441:
429:
417:
467:
253:
316:
44:
490:, often based along triangular or trapezoid plans. Because of the need to use specialist workers, the construction process was slow and expensive. He was also an early supporter of using wire entanglements for defensive purposes. In an 1879 pamphlet, he advocated the use of wire barricades against infantry assaults.
336:
in north-east
Belgium. Despite being officially warned off the politically unpopular project, he continued. In the mid 1850s, he published a series of pamphlets arguing for the reorganization and expansion of the tiny Belgian navy, which he believed could be used for imperialist purposes projecting
478:
Brialmont believed that, in order to protect cities from long-range artillery, it was important to move fortifications several miles outside the city itself. On average the forts he constructed were situated 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) outside the settlement they were intended to defend.
163:. He finished his careers as Inspector-General of the Army. Brialmont was also an active pamphleteer and political campaigner and lobbied through his career for reform and expansion of the Belgian military and was also involved in the foundation of the
556:
While the
Bucharest fortifications never served their intended defensive purpose, they were a major influence on the subsequent development and urban planning of the city. The routes constructed to link the forts served as the basis for the modern
224:, Mathieu served in the Dutch army and, after Belgian independence in 1830, joined the Belgian army. In 1849 he was made General, and was appointed Minister of War in 1850. Although Venlo is not situated in Belgium today, the whole of Limburg was
323:
From his early career, Brialmont advocated expanding the importance of the
Belgian army. In 1850, he convinced his father to resign his ministerial post rather than consent to a lowering of defence spending. His stance put him into conflict with
454:
As a result of
Brialmont's lobbying, Belgium undertook an ambitious programme of fortress design between 1887 and 1892. In addition to forts built at Antwerp after 1859 on Brialmont's instructions, twelve new forts were built at
158:
and designer of fortifications. Brialmont qualified as an officer in the
Belgian army engineers in 1843 and quickly rose up the ranks. He served as a staff officer, and later was given command of the district of the key port of
344:(the future King Leopold II) was impressed by his ideas and the two corresponded frequently. Brialmont felt that colonial expansion was essential to make Belgium a world power, and was an energetic supporter of Leopold II's
239:
Henri-Alexis performed poorly at school but succeeded in getting into a military academy. In 1859, during his military career, he married the daughter of the journalist and leading figure of the
Belgian Revolution,
497:
in 1914. The system of fortifications established by
Brialmont was at the heart of the ultimately unsuccessful Belgian defensive strategy and led to decisive battles at major fortified regions, including the
980:
482:
In order to guarantee effective protection, a number of forts distributed around the city's perimeter were required. Using new materials, many of these newer fortifications were built of
211:
549:. Brialmont was refused permission by the Belgian government to visit Romania in his official capacity and instead went to Romania as a private citizen. Work on the
264:
of the
Engineers. He quickly rose up the ranks, being promoted to lieutenant in 1847. From 1847 to 1850 he was private secretary to the war minister, General Baron
299:
at
Antwerp. However, during his whole military career, Brialmont never once served in a war, even though some Belgian soldiers served as volunteers during the
1068:
1088:
510:
between August and
October 1914. Ultimately the fortifications proved ineffective against new, large caliber German siege artillery such as the
1083:
553:
around Bucharest began in 1883 and lasted until 1900. On his return he was accused by Frère-Orban of having endangered Belgian neutrality.
835:
394:
348:, which he even helped to found, from the 1880s. Nevertheless, Brialmont refused the offer of becoming Leopold II's aide-de-camp.
1078:
1063:
578:
1073:
365:
Brialmont was an energetic writer on military and political subjects. In 1851, he published his first major work, entitled
300:
1014:
1048:
292:
931:
872:
853:
585:. The fort, based on those designed by Brialmont at the Meuse, was designed to house coastal artillery to protect the
1058:
891:
494:
221:
187:
68:
147:
175:
295:
of 1870–71, Brialmont, then a colonel, served as chief-of-staff of the Army of Antwerp, assigned to defending the
265:
241:
225:
416:
440:
428:
865:
The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Neutral States: Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland
550:
296:
1053:
829:
1043:
325:
17:
351:
In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, Brialmont became an advocate for the abolition of the
521:
After the end of the First World War, some of the forts were upgraded and also saw service in the
515:
507:
329:
233:
332:. From 1855, he began campaigning for restructuring of the defenses of the crucial port city of
288:
and later to Inspector-General of the Army; a post which he held until his retirement in 1892.
