British Central Africa Protectorate

123: 903:, with most people continuing to live under the social and political systems that existed before 1891. No attempt was made to remove or limit the powers of the Yao, Ngoni or Makololo chiefs (who had first entered the area in the 19th century) over the original inhabitants they had displaced, subjugated or assimilated, although the Swahili slave traders had been killed in the warfare of the 1890s or had left. One area in which early efforts to change the system manifestly failed was that of domestic slavery. Although slave-trading had been eliminated, and Johnston issued instructions that domestic slaves were to be emancipated, this particular form of slavery endured, particularly in the Central Region, well into the first quarter of the 20th century 46: 58: 402: 812:. Their main duties were to collect taxes, to ensure a supply of labour to European-owned estates and government projects and ensure government instructions and regulations were carried out. Johnston's Collectors included ex-soldiers, ex-missionaries and ex-employees of the African Lakes Company: the main consideration was that they had African experience. A few Collectors in strategically important locations had contingents of troops attached to their district, but most had no more than one or two assistants. By 1905 there were 12 Collectors and 26 Assistant Collectors 1025: 458:, and which was followed by a small number of settlers. The Portuguese government attempted to claim much of the area in which the missionaries and settlers operated, but this was disputed by the British government. To forestall a Portuguese expedition claiming effective occupation, a protectorate was proclaimed, first over the south of this area, then over the whole of it in 1889. After negotiations with the Portuguese and German governments on its boundaries, the protectorate was formally ratified by the British government in May 1891. 604:

than to establish British rule in the area. However, in October 1889 Serpa Pinto's soldiers attacked one of the Kololo chiefs, killing around 70 of his followers and, with two armed river boats, pushed up the Shire River through the area over which Buchanan had established a protectorate. After Serpa Pinto's departure owing to serious illness in November 1889, his second-in-command, João Coutinho, pushed on as far as Katunga, the nearest river port to Blantyre, and some Kololo chiefs fled to Blantyre for safety.

820:

payment. Although Johnston had a duty to look into the validity of these land deals, and although he accepted that the land belonged to its tribes and that their chiefs had no right to alienate it, he put forward the legal fiction that each chief's people had tacitly accepted he could assume such a right. As a result, Johnston accepted the validity of those claims where the signatory was the chief of the tribe occupying the land, provided that the terms of the contract were not inconsistent with British

925:

had flooded the world markets with coffee by 1905, and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire Highlands and cotton in the Shire Valley. Tea was also first planted commercially in 1905 in the Shire Highlands, but significant development of tobacco and tea growing only took place after the opening of the Shire Highlands Railway in 1908.

474:) and the lands west of the lake were explored by David Livingstone between the 1858 and 1864 as part of his Zambezi expeditions. Livingstone suggested that what he claimed was the area's benign climate and fertility would make it ideal for the promotion of Christianity and commerce. As a result of Livingstone's writings, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1878 The African Lakes Company Limited, predecessor to the 1734: 3899: 3909: 741:

he became concerned at the number of his young men going to work on European-owned estates in the Shire Highlands and by Johnston's forceful reaction to Yao resistance. In November 1895, he forbade his subjects either to pay taxes to, or work for, the British, and he was also accused of harassing nearby missions which had told their members not to obey Gomani's instructions. Johnston's deputy

929:

about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of the Middle Shire, where rapids and shallows made navigation impractical, and both the Upper and Lower Shire were often too shallow for larger vessels, particularly in the dry season. In addition, the main areas of economic activity in the early protectorate were in the Shire Highlands, mainly near Blantyre, which was 40 km (25 mi) from

832:, title). Out of 61 claims made, only two were rejected outright and a handful reduced in size. These Certificate of Claim were issued at a time when no professional judges had been appointed to the protectorate, and the work of Johnston and his assistants was subsequently criticised by judges and later administrators. 1010: 737:

captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December: between 200 and 300 of his fighters were killed, many while attempting to surrender, as well as several hundred non-combatants, who were killed in the bombardment. The other Swahili stockades did not resist and were destroyed after their surrender.

122: 924:

in exchange for cloth and metals and, for the first few years of the protectorate, ivory and rubber collected from indigenous vines were the principal elements of a tiny export trade. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil, which

852:

was planted. Settlers wanted labour and encouraged existing Africans to stay on the undeveloped land, and new workers (often migrants from Mozambique) to move onto it, and grow their own crops. From the late 1890s, when the estates started to produce coffee, the owners began to charge these tenants a

819:

One of the major legal problems facing Johnston was that of land claims. For up to 25 years before the protectorate was formed, a number of European traders, missionaries and others had claimed to have acquired often large areas of land through contracts signed with local chiefs, usually for derisory

756:

was influential within the kingdom, Johnston did not use force against it. It accepted British rule in 1904 on condition of retaining its own traditions. Its king was recognised as a paramount chief, the only one in the protectorate at that time, and received a government salary, whereas Gomani's son

740:

The Maseko Ngoni kingdom in the west of the protectorate had been the most powerful state in the region in the 1880s but was weakened by internal disputes and a civil war. Initially, Gomani, the victor in the civil war that ended in 1891, was on good terms with British officials and missionaries, but

640:

fixed the southern borders of what had been renamed the British Central Africa Protectorate. Although the Ruo River had been the provisional boundary between Portuguese and British spheres of influence since 1879, as part of the 1891 treaty and under strong British pressure, an area west of the Shire

603:

in Johnston's absence, despite the contrary Foreign Office instructions. It seems probable that Buchanan's action, made without reference to the Foreign Office, but following instructions that Johnston had left before he departed for the north, was to prevent any further advance by Serpa Pinto rather

550:

and Shire valleys and the vicinity, and to make conditional treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction. These conditional treaties of friendship did not amount to the establishment of a British protectorate but prevented those rulers from accepting protection from another state. On his

807:

in Zomba which, with the addition of a few technical advisers appointed soon after, formed the nucleus of his central administration. In 1892, Johnston received powers to set up courts and divide the protectorate into districts and, until 1904 when the Colonial Office assumed this responsibility, he

