Kingdoms period was a violent one, a characteristic sometimes reflected in the poetry or highlighted by the poets' seeking refuge from the social and political turmoil by retreating into more natural settings, as in the case of the
925:. After the fall of the Jin, he lived on for several more decades under the Yuan. According to the Japanese scholar Yoshikawa Kōjirō, Yuan Haowen "may well be the foremost Chinese poet from Du Fu to the present" (John Timothy Wixted's translation).
1211:
The particular characteristics of the Chinese writing system played an important role in Chinese poetry. In fact, a continuous poetic tradition in China was enabled in part by the fact that Chinese words can be represented by their corresponding
1391:
Many Classical Chinese poems can be read as a commentary upon current events and society. Sometimes this commentary is disguised through the use of symbolic imagery. One popular author who made commentary in this regard was Tang poet
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system, but also a social grace necessary for polite conduct on social occasions, such as part of the interaction at banquets or social gatherings. Some 50,000 poems survive, mostly represented in the Ming dynasty collection the
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were written to be sung to a specific tune of that title, with set rhythm, rhyme, and tempo. However, over time the actual tunes seem to have disappeared (similarly to the case of English ballads). Thus, the title of a certain
1339:
Various genres of Classical Chinese poems have been discerned, either by the composing poet or literary critics. The most widely accepted genres of Classical Chinese poetry include the landscape style poetry genres of
845:
is a kind of lyric poetry using a poetic meter based upon certain patterns of fixed-rhythm formal types, of which there were about 800 of these set patterns, each associated with a particular title. Originally
429:) has come to refer both to the Music Bureau's collected lyrics and to the genre of which they are representative and serve as a source of inspiration. Another important Han dynasty poetry collection is the
245:
tends to be associated with northern Chinese vocabulary and culture, and in particular with the great sage and philosopher Confucius: this helped encourage the development of this type of poetry into the
1404:
Certain images and symbolism became quite conventional, and are key to understanding many of the Classical Chinese poems. For example, the falling autumn leaf can refer to personal or dynastic decline.
693:(581–618 CE) lacks distinction (in terms of the development of Chinese poetry); though it nonetheless represents a continuity between the Six Dynasties and the poetry of Tang. Sui dynasty poets include
648:, the great and highly personal poet who was noted for speaking in his own voice rather than a persona. Some of the highlights of the poetry of the Northern and Southern Dynasties include the
303:
are among the most important of all Classical Chinese poetry; however, these poems and their style seem to have had less influence on Classical Chinese poetry, at least at first, than did the
333:
poetry, with its four-character lines, was revived by Han and Three Kingdoms poets, to some extent. Among other poetic developments during the Han epoch was the development of a new form of
1155:
The challenge for modern researchers grew as even more people became poets and even more poems were preserved, including (with Yuan Mei's encouragement) more poetry by women. In 1980 fine
1505:
a close friend for an extended period of time, expression of gratitude for a gift or act of someone, lamentations about current events, or even as a sort of game at social gatherings.
760:. Their popularity in the historical Chinese cultural area has varied over time, with certain authors coming in and out of favor and others permanently obscure. Some authors, such as
140:, in 1919, and is still developed even today. Poetry created during this period of more-or-less continuous development displays a great deal of diversity – categorized by both major
190:). Some individual pieces or fragments survive in other forms – embedded, for example, in classical histories or other literature. During the Tang dynasty poetry was very important
1136:. The debates, trends, and widespread literacy of the Ming period began to flourish once again after the Qing dynasty had established its dominance. The fresh poetic voice of
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period. As a result, some of the poetic forms often associated with Tang poetry can be traced back developmentally to some of the forms developed during the Jian'an period.
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the talented poet of finding a suitable position within such a society. One example of this is the poetry written to accompany of to follow the eight-fold settings of the
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Another interesting development during the Yuan dynasty was the incorporation into the Chinese literary canon of a cluster of gifted non-Han poets, such as the Khitan
797:. In part because of the prevalence of rhymed and parallel structures within Tang poetry, it also has a role in linguistics studies, such as in the reconstruction of
287:(dated to the Warring States period about 475–221 BCE), which is typified by various line lengths and the imagery and influence of the vernacular associated with the
1027:
One exponent of the popular West Lake landscape poetry that flourished at this time was the always skilful and elegant, if sometimes too facile, poet Zhang Kejiu.
