1193:
1140:
1108:
34:
1315:
274:
985:
1046:
319:
646:
835:
1225:
1343:
1301:
1018:
1167:
958:
930:
1081:
572:
809:
1329:
903:
484:
compound. From 1865 to 1871 cases were heard using the rooms that had been used by the consular court. In 1871 a dedicated court building to stand at the back of the consulate building facing on to
Yuanmingyuan Road was opened. In 1913 the building was expanded to add a police court (on the ground
471:
signed on 11 January 1943 and which came into force on 20 May 1943. The United States gave up its extraterritorial rights at the same time. The court therefore had had jurisdiction over
British subjects in Korea for 27 years; in Japan for 34 years and in China for 78 years when the court was finally
455:
consolidated their rule in China, Britain reached an agreement in principle with the
Chinese Foreign Minister to give up extraterritorial rights. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and then Northern China in 1937 put the issue on the backburner. The court effectively ceased to function on 8
777:
Throughout its existence the court had two permanent judges at any one time. From 1865 to 1878 and 1905 to 1943 the senior judge was titled Judge and the junior judge's title was
Assistant Judge. Between 1878 and 1905 the senior judge was titled Chief Justice and the junior judge's title was Judge.
394:
was not challenged from any official quarter in China, as it was seen to be not only a way to more efficiently try matters close to the scene, but also to allow Qing officials to exert direct pressure on
British authorities when they were not satisfied with a sentence.
330:
For criminal acts, Chinese subjects would be arrested and punished by the
Chinese authorities, according to Chinese law. In similar fashion, British subjects tried and punished by the Consul, "or other public functionary authorized thereto", according to British
340:, it had to be presented to the British consul, who would "do his utmost to arrange it amicably." Failing that, "he shall request the assistance of the Chinese authorities, that they may together examine into the merits of the case, and decide it equitably."
503:
In other cities, when the judges of the court went on circuit to outlying cities they would generally sit in courts in
British consulate buildings but on occasions would use other premises where important cases of great public interest were being heard.
485:
floor) and a second court (on the first floor) immediately south of the main court room. Rooms of similar size were built to the north for consular offices. The building still stands to this day and can be seen from
Yuanmingyuan Road.
667:
in China, Japan and Korea, including murder trials before juries, divorce cases, commercial disputes, trademark and passing off claims, habeas corpus applications and cases of petty theft. Some of its cases have been posted online by
2103:
468:
1244:, but the officeholder received payment for performing his duties. He was allowed to accept cases from private clients that did not conflict with his public role. The six gentlemen who served in this office were:
2521:
1445:
418:
jurisdiction in Japan. The Court for Japan also heard appeals from consular courts in Japan. Appeals from the Court for Japan were heard by the Chief
Justice and Judge of the Supreme Court in Shanghai.
343:
In civil matters, Chinese authorities would enforce debts owed by
Chinese subjects to British subjects, and British authorities would do likewise for those owed by British subjects to Chinese subjects.
615:
In 1916, the companies ordinances enacted in Hong Kong were extended to China, and companies that were constituted as a "China Company" thereunder were placed under the jurisdiction of the Court.
456:
December 1941 when the Japanese Navy occupied the court premises at the start of the Pacific War. After nine months' internment, either at home or in the Cathay Hotel (now the
2074:
448:, Korea was annexed by Japan and Britain automatically lost extraterritorial rights in Korea. The court was, in January 1911, renamed the "British Supreme Court for China".
2107:
1361:
1356:
481:
1455:
2458:
2587:
622:
was withdrawn from the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. From that time onwards to 1943, extraterritorial jurisdiction in that region was exercised by the
2582:
434:
347:
Jurisdiction in the first instance, as well as in matters involving British defendants, was vested in the British consular courts, while in the
2562:
2507:
774:. The judges came from a variety of places, including from England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the British Virgin Islands and South Africa.
