1183:
1174:
2651:
1965:
176:
765:
2201:
1850:
1626:
873:
2122:
1569:(車冑). On the other hand, Dong Cheng and the others were making plans to assassinate Cao Cao. However, the plot was exposed and all the conspirators in the capital were massacred along with their families. Cao Cao then took a risk by attacking Liu Bei in Xu Province, leaving his flank open to attacks from Yuan Shao. However, Cao Cao made the right choice because Yuan Shao did not heed Tian Feng's urging to seize the chance to attack him. Liu Bei was defeated and he fled north to join Yuan Shao. Liu Bei's general
1012:
1214:
1892:. Liu Cong became the new Governor of Jing Province after his father's death. Fearing that he might be caught in a war on two fronts (Cao Cao in the north and Liu Qi in the southeast), Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao, and most of Jing Province came under Cao Cao's control. Liu Bei was unwilling to submit to Cao Cao and fled south. Along the way, one of Cao Cao's light cavalry units caught up with Liu Bei's retreating forces (which included civilians) and defeated them at the
695:
1152:(who were shielding Emperor Xian from Li Jue and Guo Si), convinced them of his loyalty, and was allowed to meet the emperor. In name, Cao Cao was sharing power with the other officials and nobles, but actually, he was in control, but yet he ensured that the officials and nobles were treated with due respect, hence he faced minimal opposition in the imperial court. Later, Cao Cao escorted the emperor back to his base in Xu (許; present-day
1020:
25:
1689:'s advice. Guo Jia reasoned that if Cao Cao pressured the Yuans, they might unite against a common enemy; however, if Cao Cao retreated, the disgruntled Yuan brothers would start fighting among themselves. Guo Jia's prediction came true later when Yuan Tan, still bearing a grudge against Yuan Shang for receiving a larger inheritance, attacked Yuan Shang, but his forces in Qing Province defected to Yuan Shang. Yuan Tan fled to
127:
1536:
2011:, and Liu Bei. Zhou Yu was suspicious of Liu Bei's intentions and suggested to Sun Quan to capture Liu Bei, put him under house arrest, and then take control over Liu's forces. However, Sun Quan rejected Zhou Yu's idea as he believed that Liu Bei's forces would rebel against him even if the plan succeeded. Sun Quan did agree with Zhou Yu's suggestion to consider attacking the warlords
2314:
attempted to break out but fell into an ambush and was captured. Guan Yu refused to surrender and was eventually executed on Sun Quan's order. This marked the end of the alliance between Sun Quan and Liu Bei. Sun Quan nominally submitted to Cao Cao and was granted the title of "Marquis of Wu". Sun Quan also urged Cao Cao to take the emperor's throne but Cao declined.
1102:, but later regretted their decision and pursued him. While Li Jue and Guo Si were never able to capture Emperor Xian again, the imperial court was rendered poor and unable to fend for itself. As Luoyang had been previously devastated by fire during Dong Zhuo's time, the city lacked the essentials of life and many officials starved to death or resorted to
1604:. Yuan Shao had two advantages over Cao Cao - numerical superiority and a greater amount of supplies, but Cao Cao's troops were better trained than his. After some minor skirmishes, both sides became locked in a stalemate, until Cao Cao personally led a small detachment on a surprise attack on Yuan Shao's supply depot at Wuchao, which was defended by
1070:, wanted to submit to the imperial court, but as they had previously resisted Wang Yun, Wang now rejected their request for amnesty. Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou led their armies to attack Chang'an and took control of the government. Wang Yun was captured and executed along with his family, while Lü Bu was defeated and driven away.
1050:, to join them. Lü Bu bore a grudge against Dong Zhuo because the latter almost killed him once during a fit of anger, and also because he was afraid that his secret affair with one of Dong Zhuo's maids might be exposed. In May 192, the conspirators, led by Lü Bu and Wang Yun, assassinated Dong Zhuo and slaughtered his clan.
1160:
edicts in
Emperor Xian's name to other warlords, ordering them to submit to imperial authority when in fact they were actually submitting to him. Yuan Shao was among those who had received Cao Cao’s edicts; only then did Yuan realize that he had lost an opportunity to make use of the emperor to control other warlords.
916:. However, the coalition was actually rather disorganized, and Yuan Shao did not have effective command over the entire alliance. Besides, the coalition members were also hesitant to directly confront Dong Zhuo and his strong Liang Province army. Still, Dong Zhuo was anxious and chose to move the capital to
2154:
to invite Liu Bei into his domain to help him defend against Zhang Lu and Cao Cao. Fa Zheng was unimpressed with Liu Zhang's governorship and wanted Liu Bei to replace his lord, so he urged Liu Bei to use the opportunity to take control of Yi
Province. Liu Bei heeded Fa Zheng's suggestion and led his
1576:
Only after Liu Bei's defeat did Yuan Shao start implementing his plan to attack Cao Cao, but this time Tian Feng opposed his decision, saying that their opportunity had passed. Yuan Shao became annoyed with Tian Feng and had Tian imprisoned, after which he led his army south to attack Cao Cao. At the
1434:
between 194 and 199, ended his alliance with Yuan Shu and became an independent warlord. Lü Bu, who was also previously Yuan Shu's ally, broke ties with Yuan and dealt him a major defeat near
Shouchun. Cao Cao also attacked Yuan Shu and defeated him. Yuan Shu attempted to flee north to join Yuan Shao
2313:
to launch an assault on Jing
Province from the east, swiftly conquering the province within weeks. The morale of Guan Yu's forces fell sharply and his soldiers gradually deserted him until he was left with only about 300 men. Guan Yu was isolated and besieged by Sun Quan's forces in Maicheng, and he
1716:
During Cao Cao's siege on Ye, Yuan Tan did not help attack Ye but sought to take Yuan Shang's territories, defeating Yuan Shang in
Zhongshan. Yuan Shang fled further north to join Yuan Xi in You Province. Cao Cao now accused Yuan Tan of breaching the trust in the alliance so he turned east to attack
1097:
In 195, turmoil ensued in Chang'an when Li Jue and Guo Si killed Fan Chou together, and later turned against each other. Li Jue held
Emperor Xian hostage while Guo Si kidnapped the imperial officials, and both sides engaged in battle. Later that year, Li Jue and Guo Si made peace and agreed to allow
1078:
After taking control over the imperial court in Chang'an, Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou did as they pleased without showing any regard for the welfare of the state. Concurrently, provincial warlords all over China battled each other to expand their territories or further their personal interests. Some
1053:
After Dong Zhuo's death, it was believed that the chaos caused by Dong Zhuo's "reign of terror" would subside, and the central government would be restored to its original state. However, although Wang Yun was regarded as a capable minister, he gradually became arrogant and made several key mistakes
845:
Dong Zhuo arrived on the scene and found
Emperor Shao and the Prince of Chenliu. The young emperor appeared nervous and fearful, while the prince remained calm and composed, and gave orders to Dong Zhuo to escort them back to the palace. Dong Zhuo used the opportunity to seize control of state power
1939:
pretended to defect to Cao Cao's side and was accepted by the latter. Huang Gai brought a small group of men with him and sailed towards Cao Cao's base on boats. As the boats approached Cao Cao's fleet, Huang Gai ordered his men to set the boats on fire, and the burning boats crashed into Cao Cao's
1612:
and Gao Lan (高覽) to attack Cao Cao's camp but was unsuccessful. The fall of Wuchao dealt a major blow to the morale of Yuan Shao's army, which was subsequently routed by Cao Cao's forces. Yuan Shao fled north of the Yellow River while most of his troops were either killed or surrendered to Cao Cao.