749:. This poetry was both a pervasive social phenomenon throughout the Tang literate classes, who developed the ability to compose poems on demand as part of the
1282:) is very important. However, different translators of Classical Chinese poetry have emphasized these elements in differing degrees. Sinologist and translator
951:(1271–1368) continued the Classical Chinese poetry tradition and is especially noted for the burgeoning of Chinese opera verse tradition. Yuan drama's notable
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matured and led toward the later Chinese opera tradition of combined drama, poetry, and music. The painter-poet tradition thrived with exemplars such as
375:
witnessed major developments in Classical Chinese poetry, including both the active role of the imperial government in encouraging poetry through the
1185:
was a major exponent and practitioner of Classical Chinese poetry well into the 20th century. However, the development and great expansion of
129:). Various combinations of forms and genres have developed over the ages. Many or most of these poetic forms were developed by the end of the
1165:
were published for the first time, illustrating the potential to continue finding sunken treasure in the vast body of surviving Qing poetry.
254:. Despite their commendation by Confucius, there are no extant samples of any poetry of this style made within the next three hundred years.
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opposed to the generally literate scholarly classes; however, even the poems of the scholarly classes were intended to be sung or chanted.
236:(551 BCE – 479 BCE) was the final editor of the collection in its present form, although the individual poems were mostly older than this.
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Tang poetry has developed an ongoing influence on world literature and modern and quasi-modern poetry; for instance, as in the case of
1034:, the Muslim Sadula ("perhaps the best poet of the Yuan" according to Stephen H. West), the Ongüt Ma Zuchang and the Karluk Nai Xian.
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Although poetry continued to be written, and certain poets rose in prominence while others disappeared from the landscape, the brief
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1262:, many of the earliest characters likely began as pictograms, with a given word corresponding to a picture representing that idea.
1880:, who wrote successful poems in the four-character line mode, although these were isolated from the mainstream of Chinese poetry.
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383:(although some of these seem to have been subject to at least some post-folk literary polishing, as in the case of the
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1132:(1644–1912). This was also a time of related literary developments, such as the collection of Tang poetry under the
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A painter-poet tradition also thrived during the Yuan period, including masterful calligraphy done by, for example,
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Many Classical Chinese poems involve allusions or references to previous literature or well-known folk material.
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which were popularized during the Song dynasty; although, the theme can certainly be traced back as far as the
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1177:, this did not mean that Classical Chinese poetry disappeared with the end of the imperial period; indeed,
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may have nothing to do with its contents, although the poetic meter is the same. It is common for several
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from a picture from the brick wall of a tomb located near the Eastern Jin capital (modern Nanjing, China)
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The Southern Song dynasty which ruled southern China from 1127 to 1279 was largely co-existent with the
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Besides various formal modes and genres, Classical Chinese poetry has several other typical features.
119:. The existence of classical Chinese poetry is documented at least as early as the publication of the
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Another key aspect of Classical Chinese poetry is its intense inter-relationship with other forms of
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poetry occurred in conjunction with various other phenomena related to Han poetry. The new form of
1597:, exponents of which even produced translations of Classical Chinese poetry into English, such as
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in particular) languages. A more recent global influence has developed in modern times, including
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There are various typical forms in which Classical Chinese poetry was written. These include the
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608:(220–589) also witnessed major developments in Classical Chinese poetry, especially emphasizing
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2202:
An Introduction to Chinese Poetry: From the Canon of Poetry to the Lyrics of the Song Dynasty
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A map showing the approximate extent of the Tang dynasty in the beginning of the 8th century
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137:
163:. Classical Chinese poetry has proven to be of immense influence upon poetry worldwide.
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The Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry: Yüan, Ming, and Ch'ing Dynasties (1279–1911)
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Various translators have translated Classical Chinese poetry into English, including
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The use and development of Classical Chinese poetry actively continued up until the
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neat categories aligned to chronology by dynasty. Typical poets of this period are
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The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry: From Early Times to the Thirteenth Century
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is generally thought to start at this point in history, or shortly afterwards.