608:
The court could also decide to refer certain criminal cases involving British subjects to the Hong Kong Court, or to the Sessions Court at
309:
308:, these rights were provided for directly in a Sino-British Treaty. In 1858, Britain obtained extraterritorial rights in Japan under the
2572:
2082:
718:
for sedition against the Japanese Government of Korea as well as a defamation claim brought by Bethell, also in 1908, against the
2136:
1855:
1752:
1421:
704:
427:
106:
441:
in 1900. The Court for Japan officially heard its last case, which had been filed before the end of July 1899, in early 1900.
2451:
2443:
2435:
2397:
1478:
586:
in several respects, relinquishing jurisdiction over cases involving British subjects where the matter in question occurred:
1289:
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson was the son of Hiram Shaw Wilkinson. Together they served as Crown Advocate for a total of 44 years.
951:
Acting Assistant Judge, Yokohama, 1871–1874; Crown Advocate 1878–1881; Concurrently, Consul General, Shanghai (1891–1897)
2523:
British extraterritoriality in China: the legal system, functions of criminal jurisdiction, and its challenges, 1833–1943
2557:
1192:
751:
In its 78 years of existence from 1865 to 1943 the court had 15 full-time judges, including the first Chief Judge, Sir
1753:"Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters (Cmd. 6456)"
351:, matters relating to criminal acts and debt enforcement involving Chinese defendants were vested in a "Mixed Court" (
2173:"Death of Mr. W.R.H. Carew. Inquest. [and proceedings & trial for murder, H.B.M's Court for Japan, 1897]"
1366:
348:
231:
83:
1139:
2462:
2196:
991:
1107:
467:
It was, however, only in 1943 during World War II that Britain gave up extraterritorial rights in China under the
2577:
1759:
1742:
Report from Allan Mossop, Judge, to the Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, dated 24 September 1942 FO369/2719
451:
In the 1920s there were negotiations with China to give up extraterritorial rights. In 1930 and 1931, after the
437:
of 1894, Britain gave up extraterritorial rights in Japan with effect from July 1899. The court was renamed the
33:
2481:
Instructions to Her Majesty's Consular Officers in China and Japan, on the Mode of Conducting Judicial Business
352:
137:
2509:
The British state at the margins of empire: extraterritoriality and governance in treaty port China, 1842-1927
497:
1371:
430:. The court's jurisdiction was subsequently extended there in 1884, but the court's name remained unchanged.
151:
2538:
The Supreme Court and Consular Gazette, and Law Reporter for HBM Supreme Court for China and Japan 1867-1869
2408:
2567:
1264:
1130:
1008:
696:
649:
596:
565:
British ships, and all persons and property on board, within 100 nautical miles (185 km) of the coast
398:
In 1879, reflecting the growing British commercial interests in Japan and the inconvenience of bringing a
1477:
2537:
762:; Frederick Bourne, a recipient of thanks from the U.S. President for services rendered; an aristocrat,
1071:
963:
445:
383:
327:
Disputes between British subjects would "be subject to the jurisdiction of the British authorities."
840:
759:
700:
623:
550:
2552:
2389:
2385:
Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan
737:
583:
575:
493:
403:
262:
629:
Effective 26 April 1927, the court ceased to have criminal jurisdiction over persons subject to
2479:
1450:
1260:
1052:
763:
674:
508:
2216:
2002:
1306:
1282:
861:
815:
767:
752:
2383:
2286:
2050:
2026:
1909:
1868:
1824:
1788:
1695:
1671:
1647:
1630:
1606:
1582:
2078:
1933:
1719:
1254:
1248:
1024:
936:
669:
519:
The court applied the rules of English law and equity to matters in difference concerning:
297:
2172:
562:
foreigners of States which by treaty had consented to the exercise of British jurisdiction
8:
1172:
1145:
1114:
285:
251:
94:
79:
2132:
2291:
2059:
2035:
2011:
1942:
1918:
1877:
1833:
1797:
1728:
1704:
1680:
1656:
1639:
1615:
1591:
1500:
984:
612:. Referred cases were tried under English law, instead of Hong Kong law or Indian law.