1159:
From then on, although Cao Cao was a subject of
Emperor Xian in name, he actually wielded state power and controlled the imperial court. Despite so, Cao Cao never showed disrespect to Emperor Xian, and instead, honoured the emperor according to formal imperial protocol. Cao Cao also issued imperial
2308:
became increasingly resentful of Guan Yu because the latter had previously shown hostility towards him in three incidents: Guan Yu drove away from the official's Sun Quan sent to the three commanderies that Liu Bei had promised to give up to Sun; Guan Yu forcefully seized food supplies from one of
1907:
to discuss forming an alliance with Liu Bei and Liu Qi against Cao Cao. Cao Cao wrote Sun Quan a letter, intended to intimidate the latter into submitting. Cao Cao's army was estimated to be 220,000 men strong, although Cao himself claimed that he had 800,000 troops. Sun Quan had 30,000 men, while
2177:
In the same year Liu Bei took over Yi
Province, diplomatic relations between him and Sun Quan deteriorated when he refused to return Jing Province, which he "borrowed" from Sun Quan five years ago. Sun Quan launched an initial attack on Guan Yu and much of eastern Jing Province quickly submitted.
1231:
policy to promote agricultural production, in which soldiers were sent to grow crops, and the harvest would be shared between the military and civilian population. The policy yielded commendable results as the area around Xu developed into highly productive farmland and the problem of shortage of
1453:
and he committed suicide by setting himself on fire. Gongsun Zan's territories, which extended to the northern boundaries of the Han dynasty's empire, were completely annexed by Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao then turned his attention south towards Cao Cao, who was an emerging power in central China. Yuan
920:
in the west to avoid the coalition. About a month later, Dong Zhuo forced
Emperor Xian and the imperial court to move to Chang'an, along with Luoyang's residents, and in the process, he ordered the former capital to be destroyed by fire. During the move, Dong Zhuo remained near Luoyang, ready to
936:
For the following months until the end of 191, the coalition ceased to take further action against Dong Zhuo and eventually disbanded, with its members returning to their respective bases. Soon, several officials started having thoughts of controlling and ruling over their own territories like
728:
of 184, was that Inspectors (刺史) lacked substantial administrative powers. Emperor Ling, convinced by Liu Yan, changed the Inspectors' titles to "Governor" (牧) and granted them the authority to levy taxes and command armed forces within the borders. Liu Yan was commissioned as the Governor of
1673:
favoured Yuan Tan. After Yuan Shao's death, most of his subordinates initially wanted Yuan Tan to be their new lord since he was the oldest son. However, Shen Pei and Peng Ji forged a will, naming Yuan Shang as the successor. Yuan Tan was furious and mobilized his forces under the pretext of
2049:
1701:) and was besieged by Yuan Shang there. Yuan Tan sought help from Cao Cao, and Cao advanced north to attack Ye, forcing Yuan Shang to lift the siege on Pingyuan. In early 204, Yuan Shang incorrectly believed that Cao Cao had withdrawn, so he attacked his brother again at Pingyuan. Cao Cao
1934:
Sun Quan put Zhou Yu in command of his 30,000 troops, largely stationed on naval vessels. Zhou Yu set up a defensive position in conjunction with Liu Bei, whose army garrisoned on land. Around this time, a spreading plague significantly weakened Cao Cao's forces. Zhou Yu's subordinate
1054:
that would cause his downfall. He failed to maintain good relations with Lü Bu, and strongly refused to grant amnesty to the surviving followers of Dong Zhuo and ordered them to be disbanded. This caused Dong Zhuo's men to fear that they might be massacred. Dong Zhuo's son-in-law,
1557:, who reasoned that their troops were exhausted after the battles against Gongsun Zan and needed rest, Yuan Shao prepared for a campaign against Cao Cao, confident that his much larger army could easily crush Cao Cao's. While Cao Cao readied himself for battle, he discovered that
1118:
opposed Ju Shou's view, claiming that if Yuan brought Emperor Xian to his territory, he would need to yield to the emperor on key decisions and follow proper court protocol. Yuan Shao remained hesitant and did not conclude whether to receive the emperor or not.
1756:. Gongsun Kang feared that the Yuans might turn against him and seize his territory, so he had them executed and sent their heads to Cao Cao. By this time, the Yuan clan had been eliminated and much of northern China had been reunified under Cao Cao's control.
1370:
surrendered Wancheng to Cao Cao. However, Cao Cao later had an affair with Zhang Xiu's widowed aunt, angering Zhang. Zhang, who learned of Cao Cao's planned assassination on his life, rebelled and launched a surprise attack on Cao Cao at Wancheng. In
2330:
to Cao Pi and issued an edict announcing that he was abdicating in favour of Cao Pi. Cao Pi formally declined to accept the throne thrice but obliged eventually. The Han dynasty officially ended at that point and Cao Pi established the state of
925:, who was eligible to be Emperor since he was a member of the royal clan. Liu Yu remained faithful to Emperor Xian and firmly declined to take the throne. As the coalition members continued to bicker over battle plans, a minor general under
1613:
From that point on, although Yuan Shao continued to remain as a major power player, he could no longer challenge Cao Cao's growing supremacy. The latter destroyed and defeated the remaining Yuan troops south of the Yellow River in the
829:
to pressure Empress Dowager He into eliminating the Ten Attendants. After the eunuchs discovered He Jin's plot, they lured him into the palace and murdered him (22 September 189). In response, Yuan Shao led the imperial guards on an
933:, took a calculated risk and attacked Dong Zhuo directly near Luoyang. After scoring several victories over Dong Zhuo's forces, Sun Jian eventually forced Dong to retreat to Chang'an, and Luoyang came under the coalition's control.
2006:
As Liu Bei had become relatively more powerful after his conquests of the four commanderies, Sun Quan became apprehensive of him and decided to strengthen their alliance by arranging for a marriage between his younger sister,
2039:
to submit to him, and these territories became part of his domain. Sun Quan then agreed to "lend" northern Jing Province to Liu Bei as well when the latter complained that the south lacked resources to sustain its military.