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831:(960–1279) was noted for its poetry, perhaps especially the development of the
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Online multi-media resources for Classical Chinese poems at LearnchineseOK.com
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1723:
1648:
1111:
1054:
1017:
661:
609:
605:
571:. One of the more important poetic developments of this period is toward the
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harem, or the soldier sent off to fight and die beyond the remote frontier.
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681:
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poetry, dating from about the 1st century BCE, which initially consisted of
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2719:
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1815:
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Yuan dynasty theater, a reconstruction based on a contemporary temple mural
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as a poetic form perhaps reached a high point during the Song dynasty. The
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645:
613:
510:
454:
376:
130:
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Map of the Chu area, in one of its reconstructed historical configurations
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to share the same title. As developed during the Song poetic period, the
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literary is also often considered to be within the category of poetry.
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380:
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84:
The character that more-or-less means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese
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Classical Chinese poetry continued to be the major poetic form of the
1053:
who served under the Mongol administration of the Yuan and whose wife
2500:
includes MP3 files of modern Chinese translations for dozens of these
1454:
1145:
1103:
815:
233:
2414:
CHINESE LYRICISM: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century
780:(also known as Po Chü-i) managed to maintain consistent popularity.
80:
52:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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2467:
1805:
1393:
1141:
1137:
1107:
868:
777:
636:. The Jin dynasty era was typified poetically by, for example, the
222:
The literary tradition of Classical Chinese poetry begins with the
616:, and human relationships, and including the important collection
115:; and connections with particular historical periods, such as the
2503:
1877:
1515:
1373:
1021:
564:
556:
296:
175:
2818:
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was a versatile verse form. The most prominent ci-poets include
2633:
2481:
2266:
Crossing the Yellow River: Three Hundred Poems from the Chinese
2229:
Davis, A. R. (Albert Richard), Editor and Introduction,(1970),
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1005:
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form of poems independent of a drama. This kind of independent
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864:
820:
784:
761:
568:
560:
543:
518:
483:
422:
292:
275:
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with the "invention of Chinese poetry in our time"—as well as
1265:
2733:
1856:
1785:
1769:
List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books)
1743:
1717:
1521:
1484:
certain key positions in each line, or else within one line.
1102:. Ming representatives of the painter-poet tradition include
765:
739:
393:
186:
232:, dated to early 1st millennium BC. According to tradition,
960:
446:
The Han dynasty poetry is particularly associated with the
321:
211:
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Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
2366:
New Translation of Most Popular 60 Classical Chinese Poems
2334:
The Iron Flute: War Poetry from Ancient and Medieval China
2304:
Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
1513:
Major collections of Classical Chinese poetry include the
1225:
period (which included the Tang dynasty), and up into the
1090:. Representatives of the dramatist-poet tradition include
933:
2480:, a collection of Chinese poems in the original Chinese,
1140:
has won wide appeal, as have the long narrative poems by
787:
whose modern influence extends as far as Gustav Mahler's
2488:
Understand the basic forms of jintishi (regulated verse)
2319:
The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature
1071:
Classical Chinese poetry continued to thrive during the
458:
style of poetry or literature: note, however, that this
325:
A Han dynasty terracotta horse head (1st–2nd century CE)
2496:
has PDF and MP3 files for more than 75 poems and CUP's
2442:
Chinese Poetry: An Anthology of Major Modes and Genres
1565:
Classical Chinese poetry has been an influence both on
697:(580–618), who was the last Sui emperor (and a sort of
620:. The Six Dynasties era covers three main periods: the
291:, in southern China. One important part of this is the
2384:
An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911
1240:
1057:(1262–1319) was also a painter-poet and calligrapher.
2807:
1168:
996:. A lot of writers wrote both full dramas as well as
2254:. New York, New York: The New York Review of Books.
1206:
2780:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
218:
first verse by Qing Qianlong Emperor. Qing dynasty.
1833:– integration of calligraphy, poetry and painting
992:, a song suite formed by combining more than one
345:character lines. The development of this form of
2843:
2240:. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press)
701:); and also, the Lady Hou, one of his consorts.
671:
575:, fixed length verse styles also typical of the
366:
1499:
509:The most celebrated exponent of this style was
2444:. (Durham and London: Duke University Press).