305:
273:
1763:
1045:
605:
or where an offence was committed on a British ship by a British subject in Hong Kong
2447:
2439:
2431:
2393:
2192:
1276:
534:
the repression or punishment of crimes or offences committed by British subjects, and
460:), the judges and British staff of the court were evacuated to Britain aboard the SS
301:
293:
289:
278:
637:, except if the commander of the forces consented to the court having jurisdiction.
2494:
1851:
1237:
235:
174:
469:
British-Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
334:
Where a British subject wished to lodge a complaint against a Chinese subject, or
2212:
618:
In 1920, that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of
525:
507:
Today the court building is used as an entertainment and dining venue managed by
318:
101:
2498:
2414:
2410:
Gunboat Justice: British and American Law Courts in China and Japan (1842-1943)
1480:
Treaty of Tien-Tsin between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China
1241:
1233:
1087:
909:
771:
711:
634:
415:
399:
292:
in 1842. The United States obtained further extraterritorial rights under the
258:
195:
2546:
726:
531:
the administration or control of the property or persons of British subjects,
407:
387:
1988:
1981:
978:
Acting Judge for Japan 1888–1889; Concurrently Consul, Shanghai (1891–1897)
386:, which gradually became unpopular as British economic activity rose in the
1334:
1320:
1270:
1199:
882:
834:
682:. Cases from other consular courts in Shanghai were also published in the
645:
630:
315:
The Treaty of Tientsin specified how such jurisdiction was to be governed:
181:
729:
application, in 1939, on behalf of 4 Chinese held by British officials in
496:
sat in the British Consulate building. The building was destroyed in the
1224:
664:
457:
1486:
1348:
1067:
1017:
756:
452:
336:
1166:
957:
929:
379:). Matters relating to complaints were not considered to be judicial.
2158:
1080:
653:
571:
1342:
1240:
in a colony. The Crown Advocate was not a full-time position in the
854:
Based in Yokohama, Japan from 1874 to 1877; Acting Chief Judge 1877
808:
770:
was created; and a recipient of a decoration from the King of Siam,
740:
of Edith Carew for the arsenic poisoning of her husband in Yokohama.
609:
489:
411:
39:
2493:. Introduction by D.L. Murray. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2053:
The Foreign Jurisdiction (Military Forces) Order in Council, 1927
902:
730:
663:
The court tried cases of all descriptions, all the time applying
619:
543:
By 1904, such jurisdiction had been expanded so that it covered:
733:
but wanted by the Japanese authorities in China for murder; and
556:
the property and all rights and liabilities of British subjects
360:
2418:
423:
247:
243:
239:
227:
382:
Appeals from British consular courts initially went to the
1698:
The China and Corea (Supreme Court) Order in Council, 1900
2148:
North China Herald, 27 June 1908, pp. 825–828.
2015:. No. 29836. 30 November 1915. pp. 11921–11923.
1409:
His Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Corea
1405:
Her Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Corea
1392:
Her Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Japan
1362:
List of Consuls-General of the United Kingdom in Shanghai
422:
The United Kingdom later obtained extraterritoriality in
1357:
Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai
695:
a defamation claim brought by Baron von Gumpach against
296:, which Britain was able to take advantage of under the
1881:. No. 24516. 26 October 1877. pp. 5791–5792.
1837:. No. 27728. 28 October 1904. pp. 6887–6909.
1684:. No. 27127. 17 October 1899. pp. 6234–6235.
1565:
1563:
1538:
1536:
1228:
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson, longest serving Crown Advocate
1619:. No. 26416. 23 August 1878. pp. 4767–4769.
1263:(1897–1925) (also Judge of the British High Court of
200:
186:
2063:. No. 33269. 26 April 1927. pp. 2670–2671.