727:

had made between 1887 and 1889, with some unofficial British government support, to dislodge him and his followers and end the slave trade. Johnston had signed a truce with him in October 1889 and left him in peace until late 1895, despite Mlozi often breaking the terms of that truce. Johnston first

586:

moved up the Shire valley. Between them, these two expeditions made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. Serpa Pinto met Johnston in August 1889 east of the Ruo River, when Johnston advised him not to cross the river into the Shire Highlands. Previously, Serpa Pinto had acted with

705:

The Yao chiefdoms were closest to the European settlements in the Shire Highlands and, as early as August 1891, Johnston used his small force against three minor chiefs before attacking the most important Yao chief, who was based on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa. After initial success, Johnston's

632:

of 11 January 1890. This demanded that the Portuguese give up all claims to territories beyond the Ruo River and west of Lake Malawi. The Portuguese government accepted under duress and ordered their troops in the Shire valley to withdraw to the south bank of the Ruo. This order was received by the

537:

declined to accept responsibility for protecting the rudimentary British settlements in the Shire Highlands, despite unsubstantiated claims by the African Lakes Company of Portuguese interference with their trading activities. However, it also declined to negotiate with the Portuguese government on

919:

and other food crops for their own consumption. As the protectorate had no economic mineral resources, its colonial economy had to be based on agriculture, but before 1907 this had hardly started to develop. In pre-colonial times trade was limited to the export of ivory and forest products such as

815:

The power of existing chiefs were minimised in favour of direct rule by the Residents, as Johnston did not consider the chiefs should play any part in the administration of the protectorate. The exception was the Northern Ngoni Kingdom, which retained a significant degree of autonomy. In practice,

769:

to fund the administration of the newly-formed protectorate was part of an attempt by Cecil Rhodes to take over the administration of all the territory claimed by Britain north of the Zambezi. This was resisted, particularly by the Scottish missionaries and, in February 1891, Salisbury agreed to a

736:

and set out for Karonga. Without any prior warning, Johnston assaulted two of Mlozi's smaller stockades on 2 December and, on the same day, surrounded Mlozi's large, double-fenced fortified town, bombarding it for two days and finally assaulting it on 4 December, facing stiff resistance. Mlozi was

104: 928:

Before the railway opened, water was the most efficient means of transport. From the time of Livingstone's 1859 expedition, small steamers navigated the Zambezi-Lower Shire river system, and they were later introduced on the Upper Shire and Lake Malawi. The Upper and Lower Shire were separated by

879:

There was only one, rather limited, official census in this period, in 1901, which returned a population of 736,724. However, the African population was estimated on the basis of hut tax records with a multiplier for the average inhabitants per hut. As no taxes were collected in some areas in the

689:

In 1891, Johnston only controlled a fraction of the Shire Highlands, itself a small part of the whole protectorate, and initially had a force of only 70 Indian troops to impose British rule. These troops, later reinforced by Indian and African recruits, were used up to 1895 to fight several small

799:

as his base, the second moved to Zomba because it was closer to the slave route running from Lake Malawi to the coast. Johnston also preferred Zomba because of its relative isolation, healthiness and superb scenery, and it became the governor's residence and administrative capital throughout the

786:

Harry Johnston, who became Sir Henry at the end of his term, was Commissioner and Consul-General from 1 February 1891 to 16 April 1896. Alfred Sharpe, Sir Alfred from 1903, who had been Johnston's deputy from 1891, took over as Commissioner and Consul-General in 1896, serving until 1 April 1910

971:

to finance this railway, it declined to do so, but in 1901 it agreed in principle to the company building the proposed railway, and granted the company 146,300 hectares (361,600 acres) of land adjacent to the railway route. Because of delays over raising the funds needed for construction, and

880:

north of the protectorate in 1901, their inhabitants were estimated on the basis of occasional official visits. It is believed that much of the country was reasonably well populated in the mid-19th century, but by the 1880s large areas had become underpopulated through devastating raids by the

835:

In total, 59 Certificates of Claim to land rights were registered, mostly between 1892 and 1894, covering an area of 1,499,463 hectares (3,705,255 acres), or 15% of the total land area of the Protectorate. This included 1,093,614 hectares (2,702,379 acres) in the North Nyasa District that the

482:

by a group of local businessmen with links to the Presbyterian missions. Their aim was to set up a trade and transport concern that would work in close cooperation with the missions to combat the slave trade by introducing legitimate trade, to make a commercial profit, and to develop European

895:

east of the Shire Highlands estates, who became estate tenants. They began to arrive from 1899, and the 1921 census counted 108,204 "Anguru". Neither the 1901 nor the 1911 censuses recorded tribal affiliation, but the very substantial population increases in districts adjacent to Mozambique,

110: 710:

made a special grant to allow Johnston to recruit a further 200 Indian troops and also African mercenaries to take action to counter armed resistance and, by the end of 1895, the only Yao resistance was from small armed bands without fixed bases that were able to cross into Mozambique when

112: 111: 778:

would be both the Administrator of the British South Africa Company's territory and Commissioner and Consul-General of the protectorate, and would receive a payment of £10,000 a year from Rhodes towards the expenses of administering both territories. This arrangement lapsed in 1900, when

98: 102: 103: 109: 108: 105: 99: 97: 106: 95: 94: 93: 92: 96: 107: 101: 100: 619:

delta, which was deep enough to allow sea-going ships to enter the Zambezi, which was an international waterway, without having to enter Portuguese territory, whereas previously such ships had to use the port of Quelimane. Salisbury was also influenced by the offer by the

896:

especially Blantyre and Zomba districts, whose recorded populations more than doubled in this decade, suggest substantial immigration. In this period, relatively few Africans left the protectorate as migrant workers, but outward labour migration became more common later.

844:

estates. Except for this large grant in the Northern Region, much of the remaining land, some 351,000 hectares (867,000 acres) of estates, included much of the best arable land in the Shire Highlands, which was the most densely populated part of the country.