2309:
Sun Quan's bases for use in his Fancheng campaign; Guan Yu ridiculed Sun Quan when the latter proposed a marriage between his son and Guan's daughter. When Guan Yu was away attacking Fancheng, Sun Quan sent his general
1094:. Liu Yu and Gongsun Zan made accusations against each other in their respective memorials to Emperor Xian. Eventually, Liu Yu was unable to tolerate Gongsun Zan and attacked the latter, but was defeated and killed.
1442:, Shandong), which was nearer to his own territory, in an attempt to wrestle Emperor Xian away from Cao, but Cao refused. Later that year, Cao Cao joined forces with Liu Bei to attack Lü Bu, defeating him at the
1649:, but as Yuan Shao's wife Lady Liu favoured Yuan Shang, Yuan Shao had Yuan Tan posthumously adopted by the latter's uncle, Yuan Cheng (袁成). Yuan Shao then divided his territories between his sons and nephew
2027:. The plan was not set into motion and eventually aborted when Zhou Yu died in 210. Even though Sun Quan did not expand his borders west, he managed to persuade several local leaders in present-day
884:
In the spring of 190, several provincial officials and warlords formed a coalition against Dong Zhuo, claiming that he was set on usurping the throne and had effectively kidnapped Emperor Xian.
638:
took control of Emperor Xian and his court in 196 and began gradually reunifying the empire. Cao Cao ostensibly operated under Emperor Xian's rule, though in reality the emperor was a hostage.
2174:. Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. The province became Liu Bei's new base, and he used the mountainous surroundings as natural defences against Cao Cao in the north.
1136:
took advantage of the situation to bring the emperor to his territory. At that time, Cao Cao was still a relatively minor warlord, with only Yan Province (兗州; covering present-day western
1079:
of those warlords were friendly with Li Jue's forces, while others remained hostile to them, even though all of them nominally acknowledged Emperor Xian as the sovereign ruler of China.
2650:
2301:. While Cao Ren managed to hold on to his position firmly, Guan Yu besieged the city, and the situation was serious enough that Cao Cao even considered moving the capital away from Xu.
1782:
During his reunification of northern China, Cao Cao did not conduct any major campaigns south while awaiting an opportunity to act against the remaining three most prominent warlords:
1884:. After Huang Zu's defeat, Liu Qi was appointed by Liu Biao as Administrator of Jiangxia, which was previously governed by Huang. Liu Cong, who was favoured by Liu Biao's second wife
1657:
governed You Province, and Gao Gan ruled Bing Province. On his deathbed, Yuan Shao did not leave any explicit instruction as to who should succeed him. Of Yuan Shao's followers,
1674:
attacking Cao Cao, drawing Cao's attention, and Cao preemptively retaliated. Yuan Shang came to his oldest brother's aid, and they fought inconclusively against Cao Cao in the
2182:, Liu Bei agreed to give up the three commanderies of Changsha, Jiangxia and Guiyang to Sun Quan, renewing their alliance and dividing Jing Province between them along the
1046:
and a few other officials, including Huang Wan (黃琬), Shisun Rui (士孫瑞), and Yang Zan (楊瓚), plotted to eliminate Dong Zhuo. They eventually persuaded Dong Zhuo's foster son,
2155:
army into Yi Province, where he received a warm welcome from Liu Zhang. Liu Zhang sent Liu Bei to the station at Jiameng Pass in northern Yi Province to resist Zhang Lu.
2079:
Cao Cao, after resting his forces for several years in light of his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs, made a major advance again in 211, this time to ostensibly attack
2259:, before Cao Cao eventually decided to withdraw his forces, giving up Hanzhong to Liu Bei. Liu Bei subsequently declared himself "King of Hanzhong" after his victory.
846:
and bring his army into the capital. Not long later, Dong Zhuo deposed and poisoned Emperor Shao and replaced him with the Prince of Chenliu, who became known as
1225:
Even after moving to the new capital at Xu, the central government still lacked funds and food supplies. As suggested by Zao Zhi (棗祇), Cao Cao implemented a new
2800:
2095:, who controlled Liang and Yong provinces, suspected that Cao Cao had designs on them and launched attacks in retaliation. A coalition of forces from west of
2829:
2255:
in 219, Cao Cao became alarmed and quickly arrived with reinforcements to resist Liu Bei. Both sides became locked in a stalemate, except for a clash at the
1483:
1042:
After Dong Zhuo withdrew to Chang'an, he maintained an even tighter grip on the government and cruelly dealt with all dissent against him. Interior Minister
1561:, Liu Bei and a few other officials were conspiring against him. In early 200, Liu Bei used an opportunity to break away from Cao Cao and seize control of
1003:
However, in addition to these greater warlords, in time the entire Han empire virtually fractured into small blocs, each controlled by a local warlord.
1182:
1173:
361:
1110:
suggested that he welcome Emperor Xian to his province so that he could take effective control of the government. However, Yuan’s other advisors
761:). The increased influence of these provincial governors formed the basis on which later warlords would control large regions of the Han empire.
2350:. Sun Quan continued to remain as a nominal subject of Cao Pi until 222, when he declared himself king of a separate state, Wu (better known as
1414:, Anhui), an act perceived as treason against the Han dynasty government, prompting other warlords to use that as an excuse to attack him (see
720:(r. 168–189), many officials in the imperial court foresaw chaos in the political scene as soon as Emperor Ling died. One of those officials,
2728:
2326:
inherited the title of "King of Wei" without waiting for formal authorization from Emperor Xian. In the winter of 220, Emperor Xian sent the
1653:, ostensibly so that he could determine their abilities. His base of Ji Province was given to Yuan Shang, Yuan Tan controlled Qing Province,
634:
and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords, some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. The warlord
1940:
larger ships. The fire spread out of control and destroyed Cao Cao's entire naval fleet. Cao Cao's land forces at Wulin (烏林; in present-day
1058:, took control of Dong's forces in Liang Province and resisted Wang Yun, but later died in a friendly fire incident. Niu Fu's subordinates,
2489:
2240:
in command of a small force to defend Hanzhong. The following year, Cao Cao pressured Emperor Xian into granting him a title of nobility, "
834:. The surviving eunuchs kidnapped Emperor Shao and his younger brother, the eight-year-old Prince of Chenliu (raised by his grandmother
1726:
1566:
921:
resist any coalition attacks on him. In 191, the coalition tried to further de-legitimize Dong Zhuo's position by offering to enthrone
1589:, was killed in action against Cao Cao's forces. The morale of Yuan Shao's army was greatly affected by the loss of the two generals.
3011:
2889:
1476:
89:
2272:
2170:
remained behind to defend Jing Province. In 215, Liu Bei had defeated much of Liu Zhang's forces and besieged him in his capital of
1737:. Around this time, Gao Gan also rebelled against Cao Cao but was defeated by 206 and killed while attempting to flee south to join
1645:. Several years before Yuan Shao's death, based on the traditional order of succession, Yuan Tan should have been designated as the
586:
61:
2244:
of Wei". Over the next few years, Cao Cao's style of living became more like the emperor's, and he also received greater honours.