2039:. No. 31821. 12 March 1920. pp. 3153–3163.
1946:. No. 33683. 23 January 1931. pp. 531–532.
1892:
1890:
1888:
1595:. No. 22963. 28 April 1865. pp. 2240–2255.
1296:
633:
in the British and Indian military forces, while on
592:
within 10 miles (16 km) of Hong Kong's borders,
1922:. No. 27338. 26 July 1901. pp. 4929–4939.
1660:. No. 25575. 6 April 1886. pp. 1655–1656.
1560:
1548:
1533:
1801:. No. 36029. 25 May 1943. pp. 2331–2332.
1643:. No. 25372. 1 July 1884. pp. 2991–2993.
1885:
1446:"Supreme Court of China and Japan, establishment"
1236:was created, being similar to the position of an
2544:
2186:
2135:, (1872) 9 Moo PC NS 241 (28 January 1873),
537:the maintenance of order among British subjects.
435:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
1732:. No. 28460. 27 January 1911. p. 688.
22:His Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China
2478:Hornby, Edmund (1885). Rennie, Richard (ed.).
1650:China, Japan, and Corea Order in Council, 1886
1633:China, Japan, and Corea Order in Council, 1884
1420:which was the subject of a 1914 appeal to the
1708:. No. 27172. 9 March 1900. p. 1618.
626:(Lahore High Court), and Indian law applied.
528:, or between foreigners and British subjects,
300:provision in a Supplemental Agreement to the
156:
142:
2332:Foreign Office List 1928, pp. .424–425.
2005:The China (Companies) Order in Council, 1915
672:. Official case reports can be found in the
2588:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1943
2185:A book has also been written on this case:
310:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce
2029:The China (Kashgar) Order in Council, 1920
1969:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1957:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1827:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1812:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1865
1609:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1878
1585:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1865
559:foreigners within prescribed circumstances
38:British Supreme Court for China Building,
32:
2368:Foreign Office List 1943 pp.. 267–8.
2189:Murder on the Bluff: Carew Poisoning Case
480:In Shanghai, the court was housed in the
439:British Supreme Court for China and Corea
392:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
224:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
2583:Courts and tribunals established in 1865
2505:
2285:
2211:
2049:
2025:
2001:
1989:Life Insurance Companies Ordinance, 1907
1932:
1908:
1867:
1823:
1787:
1718:
1694:
1670:
1646:
1629:
1605:
1581:
1454:. Shanghai. 29 July 1865. Archived from
1223:
644:
570:
317:
272:
2519:
1422:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
705:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
268:
261:in China, Japan and Korea and from the
107:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
2545:
2526:(PhD thesis). University of Leicester.
2488:
2477:
2381:
2359:Foreign Office List 1943, p. 232.
2350:Foreign Office List 1932, p. 304.
2341:Foreign Office List 1934, p. 257.
2323:Foreign Office List 1943, p. 352.
2305:Foreign Office List 1917, p. 209.
2276:Foreign Office List 1900, p. 145.
2267:Foreign Office List 1900, p. 130.
2258:Foreign Office List 1892, p. 180.
2249:Foreign Office List 1898, p. 173.
2231:Foreign Office List 1878, p. 103.
1936:The Wei-hai-wei Order in Council, 1930
1912:The Wei-hai-wei Order in Council, 1901
1569:
1554:
1542:
746:
2563:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
2456:
2406:
2240:Foreign Office List 1881, p. 98.
2221:. London: Harrison. pp. 119–120.
2139: (on appeal from China and Japan)
1896:
2515:(PhD thesis). University of Bristol.
582:In China, the court deferred to the
119:Two: Chief Judge and Assistant Judge
2491:Sir Edmund Hornby: An Autobiography
2457:Clark, Douglas (15 February 2012).