91: 714:

Next, Johnston prepared to attack Mlozi bin Kazbadema, the leader of the so-called "north end Arabs", although most of those that contemporary Europeans in East Africa described as Arabs were either Muslim Swahili from the east coast of Africa or

690:

wars against those unwilling to give up their independence. After this, until 1898, troops were used to assist the locally recruited police force to suppress the slave trade. The three main groups resisting British occupation were

89: 1554:

E. Mandala, (2006). Feeding and Fleecing the Native: How the Nyasaland Transport System Distorted a New Food Market, 1890s-1920s, The Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 32, No 3, pp.508-12

90: 1545:

B. Pachai, (1967). In The Wake of Livingstone and The British Administration: Some Considerations of Commerce and Christianity in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 42-3.

1145:

Sir Harry Johnston, (1897). British Central Africa: An Attempt to Give Some Account of a Portion of the Territories Under British Influence North of the Zambesi, New York, Edward Arnold p. 81

936:

Shallow draught steamers carrying 100 tons or less had to negotiate Lower Shire marshes and low-water hazards in the Zambezi and its delta to reach the small, poorly equipped coastal port of

506:

over much of Central Africa, without maintaining effective occupation over more than a small part of it. In 1879, the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the

3886: 1482:

R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi: An Analysis of the Censuses between 1901 and 1966 by G Coleman, The Society of Malawi Journal Volume 53, Nos. 1/2, p.109.

816:

however, the relatively few district officers required the cooperation of local chiefs it administer their districts and allowed chiefs to continue in their traditional roles.

649:, a port at one of the Zambezi delta mouths where sea-going ships could transfer goods and passengers to river boats. The northern border of the protectorate was agreed at the 571:

and Lower Shire valley, which were to be part of the Portuguese sphere. This went beyond what the Foreign Office was prepared to accept, and the proposal was later rejected.

3975: 3697: 853:

rent, usually satisfied by two months’ labour a year, of which one month was to meet the worker's tax obligation; however, some owners demanded longer periods of labour.

611:, west of Lake Malawi was also contrary to Foreign Office instructions. However, it was endorsed by the Foreign Office in May 1891. This was because the discovery of the 1033: 706:

forces were ambushed and forced to retreat and, during 1892, undertook no further action against the several Yao chief that rejected British control. However, in 1893,

624:

to fund the administration of the protectorate, which convinced him to bow to popular pressure. There followed an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of

377: 884:

and the famines which they caused or as the result of slave raiding. There may well have been large areas in the Shire Highlands that had been virtually depopulated.

933:, a small Shire River port. Transport of goods to river ports was by inefficient and costly head porterage, as the Shire valley was unsuitable for draught animals. 542:, as it was not regarded by the Foreign Office as under effective Portuguese occupation. In order to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent 3990: 2102: 860:

was imposed from 1895 in the Shire Highlands. This was gradually extended to the rest of the protectorate, becoming universal in 1906. It was nominally three

4010: 2556: 514:

valley as far north as the Ruo River. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance of their territorial claims, but the convening of the

3985: 732:

by paying him a subsidy and, in November 1895, he embarked a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen with artillery and machine guns on steamers at

4005: 1356:

R E Broeder (1979), Sir Alfred Sharpe and the Imposition of Colonial Rule on the Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 32, No. 1 pp. 27-9

3270: 808:

selected district officials with the title of Collectors of Revenue, Their official title later became Residents, and they were the predecessors of

752:

As the northern Ngoni kingdom did not threaten European trading interests, as it was far from European-owned estates, and as the Scottish mission at

57: 3864:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

1419:

B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 682-3, 685.

45: 591:

who had been left behind by Livingstone at the end of his Zambezi expedition in 1864 and had formed minor chieftainships, he crossed the Ruo to

574:

In 1888, the Portuguese government instructed its representatives in Portuguese East Africa to attempt to make treaties of protection with the

3429: 641:

and south of its confluence with the Ruo which had been controlled by an Afro-Portuguese family, was allocated to Britain and now forms the

4020: 3965: 3857: 3840: 3718: 940:

in Mozambique. Low water levels in Lake Nyasa reduced the Shire River's flow from 1896 to 1934, so the main river port was moved, first to

3309: 1572:

L. Vail (1975) The Making of an Imperial Slum: Nyasaland and Its Railways, 1895-1935, Journal of African History, Vol. 16, No. 1 pp. 91.

2999: 2993: 2095: 447: 3926: 4000: 3055: 1392:

B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.

1383:

B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.

972:

disputes over its route, it was not until early 1903 that construction began. The line was opened from Blantyre to Chiromo in 1907.

578:

chiefs southeast of Lake Malawi and in the Shire Highlands, and an expedition organised under Antonio Cardoso, a former governor of

809: 1226:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, Cambridge (Mass), p.15

1659: 959:. However, most of its proposed route was in Portuguese territory and Quelimane was only suitable for small ships. Also in 1895, 455: 559:

in Central Africa. The draft agreement reached in March 1889 would have created a British sphere including all the area west of

3995: 2903: 1806: 1733: 887:

Some of the shortfall in population may have been made good by the inward migration of families groups of so-called "Anguru",

3980: 3264: 2088: 1099: 526:

undertook a Portuguese expedition which reached the Shire Highlands, but it failed make any treaties of protection with the

3602: 3212: 2438: 1708: 774:

would be under company administration and what later became Nyasaland would be administered by the Foreign Office. However

1127:

F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182-3, 198-200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.

3542: 2209: 1874: 1718: 804: 3260: 546:

as British consul to Mozambique and the Interior, with instructions to report on the extent of Portuguese rule in the

3422: 2615: 1116: 864:

a year, but could be satisfied by one month's labour a year spent on a settler estate or working for the government.

3295: 3282: 1994: 1879: 1786: 633:

commander at Katunga on 8 March 1890 and all Portuguese forces had evacuated Katunga and Chiromo by 12 March.