2160:How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology
257:
193:
2519:
1473:
477:
467:
416:
406:
283:Another early poetry collection/genre is the
148:(the traditional Chinese historical method).
1764:List of Classical Chinese poetry anthologies
1675:Chinese literature, Classical poetry section
1269:Evolution of the character corresponding to
2353:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
1622:
1386:
1229:period. During this course of development,
2526:
2512:
1348:, which are associated with poets such as
166:
2416:. (New York: Columbia University Press).
2399:The Shambhala Anthology of Chinese Poetry
2176:. (New York: Columbia University Press).
727:(618–907) was particularly noted for its
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
2430:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2283:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
2190:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1412:
1399:
1264:
1249:A depiction of the evolution of writing
1244:
1197:
932:
814:
714:
680:
592:
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320:
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210:
79:
2219:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2162:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1615:, 1959, which includes translations of
1464:
582:
2844:
2281:Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology
2238:The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady
2146:Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China
1192:
1117:
1060:
1049:(1254–1322), a former official of the
928:
804:
2507:
1447:
391:, "Music Bureau", is synonymous with
17:
2368:. eBook: Kindle Direct Publishing.
2363:
2302:Liu, Wu-Chi and Lo, Irving (1975).
2217:How to Read Chinese Poetry Workbook
2174:Chinese Literature 2: Nature Poetry
1549:, and the poems collected from the
1241:Influence of Chinese writing system
547:A Ming dynasty portrayal of Cao Cao
241:four-character per line meter. The
13:
2533:
1604:One Hundred Poems From the Chinese
1169:Post-Qing Classical Chinese poetry
14:
2868:
2456:
2231:The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse
2215:Cui, Jie and Zong-qi Cai (2012).
1670:Chinese literary works (Category)
1440:Category:Chinese poetry allusions
1417:Imaginary tour through Xiao-xiang
1207:Characteristics of written poetry
1161:poems by the famed Qing novelist
532:
353:developed during the Han and the
2829:
2817:
1557:from the Six Dynasties period .
654:poets, the anthology collection
397:the poetry style, thus the term
22:
2641:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
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2115:
2106:
2103:Norman 1991, p. 83-84, 1008–112
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2079:
2070:
2061:
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2043:
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2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1705:Classical Chinese poetry genres
1534:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
1335:Classical Chinese poetry genres
657:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
634:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
630:Southern and Northern dynasties
618:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
598:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
490:) is a different word than the
88:style. The modern character is
2498:web page accompanying Cui 2012
2494:web page accompanying Cai 2008
2492:The Columbia University Press
2321:. Columbia University Press.
2306:. Indiana University Press.
2186:Chaves, Jonathan, ed. (1986).
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
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1759:List of Chinese language poets
1700:Classical Chinese poetry forms
1613:Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems
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1297:Classical Chinese poetry forms
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417:
407:
379:and through its collection of
363:", or "ancient style poetry".
357:period would become known as "
310:
250:style, the literal meaning of
1:
2751:Chinese poems (category list)
2470:Chinese Knowledge article on
2386:. W. W. Norton and Company.
2233:. (Baltimore: Penguin Books).
1887:
1487:
819:Calligraphy detail of one of
676:
672:Sui and Tang dynasties poetry
640:of 42 literati; the romantic
367:Music Bureau and folk ballads
2426:Watson, Burton, ed. (1984).
1923:Watson 1971, pp. 15–16.
1892:
1560:
1500:Autobiographic occasionalism
1433:
7:
2857:Poetry in Classical Chinese
2200:Fuller, Michael A. (2018).
1662:
1457:languages, such as certain
1359:
1078:Leading Ming poets include
48:the claims made and adding
10:
2873:
2158:Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008).
2137:
1876:One possible exception is
1474:Parallelism and antithesis
1437:
1371:
1367:
1332:
1294:
1173:Although Qing is the last
1121:
1064:
940:
808:
708:
586:
536:
314:
268:
204:
117:poetry of the Tang dynasty
2789:
2764:
2743:
2692:
2616:
2562:
2541:
2236:Frankel, Hans H. (1978).
2148:. (London: Unwin Hyman).