1871:Order in Council of 23 October 1877
1160:Registrar of the Court, 1908–1927.
428:United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883
13:
2520:Whewell, Emily (6 November 2015).
2375:
1674:Order in Council of 7 October 1899
1219:
680:Supreme Court and Consular Gazette
475:
257:The court also heard appeals from
202:Ying-kuo tsai Hua Tsui-kao-fa-yüan
14:
2599:
2573:Shanghai International Settlement
2531:
2075:"Colonial cases: China and Japan"
1762:. 11 January 1943. Archived from
1367:Shanghai International Settlement
349:Shanghai International Settlement
322:Signing of the Treaty of Tientsin
232:Shanghai International Settlement
84:Shanghai International Settlement
2506:Thompson, Alexander (May 2018).
2187:Whittington-Egan, Molly (1996).
1791:The China Order in Council, 1943
1722:The Corea Order in Council, 1911
1341:
1327:
1313:
1299:
1191:
1165:
1138:
1106:
1079:
1044:
1016:
992:Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne
983:
956:
928:
901:
833:
807:
16:1865–1943 British court in China
2459:"Hong Kong's Judicial Gunboats"
2382:Cassel, Pär Kristoffer (2012).
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2205:
2179:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2122:
2106:. 22 March 1870. Archived from
2096:
2067:
2043:
2019:
1995:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1926:
1902:
1861:
1858: (on appeal from Hong Kong)
1841:
1817:
1805:
1781:
1760:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1745:
1736:
1712:
1688:
1664:
1623:
1599:
1575:
1414:
1397:
1384:
766:for whom the baronetage of the
703:, which ultimately went to the
514:
265:which was established in 1879.
220:British Supreme Court for China
128:British Supreme Court for China
2484:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh.
2314:Foreign Office List 1908, p386
2295:. 26 April 1901. p. 2856.
1854:, AC 599 (6 March 1914),
1530:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XXII.
1524:
1521:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XVII.
1515:
1506:
1494:
1470:
1438:
375:
370:
365:
356:
201:
187:
157:
143:
1:
1512:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XVI.
1431:
1372:United States Court for China
95:extraterritorial jurisdiction
2461:. LexisNexis. Archived from
689:Some famous cases included:
549:British subjects, including
188:Yīngguó zài Huá Zuìgāofǎyuàn
7:
1407:" (1900-1901) and, later, "
1292:
1129:Judge of the High Court of
1007:Judge of the High Court of
736:the trial, in 1897, in the
498:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
390:. The establishment of the
10:
2604:
2191:. Neil Wilson Publishing.
1213:Crown Advocate, 1925–1933
1189:
1163:
1136:
1104:
1077:
1072:Supreme Court of Hong Kong
1042:
1014:
981:
954:
926:
899:
878:
857:
831:
805:
446:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910
384:Supreme Court of Hong Kong
366:Yángjīngbāng lishì gōngxiè
304:. Subsequently, under the
2558:Law of the United Kingdom
1982:Companies Ordinance, 1911
1232:In 1878, the position of
1039:Crown Advocate 1881–1897
786:
699:, the Chief Inspector of
551:British protected persons
212:
194:
180:
173:
168:
164:
150:
136:
132:
127:
115:
100:
89:
74:
62:
54:
46:
31:
26:
21:
1377:
841:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
760:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
701:Chinese Maritime Customs
640:
624:High Court of the Punjab
402:action in Shanghai, the
250:under the principles of
138:Traditional Chinese
2489:Hornby, Edmund (1928).
2407:Clark, Douglas (2015).
2390:Oxford University Press
738:British Court for Japan
584:Hong Kong Supreme Court
576:Hong Kong Supreme Court
494:British Court for Japan
433:Under the terms of the
404:British Court for Japan
286:extraterritorial rights
263:British Court for Japan
152:Simplified Chinese
2578:Legal history of China
2175:. Japan Gazette. 1897.