4015: 3511: 3242: 2080: 964: 637: 518:

ended these bilateral discussions. Meanwhile, the African Lakes Company was attempting to obtain the status of a

3805: 3333: 2947: 2841: 2658: 2342: 1307:

P T Terry, (1965) The Arab War on Lake Nyasa 1887-1895 Part II, The Nyasaland Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 41-3

795:

as acting Commissioner from 1 October 1907 to 1 May 1908. Although the first Consul appointed in 1883 had used

654: 207: 1563:

G. L. Gamlen, (1935). Transport on the River Shire, Nyasaland, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 86, No. 5, p.451

787:(first as Commissioner and Consul-General and then as Governor of the Nyasaland Protectorate from 1907), with 3615: 3379: 3130: 2571:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 2468: 2400: 1437:

B. Pachai, (1978). Land and Politics in Malawi 1875-1975, Kingston (Ontario), The Limestone Press, pp. 36-7.

3415: 2865: 2789: 2765: 2759: 2116: 1884: 1771: 837: 766: 670: 621: 3832: 3498: 2348: 1842: 1723: 1652: 719:, who imitated Arab dress and customs but were rarely Muslims. Mlozi had defeated two attempts which the 3570: 3347: 3321: 3218: 2987: 1984: 1957: 1869: 951:

As early as 1895, Johnston suggested a line from the protectorate's main commercial town, Blantyre, to

749:

and shot on 27 October. Within a year, 5,000 of his former subjects were working in the Blantyre area.

4025: 3861:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 3504: 3460: 3182: 2893: 2568: 2538: 2296: 1776: 720: 475: 1974: 1590:

A.D.H. Leishman, (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 47

3685: 3393: 3340: 3248: 3206: 3170: 3124: 2739: 2388: 2330: 1933: 1796: 1756: 1581:

A.D.H. Leishman (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 46

691: 583: 575: 527: 523: 515: 899:

British occupation did not significantly change African society within the protectorate until the

3902: 3734: 3609: 3577: 3558: 3224: 3176: 3118: 2827: 2771: 2147: 1761: 1051: 975:

Modern communications began to be established in 1891, with the opening of the territory's first

775: 596: 582:, set off in November 1888 for the lake. Rather later, in early 1889, a second expedition led by 543: 488: 83: 3373: 3354: 3230: 3194: 2966: 2954: 2853: 2733: 2721: 2609: 2564: 2552: 2183: 1989: 1979: 1915: 1864: 1852: 1645: 1491:

L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press pp. 78-9.

944:, further from the main settlements below a steep escarpment and from 1908 to Port Herald (now 911:

Throughout the period of the protectorate, most of its people were subsistence farmers growing

868: 780: 629: 539: 1085:

John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77-9

3912: 3518: 2673: 2450: 2432: 2241: 2172: 1928: 1910: 1857: 1602:

P. A. Cole-King, "Transport and Communication in Malawi to 1891, with a summary to 1918", in

825: 792: 788: 745:

attacked and defeated Gomani's forces on 23 October 1896. Gomani was sentenced to death by a

587:

caution, but in September, following minor clashes between Serpa Pinto's advancing force and

281: 1338:

M. E. Leslie. (1971). Ncheu in the 1890s, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 24, No. 1 p. 72

1298:

L M Fotheringham, (1891). Adventures in Nyasaland, London, Gilbert & Rivington pp. 12-13

3823: 3641: 3554: 3488: 3466: 3367: 3327: 3236: 3200: 3138: 3063: 2751: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2009: 753: 1623:

De Robeck, A Pictorial Essay of the 1898 Provisional of British Central Africa - Nyasaland

510:(which currently forms the southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower 127:

Map of southern Africa, 1897. The British Central Africa Protectorate is shaded dark pink.

8: 3302: 3105: 3012: 2960: 2847: 2835: 2815: 2803: 2715: 2506: 2418: 1999: 1943: 1847: 1837: 1766: 1744: 1446:

B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, p. 683

556: 698:

groups around the centre and north of Lake Nyasa, both involved in the slave trade, and

555:

in early 1889 attempting to negotiate an acceptable agreement on Portuguese and British

3970: 3548: 3530: 3470: 3361: 3087: 3049: 3025: 3006: 2897: 2444: 2370: 2336: 2235: 2215: 2141: 1969: 1820: 1801: 1703: 1024: 451: 446:

area. This encouraged missionary activity that started in the 1860s, undertaken by the

1094:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, p. 51.

3908: 3494: 3112: 3077: 2809: 2697: 2645: 2639: 2623: 2462: 2456: 2406: 2376: 2306: 2055: 2048: 1938: 1898: 1832: 1791: 1680: 1672: 1112: 1095: 771: 658: 519: 439: 192: 1111:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, pp 276-7, 325-6.

3865: 3798: 3790: 3782: 3710: 3621: 3589: 3476: 3276: 3188: 2973: 2499: 2492: 2394: 2279: 2224: 2029: 796: 430:

proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day

170: 157: 2110: 3818: 3595: 3524: 3315: 3254: 3093: 2777: 2679: 2382: 2064: 2019: 2014: 1920: 1607: 900: 716: 662: 642: 568: 522:

from the British government, but it had not managed to do so by 1886. In 1885-86

483:

influence in the area. A mission and small trading settlement was established at

467: 348: 188: 1536:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 173, 176-8, 183.

3703: 3691: 3536: 3152: 3081: 3070: 2859: 2821: 2727: 2691: 2685: 2651: 2189: 2112: 2004: 1713: 980: 968: 960: 921: 888: 849: 695: 588: 534: 268: 226: 137: 702:

who had formed two aggressively expansionists kingdoms in the west and north.

3959: 3941: 3928: 3744: 3564: 2745: 2629: 2069: 984: 746: 742: 678: 666: 147: 3774: 3482: 3043: 3037: 3018: 2783: 2518: 2425: 2364: 2358: 1500:

L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 79-81, 86-9.

1464:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 24, 43.

1428:

R. I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 29-31.

881: 707: 699: 650: 427: 249: 180: 166: 3891: 3387: 3288: 3099: 2703: 2603: 2318: 2312: 1781: 1455:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 32-4.

1410:

R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 22-3.

1253:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 355.

1199:

M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 346.

1009: 976: 821: 724: 625: 564: 560: 511: 499: 498:

estates from the Portuguese crown were active in the lower valley of the

471: 2024: 963:

proposed building a railway from Blantyre to Chiromo, and he formed the

856:

In order to raise revenue, and also to increase the supply of labour, a

3164: 3145: 2888: 2667: 2286: 2203: 956: 892: 841: 840:

had acquired for its mineral potential and which was never turned into

829: 729: 503: 238: 967:

Limited in December 1895 to achieve this. Although Johnston urged the

3810: 2663: 2412: 2196: 1698: 1280:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 90-2.