42:
1952:
and was forced to retreat north back to Jiangling (江陵, located in present-day Jingjiang 荆江, not to be confused with present-day
2659:
2618:
2564:
724:, suggested to Emperor Ling in 188 that the root of the agrarian revolts during that time, including the most serious one, the
68:
2838:
2593:
2112:
1920:(who represented Liu Bei in the diplomatic exchange), an alliance was formed between Sun Quan and Liu Bei against Cao Cao.
1469:
546:
438:
354:
1964:
1916:
and Lu Su's view that Cao Cao might not let him off even if he submitted. By late 208, with help from Zhou Yu, Lu Su, and
1387:, Zhang Xiu eventually surrendered to Cao Cao in the winter of 199–200. In addition, in 197, Cao Cao was able to persuade
175:
2834:
2795:
2583:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
858:; Dong Zhuo also granted himself the privilege of attending court without needing to disarm himself or remove his shoes.
592:
75:
1765:
1427:
764:
448:
2844:
2394:
1912:, strongly advocated surrender because of Cao Cao's overwhelming forces. However, Sun Quan refused as he agreed with
1372:
453:
162:
108:
2232:
came under Cao Cao's control (January 216). Against the advice of his followers to move south and attack Liu Bei in
3066:
2482:
137:
57:
1366:
There were still many other minor warlords, and Cao Cao particularly sought to get them to submit to him. In 197,
3071:
2990:
2116:
1706:
561:
347:
1948:) were also attacked and driven back by Sun Quan and Liu Bei's armies. Cao Cao suffered a drastic defeat at the
2807:
2678:
273:
206:
46:
1833:
fled south to join Liu Biao and became a vassal under the latter, who stationed him at the northern border in
2768:
2699:
2623:
2530:
1745:
964:
817:
officials in the court, but Empress Dowager He disapproved of their plan. In a fateful move, He Jin summoned
721:
503:
287:
220:
3061:
2568:
2461:
2200:
1729:(焦觸) revolted and surrendered to Cao Cao, forcing Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang to flee further north to join the
2772:
2588:
2475:
1849:
1705:
and Yuan Shang headed back to defend his base but was defeated by Cao Cao. Yuan Shang then fled north to
1625:
1535:
2854:
2717:
2545:
2507:
1877:
867:
707:
401:
2003:
and bring them under his control. By early 209, Cao Cao had lost most of Jing Province to the allies.
2535:
2100:
2074:
1992:
1978:
1415:
674:
523:
468:
423:
1908:
Liu Bei and Liu Qi's combined forces totalled about 10,000. Many of Sun Quan's followers, including
82:
2824:
2557:
2552:
2519:
2282:
2241:
2163:
2000:
1873:
1795:
1558:
1320:
1248:
1145:
977:
938:
790:
406:
391:
657:, pressured Emperor Xian into abdicating in his favour. Cao Pi became the emperor of a new state,
2867:
2628:
2252:
1909:
1819:
1438:
In 198, Yuan Shao tried to persuade Cao Cao to move the capital to Juancheng (鄄城; in present-day
831:
725:
711:
699:
627:
396:
386:
35:
1810:, and strengthening his military forces. In 208, Sun Quan defeated and killed Liu Biao's vassal
1446:. Lü Bu was captured and executed on Cao Cao's order, and Xu Province came under Cao's control.
626:
era (220–280 CE). During the end of the Han dynasty, the country was thrown into turmoil by the
144:
2573:
2515:
2327:
2221:
2080:
2016:
1881:
1681:
In 203, Cao Cao scored a major victory over the Yuans, who retreated to Ji Province's capital,
1637:
After Yuan Shao died of illness in 202, a succession struggle developed between his oldest son
1592:
By late 200, the armies of Yuan Shao and Cao Cao finally clashed at Guandu (官渡; in present-day
1562:
1352:
1240:
1043:
946:
556:
535:
443:
2525:
2817:
2785:
2705:
2692:
1037:
900:), was nominated to be the leader of the coalition. The coalition's armies were stationed at
428:
3076:
2967:
2879:
2722:
2638:
2578:
1984:
1949:
1929:
1503:
1059:
835:
642:
571:
551:
515:
991:
Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao's half-brother (cousin in name), who controlled the area south of the
339:
8:
2927:
2862:
2758:
2540:
2256:
2143:
2012:
1799:
1690:
1367:
1334:
872:
847:
717:
619:
413:
2268:
2225:
1996:
1893:
1863:
1815:
1773:
1614:
1523:
1513:
851:
581:
539:
510:
1435:
but his way was blocked and he would die of illness on his return to Shouchun in 199.
2932:
2456:
2390:
2382:
2286:
2248:
2195:
1713:, Hebei), and Ye fell to Cao Cao. Gao Gan also surrendered Bing Province to Cao Cao.
1685:(鄴). Cao Cao then planned to besiege Ye, but later withdrew his forces after heeding
1103:
576:
531:
433:
418:
2790:
2121:
1953:
1876:. Liu Biao was ill and dying when a succession struggle broke out between his sons
1838:
1777:
1769:
1675:
1544:
1518:
1450:
1407:
1090:. Liu Yu strongly opposed warfare while Gongsun Zan continuously waged war against
1083:
958:
922:
889:
877:
842:, but were finally forced to commit suicide by throwing themselves into the river.
821:, a warlord controlling the battle-tested Liang Province (涼州; covering present-day
814:
773:
738:
611:
527:
491:
483:
478:
473:
463:
310:
243:
3004:
1144:) under his control. In 196, Cao Cao led his army towards Luoyang. He encountered
630:(184–205). Meanwhile, the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord
3039:
3018:
2957:
2251:
to seize Hanzhong from Cao Cao. After Xiahou Yuan was defeated and killed at the
1837:
to keep Cao Cao at bay. An initial Cao attack on Liu Bei was repelled during the
1718:
1443:
794:
499:
458:
1744:
In 207, Cao Cao's army headed north to attack the Wuhuan, defeating them at the
1132:
While Yuan Shao was still indecisive on whether to welcome Emperor Xian or not,
2997:
2812:
2404:
2158:
In 212, Liu Bei and Liu Zhang turned hostile towards each other and waged war.
1578:
1508:
1383:
were killed, and Cao Cao himself narrowly escaped from death. On the advice of
810:
769:
742:
678:
623:
1903:
In Jiangdong, Sun Quan felt threatened by Cao Cao's approaching army and sent
1748:. Tadun was killed in battle while Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang sought refuge under
1011:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3055:
3025:
2024:
1725:, Hebei) and killing Yuan. Meanwhile, in You Province, Yuan Xi's subordinate
1646:
1342:
1213:
734:
737:), while several other important officials also became Governors, including
3032:
2604:
2209:
2126:
2103:
in 211, and their territories were annexed by Cao over the next few years.
1834:
1749:
1710:
1702:
1605:
1601:
1115:
854:" (相國), a title not held by anyone since the Western Han dynasty statesman
839:
566:
495:
317:
250:
2339:. The dethroned Emperor Xian was granted the title of "Duke of Shanyang".