1451:The North China Herald
1261:Hiram Parkes Wilkinson
1229:
1053:Havilland de Sausmarez
764:Havilland de Sausmarez
660:
599:between 1902 and 1930,
579:
509:The Peninsula Shanghai
323:
281:
111:Full court (from 1925)
2133:[1873] UKPC 9
2104:"von Gumpach v. Hart"
1991:(Ordinance 36). 1907.
1984:(Ordinance 58). 1911.
1852:[1914] UKPC 1
1307:British Empire portal
1227:
910:Richard Temple Rennie
883:Robert Anderson Mowat
816:Edmund Grimani Hornby
768:De Sausmarez Baronets
710:the trial in 1908 of
648:
574:
321:
284:Britain had acquired
276:
234:to try cases against
2079:Macquarie University
1645:, as amended by the
1255:Hiram Shaw Wilkinson
1249:Nicholas John Hannen
1025:Hiram Shaw Wilkinson
937:Nicholas John Hannen
714:, proprietor of the
670:Macquarie University
298:Most Favoured Nation
269:History of the court
2568:History of Shanghai
2499:2027/wu.89090370974
2218:Foreign Office List
1848:Ibrahim v. The King
1485:. 1858 – via
1271:Allan George Mossop
1200:Allan George Mossop
1173:Penrhyn Grant Jones
1146:Gilbert Walter King
783:
747:Judges of the court
678:which was also the
472:dissolved in 1943.
426:as a result of the
406:was established in
288:in China under the
252:extraterritoriality
230:established in the
116:Number of positions
2292:The London Gazette
2129:Hart v Van Gumpach
2060:The London Gazette
2036:The London Gazette
2012:The London Gazette
1943:The London Gazette
1919:The London Gazette
1878:The London Gazette
1834:The London Gazette
1798:The London Gazette
1729:The London Gazette
1705:The London Gazette
1681:The London Gazette
1657:The London Gazette
1640:The London Gazette
1616:The London Gazette
1592:The London Gazette
1501:Treaty of Tientsin
1491:, ratified in 1860
1230:
781:
720:North China Herald
684:North China Herald
675:North China Herald
661:
658:von Gumpach v Hart
580:
324:
306:Treaty of Tientsin
294:Treaty of Wanghsia
282:
2452:978-988-82731-9-5
2444:978-988-82730-9-6
2436:978-988-82730-8-9
2399:978-0-19-979205-4
1277:Victor Priestwood
1217:
1216:
1066:President of the
716:Korean Daily News
482:British Consulate
369:, later known as
302:Treaty of Nanking
290:Treaty of Nanking
279:Treaty of Nanking
216:
215:
208:
207:
175:Standard Mandarin
123:
122:
70:Korea (1884–1910)
68:Japan (1865–1899)
66:China (1865–1943)
50:September 1, 1865
27:英國在華最高法院／大英按察使司衙門
2595:
2527:
2516:
2514:
2502:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2417:. Archived from
2403:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2213:Hertslet, Edward
2209:
2203:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:, 14 August 1939
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2081:. Archived from
2071:
2065:
2064:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1865:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1442:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1388:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1238:Attorney General
1195:
1169:
1142:
1110:
1083:
1048:
1020:
987:
960:
932:
905:
837:
811:
784:
780:
526:British subjects
377:
372:
367:
358:
236:British subjects
222:(originally the
204:
203:
190:
189:
166:
165:
160:
159:
146:
145:
125:
124:
36:
19:
18:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2512:
2468:
2466:
2465:on 2 April 2015
2424:
2422:
2400:
2378:
2376:Further reading
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2110:on 2 April 2015
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2048:
2044:
2024:
2020:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1931:
1927:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1866:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1814:, ss. 4–5.