1271:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 86-7.

1172:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 85-6.

1136:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 83-4.

992: 988: 952: 579: 507: 435: 395: 317: 20: 1473:

J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 94-5

1076:: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press p. 82. 3738: 3653: 2932: 2884: 2633: 2560: 2546: 2542: 2512: 2300: 1244:

F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 223-6.

1073: 930: 861: 733: 484: 162: 1637: 1509:

R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi, pp.111-13.

800:

colonial period although Blantyre remained the commercial centre.

791:

as acting Commissioner from 1 April 1907 to 30 September 1907 and

595:, now in Malawi. In response to this incursion, Johnston's deputy 538:

their claim that the Shire Highlands should be considered part of

3647: 2980: 2940: 2533: 2290: 2249: 1611: 941: 857: 783:

was formed as a separate protectorate with its own Administrator

616: 592: 547: 479: 443: 1190:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 53, 55.

438:

in 1907. British interest in the area arose from visits made by

3657: 3032: 2797: 2575: 2177: 1688: 1668: 1289:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 58-62.

996: 945: 937: 916: 674: 646: 612: 552: 431: 382: 1527:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 68-9.

1401:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 70-1.

1262:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 56-7.

1208:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 54-5.

1163:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 52-3.

3158: 2880: 2352: 912: 495: 184: 551:

way to take up his appointment, Johnston spent six weeks in

2709: 1518:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 68.

1374:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.

1235:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.

1217:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 55.

1181:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 54.

1154:

J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 53.

1034:

Postage stamps and postal history of British Central Africa

848:

In the first years of the protectorate, very little of the

1365:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 63

1347:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 65

1329:

J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 64

645:. The treaty also granted Britain a 99-year lease over 607:

Johnston's proclamation of a further protectorate, the

3763: 2896:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 502:

from the 1830s and the Portuguese government claimed

1017: 1013:

Evolution of the British Central Africa Protectorate

760: 3976:

Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa

757:only received comparable recognition in the 1930s. 3957: 867:The name of the protectorate was changed to the 19:For the later history of this protectorate, see 728:secured the neutrality of the Swahili ruler of 442:from 1858 onward during his exploration of the 1002: 824:. Where claims were accepted, Johnston issued 3991:States and territories disestablished in 1907 3423: 2096: 1653: 4011:1907 disestablishments in the British Empire 3858:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 3841:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3719:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 1598: 1596: 803:In 1896, Johnston set up a small government 694:chiefs in the south of the protectorate and 530:chiefs in territories west of Lake Malawi. 3986:States and territories established in 1893 3430: 3416: 2103: 2089: 1660: 1646: 121: 4006:1891 establishments in the British Empire 1593: 1044: 983:until after the railway was opened, when 770:compromise under which what later became 2902:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 1632:Fred J. Melville, British Central Africa 1023: 1008: 906: 340:109,342 km (42,217 sq mi) 448:Universities' Mission to Central Africa 3958: 3887:Historical flags of the British Empire 3871:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 16:British protectorate from 1893 to 1907 3762: 3674: 3411: 2920: 2592: 2267: 2160: 2084: 1641: 1028:Stamp displaying the BCA coat of arms 828:(in effect the grant of freehold, or 1709:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1054:. Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 178 1052:"Census of the British empire. 1901" 891:speaking migrants from the parts of 3966:British Central Africa Protectorate 3698:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 2541:. British Cameroons is now part of 1694:British Central Africa Protectorate 1667: 979:at Chiromo. This remained the main 420:British Central Africa Protectorate 30:British Central Africa Protectorate 13: 2557:unilaterally declared independence 2252:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 1732: 14: 4037: 3764:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 3743:Occupied by Argentina during the 3675: 2921: 1018:Postage stamps and postal history 761:Administration and the land issue 657:in 1890. Its western border with 491:took up residence there in 1883. 4001:1907 disestablishments in Africa 3907: 3898: 3897: 3310:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 684: 609:Nyasaland Districts Protectorate 400: 375: 87: 56: 44: 4021:Malawi–United Kingdom relations 1626: 1617: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1422: 1413: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1274: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1157: 999:was established in April 1898. 965:Shire Highlands Railway Company 673:, which governed what is today 3806:Australian Antarctic Territory 2662:since 1965 (before as part of 2659:British Indian Ocean Territory 2545:, while Tanganyika is part of 2176:since 1960 (before as part of 1318:A History of Malawi, 1859-1966 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1105: 1088: 1079: 1066: 1: 3996:1891 establishments in Africa 1038: 874: 533:As late as 1888, the British 3981:Former British protectorates 2117:British Overseas Territories 991:connection from Blantyre to 838:British South Africa Company 767:British South Africa Company 671:British South Africa Company 665:between Lake Malawi and the 638:1891 Anglo-Portuguese treaty 622:British South Africa Company 601:Shire Highlands Protectorate 478:Limited, was established in 7: 3833:British Antarctic Territory 3543:Western Pacific Territories 3437: 1724:Political history of Malawi 1604:The Early History of Malawi 1003:History of the protectorate 10: 4042: 3571:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 2988:British Arctic Territories 2268: 2161: 1031: 18: 3882: 3851: 3811:Commonwealth of Australia 3769: 3758: 3729: 3681: 3670: 3636: 3443: 3407: 3213:Newfoundland and Labrador 2927: 2916: 2894:League of Nations mandate 2875: 2599: 2588: 2569:Lancaster House Agreement 2539:League of Nations mandate 2528: 2274: 2263: 2167: 2156: 2123: 2042: 1965: 1956: 1906: 1897: 1828: 1819: 1752: 1743: 1730: 1679: 987:became the postal hub. A 661:was fixed in 1891 at the 476:African Lakes Corporation 470:south of Lake Nyasa (now 461: 354: 344: 336: 331: 327: 314: 304: 300: 292: 288: 274: 264:• 1893-1896 (first) 262: 258: 248: 244: 232: 220: 216: 206: 198: 176: 153: 143: 132: 120: 78: 70: 40: 35: 28: 3341:Turks and Caicos Islands 2648:(protectorate) 1907–1949 2593: 2220:(integrated into the UK) 584:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto 524:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto 516:Berlin Conference (1884) 494:Concessionaires holding 3624:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 3449:18th and 19th centuries 3265:Queen Charlotte Islands 3225:North-Western Territory 3197:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 2800:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 2465:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 2148:Commonwealth of Nations 776:Henry Hamilton Johnston 655:Anglo-German Convention 544:Henry Hamilton Johnston 456:Free Church of Scotland 202:Constitutional monarchy 84:God Save the Queen/King 4016:20th century in Malawi 3374:West Indies Federation 2563:) and continued as an 2146:Current member of the 1737: 1029: 1014: 869:Nyasaland Protectorate 810:District Commissioners 781:North-Eastern Rhodesia 669:by agreement with the 630:1890 British Ultimatum 567:but not including the 540:Portuguese East Africa 487:in 1876 and a British 318:Nyasaland Protectorate 3296:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2567:state until the 1979 2173:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1736: 1027: 1012: 907:Economy and transport 826:Certificates of Claim 793:William Henry Manning 789:Francis Barrow Pearce 721:African Lakes Company 282:Francis Barrow Pearce 154:Common languages 136:Protectorate of 3824:Realm of New Zealand 3822:(transferred to the 3809:(transferred to the 3642:Realm of New Zealand 3243:Prince Edward Island 3121:1671–1816, 1833–1960 1807:World Heritage Sites 1316:J McCracken (2012). 628:was followed by the 557:spheres of influence 3938: / 3855:Since 2009 part of 3747:of April–June 1982. 3334:Trinidad and Tobago 2948:Antigua and Barbuda 2848:Straits Settlements 306:• Established 276:• 1907 (last) 3007:Cape Breton Island 2898:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 2740:Unfederated States 2555:Southern Rhodesia 2142:Commonwealth realm 1885:Traditional Courts 1738: 1704:Chilembwe uprising 1072:L. White, (1987). 