1885:
694:
2937:
2751:
2685:
2599:
2498:
2237:
2233:
2205:
2183:
2159:
2150:
became worried of possible attacks from Zhang Lu and Cao Cao, so he sent
2147:
2136:
1917:
1896:. Liu Bei escaped with his life and fled to Dangyang (當陽; in present-day
1803:
1411:
1338:
1295:
1192:
1087:
968:
917:
730:
689:
670:
615:
2019:, who controlled parts of western China, including present-day southern
1395:, who controlled Yong and Liang provinces (covering most of present-day
614:
from 189 to 220 CE, roughly coinciding with the tumultuous reign of the
2952:
2947:
2746:
2351:
2096:
1642:
1272:
992:
666:
2387:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD
2310:
805:, became the most powerful official in the imperial court. He Jin and
2907:
2874:
2741:
2711:
2672:
2467:
2290:
2028:
1995:. On the other hand, Liu Bei used the opportunity to attack the four
1936:
1889:
1888:(because he married her niece), remained in Jing Province's capital,
1682:
1593:
1582:
1554:
1218:
1149:
1127:
1091:
885:
818:
806:
653:. The Han dynasty formally ended in 220 when Cao Cao's son and heir,
631:
1263:). Some of the territories were governed by Yuan Shao's three sons (
1019:
1006:
24:
2942:
2902:
2780:
2735:
2613:
2305:
2229:
2213:
2151:
2084:
2008:
1869:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1783:
1753:
1738:
1722:
1698:
1666:
1662:
1638:
1630:
1609:
1586:
1431:
1423:
1380:
1316:
1311:
1282:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1137:
1067:
973:
930:
926:
893:
786:
785:
Emperor Ling died in 189 and was succeeded by his 13-year-old son,
758:
646:
1461:
1348:
1047:
645:
in 208-209, when his armies were defeated by the allied forces of
2976:
2917:
2897:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2332:
2298:
2278:
2171:
2167:
2092:
2088:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2020:
1988:
1913:
1897:
1830:
1818:, seizing most of Huang's territory at Jiangxia (江夏; present-day
1686:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1570:
1550:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1276:
1268:
1227:
1204:
1153:
1133:
1107:
1099:
941:. The most prominent warlords who emerged at that time included:
913:
905:
855:
826:
754:
750:
662:
658:
650:
635:
188:
184:
1991:'s command pressed on another attack on Cao Cao, leading to the
1122:
801:
to the young emperor, while her older brother, General-in-Chief
2983:
2922:
2912:
2667:
2323:
2131:
1941:
1806:. During that time, Sun Quan was developing his territories in
1787:
1730:
1694:
1670:
1419:
1384:
1256:
1200:
1196:
1111:
1082:
In 193, armed conflict broke out between the northern warlords
1063:
1055:
802:
798:
654:
180:
2106:
1972:
1853:
Eastern Han ceramic figurine of a soldier with a missing spear
1629:
Late Eastern Han mural showing chariots and cavalry, from the
1608:. Instead of sending reinforcements to Wuchao, Yuan Shao sent
1565:, after killing Cao Cao's appointed governor of the province,
2608:
2354:
in history). In 229, Sun Quan formally became emperor of Wu.
2294:
2262:
2179:
2099:, led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, was defeated by Cao Cao at the
1968:
Late Han Luoyang tomb fresco showing chariots, horses and men
1945:
1904:
1829:
While Cao Cao was attacking the Yuan clan in northern China,
1823:
1734:
1597:
1400:
1328:
1324:
1286:
1252:
1141:
996:
985:
981:
954:
950:
909:
901:
897:
822:
746:
1959:
1857:
850:. Dong Zhuo dominated the imperial court and named himself "
136:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
2189:
1759:
1439:
684:
369:
1454:
allied with Liu Biao and was intent on attacking Cao Cao.
2364:
1573:
surrendered to Cao Cao and temporarily served under Cao.
1235:
At this time, the most prominent warlords in China were:
861:
2125:
Late Han stone-carved Luoyang tomb door, representing a
2043:
1868:
In 208, Cao Cao launched a southern campaign to conquer
1620:
1031:
641:
Cao Cao's efforts to reunify China were rebuffed at the
1585:
was slain by Guan Yu while another of Yuan's generals,
2285:
to attack Cao Cao's city of Fancheng (樊城; present-day
1999:
of Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang in southern
690:
Yellow Turban Rebellion and decentralisation (184–189)
2277:
Around the time when Liu Bei was attacking Hanzhong,
1449:
In 199, Gongsun Zan was defeated by Yuan Shao at the
793:), who became known as Emperor Shao. Empress He, now
322:
255:
1163:
3033:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
661:. In response, Liu Bei declared himself emperor of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2317:
1128:Cao Cao's use of Emperor Xian as titular authority
912:) and appeared to be ready to move on the capital
2335:in its place, moving the capital from Xu back to
1007:Dong Zhuo's death and continued warfare (192–196)
3053:
2178:However, after negotiations between Guan Yu and
1844:
780:
665:in 221 and Sun Quan declared himself emperor of
3005:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
1752:, a warlord who controlled most of present-day
1015:Map showing major Chinese warlords in the 190s.
673:in 220 to the reunification of China under the
1539:Cao Cao's conquests from the Yuan clan 200–207
1156:, Henan), establishing the new capital there.
1073:
147:to make improvements to the overall structure.
2729:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
2483:
2162:led a detachment of Liu Bei's forces left in
1923:
1719:capturing Yuan Tan's last stronghold at Nanpi
1477:
1123:Gradual reunification under Cao Cao (196–207)
832:indiscriminate massacre of the palace eunuchs
355:
292:
278:
225:
211:
187:, 50 horses, and over 70 men, from a tomb in
2381:
2370:
2342:In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in
1457:
2107:Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province (212–214)
1973:Sun–Liu conquest of Jing Province (209–210)
1098:Emperor Xian to return to the old capital,
1023:An Eastern Han stone-carved tomb guardian (
995:(covering present-day northern and central
949:(covering present-day central and southern
2490:
2476:
2263:Breaking of the Sun–Liu alliance (219–220)
1484:
1470:
1207:, late 2nd century to early 3rd century AD
362:
348:
3012:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
2228:. Zhang Lu surrendered and his domain in
2166:to join his lord in attacking Liu Zhang.
1960:Emergence of the Three Kingdoms (209–220)
1858:Cao Cao's invasion of Jing Province (208)
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2199:
2190:Yangping and Hanzhong Campaign (215–219)
2120:
2047:
1963:
1848:
1760:Developments in southern China (194–208)
1624:
1534:
1251:provinces (covering most of present-day
1212:
1106:. Around this time, Yuan Shao’s advisor
1018:
1010:
871:
763:
693:
685:Collapse of imperial authority (184–191)
174:
2236:, Cao Cao withdrew his armies and left
1617:(201), concluding the Guandu campaign.