1810:
1806:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1769:on 2 April 2015
1766:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1717:
1713:
1693:
1689:
1669:
1665:
1628:
1624:
1604:
1600:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1458:on 3 March 2016
1444:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1222:
1220:Crown advocates
964:George Jamieson
799:Judge for Japan
782:List of judges
749:
643:
517:
478:
476:Court buildings
376:Huìshěn Gōngxiè
277:Signing of the
271:
259:consular courts
110:
82:
69:
67:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Defunct courts
2541:
2540:
2533:
2532:External links
2530:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2503:
2486:
2475:
2454:
2415:Earnshaw Books
2404:
2398:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2204:
2197:
2178:
2164:
2150:
2141:
2121:
2095:
2066:
2042:
2018:
1994:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1925:
1901:
1884:
1860:
1840:
1816:
1804:
1780:
1744:
1735:
1711:
1687:
1663:
1622:
1598:
1574:
1559:
1547:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1493:
1469:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1411:" (1901–1910)
1396:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1324:
1310:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1242:Foreign Office
1234:Crown Advocate
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:Skinner Turner
1084:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
988:
980:
979:
976:
974:
972:
969:
967:
961:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
941:
939:
933:
925:
924:
922:
919:
916:
914:
912:
906:
898:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
880:
877:
876:
874:
872:
869:
866:
864:
859:
856:
855:
852:
850:
848:
846:
843:
838:
830:
829:
827:
825:
823:
820:
818:
812:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
772:Skinner Turner
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
734:
723:
712:Ernest Bethell
708:
642:
639:
635:active service
603:
602:
601:
600:
593:
578:building, 1915
569:
568:
567:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
541:
540:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
516:
513:
477:
474:
416:first instance
400:first instance
388:Yangtse valley
345:
344:
341:
332:
328:
270:
267:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
198:
192:
191:
184:
178:
177:
171:
170:
169:Transcriptions
162:
161:
154:
148:
147:
140:
134:
133:
130:
129:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
104:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
76:
72:
71:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2600:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2421:on 2018-05-31
2420:
2416:
2413:. Hong Kong:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2085:on 2016-01-30
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1971:, s. 50.
1970:
1965:
1959:, s. 81.
1958:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1572:, p. 68.
1571:
1566:
1564:
1557:, p. 72.
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 67.
1544:
1539:
1537:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1311:
1308:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
962:
959:
955:
950:
947:
944:
942:
940:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
904:
900:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
884:
881:
879:
875:
873:
870:
867:
865:
863:
862:George French
860:
858:
853:
851:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
836:
832:
828:
826:
824:
821:
819:
817:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
796:Chief Justice
795:
792:
789:
785:
779:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
753:Edmund Hornby
739:
735:
732:
728:
727:habeas corpus
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
692:
691:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
666:
659:
655:
651:
647:
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
613:
611:
606:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
587:
585:
577:
573:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
512:
510:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
473:
470:
465:
463:
459:
454:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
410:(now part of
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
368:
362:
354:
350:
342:
339:
338:
333:
329:
326:
325:
320:
316:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
280:
275:
266:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
199:
197:
193:
185:
183:
179:
176:
172:
167:
163:
155:
153:
149:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
118:
114:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
92:
90:Authorized by
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2522:
2508:
2490:
2480:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:the original
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2409:
2384:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2198:1-89778452-X
2188:
2181:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2108:the original
2098:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2069:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1747:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1550:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1496:
1479:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:the original
1449:
1440:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1335:Japan portal
1321:China portal
1288:
1283:John McNeill
1267:, 1916–1925)
1231:
1133:(1925–1930)
1074:(1910–1920)
1011:(1903–1916)
776:
757:Egyptologist
750:
719:
715:
688:
683:
679:
673:
662:
657:
631:military law
628:
617:
614:
607:
604:
581:
542:
518:
515:Jurisdiction
506:
502:
487:
479:
466:
461:
450:
443:
438:
432:
421:
397:
391:
381:
374:
364:
346:
335:
314:
283:
256:
223:
219:
217:
182:Hanyu Pinyin
63:Jurisdiction
58:May 20, 1943
2287:"No. 27308"
1570:Cassel 2012
1555:Cassel 2012
1543:Cassel 2012
1285:(1939–1942)
1279:(1934–1939)
1273:(1925–1933)
1257:(1882–1897)
1251:(1878–1881)
1115:Peter Grain
802:Other role
697:Robert Hart
665:English law
650:Robert Hart
458:Peace Hotel
47:Established
2547:Categories
2446:; Vol. 3:
2438:; Vol. 2:
2430:, Vol. 1:
2425:2018-06-10
2089:2011-11-23
1897:Clark 2012
1503:, art. XV.