1030: 1015: 452:Church of Scotland 316:• Changed to 3942:13.500°S 34.000°E 3921: 3920: 3878: 3877: 3754: 3753: 3686:Providence Island 3666: 3665: 3631: 3630: 3499:Western Australia 3467:Van Diemen's Land 3403: 3402: 3380:Associated States 3078:Columbia District 2912: 2911: 2766:Manila and Cavite 2584: 2583: 2463:Southern Rhodesia 2457:South-West Africa 2407:Northern Rhodesia 2319:Cape of Good Hope 2259: 2258: 2136:Current territory 2078: 2077: 2038: 2037: 1952: 1951: 1893: 1892: 1875:Political parties 1870:National Assembly 1843:Foreign relations 1815: 1814: 1100:978-1-84701-050-6 772:Northern Rhodesia 765:The offer by the 659:Northern Rhodesia 520:Chartered company 440:David Livingstone 434:: it was renamed 426:) was a British 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 388: 387: 234:• 1901-1907 222:• 1893-1901 113: 74:Light in Darkness 4033: 4026:Former countries 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3911: 3901: 3900: 3866:Antarctic Treaty 3827: 3814: 3799:Falkland Islands 3791:Tristan da Cunha 3783:Ascension Island 3760: 3759: 3711:Falkland Islands 3672: 3671: 3640:Now part of the 3512:Pitcairn Islands 3477:Auckland Islands 3446: 3445: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3394:Windward Islands 3348:Vancouver Island 3125:MassachusettsBay 2994:British Columbia 2918: 2917: 2734:Federated States 2590: 2589: 2500:Tristan da Cunha 2469:Southern Nigeria 2401:Northern Nigeria 2280:Ascension Island 2265: 2264: 2221: 2158: 2157: 2132:Former territory 2129: 2105: 2098: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2058: 2051: 1963: 1962: 1924: 1904: 1903: 1826: 1825: 1757:Cities and towns 1750: 1749: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1109: 1103: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1048: 871:on 6 July 1907. 404: 403: 392: 391: 379: 378: 372: 371: 356: 355: 284: 193:Tumbuka religion 125: 115: 114: 60: 48: 26: 25: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4030: 3956: 3955: 3947:-13.500; 34.000 3946: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3874: 3847: 3821: 3819:Ross Dependency 3808: 3765: 3750: 3725: 3677: 3662: 3632: 3627: 3583: 3578:Solomon Islands 3525:North Australia 3505:South Australia 3461:New South Wales 3439: 3436: 3399: 3119:Leeward Islands 2923: 2908: 2871: 2778:Muscat and Oman 2595: 2580: 2524: 2270: 2255: 2219: 2163: 2152: 2127: 2119: 2109: 2079: 2074: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2034: 1948: 1922: 1889: 1811: 1739: 1728: 1719:1993 referendum 1675: 1666: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614:, 1972), p. 87. 1608:Bridglal Pachai 1601: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1106: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1020: 1005: 909: 901:First World War 877: 763: 723:Limited in the 717:Nyamwezi people 711:challenged. 687: 663:drainage divide 653:as part of the 643:Nsanje District 615:channel in the 569:Shire Highlands 468:Shire Highlands 464: 401: 376: 349:Rhodesian pound 320: 307: 280: 277: 265: 235: 223: 189:Bantu mythology 161: 128: 116: 88: 66: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 49: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3779: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3692:Willoughbyland 3689: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3464: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3355:Virgin Islands 3351: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3322:South Carolina 3319: 3313: 3306: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3219:North Carolina 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3153:Mosquito Coast 3150: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3082:Oregon Country 3075: 3071:Cayman Islands 3067: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2891: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2860:Trucial States 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2553:Self-governing 2550: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2325:Central Africa 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2213: 2210:Ionian Islands 2207: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2113:British Empire 2108: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1934:Communications 1931: 1929:Stock Exchange 1926: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1787:National parks 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714:Hastings Banda 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1340: 1331: 1322: 1309: 1300: 1291: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1120: 1104: 1087: 1078: 1065: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1032:Main article: 1019: 1016: 1004: 1001: 981:sorting office 969:Foreign Office 961:Eugene Sharrer 922:natural rubber 908: 905: 876: 873: 850:alienated land 762: 759: 686: 683: 535:Foreign Office 463: 460: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 398: 389: 386: 385: 380: 368: 367: 362: 352: 351: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 285: 278: 275: 272: 271: 269:Harry Johnston 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 233: 230: 229: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 178: 174: 173: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 138:British Empire 134: 130: 129: 126: 118: 117: 86: 76: 75: 68: 67: 62: 55: 54: 50: 43: 42: 41: 38: 37: 33: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4038: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3745:Falklands War 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3676:South America 3673: 3669: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565:Union Islands 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3277:Rupert's Land 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3237:Paulet affair 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183:New Hampshire 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171:New Brunswick 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2922:North America 2919: 2915: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2842:South Vietnam 2840: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 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martial 744: 743:Alfred Sharpe 738: 735: 734:Fort Johnston 731: 726: 722: 718: 712: 709: 703: 701: 697: 693: 685:Consolidation 682: 680: 679:Royal Charter 676: 672: 668: 667:Luangwa River 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 634: 631: 627: 623: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 598: 597:John Buchanan 594: 590: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 399: 397: 394: 393: 390: 384: 381: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 326: 322: 319: 313: 309: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 273: 270: 267: 261: 257: 253: 251: 247: 243: 240: 237: 231: 228: 225: 219: 215: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 159: 156: 152: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 124: 119: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 59: 47: 39: 34: 27: 22: 3923: 3856: 3839: 3831: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3775:Saint Helena 3773: 3717: 3709: 3559:Cook Islands 3510: 3483:New Hebrides 3452:20th century 3368:West Florida 3353: 3339: 3271:Rhode Island 3249:Pennsylvania 3207:Newfoundland 3144: 3069: 3019:East Florida 2990:16th c.