511:
503:
341:
207:
1038:
1033:
570:
393:. He also wrote a number of historical works, including an account of the campaigns of the
304:
155:
558:
8:
493:
The Brialmont forts would be used for the first time after Brialmont's death during the
178:. The fortifications he designed in Belgium at the end of the 1880s around the towns of
594:
574:
538:
534:
285:
229:
170:
Today, Brialmont is best known for the fortifications which he designed in Belgium and
499:
466:
927:
887:
868:
849:
590:
522:
471:
942:
910:
582:
345:
164:
369:, which was well received. He wrote a number of books on fortifications including
357:
system of conscription and the adoption of a form of universal military service.
216:
542:
460:
387:
Progrès de la défense des états et de la fortification permanente depuis Vauban
252:
183:
828:
1027:
824:
474:, near Liège, which was designed by Brialmont and built between 1881 and 1884
277:
315:
914:
353:
269:
846:
Philosophers of War: the Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers
586:
340:
Although King Leopold I was deeply opposed to Brialmont's plans, his son
280:
and was appointed to oversee the fortifications of Belgium's major port,
191:
154:
army officer, politician and writer of the 19th century, best known as a
74:
545:
in 1877) against invasion and to enhance the status of its new capital,
186:
and Antwerp would play an important role during the early stages of the
994:
Louis LECONTE, "Coup d'oeil sur la marine de guerre belge, 1830-1912",
839:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 515.
487:
220:
during the Napoleonic Wars and had reached the rank of captain. During
1018:
546:
375:
Influence du tir plongeant et des obus-torpilles sur la fortification
236:
in 1839 and today Limburg is divided in a Dutch and a Belgian part.
573:, one of Brialmont's pupils, was instrumental in the design of the
483:
139:
94:
949:. Vol. 1. Brussels: Koninklijke Vlaamse Academiën van België.
456:
268:. In 1855 he entered the staff corps, was promoted to the rank of
256:
Painting depicting a Belgian fort of the period under construction
179:
43:
788:
786:
784:
333:
281:
273:
171:
160:
151:
98:
732:
730:
742:
383:
La Défense des états et la fortification à la fin du XIX siècle
781:
754:
727:
203:
135:
64:
884:
Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 1920-1940
228:
over which the Belgian government claimed control after the
589:, the main artery in Leopold II's personal colony, against
537:
to design a series of fortifications to protect the new
117:
Contributions to military engineering and fortifications
987:
Général WAUWERMANS, "Le lieutenant général Brialmont",
803:
801:
367:
Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Belgique
715:
705:
703:
690:
688:
686:
673:
671:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
612:
610:
260:
Brialmont graduated from military school in 1843 as a
771:
769:
232:. Belgium was forced to relinquish its claims at the
798:
360:
996:
Bulletin de la Presse et de Bibliographie militaire
700:
683:
668:
645:
622:
607:
516:
305 millimetres (12.0 in) Model 1911 howitzers
766:
844:Coetzee, Daniel; Eysturlid, Lee W., eds. (2013).
1025:
881:
862:
843:
792:
760:
748:
736:
882:Machedon, LuminiĹŁa; Scoffham, Ernie (1999).
284:, the same year. In 1877 he was promoted to
293:Belgian response to the Franco-Prussian War
541:(which received its independence from the
389:(1898). In 1872, he created the newspaper
1069:President of the Royal Academy of Belgium
1000:Louis LECONTE, "Henri-Alexis Brialmont",
863:Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2014).
512:420 millimetres (17 in) "Big Bertha"
1004:, vol. 30, Brussels, 1958, col. 212-230.
823:
721:
465:
314:
251:
1089:19th-century Belgian military personnel
940:
848:. Vol. 1. S.l.: Praeger Pub Text.
533:In 1882, Brialmont was commissioned by
319:Statue of Brialmont in central Brussels
310:
14:
1026:
867:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
303:(1861–67) and during fighting for the
1084:19th-century Dutch military personnel
900:
807:
709:
694:
677:
662:
639:
616:
272:in 1861, lieutenant-colonel in 1864,
981:La Belgique Artistique et Littéraire
968:(contenant les mémoires du général).