1487:Wikisource
1432:References
1403:formally "
1390:formally "
1349:Law portal
1068:full court
894:1891-–1897
790:Asst Judge
453:Kuomintang
444:Under the
337:vice versa
196:Wade–Giles
102:Appeals to
2159:The Times
1265:Weihaiwei
1206:1933–1943
1178:1931–1943
1151:1927–1931
1131:Weihaiwei
1122:1927–1933
1119:1921–1927
1095:1921–1927
1092:1916–1921
1059:1905–1921
1036:1897-1900
1033:1900-1905
1009:Weihaiwei
1000:1898–1901
997:1901–1916
971:1891–1897
948:1881–1891
945:1891–1900
921:1879–1881
918:1881–1891
889:1878–1891
871:1878-1881
845:1865–1878
822:1865–1876
654:Defendant
597:Weihaiwei
109:(to 1925)
55:Dissolved
2469:10 March
2215:(1877).
2114:10 March
1773:10 March
1462:10 March
1293:See also
610:Mandalay
490:Yokohama
462:Narkunda
412:Yokohama
408:Kanagawa
226:) was a
158:英国在华最高法院
144:英國在華最高法院
93:British
80:The Bund
78:No. 33,
75:Location
40:Shanghai
1070:of the
731:Tianjin
620:Kashgar
511:Hotel.
414:) with
357:洋泾浜理事公廨
353:Chinese
2450:
2442:
2434:
2396:
2195:
1482:
1175:, CBE
1148:, OBE
994:, CMG
966:, CMG
787:Person
492:, the
363::
361:pinyin
355::
2513:(PDF)
2131:
1850:
1767:(PDF)
1756:(PDF)
1378:Notes
793:Judge
641:Cases
424:Korea
248:Korea
244:Japan
240:China
228:court
2471:2015
2448:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2137:P.C.
2116:2015
1856:P.C.
1775:2015
1464:2015
1198:Sir
1113:Sir
1086:Sir
1051:Sir
1023:Sir
990:Sir
935:Sir
908:Sir
868:1877
814:Sir
371:會審公廨
331:law.
246:and
218:The
2495:hdl
656:in
595:in
488:In
238:in
2549::
2392:.
2388:.
2289:.
2077:.
2057:.
2033:.
2009:.
1986:;
1940:.
1916:.
1887:^
1875:.
1831:.
1795:.
1758:.
1726:.
1702:.
1678:.
1654:.
1637:.
1613:.
1589:.
1562:^
1535:^
1448:.
755:,
725:a
686:.
652:,
500:.
464:.
373:;
359:;
312:.
254:.
242:,
2501:.
2497::
2473:.
2428:.
2402:.
2201:.
2118:.
2092:.
2055:"
2051:"
2031:"
2027:"
2007:"
2003:"
1938:"
1934:"
1914:"
1910:"
1899:.
1873:"
1869:"
1829:"
1825:"
1793:"
1789:"
1777:.
1724:"
1720:"
1700:"
1696:"
1676:"
1672:"
1652:"
1648:"
1635:"
1631:"
1611:"
1607:"
1587:"
1583:"
1489:.
1466:.
1424:.
1394:"
722:;
707:;
553:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