–1880 2979: 2931: 2828:Crown Colony 2816:Pulo Condore 2790:Crown Colony 2784:North Borneo 2657: 2616:Protectorate 2565:unrecognised 2559:in 1965 (as 2498: 2451:South Africa 2439:Sierra Leone 2426:Saint Helena 2424: 2419:Orange River 2324: 2297:Bechuanaland 2278: 2236:Protectorate 2195: 2171: 2135: 2115:and Current 1990:Demographics 1980:Coat of arms 1916:Central bank 1853:Human rights 1693: 1628: 1619: 1606:, edited by 1603: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1107: 1090: 1081: 1068: 1056:. Retrieved 1046: 1021: 1006: 974: 950: 935: 927: 910: 898: 886: 882:Ngoni people 878: 866: 855: 847: 834: 818: 814: 802: 785: 764: 754:Livingstonia 751: 739: 713: 708:Cecil Rhodes 704: 700:Ngoni people 688: 681:until 1924. 651:Songwe River 635: 608: 606: 600: 573: 532: 493: 465: 428:protectorate 423: 419: 417: 365:Succeeded by 364: 359: 250:Commissioner 181:Christianity 79: 72:Motto: 71: 63:Coat of arms 3945: / 3892:Anglosphere 3610:New Zealand 3519:New Zealand 3388:West Jersey 3303:Saint Lucia 3289:Saint Kitts 3283:Saint Croix 3263:1763–1791* 3231:Nova Scotia 3177:New England 3133:, 1691–1776 3100:East Jersey 3088:Connecticut 2967:Bay Islands 2854:Transjordan 2772:Mesopotamia 2610:Afghanistan 2604:Aden Colony 2389:Niger Coast 2355:) 1874–1957 2331:East Africa 2313:Cape Colony 2303:) 1884–1966 2293:) 1868–1966 1911:Agriculture 1782:Lake Malawi 1058:26 December 977:post office 822:sovereignty 805:Secretariat 725:Karonga War 626:arbitration 599:declared a 565:Mashonaland 512:Shire River 500:Shire River 472:Lake Malawi 360:Preceded by 323:6 July 1907 3960:Categories 3844:since 1908 3836:since 1908 3802:since 1833 3794:since 1816 3786:since 1815 3778:since 1658 3735:department 3722:since 1908 3714:since 1833 3515:since 1838 3495:Swan River 3489:Queensland 3376:1958–1962 3358:since 1666 3344:since 1799 3195:New Jersey 3165:New Albion 3149:since 1632 3146:Montserrat 3127:1629–1691 3074:since 1670 2996:1858–1866 2984:since 1619 2936:since 1650 2889:Bangladesh 2824:1841–1946 2786:1882–1963 2752:Federation 2730:1819–1826 2668:Seychelles 2612:1839–1842 2503:since 1816 2487:Tanganyika 2445:Somaliland 2433:Seychelles 2429:since 1658 2349:Gold Coast 2343:The Gambia 2287:Basutoland 2283:since 1815 2225:Free State 2218:1542–1800 2204:Heligoland 2200:since 1713 1923:(currency) 1772:Ecoregions 1320:, pp. 61-3 1039:References 957:Mozambique 893:Mozambique 875:Population 842:plantation 830:fee simple 730:Nkhotakota 561:Lake Nyasa 504:suzerainty 239:Edward VII 199:Government 160:(official) 3971:Nyasaland 3828:1841–1947 3815:1841–1933 3706:1831–1966 3700:1670–1688 3694:1651–1667 3688:1631–1641 3618:1914–1962 3612:1907–1947 3605:1901–1942 3603:Australia 3598:1900–1974 3592:1900–1970 3580:1893–1978 3573:1892–1979 3567:1889–1948 3561:1888–1901 3555:Rarotonga 3551:1884–1902 3545:1877–1976 3539:1874–1970 3533:1851–1901 3527:1846–1847 3521:1841–1907 3507:1836–1901 3501:1829–1901 3491:1824–1901 3485:1824–1980 3479:1807–1863 3473:1803–1901 3463:1788–1901 3396:1833–1960 3390:1674–1702 3382:1967–1983 3370:1763–1783 3364:1607–1776 3350:1849–1866 3336:1889–1962 3330:1862–1863 3324:1712–1776 3318:1635–1644 3312:1627–1979 3305:1605–1979 3298:1882–1983 3291:1623–1983 3285:1625–1650 3279:1670–1870 3273:1636–1776 3267:1853–1863 3257:1620–1691 3251:1681–1776 3245:1763–1873 3233:1713–1867 3227:1859–1870 3221:1712–1776 3215:1583–1907 3209:1907–1949 3203:1664–1776 3191:1637–1662 3189:New Haven 3185:1680–1776 3179:1686–1689 3173:1784–1867 3161:1628–1983 3155:1655–1860 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2493:Transvaal 2489:1922–1961 2483:1899–1956 2477:1893–1968 2475:Swaziland 2471:1900–1914 2459:1915–1931 2453:1910–1931 2447:1884–1960 2441:1792–1961 2435:1903–1976 2421:1900–1910 2415:1891–1964 2413:Nyasaland 2409:1924–1964 2403:1900–1914 2397:1914–1960 2391:1884–1900 2385:1856–1910 2379:1810–1968 2377:Mauritius 2373:1807–1808 2367:1862–1906 2361:1920–1963 2345:1816–1965 2339:1882–1922 2333:1895–1920 2327:1891–1907 2321:1806–1910 2315:1795–1803 2309:1919–1961 2307:Cameroons 2244:1813–1964 2238:1800–1813 2227:1921–1931 2212:1809–1864 2206:1807–1890 2197:Gibraltar 2192:1878–1960 2186:1794–1796 2140:*Current 2000:Education 1944:Transport 1880:President 1848:Judiciary 1838:Elections 1767:Districts 1745:Geography 1699:Nyasaland 1610:(London, 993:Cape Town 989:telegraph 953:Quelimane 862:shillings 580:Quelimane 563:and also 508:Ruo River 436:Nyasaland 396:Nyasaland 177:Religion 36:1893–1907 21:Nyasaland 3903:Category 3739:Colombia 3654:Kiribati 3531:Victoria 3471:Tasmania 3362:Virginia 3328:Stickeen 3316:Saybrook 3255:Plymouth 3201:New York 3139:Maryland 3131:Province 3094:Delaware 3064:Carolina 3056:Dominion 3050:Province 3013:Dominica 2961:Barbados 2933:Anguilla 2904:disputed 2885:Pakistan 2760:Maldives 2634:Billiton 2561:Rhodesia 2547:Tanzania 2543:Cameroon 2519:Zululand 2513:Zanzibar 2301:Botswana 2065:Category 2025:Religion 1970:Abortion 1865:Military 1821:Politics 1802:Wildlife 1673:articles 1074:Magomero 931:Chikwawa 797:Blantyre 485:Blantyre 454:and the 345:Currency 227:Victoria 3933:34°00′E 3930:13°30′S 3894:culture 3648:Vanuatu 3438:Oceania 3113:Jamaica 3106:Georgia 3026:Grenada 2981:Bermuda 2955:Bahamas 2941:Antigua 2822:Sarawak 2534:Namibia 2395:Nigeria 2371:Madeira 2291:Lesotho 2250:Minorca 2216:Ireland 2184:Corsica 2111:Former 2049:Outline 1985:Culture 1958:Society 1939:Tourism 1921:Kwacha 1899:Economy 1833:Cabinet 1792:Regions 1777:Islands 1762:Climate 1681:History 1612:Longman 942:Chiromo 858:Hut tax 696:Swahili 617:Zambezi 593:Chiromo 548:Zambezi 480:Glasgow 444:Zambezi 293:History 208:Monarch 171:Tumbuka 158:English 144:Capital 80:Anthem: 3913:Portal 3733:Now a 3704:Guiana 3658:Tuvalu 3261:Quebec 3033:Canada 2974:Belize 2866:Weihai 2810:Penang 2798:Padang 2728:Malaya 2722:Labuan 2716:Kuwait 2692:Cyprus 2686:Ceylon 2680:Brunei 2652:Borneo 2646:Bhutan 2640:Bengal 2576:Zambia 2507:Uganda 2269:Africa 2242:Colony 2232:Malta 2190:Cyprus 2178:Cyprus 2162:Europe 2128:Legend 2070:Portal 2030:Sports 2010:Health 1975:Anthem 1797:Rivers 1689:Maravi 1671: 1669:Malawi 1115: 1098: 997:Umtali 946:Nsanje 938:Chinde 917:millet 677:under 675:Zambia 647:Chinde 613:Chinde 589:Kololo 553:Lisbon 489:consul 462:Origin 450:, the 432:Malawi 383:Maravi 296: 254: 212: 133:Status 82: 3656:and * 3622:Nauru 3616:Samoa 3590:Tonga 3549:Papua 3159:Nevis 3044:Upper 3038:Lower 2881:India 2746:Union 2704:India 2674:Burma 2630:Banka 2481:Sudan 2383:Natal 2365:Lagos 2359:Kenya 2353:Ghana 2337:Egypt 2056:Index 2020:Music 2015:Media 985:Limbe 913:maize 889:Lomwe 496:prazo 185:Islam 163:Chewa 148:Zomba 3652:Now 3646:Now 3596:Niue 3537:Fiji 3239:1843 3167:1579 2887:and 2879:Now 2710:Java 2666:and 2632:and 2594:Asia 2574:Now 2532:Now 2005:Flag 1858:LGBT 1113:ISBN 1096:ISBN 1060:2013 995:via 466:The 418:The 337:1904 332:Area 310:1893 51:Flag 3737:of 955:in 948:). 692:Yao 636:An 576:Yao 528:Yao 424:BCA 167:Yao 3962:: 2883:, 1595:^ 915:, 191:, 187:, 183:, 169:, 165:, 3868:. 3826:) 3813:) 3608:* 3601:* 3576:* 3557:/ 3497:/ 3469:/ 3431:e 3424:t 3417:v 3308:* 3301:* 3294:* 3111:* 3080:/ 3031:* 3024:* 2972:* 2953:* 2946:* 2939:* 2670:) 2549:. 2351:( 2299:( 2289:( 2180:) 2104:e 2097:t 2090:v 1661:e 1654:t 1647:v 1102:. 1062:. 422:( 23:.

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