669:in 229. The period from the end of the
3054:
2619:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
2497:
2322:Cao Cao died in March 220 and his son
1786:, who had succeeded his older brother
1406:That year, Yuan Shu declared himself "
1195:glazed ceramic statue of a horse with
862:Resistance against Dong Zhuo (189–191)
2471:
2044:Cao Cao's northwestern campaign (211)
1621:Fall of the Yuan power bloc (202–207)
1465:
1285:, who controlled most of present-day
1032:Dong Zhuo's death and aftermath (192)
343:
2594:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
120:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2835:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2584:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
2273:Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province
1491:
13:
1379:, nephew Cao Anmin, and bodyguard
14:
3113:
2113:Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province
2062: Cao Cao's conquests 207–215
1164:Cao Cao's rise to power (196–199)
945:Yuan Shao, who seized control of
16:Historical era of China (189–220)
2845:Translation of government titles
2649:
2056: Cao Cao's territory in 206
1181:
1172:
741:, who was appointed Governor of
716:Towards the end of the reign of
125:
23:
2991:Book on Numbers and Computation
2318:Emperor Xian's abdication (220)
1766:Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong
1410:" in Shouchun (壽春; present-day
1355:(covering present-day northern
876:An Eastern Han prancing horse,
809:plotted to exterminate all the
745:(covering present-day northern
34:needs additional citations for
2808:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2679:Records of the Grand Historian
2135:face motif, common in ancient
1790:after the latter died in 200;
1217:An Eastern Han glazed ceramic
838:), and fled north towards the
323:
293:
279:
268:End of the Eastern Han dynasty
256:
226:
212:
1:
2700:Records of the Three Kingdoms
2624:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
2531:Rebellion of the Seven States
2357:
2346:and established the state of
1845:Red Cliffs campaign (208–209)
1746:Battle of White Wolf Mountain
1428:conquered several territories
1359:) from its previous governor
781:Imperial power struggle (189)
1665:supported Yuan Shang, while
7:
2117:Sun–Liu territorial dispute
1074:Continued warfare (193–196)
825:), to march on the capital
677:in May 280 is known as the
10:
3118:
2830:Provinces and commanderies
2718:Eight Immortals of Huainan
2546:War of the Heavenly Horses
2266:
2247:In 217, Liu Bei started a
2193:
2110:
2072:
1987:, Sun Quan's forces under
1976:
1927:
1924:Battle of Red Cliffs (208)
1861:
1763:
1542:
1239:Yuan Shao, who controlled
1035:
868:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
865:
708:History of the Han dynasty
705:
402:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
2966:
2888:
2853:
2767:
2658:
2647:
2536:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
2506:
2297:), which was defended by
2281:also advanced north from
2220:In 215, Cao Cao attacked
2204:Eastern Han stone-carved
2075:Battle of Tong Pass (211)
1979:Battle of Jiangling (208)
1499:
1458:Guandu campaign (200–201)
1416:Campaign against Yuan Shu
1027:); City Museum of Luoyang
813:, a group of influential
622:. It was followed by the
382:
334:
316:
309:
304:
300:
286:
272:
267:
249:
242:
237:
233:
219:
205:
201:
196:
2589:Trung sisters' rebellion
2553:Han conquest of Gojoseon
2520:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
2224:and defeated him at the
2212:that once belonged to a
1351:, who seized control of
1302:, including present-day
1221:box with zoomorphic feet
681:era in Chinese history.
274:Traditional Chinese
207:Traditional Chinese
58:"End of the Han dynasty"
3067:Dissolutions of empires
2868:Ancient Chinese coinage
2629:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2253:Battle of Mount Dingjun
1820:Xinzhou District, Wuhan
1375:, Cao Cao's eldest son
726:Yellow Turban Rebellion
712:Yellow Turban Rebellion
700:Yellow Turban Rebellion
628:Yellow Turban Rebellion
288:Simplified Chinese
221:Simplified Chinese
3072:End of the Han dynasty
2890:Science and technology
2634:End of the Han dynasty
2574:Han conquest of Nanyue
2217:
2140:
2070:
1983:Immediately after the
1969:
1854:
1634:
1581:, Yuan Shao's general
1549:Against the advice of
1540:
1323:(covering present-day
1222:
1028:
1016:
980:(covering present-day
881:
777:
776:in the shape of a duck
703:
608:end of the Han dynasty
374:end of the Han dynasty
197:End of the Han dynasty
191:
2818:Three Ducal Ministers
2706:Flying Horse of Gansu
2693:Book of the Later Han
2267:Further information:
2203:
2124:
2051:
1967:
1852:
1764:Further information:
1703:attacked Ye once more
1628:
1538:
1403:), to submit to him.
1216:
1022:
1014:
875:
767:
706:Further information:
697:
454:Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu
178:
2880:Sino-Roman relations
2723:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2639:Battle of Red Cliffs
2579:Han conquest of Dian
2068: Other warlords
1985:Battle of Red Cliffs
1950:Battle of Red Cliffs
1930:Battle of Red Cliffs
1721:(南皮; in present-day
904:(河內; in present-day
892:(around present-day
836:Empress Dowager Dong
643:Battle of Red Cliffs
43:improve this article
3062:Civil wars in China
2759:Eastern Han Chinese
2660:Society and culture
2565:Southward expansion
2526:Lü Clan disturbance
2371:de Crespigny (2007)
2257:Battle of Han River
2101:Battle of Tong Pass
1993:Battle of Jiangling
1733:tribes under chief
1232:food was resolved.
888:, Administrator of
852:Chancellor of State
718:Emperor Ling of Han
587:Jing Province (219)
562:Jing Province (215)
145:editing the article
2977:Balanced Discourse
2516:Chu–Han Contention
2383:de Crespigny, Rafe
2304:At the same time,
2269:Battle of Fancheng
2226:Battle of Yangping
2218:
2141:
2071:
1970:
1894:Battle of Changban
1864:Battle of Changban
1855:
1816:Battle of Jiangxia
1774:Battle of Jiangxia
1635:
1615:Battle of Cangting
1541:
1223:
1038:Battle of Chang'an
1029:
1017:
882:
778:
704:
610:was the period of
192:
3049:
3048:
2558:Four Commanderies
2457:Book of Later Han
2389:. Leiden: Brill.