1685:Chinese poetry (Category)
1551:Orchid Pavilion Gathering
1346:Fields and Gardens poetry
1328:
1086:, and the publisher-poet
685:Sui dynasty Pilgrim Flask
638:Orchid Pavilion Gathering
438:
107:and typified by certain
2662:Three Hundred Tang Poems
2549:Classical Chinese poetry
2484:and English translations
1914:Watson 1971, p. 15.
1905:Watson 1971, p. 15.
1863:
1623:Translation into English
1540:Three Hundred Tang Poems
1424:Eight Views of Xiaoxiang
1408:
1387:Sociopolitical criticism
1290:
381:Han dynasty folk ballads
97:Classical Chinese poetry
2756:List of poems (article)
2412:Watson, Burton (1971).
2397:Seaton, J. P. (2006).
2332:Maynard, Kevin (2019).
2252:Poems of the Late T'ang
1459:Indo-European languages
1183:Chinese Communist Party
1045:. Another exemplar was
764:(also known as Li Po),
502:(乐府; sometimes spelled
299:. These poems from the
167:History and development
2440:Yip, Wai-lim (1997).
2382:Owen, Stephen (1996).
2279:Hinton, David (2008).
2250:Graham, A. C. (1977).
2144:Birrell, Anne (1988).
2085:Norman 1991, pp. 74–79
1734:History of Chinese art
1418:
1274:
1254:
1233:evolved as a distinct
938:
824:
720:
686:
601:
548:
326:
307:collection and style.
280:
219:
93:
2744:Individual poems list
2554:Modern Chinese poetry
2336:. Arc Publications.
2317:Mair, Victor (1994).
2172:Chang, H. C. (1977).
2067:Cai 2008, pp. 359–360
2049:Chaves 1986, pp. 9–11
2031:Cai 2008, pp. 361–364
2004:Cai 2008, pp. 354–355
1950:Yip 1997, p. 66.
1567:modern Chinese poetry
1438:Further information:
1416:
1400:Imagery and symbolism
1268:
1248:
1198:Oral nature of poetry
1187:modern Chinese poetry
988:, a single song, and
958:full drama is called
936:
818:
790:Das Lied von der Erde
718:
684:
642:Midnight Songs poetry
626:Jin dynasty (266–420)
596:
546:
324:
278:
214:
83:
2700:Antithetical couplet
2583:Six Dynasties poetry
2264:Hamill, Sam (2000).
2013:Chaves 1986, pp. 6–9
1986:Chaves 1986, pp. 3–6
1811:Six dynasties poetry
1690:Chinese Sanqu poetry
1555:Midnight Songs poems
1465:Reader participation
1453:to avoid in various
1378:The use of a poetic
1253:, meaning "mountain"
751:Imperial examination
589:Six Dynasties poetry
583:Six Dynasties poetry
525:were also important
452:, as opposed to the
2765:Modern compilations
2655:Complete Tang Poems
2094:Norman 1991, p. 111
2076:Chaves 1986, p. 466
2058:Chaves 1986, p. 388
2022:Chaves 1986, p. 338
1968:Davis 1970, p. xlii
1959:Watson 1971, p. 109
1821:Song dynasty poetry
1528:Complete Tang Poems
1278:languages, such as
1260:Phoenician alphabet
1193:Oral versus written
1118:Qing dynasty poetry
1061:Ming dynasty poetry
984:is classified into
968:, some poets wrote
929:Yuan dynasty poetry
805:Song dynasty poetry
757:Complete Tang Poems
464:traditional Chinese
403:traditional Chinese
174:Classic of Poetry (
161:Chinese calligraphy
138:May Fourth Movement
2648:Nineteen Old Poems
2364:Mao, Xian (2013).
2130:Graham 1977, p. 18
2121:Graham 1977, p. 17
2112:Watson 1971, p. 13
1941:Watson 1971, p. 16
1932:Watson 1971, p. 16
1780:Nineteen Old Poems
1448:Optional precision
1419:
1275:
1255:
1214:Chinese characters
1000:. Noteworthy Yuan
947:Poetry during the
939:
837:form; indeed, the
825:
721:
687:
602:
549:
474:simplified Chinese
432:Nineteen Old Poems
413:simplified Chinese
327:
281:
259:Songs of the South
220:
182:Songs of the South
142:historical periods
113:traditional genres
94:
33:possibly contains
2805:
2804:
2627:Classic of Poetry
2407:978-1-57062-862-7
2297:978-0-374-10536-5
2260:978-1-59017-257-5
2040:Chaves 1986, p. 8
1995:Chaves 1986, p. 5
1847:Vietnamese poetry
1831:Three perfections
1711:Classic of Poetry
1235:literary language
1231:Classical Chinese
731:, especially the
506:, or similarly).