924:Barbed Wire: an Ecology of Modernity
921:
775:
276:in 1868. In 1874 he was promoted to
27:Belgian military engineer and writer
973:Un Précurseur: le général Brialmont
926:. S.l.: Wesleyan University Press.
202:Henri-Alexis Brialmont was born in
174:and would influence another in the
24:
958:
901:Mayer, Émile (1929). "Brialmont".
407:Classic Brialmont fortress designs
400:
247:
25:
1100:
1008:
947:Nationaal Biografisch Woordenboek
371:La Fortification du temps présent
361:Political and historical writings
1002:Biographie nationale de Belgique
439:
427:
415:
176:Democratic Republic of the Congo
42:
830:"Brialmont, Henri Alexis"
1079:19th-century Belgian engineers
13:
1:
978:L. CHÔMÉ, "Brialmont poète",
600:
486:and incorporated retractable
197:
148:the French military architect
1074:19th-century Dutch engineers
793:Machedon & Scoffham 1999
761:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014
749:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014
737:Kaufmann & Kaufmann 2014
564:
7:
593:. The fort was the site of
214:, had served in the French
142:, 21 July 1903), nicknamed
10:
1105:
1049:Belgian military engineers
817:
528:
495:German invasion of Belgium
337:Belgian influence abroad.
188:German invasion of Belgium
1064:Belgium–Romania relations
943:"Brialmont, Henri Alexis"
121:
113:
105:
83:
50:
41:
34:
1059:Dutch military engineers
903:Revue d'histoire moderne
342:Leopold, Duke of Brabant
1015:Brialmont, Henri-Alexis
836:Encyclopædia Britannica
591:Portuguese encroachment
535:King Carol I of Romania
915:10.3406/rhmc.1927.3413
475:
379:Les Régions fortifiées
320:
257:
138:, 25 May 1821 –
132:Henri-Alexis Brialmont
36:Henri-Alexis Brialmont
989:La Belgique militaire
922:Netz, Reviel (2009).
469:
391:La Belgique Militaire
318:
255:
222:Dutch rule in Belgium
210:in 1821. His father,
941:Verbeke, H. (1964).
595:a significant mutiny
470:The entrance to the
326:Walthère Frère-Orban
311:Political activities
305:Unification of Italy
226:a disputed territory
577:(built 1891–94) at
569:Captain-Commandant
559:Bucharest ring-road
886:. Cambridge: MIT.
575:Fort de Shinkakasa
539:Kingdom of Romania
476:
395:Duke of Wellington
321:
286:Lieutenant General
258:
230:Belgian Revolution
156:military architect
144:The Belgian Vauban
69:United Netherlands
1054:People from Venlo
984:, September 1906.
523:Battle of Belgium
422:Triangular design
301:Mexican Adventure
212:Mathieu Brialmont
129:
128:
78:
16:(Redirected from
1096:
1044:Belgian soldiers
950:
937:
918:
897:
878:
859:
840:
832:
811:
805:
796:
790:
779:
773:
764:
758:
752:
751:, pp. 86–7.
746:
740:
734:
725:
719:
713:
707:
698:
692:
681:
675:
666:
660:
643:
637:
620:
614:
583:Congo Free State
551:ring of 18 forts
500:Battles of Liège
443:
434:Trapezoid design
431:
419:
346:Congo Free State
297:National Redoubt
234:Treaty of London
165:Congo Free State
90:
72:
60:
58:
46:
32:
31:
21:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1024:
1023:
1011:
961:
959:Further reading
955:
934:
894:
875:
856:
820:
815:
814:
806:
799:
791:
782:
774:
767:
759:
755:
747:
743:
735:
728:
720:
716:
708:
701:
693:
684:
676:
669:
661:
646:
638:
623:
615:
608:
603:
571:Émile Wangermée
567:
531:
452:
451:
450:
447:
444:
435:
432:
423:
420:
409:
408:
403:
401:Fortress design
363:
313:
262:Sous-lieutenant
250:
248:Military career
242:Louis de Potter
200:
125:Justa de Potter
101:
92:
88:
79:
71:
62:
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:External links
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
992:
985:
976:
969:
960:
957:
953:
952:
951:, col. 267-70.