2287:Fancheng District
2196:Hanzhong Campaign
1532:
1531:
1337:, who controlled
1319:, who controlled
1298:, who controlled
976:, who controlled
967:, who controlled
603:
602:
543:
507:
410:
371:Conflicts at the
338:
337:
330:
329:
311:Standard Mandarin
263:
262:
244:Standard Mandarin
173:
172:
165:
138:layout guidelines
119:
118:
111:
93:
3109:
2653:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2400:
2374:
2368:
2206:que pillar gates
2067:
2061:
2055:
1954:Jiangling County
1839:Battle of Bowang
1778:Battle of Bowang
1770:Battle of Xiakou
1709:(in present-day
1693:(in present-day
1676:Battle of Liyang
1600:), south of the
1545:Battle of Guandu
1494:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1451:Battle of Yijing
1185:
1176:
878:bronze sculpture
774:bronze sculpture
698:Map showing the
521:
520:Northwest China
489:
404:
377:
375:
364:
357:
350:
341:
340:
326:
325:
302:
301:
296:
295:
282:
281:
259:
258:
235:
234:
229:
228:
215:
214:
194:
193:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
129:
128:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:Zhoubi Suanjing
3019:Huangdi Neijing
2984:Book of Origins
2962:
2958:Zhang Zhongjing
2884:
2849:
2763:
2654:
2645:
2541:Han–Xiongnu War
2502:
2496:
2397:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2320:
2275:
2265:
2198:
2192:
2119:
2111:Main articles:
2109:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2046:
1981:
1975:
1962:
1932:
1926:
1866:
1860:
1847:
1780:
1762:
1623:
1547:
1533:
1528:
1495:
1493:Guandu campaign
1492:
1490:
1460:
1444:Battle of Xiapi
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:headgear, from
1188:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1130:
1125:
1076:
1040:
1034:
1009:
870:
864:
795:empress dowager
783:
714:
692:
687:
618:'s last ruler,
612:Chinese history
604:
599:
504:White Wolf Mtn.
488:Northern China
397:Eunuch massacre
378:
373:
370:
368:
169:
158:
152:
149:
143:Please help by
142:
130:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2839:Chief Official
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2813:Nine Ministers
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Han–Minyue War
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2405:Zizhi Tongjian
2401:
2395:
2376:
2375:
2373:, pp. 37.
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2319:
2316:
2264:
2261:
2194:Main article:
2191:
2188:
2108:
2105:
2073:Main article:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2042:
1977:Main article:
1974:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1928:Main article:
1925:
1922:
1862:Main article:
1859:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1802:, governor of
1794:, governor of
1761:
1758:
1641:and third son
1622:
1619:
1579:Battle of Boma
1543:Main article:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1364:
1363:
1346:
1341:(covering the
1332:
1314:
1293:
1280:
1275:) and nephew (
1190:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1075:
1072:
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
989:
971:
962:
866:Main article:
863:
860:
811:Ten Attendants
782:
779:
770:incense burner
733:(covering the
691:
688:
686:
683:
679:Three Kingdoms
624:Three Kingdoms
601:
600:
598:
597:
593:Three Kingdoms
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
518:
513:
508:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
399:
394:
392:Liang Province
389:
387:Yellow Turbans
383:
380:
379:
367:
366:
359:
352:
344:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:Dōnghàn Mònián
320:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:Transcriptions
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
276:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:Hàncháo Mònián
253:
247:
246:
240:
239:
238:Transcriptions
231:
230:
223:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
199:
198:
171:
170:
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3114:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:Shuowen Jiezi
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2396:9789004156050
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2328:Imperial Seal
2325:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Jing Province
2280:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2208:of Dingfang,
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:Jing Province
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2050:
2041:
2038:
2035:and northern
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:Sichuan Basin
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2001:Jing Province
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:Jing Province
1871:
1865:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Jing Province
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:heir apparent
1644:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Son of Heaven
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:Sichuan Basin
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:Jing Province
1318:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:and parts of
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
978:Jing Province
975:
972:
970:
966:
963:
960:
956:
953:and northern
952:
948:
944:
943:
942:
940:
934:
932:
928:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:, 2nd century
879:
874:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
775:
771:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Sichuan Basin
732:
727:
723:
719:
713:
709:
701:
696:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
381:
376:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
346:
345:
342:
333:
321:
319:
315:
312:
308:
303:
299:
291:
289:
285:
277:
275:
271:
266:
254:
252:
248:
245:
241:
236:
232:
224:
222:
218:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
190:
186:
182:
177:
167:
164:
156:
153:February 2020
146:
140:
139:
134:This article
132:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2007
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2734:
2727:
2710:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2633:
2605:Red Eyebrows
2455:
2403:
2386:
2366:
2341:
2321:
2303:
2276:
2246:
2219:
2210:Zhong County
2176:
2157:
2142:
2130:
2127:door knocker
2078:
2005:
1997:commanderies
1982:
1933:
1902:
1867:
1835:Xinye County
1828:
1781:
1750:Gongsun Kang
1743:
1715:
1711:Shijiazhuang
1680:
1636:
1606:Chunyu Qiong
1602:Yellow River
1591:
1575:
1548:
1448:
1437:
1405:
1365:
1310:and western
1300:You Province
1234:
1226:
1224:
1158:
1140:and eastern
1131:
1116:Chunyu Qiong
1096:
1081:
1077:
1052:
1041:
1024:
1002:
935:
883:
848:Emperor Xian
844:
840:Yellow River
784:
768:Eastern Han
743:You Province
715:
640:
620:Emperor Xian
607:
605:
591:
567:Ba (215-216)
557:Xiaoyao Ford
444:Yan Province
372:
318:Hanyu Pinyin
251:Hanyu Pinyin
159:
150:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3077:Han dynasty
2938:Luoxia Hong
2801:Family tree
2686:Book of Han
2600:Xin dynasty
2499:Han dynasty
2238:Xiahou Yuan
2234:Yi Province
2184:Xiang River
2160:Zhuge Liang
2148:Yi Province
2137:Chinese art
2087:. Warlords
1918:Zhuge Liang
1804:Yi Province
1563:Xu Province
1412:Shou County
1373:this battle
1353:Xu Province
1339:Yi Province
1296:Gongsun Zan
1193:Eastern Han
1104:cannibalism
1088:Gongsun Zan
969:Yi Province
947:Ji Province
731:Yi Province
675:Jin dynasty
671:Han dynasty
616:Han dynasty
547:Yi Province
439:Xu Province
3056:Categories
2953:Zhang Heng
2948:Wang Chong
2769:Government
2747:Han poetry
2358:References
2352:Eastern Wu
2097:Hangu Pass
1956:, Hubei).
1910:Zhang Zhao
1900:, Hubei).
1643:Yuan Shang
1559:Dong Cheng
1504:Dushi Ford
1426:, who had
1273:Yuan Shang
1146:Dong Cheng
993:Huai River
791:Empress He
667:Eastern Wu
572:Ruxu (217)
552:Ruxu (213)
69:newspapers
2928:Liu Xiang
2908:Ding Huan
2875:Silk Road
2742:Old Texts
2712:Huainanzi
2673:Sima Qian
2291:Xiangyang
2144:Liu Zhang
2029:Guangdong
2013:Liu Zhang
1937:Huang Gai
1890:Xiangyang
1808:Jiangdong
1800:Liu Zhang
1707:Zhongshan
1594:Zhengzhou
1583:Yan Liang
1555:Tian Feng
1432:Jiangdong
1422:, son of
1368:Zhang Xiu
1335:Liu Zhang
1219:cosmetics
1150:Yang Feng
1092:Yuan Shao
886:Yuan Shao
819:Dong Zhuo
807:Yuan Shao
797:, became
789:(born to
632:Dong Zhuo
524:Tong Pass
449:Jiangdong
424:Xiangyang
414:Yangcheng
179:Late Han
2943:Sima Tan
2903:Cai Yong
2781:Ban Chao
2773:military
2736:Yiwu Zhi
2614:Chengjia
2408:, vols.