496:government bureau
225:Classic of Poetry
207:Classic of Poetry
195:Classic of Poetry
122:Classic of Poetry
109:traditional forms
105:Classical Chinese
86:Great Seal script
78:
77:
70:
35:original research
2864:
2834:
2833:
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2822:
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2797:Cantonese poetry
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2521:
2514:
2505:
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2379:
2375:978-14685-5904-0
2342:978-1911469-10-0
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1977:Cai 2008, p. 330
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157:Chinese painting
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1796:Rime dictionary
1749:Kanshi (poetry)
1739:Japanese poetry
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1645:Kenneth Rexroth
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1599:Kenneth Rexroth
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1543:, the Tang era
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1221:), through the
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1004:-poets include
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801:pronunciation.
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709:Main article:
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2450:0-8223-1946-2
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2401:. Shambhala
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497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
465:
461:
457:
456:
451:
450:
442:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
414:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
323:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
272:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
244:
239:
238:Burton Watson
235:
231:
227:
226:
217:
213:
208:
200:
196:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
177:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
133:, in 907 CE.
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
91:
87:
82:
72:
69:
61:
58:February 2024
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
20:
19:
16:
2778:
2771:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2681:
2674:
2669:Wangchuan ji
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:Poetry works
2548:
2471:
2441:
2427:
2413:
2398:
2383:
2365:
2350:
2333:
2318:
2303:
2280:
2265:
2251:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2201:
2187:
2173:
2159:
2145:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1872:
1837:Tone pattern
1816:Shi (poetry)
1778:
1774:Music Bureau
1716:
1709:
1657:David Hinton
1641:A. C. Graham
1637:Arthur Waley
1626:
1612:
1607:, 1956) and
1602:
1564:
1546:Wangchuan ji
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1468:
1451:
1443:
1427:
1420:
1403:
1390:
1377:
1363:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1284:A. C. Graham
1276:
1270:
1256:
1250:
1210:
1201:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1150:Yun Shouping
1130:Qing dynasty
1127:
1100:Dong Xiaowan
1088:Yuan Hongdao
1077:
1073:Ming dynasty
1070:
1051:Song dynasty
1036:
1029:
1026:
1010:Guan Hanqing
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
952:
949:Yuan dynasty
946:
913:
887:
885:
881:Zhou Bangyan
860:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
832:
829:Song dynasty
826:
788:
782:
755:
744:
738:
732:
725:Tang dynasty
722:
688:
655:
649:
646:Tao Yuanming
614:gender roles
603:
550:
526:
511:Sima Xiangru
508:
503:
499:
498:in the term
495:
494:(府) meaning
491:
487:
482:;
472:;
459:
453:
447:
445:
440:
430:
426:
421:;
411:;
398:
392:
388:
384:
377:Music Bureau
370:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:The classic
328:
304:
301:State of Chu
289:state of Chu
284:
282:
262:
258:
251:
247:
242:
229:
223:
221:
215:
198:
194:
185:
181:
173:
170:
150:
135:
131:Tang dynasty
126:
120:
111:, or modes;
96:
95:
89:
64:
55:
32:
15:
2693:Major forms
2608:Qing poetry
2603:Ming poetry
2598:Yuan poetry
2593:Song poetry
2588:Tang poetry
1826:Tang poetry
1791:Qu (poetry)
1729:Fu (poetry)
1695:Ci (poetry)
1633:T. S. Eliot
1609:Gary Snyder
1595:Beat poetry
1581:as well as
1509:Collections
1479:Parallelism
1219:Old Chinese
1146:Kunqu opera
1124:Qing poetry
1092:Tang Xianzu
1084:Li Dongyang
1067:Ming poetry
1047:Zhao Mengfu
1032:Yelü Chucai
943:Yuan poetry
923:Yuan Haowen
919:Jin dynasty
873:Li Qingzhao
811:Song poetry
795:Beat poetry
774:Li Shangyin
711:Tang poetry
705:Tang poetry
691:Sui dynasty
624:(220–280),
577:Tang poetry
373:Han dynasty
311:Han dynasty
248:classic shi
153:Chinese art
103:written in
2846:Categories
2683:Zhuying ji
2573:Han poetry
2563:Poetry by
2542:Major eras
1888:References
1852:Yongwu shi
1801:Rime table
1629:Ezra Pound
1579:, Koreanic
1493:Antithesis
1488:Antithesis
1179:Mao Zedong
1014:Ma Zhiyuan
976:is called
964:. Besides
909:Yang Wanli
901:Ouyang Xiu
695:Yang Guang
677:Sui poetry
666:Star Gauge
573:odd number
523:Zhang Heng
515:Yang Xiong
341:and later
317:Han poetry
155:, such as
42:improve it
1893:Citations
1561:Influence
1455:inflected
1434:Allusions
1104:Shen Zhou
529:writers.