938:
933:978-0819569592
932:
919:
898:
892:
879:
874:978-1783463923
873:
860:
855:978-0275989774
854:
841:
827:, ed. (1911).
825:Chisholm, Hugh
819:
816:
813:
812:
810:, p. 183.
797:
780:
765:
753:
741:
726:
724:, p. 515.
714:
712:, p. 182.
699:
697:, p. 180.
682:
680:, p. 181.
667:
665:, p. 179.
644:
642:, p. 178.
621:
619:, p. 177.
605:
604:
602:
599:
566:
563:
543:Ottoman Empire
530:
527:
472:Fort d'Embourg
449:
448:
445:
438:
436:
433:
426:
424:
421:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
404:
402:
399:
362:
359:
312:
309:
249:
246:
199:
196:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:Known for
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:(aged 82)
85:
81:
80:
63:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1101:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
977:
974:
971:P. CROKAERT,
970:
967:
964:P. CROKAERT,
963:
962:
956:
948:
944:
939:
935:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
909:(9): 177–90.
908:
904:
899:
895:
893:0-262-13348-2
889:
885:
880:
876:
870:
866:
861:
857:
851:
847:
842:
838:
837:
831:
826:
822:
821:
809:
804:
802:
795:, p. 82.
794:
789:
787:
785:
778:, p. 92.
777:
772:
770:
762:
757:
750:
745:
739:, p. 87.
738:
733:
731:
723:
722:Chisholm 1911
718:
711:
706:
704:
696:
691:
689:
687:
679:
674:
672:
664:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
618:
613:
611:
606:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
526:
525:in May 1940.
524:
519:
517:
514:and Austrian
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
473:
468:
464:
462:
458:
446:Cross-section
442:
437:
430:
425:
418:
413:
412:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
356:
355:
349:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
317:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:major-general
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
245:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:Dutch Limburg
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
76:
70:
66:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1001:
995:
988:
979:
972:
965:
954:
946:
923:
906:
902:
883:
864:
845:
834:
763:, p. 7.
756:
744:
717:
568:
555:
532:
520:
492:
481:
477:
459:and nine in
453:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
354:Remplacement
352:
350:
339:
322:
290:
266:FĂ©lix Chazal
261:
259:
238:
217:Grande Armée
215:
201:
169:
143:
131:
130:
89:(1903-07-21)
87:21 July 1903
73:(modern-day
29:
1039:1903 deaths
1034:1821 births
587:Congo River
488:gun cupolas
385:(1895) and
291:During the
192:World War I
106:Nationality
75:Netherlands
61:25 May 1821
1028:Categories
808:Mayer 1929
710:Mayer 1929
695:Mayer 1929
678:Mayer 1929
663:Mayer 1929
640:Mayer 1929
617:Mayer 1929
601:References
198:Early life
57:1821-05-25
1019:KU Leuven
966:Brialmont
776:Netz 2009
597:in 1900.
565:Influence
547:Bucharest
18:Brialmont
484:concrete
381:(1890),
377:(1888),
373:(1885),
330:Liberals
328:and the
150:, was a
140:Brussels
95:Brussels
818:Sources
581:in the
529:Romania
508:Antwerp
334:Antwerp
282:Antwerp
274:colonel
190:during
172:Romania
161:Antwerp
152:Belgian
109:Belgian
99:Belgium
930:
890:
871:
852:
146:after
122:Spouse
504:Namur
461:Namur
457:Liège
270:major
204:Venlo
184:Namur
180:Liège
136:Venlo
65:Venlo
928:ISBN
888:ISBN
869:ISBN
850:ISBN
579:Boma
506:and
84:Died
51:Born
1017:at
911:doi
206:in
1030::
945:.
905:.
833:.
800:^
783:^
768:^
729:^
702:^
685:^
670:^
647:^
624:^
609:^
561:.
518:.
502:,
463:.
397:.
307:.
244:.
194:.
182:,
167:.
97:,
67:,
991:.
975:.
936:.
917:.
913::
907:2
896:.
877:.
858:.
134:(
77:)
59:)
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