2385:(2007).
2306:Sun Quan
2249:campaign
2230:Hanzhong
2222:Zhang Lu
2214:Ba Manzi
2152:Fa Zheng
2085:Hanzhong
2081:Zhang Lu
2023:and the
2017:Zhang Lu
2009:Lady Sun
1886:Lady Cai
1882:Liu Cong
1870:Liu Biao
1812:Huang Zu
1792:Liu Biao
1784:Sun Quan
1754:Liaoning
1739:Liu Biao
1727:Jiao Chu
1723:Cangzhou
1699:Shandong
1691:Pingyuan
1667:Xin Ping
1663:Shen Pei
1639:Yuan Tan
1631:Dahuting
1610:Zhang He
1587:Wen Chou
1567:Che Zhou
1524:Cangting
1514:Yan Ford
1424:Sun Jian
1381:Dian Wei
1317:Liu Biao
1312:Liaoning
1283:Yuan Shu
1265:Yuan Tan
1261:Shandong
1138:Shandong
1068:Fan Chou
1044:Wang Yun
974:Liu Biao
931:Sun Jian
927:Yuan Shu
918:Chang'an
894:Cangzhou
787:Liu Bian
759:Liaoning
647:Sun Quan
582:Fancheng
577:Hanzhong
540:Yangping
536:Qi Mtns.
511:Jiangxia
469:Yuan Shu
429:Chang'an
407:Xingyang
185:chariots
2998:Fangyan
2933:Liu Xin
2918:Hua Tuo
2898:Cai Lun
2863:Coinage
2855:Economy
2791:Emperor
2786:Ma Yuan
2508:History
2348:Shu Han
2344:Chengdu
2337:Luoyang
2333:Cao Wei
2311:Lü Meng
2299:Cao Ren
2279:Guan Yu
2172:Chengdu
2168:Guan Yu
2129:with a
2093:Ma Chao
2089:Han Sui
2037:Vietnam
2033:Guangxi
2021:Shaanxi
1989:Zhou Yu
1914:Zhou Yu
1898:Yichang
1841:(202).
1831:Liu Bei
1814:at the
1687:Guo Jia
1659:Pang Ji
1655:Yuan Xi
1651:Gao Gan
1571:Guan Yu
1551:Ju Shou
1397:Shaanxi
1393:Han Sui
1389:Ma Teng
1377:Cao Ang
1361:Liu Bei
1357:Jiangsu
1308:Tianjin
1304:Beijing
1291:Jiangsu
1277:Gao Gan
1269:Yuan Xi
1228:tuntian
1205:Sichuan
1154:Xuchang
1134:Cao Cao
1108:Ju Shou
1100:Luoyang
965:Liu Yan
957:) from
914:Luoyang
906:Jiaozuo
856:Xiao He
827:Luoyang
815:eunuchs
755:Tianjin
751:Beijing
722:Liu Yan
663:Shu Han
659:Cao Wei
651:Liu Bei
636:Cao Cao
532:Lucheng
528:Jicheng
434:Fengqiu
419:Jieqiao
189:Luoyang
83:scholar
2923:Liu An
2913:Du Shi
2668:Ban Gu
2501:topics
2462:vol. 9
2393:
2324:Cao Pi
2216:temple
2132:taotie
2066:
2060:
2054:
1942:Honghu
1878:Liu Qi
1798:; and
1788:Sun Ce
1776:, and
1731:Wuhuan
1695:Dezhou
1671:Guo Tu
1519:Guandu
1420:Sun Ce
1385:Jia Xu
1257:Shanxi
1201:halter
1197:bridle
1112:Guo Tu
1084:Liu Yu
1064:Guo Si
1060:Li Jue
1056:Niu Fu
1025:Tianlu
961:in 191
959:Han Fu
923:Liu Yu
803:He Jin
799:regent
739:Liu Yu
655:Cao Pi
492:Liyang
484:Xiakou
479:Bowang
474:Guandu
464:Yijing
181:fresco
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2968:Texts
2825:Kings
2609:Lulin
2295:Hubei
2180:Lu Su
1946:Hubei
1905:Lu Su
1824:Hubei
1735:Tadun
1717:him,
1633:tombs
1598:Henan
1401:Gansu
1349:Lü Bu
1329:Hunan
1325:Hubei
1287:Anhui
1253:Hebei
1142:Henan
1048:Lü Bu
997:Anhui
986:Hunan
982:Hubei
955:Henan
951:Hebei
939:kings
910:Henan
902:Henei
898:Hebei
890:Bohai
823:Gansu
747:Hebei
516:Chibi
500:Nanpi
459:Xiapi
183:of 9
90:JSTOR
76:books
3102:220s
3097:210s
3092:200s
3087:190s
3082:180s
2796:list
2771:and
2607:and
2391:ISBN
2271:and
2242:King
2115:and
2091:and
2015:and
1880:and
1669:and
1661:and
1553:and
1509:Boma
1440:Heze
1399:and
1391:and
1327:and
1271:and
1259:and
1249:Qing
1247:and
1245:Bing
1199:and
1148:and
1114:and
1086:and
1066:and
984:and
772:and
757:and
710:and
649:and
606:The
294:东汉末年
280:東漢末年
227:汉朝末年
213:漢朝末年
62:news
2146:of
2083:of
1872:'s
1826:).
1430:in
1418:).
1191:An
45:by
3058::
2752:Fu
2460:,
2450:69
2448:,
2446:68
2444:,
2442:67
2440:,
2438:66
2436:,
2434:65
2432:,
2430:64
2428:,
2426:63
2424:,
2422:62
2420:,
2418:61
2416:,
2414:60
2412:,
2410:59
2293:,
2289:,
2186:.
2031:,
1944:,
1822:,
1772:,
1768:,
1741:.
1697:,
1683:Ye
1678:.
1596:,
1306:,
1279:).
1267:,
1255:,
1243:,
1241:Ji
1062:,
929:,
908:,
896:,
753:,
749:,
538:*
534:*
530:*
526:*
502:*
498:*
496:Ye
494:*
2841:)
2837:(
2596:)
2567:(
2522:)
2518:(
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2464:.
2452:.
2399:.
2139:.
1485:e
1478:t
1471:v
1345:)
1331:)
999:)
988:)
702:.
596:→
542:)
522:(
506:)
490:(
409:)
405:(
363:e
356:t
349:v
166:)
160:(
155:)
151:(
141:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