234:Confucius
46:verifying
2676:Wen Xuan
2349:(1991).
1806:Sangluan
1663:See also
1587:Mongolic
1583:Tungusic
1553:and the
1394:Bai Juyi
1360:Features
1354:Wang Wei
1350:Tao Qian
1142:Wu Jiaji
1138:Yuan Mei
1108:Tang Yin
994:xiaoling
986:xiaoling
877:Liu Yong
869:Xin Qiji
823:'s poems
778:Bai Juyi
770:Wang Wei
651:Yongming
180:and the
2810:Portals
2565:dynasty
2351:Chinese
2138:Sources
1878:Cao Cao
1617:Hanshan
1576:Japonic
1516:Shijing
1380:persona
1374:Persona
1368:Persona
1280:English
1181:of the
1043:Wu Zhen
1022:Qiao Ji
916:Jurchen
644:; and,
565:Cao Zhi
557:Cao Cao
504:Yüeh Fu
385:Shijing
355:Jian'an
305:Shijing
297:Qu Yuan
252:Shijing
243:Shijing
230:Shijing
216:Shijing
199:Shijing
176:Shijing
144:and by
127:Shijing
40:Please
2824:Poetry
2634:Chu Ci
2482:pinyin
2448:
2434:
2420:
2405:
2390:
2372:
2357:
2340:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2287:
2272:
2258:
2244:
2223:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2166:
2152:
1655:, and
1591:Khitan
1537:, the
1531:, the
1525:, the
1519:, the
1344:, and
1329:Genres
1319:. The
1313:, and
1307:, the
1110:, and
1080:Gao Qi
1039:Ni Zan
1006:Bai Pu
990:taoshu
905:Lu You
785:Li Bai
762:Li Bai
729:poetry
662:Su Hui
660:, and
628:, and
569:Xu Gan
567:, and
561:Cao Pi
519:Ban Gu
484:pinyin
423:pinyin
343:seven-
293:Li Sao
285:Chu Ci
271:Chu Ci
263:Chu Ci
92:(詩/诗).
2836:China
2734:yuefu
1864:Notes
1857:Yuefu
1786:Pailu
1744:Jueju
1718:Chuci
1522:Chuci
1428:Chuci
1409:Exile
1291:Forms
1163:Liu E
1096:Li Yu
998:sanqu
982:Sanqu
978:sanqu
766:Du Fu
746:lüshi
740:jueju
500:yuefu
427:yuèfǔ
399:Yuefu
394:yuefu
389:Yuefu
360:gushi
339:five-
228:, or
187:Chuci
2468:zh:詩
2446:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2370:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2150:ISBN
1585:and
1352:and
1251:shān
1094:and
1041:and
1020:and
966:zaju
961:zaju
907:and
886:The
879:and
827:The
793:and
776:and
743:and
723:The
604:The
521:and
439:Han
371:The
159:and
2720:shi
2474:(詩)
2472:Shi
1619:).
1570:of
1304:shi
1158:shi
888:shi
734:shi
664:'s
455:shi
351:shi
347:shi
335:shi
331:shi
90:shī
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2848::
2727:qu
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2706:ci
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469:賦
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