32:
47:. Treaty provisions provided that the laws of the local country did not apply to citizens of the treaty powers and that local courts did not have jurisdiction over them. Consular courts were established to handle civil and criminal cases against citizens and subjects of the subjects of the country. The British had the widest system of consular courts run by the
90:, China as a first instance consular court for cases in the Shanghai region as well as an appellate court for cases heard by consular courts in the rest of China, Japan and, from the 1880s Korea. In 1879, a British Court for Japan was established in
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to replace the
Kanagawa Consular Court to hear first instance cases for Yokohama region as well as to act as an appellate court for cases from consular courts in other Japanese cities.
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52:
43:
Western powers when establishing diplomatic relations with countries they considered to have underdeveloped legal systems would demand
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83:
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75:" signed in the mid-19th century many countries established consular courts in cities open to foreign trade (called
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Turan Kayaoğlu, Legal
Imperialism, Sovereignty and Extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China
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31:
8:
135:
98:
44:
20:
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Britain established a fully fledged court system in China and Japan. In 1865, the
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and other consular courts closed soon after that after finalising pending cases.
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56:
48:
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19:
were law courts established by foreign powers in countries where they had
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36:
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60:
35:
Trying a divorce suit in the United States
Consular Court at
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In China, consular courts operated up until the 1940s when
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C Lobingier, Extraterritorial Cases, Vol I, pp. 1–5
171:
23:. They were presided over by consular officers.
123:In 1906, the United States established the
129:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
84:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
101:came to an end on 4 August 1899 and the
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110:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
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26:
108:There was a right of appeal to the
13:
66:
14:
201:
138:for most nations came to an end.
63:, China, Japan, Korea and Siam.
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148:
71:In China and Japan under the "
55:could be found in Africa, the
1:
190:Extraterritorial jurisdiction
141:
125:United States Court for China
7:
10:
206:
118:British consular courts
103:British Court for Japan
53:British consular courts
45:extraterritorial rights
21:extraterritorial rights
40:
34:
136:extraterritoriality
99:extraterritoriality
86:was established in
27:Extraterritoriality
41:
197:
180:Consular affairs
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127:modelled on the
73:unequal treaties
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67:China and Japan
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17:Consular courts
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5:
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57:Ottoman Empire
49:Foreign Office
37:Constantinople
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77:treaty ports
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174:Categories
142:References
116:from the
97:In Japan
92:Yokohama
88:Shanghai
185:Courts
114:London
39:, 1922
61:Egypt
51:.
112:in
79:).
176::
131:.
120:.
59:,
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